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%%BeginResource: procset Win35Dict 3 1
/Win35Dict 290 dict def Win35Dict begin/bd{bind def}bind def/in{72
mul}bd/ed{exch def}bd/ld{load def}bd/tr/translate ld/gs/gsave ld/gr
/grestore ld/M/moveto ld/L/lineto ld/rmt/rmoveto ld/rlt/rlineto ld
/rct/rcurveto ld/st/stroke ld/n/newpath ld/sm/setmatrix ld/cm/currentmatrix
ld/cp/closepath ld/ARC/arcn ld/TR{65536 div}bd/lj/setlinejoin ld/lc
/setlinecap ld/ml/setmiterlimit ld/sl/setlinewidth ld/scignore false
def/sc{scignore{pop pop pop}{0 index 2 index eq 2 index 4 index eq
and{pop pop 255 div setgray}{3{255 div 3 1 roll}repeat setrgbcolor}ifelse}ifelse}bd
/FC{bR bG bB sc}bd/fC{/bB ed/bG ed/bR ed}bd/HC{hR hG hB sc}bd/hC{
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matrix def/PenW 1 def/iPen 5 def/mxF matrix def/mxE matrix def/mxUE
matrix def/mxUF matrix def/fBE false def/iDevRes 72 0 matrix defaultmatrix
dtransform dup mul exch dup mul add sqrt def/fPP false def/SS{fPP{
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showpage grestore}bd/#C{userdict begin/#copies ed end}bd/FEbuf 2 string
def/FEglyph(G  )def/FE{1 exch{dup 16 FEbuf cvrs FEglyph exch 1 exch
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/cxPg ed/cyM ed/cxM ed 72 100 div dup scale dup 0 ne{90 eq{cyM exch
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def}{1 index/Break ed div/dxBreak ed/fBE true def}ifelse}bd/ANSIVec[
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/Ccedilla 16#C8/Egrave 16#C9/Eacute 16#CA/Ecircumflex 16#CB/Edieresis
16#CC/Igrave 16#CD/Iacute 16#CE/Icircumflex 16#CF/Idieresis 16#D0/Eth
16#D1/Ntilde 16#D2/Ograve 16#D3/Oacute 16#D4/Ocircumflex 16#D5/Otilde
16#D6/Odieresis 16#D7/multiply 16#D8/Oslash 16#D9/Ugrave 16#DA/Uacute
16#DB/Ucircumflex 16#DC/Udieresis 16#DD/Yacute 16#DE/Thorn 16#DF/germandbls
16#E0/agrave 16#E1/aacute 16#E2/acircumflex 16#E3/atilde 16#E4/adieresis
16#E5/aring 16#E6/ae 16#E7/ccedilla 16#E8/egrave 16#E9/eacute 16#EA
/ecircumflex 16#EB/edieresis 16#EC/igrave 16#ED/iacute 16#EE/icircumflex
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/SVDoc save def
%%EndProlog
%%BeginSetup
Win35Dict begin
ErrHandler
%%EndSetup
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eeff0dc0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe1c07fe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2c0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0ffe2ffe2ff14e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2fdc00affe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2fffec011ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0fbff02c0e2c0c9ff20c0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0ffc0ffe2c0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0daff
eeff09c0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2fdc07fffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2c0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe218ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffffc01be2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2c0fffffec01effe2ffe2ffe2ffc0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2fffbc001e2c0c8ff1fc0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0ffc0ffe2ffc0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2fec0daff
eeff7fc0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2c0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2c0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0ffe2ffe2ff26e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc01affe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffffc0fdff26c0ffe2ffe2ffe2c0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0c7ff1ec0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0ffc0ffe2ffe2ffc0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2fffec0daff
eeff7fc096ffe2ff80ffe2ff96c0e2ff80ffe2ff96ffe2ff80ffe2ff96ffe2ff80ffe2ff96ffe2ff80ffe2ff96ffe2ffc0ffe2ff96ffe2ff80ffe2ff96ffc0ff80ffe2ff96ffe2ff80ffe2ff96ffe2ff80ffe2ff96ffe2ff80ffe2ff96ffe2ff80ffe2ff96ffe2ff80ffe2ff96ffe2ff80ffe2ff96ffe2ff80ffe2ff96c0e2ff80ffe245ff96ffe2ff80ffe2ff96ffe2ff80ffe2ff96ffe2ff80ffe2ff96ffe2ff80ffe2ff96ffe2ff80ffc0ff96ffe2ff80ffe2ff96ffe2ff80ffe2ff96ffe2ff80ffe2ff96ffe2ffc0fcff02c0ff80fdc01dffe2ff80ffe2ff96ffe2ff80ffe2ff96ffe2ff80c0e2ff96ffe2ff80ffe2ffc0c8ff0cc0ff80ffe2ff96ffe2ff80ffe2ffc012ffe2ff80ffe2c096ffe2ff80ffe2ff96c0e2c0daff
