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Uncle Sam wants DEF CON hackers to pwn this Moonlighter satellite in space

   [75]6 comment bubble on white

'World's first and only' orbiting infosec playpen due to blast off Sunday

   icon [76]Jessica Lyons Hardcastle
   Sat 3 Jun 2023 // 08:25 UTC
   (BUTTON)

   Feature Assuming the weather and engineering gods cooperate, a US
   government-funded satellite dubbed Moonlighter will launch at 1212 EDT
   (1612 UTC) on Sunday, hitching a ride on a SpaceX rocket before being
   releasing into Earth's orbit.

   And in roughly two months, five teams of DEF CON hackers will do their
   best to successfully remotely infiltrate and hijack the satellite while
   it's in space. The idea being to try out offensive and defensive
   techniques and methods on actual in-orbit hardware and software, which
   we imagine could help improve our space systems.

   Moonlighter, dubbed "the world's first and only hacking sandbox in
   space," is a mid-size 3U cubesat [[77]PDF] with a mass of about 5kg.
   Stowed, it is 34 cm x 11 cm x 11cm in size, and when fully deployed
   with its solar panels out, it measures 50 cm x 34 cm x 11 cm.

   It was built by The Aerospace Corporation, a federally funded research
   and development center in southern California, in partnership with the
   US Space Systems Command and the Air Force Research Laboratory. It will
   run software developed by infosec and aerospace engineers to support
   in-orbit cybersecurity training and exercises.

   This effort was inspired by the [78]Hack-A-Sat contest co-hosted by the
   US Air Force and Space Force, now in its fourth year at the annual
   [79]DEF CON computer security conference.

   The goal of Moonlighter was to move offensive and defensive
   cyber-exercises for space systems out of an on-Earth lab setting and
   into low Earth orbit, according to project leader Aaron Myrick of
   Aerospace Corp. Not only that, but the satellite needs to be able to
   handle multiple teams competing to seize control of its software
   without losing or damaging the whole thing and ruining the project.
   Thus, an onboard sandbox approach was taken.

   "If you're doing a hacking competition, or any sort of cyber activity
   or exercise with a live vehicle, it's difficult because you're
   potentially putting that vehicle's mission at risk," Myrick told The
   Register.

   "And that's not a good option when you've spent a lot of engineering
   hours and a lot of money to get this launched. So we said if we want to
   do this right, we have to build this from the ground up."
   [80]Aerospace Corporation's Moonlighter satellite

   Sending to outer space ... The Moonlighter satellite. Click to enlarge.
   Credit: The Aerospace Corporation

   To this end, the small satellite runs a software payload that behaves
   like a real flight computer, which can — hopefully! — to be subjected
   to multiple, realistic attacks and commandeered without underlying
   critical subsystems being affected.

   "This allows cyber experiments to be repeatable, realistic, and secure,
   while maintaining the health and safety of the satellite," as Aerospace
   Corp put it.

   Moonlighter's first test will come in August when it will be part of
   the Hack-A-Sat 4 competition in Las Vegas. Five teams qualified for the
   contest's final at DEF CON, during which they'll get a crack at the
   bird.

   This year's annual competition will thus be the first time conference
   hackers get to test their skills against a live, in-orbit satellite.
   The top three teams will win a monetary price: $50,000 for first place,
   $30,000 for second, and $20,000 for third.

Space Jam

   James Pavur, lead cybersecurity software engineer at Istari,
   participated in the three earlier Hack-A-Sat competitions, and [81]gave
   a talk on [82]radio frequency attacks in outer space at last year's DEF
   CON.

   He describes himself as a "passionate security researcher" when it
   comes to poking holes in satellites, and did his PhD thesis at Oxford
   on securing these kinds of systems. You also might remember him from
   his [83]exploitation of GDPR requests talk at Black Hat, where a boring
   Polish airport delay inspired a delve into serious issues with the
   application of the European legislation.

   Pavur participated in the qualification round for this year's satellite
   hacking competition, though didn't make it to the finals.

   The qualification round included "wicked-hard astrodynamics problems
   related to overall mechanics and positioning, figuring out where
   objects in space will be, and where they are going," he told The
   Register. "It's a lot of really deep mathematics on the physics side of
   things, and it requires a lot of expertise in embedded systems and
   reverse engineering."

