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Mounting antiscience aggression in the United States
* Peter J. Hotez
* E-mail: [48]hotez@bcm.edu
Affiliations Texas Children’s Center for Vaccine Development,
Departments of Pediatrics, Molecular Virology & Microbiology, and
Center for Health Policy, National School of Tropical Medicine,
Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of
America, Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas,
United States of America, Hagler Institute of Advanced Study and
Scowcroft Institute of International Affairs, Texas A&M University,
College Station, Texas, United States of America, Center for Health
and Biosciences, James A Baker III Institute for Public Policy,
Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
[49]ORCID logo [50]https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8770-1042
⨯
Mounting antiscience aggression in the United States
* Peter J. Hotez
PLOS
x
* Published: July 28, 2021
* [51]https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001369
*
* [52]Article
* [53]Authors
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* [57]Figures
[58]?
This is an uncorrected proof.
Figures
Fig 1
There is a troubling new expansion of antiscience aggression in the
United States. It’s arising from far-right extremism, including some
elected members of the US Congress and conservative news outlets that
target prominent biological scientists fighting the COVID-19 pandemic.
Citation: Hotez PJ (2021) Mounting antiscience aggression in the United
States. PLoS Biol 19(7): e3001369.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001369
Published: July 28, 2021
Copyright: © 2021 Peter J. Hotez. This is an open access article
distributed under the terms of the [59]Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction
in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: The author received no specific funding for this work.
Competing interests: The author has declared that no competing
interests exist.
A band of ultraconservative members of the US Congress and other public
officials with far-right leanings are waging organized and seemingly
well-coordinated attacks against prominent US biological scientists. In
parallel, conservative news outlets repeatedly and purposefully promote
disinformation designed to portray key American scientists as enemies.
As a consequence, many of us receive threats via email and on social
media, while some are stalked at home, to create an unprecedented
culture of antiscience intimidation.
Over the spring and summer of 2021, four major incidents stand out.
First, Georgia Rep. Marjorie Taylor Green (R-GA) introduced house bill
2316 [[60]1]. The “Fire Fauci Act” called for halting payment of Dr.
Anthony Fauci’s salary as Director of the National Institute of Allergy
and Infectious Diseases, and auditing his digital correspondence and
financial transactions. Green’s follow-up press conference on 21 June
2021 included 13 Republican House supporters or co-sponsors, possibly
the largest congressional delegation in modern times to single out and
attempt to humiliate a prominent American scientist.
Also in June, the Republicans organized a House Select Subcommittee on
the origins of COVID-19 with the presumption that it was ignited by
gain-of-function genetic engineering research from the Wuhan Institute
of Virology. Despite evidence pointing to spillover from a viral
infection in bats to additional mammals and ultimately humans
accounting for previous coronavirus epidemics [[61]2], the hearings
took on a sinister tone, pointing fingers at virologists both in the US
and China. Rep. Jim Jordan (R-OH), stated that Dr. Fauci was "afraid of
something" and falsely claimed that he was covering up the engineering
of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus [[62]3]. The far-right media harasses or
stalks other prominent US scientists, including Dr. Peter Daszak who
heads the EcoHealth Alliance and conducts research on the zoonotic
origins of human virus infections [[63]1].
Vaccines and vaccine scientists are also targeted. Alongside the June
Republican COVID-19 origins hearings, Senator Ron Johnson (R-WI)
organized a roundtable in Milwaukee to highlight the rare adverse side
effects from COVID-19 vaccines [[64]4], as evening Fox News anchors
promoted fake claims regarding deaths from COVID-19 vaccinations
[[65]5]. In July, Rep. Green declared on Twitter that a COVID-19
vaccine is “a political tool used to control people”, while Rep.
Madison Cawthorn (R-NC) said that door-to-door COVID-19 vaccinations
were just a step away from US Government confiscations of guns and
bibles, and Rep. Lauren Boebert (R-CO) referred to vaccinators as
“needle Nazis”. Days later, the medical director for vaccines in the
Tennessee Department of Health was abruptly terminated for her efforts
to vaccinate minors (14 and up) without parental consent. These actions
were concurrent with state efforts to halt vaccine advocacy and
outreach to teens and adolescents, and at a time when the delta variant
is accelerating [[66]6]. As a vaccine scientist and author of a book
explaining why autism, including my adult daughter’s autism, is
unrelated to vaccines [[67]7], I am also a target of antivaccine
activists, including those writing menacingly about “patriots” who will
seek me out. During a June 2021 interview with the staunchly
conservative Florida Governor, a Fox News anchor referred to me as
“infamous”, and “notorious” [[68]8].