eeff7fc0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2c0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2c0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0ffe2ffe2ff44e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2c0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0fdff03c0e2ffc0fefffdc009e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2fffbc00bffc0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2fffec0cbff21c0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2c0ffc0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2c0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0ffc0daff
edff12c0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2c0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2fc007fe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2c0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2c0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ff2de2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2c0fcffffc0f9ff0ac0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2c0faff0cc0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2c0cbff0bc0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffffc00fe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffffc001e2c0daff
edff07c0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc008ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe200ffff00b2ffff7f00e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2c0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ff00ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe22cffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffffc0fcff00c0f8ff01c0e2ffc004ffe2ffe2c0f8ff05c0e2ffe2ffe2fbc0caff0ac0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc013ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2c0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2c0e2ffc0daff
ecffffc002ffe2ffffc07fffc0e2ffe2ffe2ff80001cff1cff1cff8000e2ffe2ffe2ff80ffe2ffe2ffe2ff80ffe2ffe2c0e2ff80ffe2ffe2ffe2ff80ffc0ffe2ffe2ff80ffe2ffe2ff00ff80ffe2ffe2ffe2ff80ffe2ffe2ffe2ff80ffe2ffe2ffe2ff80ffe2ffe2ffe2ff80ffe2ffe2ffe2ff80ffe2ffe2ffe2ff80c0e2ffe2ffe2ff80ffe2ffe2ffe2ff3d80ffe2ffe2ffe2ff80ffe2ffe2ffe2ff80ffe2ffe2ffe2ff80ffe2ffe2c0e2ff80ffe2ffe2ffe2ff80ffe2ffe2ffe2ff80ffe2ffe2ffe2ff80ffe2ffe2ffffc0f2fff9c0f7fffec001e2c0c4ff20c0e2ffe2ff80ffe2ffe2ffc0ff80ffe2ffe2ffe2ff80c0e2ffe2ffe2ffc0ffe2c0daff
eafffec0feff0ac0ffe2ffe2ffe2ff00ffb2feff07b2ff00ffe2ffe2fffe0001ffe2ff0001ffe2fe0002e2ffc0ff0005ffe200e2ffe2ff0004ffe2c000ffff007fe2ff00ffe2ffe200e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ff08e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0f0ff02c0ffc0f1ffffc0c4fffac019ffe2ffe2c0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0ffe2ffe2ffe2c0e2ffc0daff
e6ffffc07fffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2001cff1cff1cff1c00e2ffe2ffe200e2ffe200e200e2ff00ffe200e200e2ff00ff00ffe200e200e2ff00c000ffe200e200e2ffe200e200e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2c0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe23dffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2c0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0f0ffffc0abff1ac0ffe2ffc0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0ffe2ffe2ffe2c0e2ffe2ffc0dbff
ebfffcc00ae2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ff00feff7f1cffb2ff00ffe2ffe2ff00ffe2ffe2ff00ffe200e2ff00ff00ffe200e200e2ffe2ff00ffe200c000e2ff00ff00ffe2ff00ff00ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ff32e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2c0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0f0ff00c0aaff0bc0ffe2c0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffffc00ae2ffe2ffe2ffc0ffe2ffe2fec0ddff
ebff20c0ff80ffe2ff96ffe2ff80ffe2ff96ff00ff80ff1cff00ffe2ff80ffe20096ffe2ff0002ffe2fffe0002ff80c0ff000196ffff000080ff0002ff96ffff000080ff0001ff96ff007fff8000e20096ffe2ff80ffe2ff96ffe2ff80ffe2ff96ffe2ff80ffe2ff96ffe2ff80ffe2ff96ffe2ff80ffe2ff96ffe2ff80ffe2ff96c0e2ff80ffe2ff96ffe2ff80ffe2ff96ffe2ff80ffe2ff96ffe2ff80ffe2ff96ffe2ff80ffe2ff96ffe2ffc0ffe2ff96ffe2ff80ffe2ff96ffe2ff80ffe2ff96ffe2ff80ffe2ff96ffe205ff80ffe2ff96ffc098fff9c01280ffe2c096ffe2ff80ffe2c096ffe2ff80ffc0ddff
ebff10c0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2fffc007fffe2ffe2ffe2ff00ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe200e2ffe2ffc0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc000e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe231ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2c0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc091fffdc00fffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0deff