     Space systems ... are always under a degree of environmental attack
     that we're not really accustomed to

   There are a couple of things that make securing space systems unique,
   he explained.

   "The most obvious is you can't just go up there and reboot them," he
   said. "So your risk tolerance is very low for losing access to
   communications to the device."

   Because of this, space systems are built in a risk-averse way, and
   employ redundancy to provide multiple communication pathways to recover
   a system if it fails, or to debug equipment that's malfunctioning.

   These pathways, however, also give miscreants more opportunities to
   gain access to, and ultimately compromise, a satellite. "They can all
   become attack surfaces that an attacker might target," Pavur said.

Priorities

   "The other big thing that makes space systems different is that they're
   always under a degree of environmental attack that we're not really
   accustomed to," he added.

   This includes physical threats, such as solar radiation, extreme
   temperatures, and orbital debris.

   "So when people build space systems, and they're deciding which risks
   to prioritize, they'll often treat cybersecurity as a lesser risk
   against the absolutely certain aggressive environmental harms," Pavur
   explained.

   "They'll make choices around costs and priorities that deprioritize
   cybersecurity concerns and elevate physical concerns."

   That's not always a bad choice, he added, it's just not a choice we
   typically have to make with ground-based networks and nodes. And it's
   one of the reasons why space systems have struggled to keep up,
   cybersecurity wise, with their Earthly counterparts.
     * [84]US National Cyber Director: Fending off cyber threats in space
       is 'urgent,' needs 'high level attention'
     * [85]In wars of the future, national security won't end at space
     * [86]This ain't Boeing very well: Starliner's first crewed flight
       canceled yet again
     * [87]DEF CON to set thousands of hackers loose on LLMs

   Then there's the growing commercialization of the aerospace industry,
   coupled with hardware and software used in space becoming increasingly
   commoditized and mass manufactured, not unlike the tech used in
   ground-based systems.

   "The bar is being lowered for entry to space," Myrick said.

   "And that's both for people that are trying to put things there but
   also for people that are willing and able to make other people have a
   bad day," he continued, using last year's [88]Viasat debacle as an
   example of "a pretty destructive event that made people have a very bad
   day."

   "With Moonlighter, we're trying to get in front of the problem, before
   it is a problem."

Space security is national security

   To be clear, Russia's [89]cyberattack on Viasat's Ukrainian satellite
   broadband system — which knocked out service for tens of thousands
   across Europe as Putin's army invaded its neighboring county — began
   with an intrusion into the company's satellite ground infrastructure.

   "But they used the satellite network to deploy, which is important,"
   Myrick said. "It highlighted the issue, and made it so it's not
   theoretical."

   For many, both in government and the private sector, the Viasat
   security breach moved the issue of cybersecurity in space away from the
   stuff of sci-fi novels and [90]into reality.

   "We are all aware that the first 'shot' in the current Ukraine conflict
   was a cyberattack against a US space company," acting US National Cyber
   Director Kemba Walden told reporters at the RSA Conference in April, en
   route to the White House's first space industry cybersecurity workshop.

   Defending space systems against threats remains "urgent and
   [91]requires high-level attention," Walden said.

Space geeks and hackers

   Still, the space industry hasn't been the most welcoming of security
   researchers, even ethical hackers looking to find and disclose bugs
   before the baddies exploit them.

   Pavur said he hopes Moonlighter will encourage more "acceptance of
   offensive security research," in the aerospace industry. This could
   include companies offering bug bounties, hosting hacking competitions,
   or hiring penetration testers to stress test their systems.

   "Hopefully a project like Moonlighter will get the industry thinking
   about ways they could apply the fact that space is really cool and fun,
   and that hackers are interested in it," he said. "There are lots of
   incredibly talented security people who would like to make the space
   world more secure." ®

   Moonlighter is set to [92]launch Sunday from the Kennedy Space Center
   in Florida on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket carrying supplies and equipment
   to the International Space Station. A live-stream of the lift-off
   should [93]appear here.

   The launch was due to take place Saturday but was delayed due to
   weather.
   Get our [94]Tech Resources

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