These events have context. Prior to 2021, a program of antiscience
disinformation that dismissed the severity of the COVID-19 pandemic was
aggressively pursued by a White House committed to policies of “America
First”. The America First element of the far right focuses on nativism,
anti-immigration, and a foreign policy built around strong military
build-up and deterrence, and confrontation with China. A darker view
links it to voter suppression, and loyalty tests to the former
President that question the veracity of the 2020 Presidential election.
Harvard University political scientist, Steven Levitsky (the co-author
of How Democracies Die), point out how these elements converge to form
a modern day authoritarian regime [[69]9], seeking to concentrate power
among a selected few while limiting the reach of opposition groups.
Historically, such regimes viewed scientists as enemies of the state.
In his 1941 essay, Science in the Totalitarian State [[70]10], Waldemar
Kaempffert, outlines details using the examples of Nazism under Hitler,
Fascism under Mussolini, and Marxism and Leninism [[71]10]. For
example, under Stalin, the study of genetics and relativity physics
were treated as dangerous western theories, and potentially in conflict
with official social philosophies of state [[72]11]. Today, there
remain examples of authoritarian regimes that hold similar views. In
2019, the Hungarian Government under Prime Minister Viktor Orbán took
over the control of the Hungarian Academy of Scientists. Brazil’s
President Jair Bolsonaro cut funding for Brazilian scientific
institutions and universities while downplaying the severity of the
COVID-19 pandemic or undermining evidence of deforestation in the
Amazon due to climate change.
Such activities are sometimes conducted under an alternative or
replacement intellectual framework. In the book Twilight of Democracy:
The Seductive Lure of Authoritarianism, Anne Applebaum illustrates the
rationale for authoritarian targeting, and ultimately replacement, of
the intelligentsia, including the scientists [[73]12]. She cites the
work of Julien Benda, a French essayist who in his 1927 book, The
Betrayal of the Intellectuals (in French, La trahison de clercs),
identifies the need to establish a core element of intellectuals to
legitimize the authoritarian regime. To dismantle a legitimate
scientific infrastructure it becomes essential to create an alternative
narrative. For that reason Orbán does not close the Hungarian Academy
of Sciences, but seizes its control. In the 1930s and 40s, Stalin
replaced Vavilov with Trofim Lysenko and his pseudoscientific theories
of vernalization [[74]11]. Along similar lines, the rise of antiscience
in an authoritarian America is notable for its intellectual cover.
Experts affiliated with far right-leaning think tanks have adopted
positions on herd immunity, vaccinations, and other COVID-19 prevention
approaches that fit the America First narrative. In some cases these
views are reinforced by intellectuals on the dark web.
In summary, the aggression against science and scientists in America
arises from three sources: 1) Far-right members of the US Congress, 2)
the conservative news outlets and 3) a group of thought leaders who
provide intellectual underpinnings to fuel the first two elements
([75]Fig 1).
[76]thumbnail
Download:
* [77]PPT
[78]PowerPoint slide
* [79]PNG
[80]larger image
* [81]TIFF
[82]original image
Fig 1. Aggression against science or US scientists in the Year 2021.
[83]https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001369.g001
For researchers working in the pandemic response to continue to do so
effectively, we seek help in halting the aggression. This is essential
not only for our personal safety or national security, but also the
reality that attacking science and scientists will both promote illness
and cause loss of life. For example, currently more than 99% of the
COVID-19 deaths now occur among unvaccinated people, and almost as many
hospitalizations. To begin, the following steps must be considered:
* The President of the United States, together with science leaders
at the federal agencies should prepare and deliver a robust,
public, and highly visible statement of support. The statement
would reaffirm the contribution of scientists across United States
history.
* We should look at expanded protection mechanisms for scientists
currently targeted by far-right extremism in the United States.
Rep. Paul Tonko (D-NY) has introduced a bill known as the
Scientific Integrity Act of 2021 (H.R. 849) to protect US
Government scientists from political interference, but this needs
to be extended for scientists at private research universities and
institutes. Still another possibility is to extend federal
hate-crime protections.
As Nobel Laureate and Holocaust survivor Elie Wiesel once pointed out,
neutrality or silence favors the oppressor. We must take steps to
protect our scientists and take swift and positive action to counter
the growing wave of far-right antiscience aggression. Not taking action
is a tacit endorsement, and a guarantee that the integrity and
productivity of science in the United States will be eroded or lose
ground.
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