ebff7fc0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe200e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ff00ffe2ffe2c0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2c0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2c0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ff48e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc08eff0fc0ffe2ffe2ffc0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2c0deff
ebff7fc0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2c0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2c0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe249ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2c0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0ffe2ffe2ffc08eff0ec0ffe2ffe2c0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0deff
ebff7fc0ffe2ffe2ff80ffe2ffe2ffe2ff80ffe2ffe2ffe2ff80ffe2ffe2ffe2ff80ffe2ffe2ffe2ff80ffe2ffe2ffc0ff80ffe2ffe2ffe2c080ffe2ffe2ffe2ff80ffe2ffe2ffe2ff80ffe2ffe2ffe2ff80ffe2ffe2ffe2ff80ffe2ffe2ffe2ff80ffe2ffe2ffe2ff80ffe2ffe2ffe2ff80ffe2ffe2ffe2ff80c0e2ffe2ffe2ff80ff45e2ffe2ffe2ff80ffe2ffe2ffe2ff80ffe2ffe2ffe2ff80ffe2ffe2ffe2ff80ffe2ffc0ffe2ff80ffe2ffe2ffe2ff80ffe2ffe2ffe2ff80ffe2ffe2ffe2ff80ffe2ffe2ffc0fffbc08eff0ec0e2ffe2ffc0ff80ffe2ffe2ffe2ffffc0e0ff
ebff7fc0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2c0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2c0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe243ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2c0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc085ff0fc0e2ffe2c0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2fcc0e5ff
ebff22c0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe200e2ffe2ffe2ff0001ffe2ff0009ffe200c000e2ff00ffe2ff0006ffe2ffe200e2ffff0001e2ffff0013e2ff00ffe2ff00ff00ff00ffe2ff00ff00ffe2ffff0001e2ffff0058e2ffe200e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2c0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2f3c084ff15c0ffe2c0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2c0e6ff
ebff3bc0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0ffc0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ff00ffe2ffe200e200e200e2ffe2ff00c000ffe200e200c0ffe2ffe2ff00ffe2ff0074ff00ffe200e200e2ff00ffe200e200e2ffe200e200e2ff00ffe2ffe2ffe200e200e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2c0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffffc080fff6fffec011ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0e6ff
ebff08c0ff80ffe2ff96ffc0ffff11c0e2ff96ffe2ff80ffe2ff96ffe2ff80ffe2fe007fe2ff80ff00ff00ffe2ff8000c00096ff00ff00ffe2ff96ffe2008000e2009600e2ff00ff00ff9600e2ff00ff00ff9600e2008000e2009600e2ff00ffe2ff00ffe2ff80ffe2ff96ffe2ff80ffe2ff96ffe2ff80ffe2ff96c0e2ff80ffe2ff96ffe2ff80ffe2ff96ffe2ff80ffe2ff96ffe2ff80ffe2ff96ffe2ff80ffe2ff96ff10e2ffc0ffe2ff96ffe2ff80ffe2ff96ffe2ffc080fff4ff15c080c0e2ff96ffe2ff80ffe2ff96ffe2ff80ffe2ffc0e7ff
ebff09c0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0ffff15c0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ff00ffe200e2ff0002ffe2ffff0003e2ff00c0ff0003e200e2c0ff000ae2ffe2ff00ff00ff00ffe2ff0001ffe2ff0000ffff0000e2ff000effe2ff00ff00ff00ffe200e2ffe2ffff0000e2ff0012ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc6c002ffe2c080fff1ff14c0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2c0e7ff
ebff38c0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0ffc0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe200e2ff00ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc000e2ffe2ffc0ffe2ffe2ffe2ff002dffe200e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe200e2ff00ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ff00ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2f7c0c7ff02c0e2c080ffefff0fc0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2fdc0e7ff
ebff0ac0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2c0ffff0fc0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2fffe0018ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ff00c0e200e200e2c0e2ffe2ffe2ffff0023e2ff00ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe200e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2fff7c0bdff02c0ffc080ffeeff0ec0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2c0e3ff
ebff0ac0ffe2ffe2ff80ffe2ffc0feff46c0ffe2ffe2ffe2ff80ffe2ffe2ffe2ff80ffe2ffe2ffe2ff80ffe2ffe2ffe2c080ffe2ffc0ffe2ff80ffe2ffe2ffe2ff80ffe2ffe2ffe2ff80ffe2ffe2ffe2ff80ffe2ffe2ffe2f7c0b3ffffc080ffedff0dc0ff80ffe2ffe2ffe2ff80ffe2c0e2ff
ebff0ac0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2c0fdff3bc0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0ffe2ffe2c0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2fff7c0a9ff00c080ffedff0ec0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0e2ff
ecff0ac0e2ffe2ffe2ffc0ffe2c0fdff32c0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2c0e2ffe2ffc0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2f7c080ff8aff0ec0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2c0e2ff
edff05c0e2ffe2ffe2ffc003ffc0ffc0fdff28c0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0ffe2ffe2c0e2ffe2fff7c080ff80ff0ec0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0e2ff
edff03c0ffe2ffffc0fdff00c0fdff12c096ffe2ff80ffe2ff96ffe2ff80ffe2ff96ffeac080ff80fff7ff0ec0e2ff96ffe2ff80ffe2ff96ffe2c0e2ff
eeff02c0ffe2ffc0f5ff0cc0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2fffcc080ff80ffe0ff0dc0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2c0e1ff
edffffc0f3ff08c0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2fdc080ff80ffdbff0dc0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0e1ff
ecff00c0f2ff03c0ffe2fffdc080ff80ffd7ff0cc0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0e0ff
defffbc080ff80ffd2ff0ac0ff80ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0dfff
dffffec080ff80ffceff09c0e2ffe2ffe2ffe2ffc0deff
80ff80ffa9ff09c0ffe2ffe2ffe2ffe2c0deff
80ff80ffa9ff03c0e2ffe2ffc002ffe2c0ddff
80ff80ffa9ff08c0ff96c0ffc080ffc0ddff
80ff80ffa9fffec0ffff01c0ffffc0ddff
80ff80ffa9ff00c0fdffffc0dbff
80ff80ff80fffdff
80ff80ff80fffdff
80ff80ff80fffdff
80ff80ff80fffdff
80ff80ff80fffdff
80ff80ff80fffdff
80ff80ff80fffdff
80ff80ff80fffdff
80ff80ff80fffdff
80ff80ff80fffdff
80ff80ff80fffdff
80ff80ff80fffdff
80ff80ff80fffdff
80ff80ff80fffdff
80ff80ff80fffdff
80ff80ff80fffdff
80ff80ff80fffdff
80ff80ff80fffdff
80ff80ff80fffdff
80ff80ff80fffdff
80ff80ff80fffdff
80ff80ff80fffdff
80ff80ff80fffdff
80ff80ff80fffdff
80ff80ff80fffdff
80ff80ff80fffdff
80ff80ff80fffdff
80ff80ff80fffdff
80ff80ff80fffdff
restore
gr
0 0 0 fC
/fm 256 def
2 2 159 267 B
1 F
n
2 2 159 267 B
1 F
n
2021 2 162 267 B
1 F
n
11 2 2184 267 B
1 F
n
2024 5 159 1238 B
1 F
n
2024 5 159 1244 B
1 F
n
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318 967 1798 (revealed multiple missions and sub-missions --  traditional missions and new) 1798 SB
318 1028 1680 (missions --  programs and projects --  each with factors of merit.  Each) 1680 SB
318 1089 1848 (iteration of our study would nevertheless still confound even the members of) 1848 SB
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318 1211 1850 (quoted statement:   the laboratories, and indeed the Department, require a) 1850 SB
318 1272 1799 (clearer, more focused statement of mission! .  Our sorting  of these matters) 1799 SB
318 1333 1804 (has led us to a synthesis which when first revealed may appear too simple,) 1804 SB
318 1394 1694 (too limiting or even too much of a play on  words.  But we respectfully) 1694 SB
318 1455 916 (suggest that this synthesis identifies an) 916 SB
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318 318 675 (Department, and particularly the) 675 SB
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318 1032 738 (and renewable energy.  Most of the) 738 SB
318 1083 879 (laboratories are concerned and resourced) 879 SB
318 1134 867 (to deal with the various effluents of energy) 867 SB
318 1185 920 (and its applications vis-a-vis the environment.) 920 SB
318 1236 872 (The aggregate of science and technology) 872 SB
318 1287 764 (competencies of the laboratories has) 764 SB
318 1338 787 (served, and continues to serve, as one) 787 SB
318 1389 846 (essential resource for the study of energy.) 846 SB
318 1440 848 (At many given points in time energy is the) 848 SB
318 1491 917 (paramount issue in our lives.   A blackout in a) 917 SB
318 1542 851 (nearby neighborhood or industrial plant is) 851 SB
318 1593 909 (always headline news.  Long lines of vehicles) 909 SB
318 1644 842 (responding to \(infrequent\)  fuel shortages) 842 SB
318 1695 860 (capture everyone\222s self-interest.  Although) 860 SB
318 1746 1793 (we are privileged to more often take energy availability for granted in the United States,) 1793 SB
318 1797 1820 (we still press for longer battery life for our cellular phones and worry that some day we will) 1820 SB
318 1848 1823 (run out of petroleum.  Energy is so central to the vitality of our dynamic country that it has) 1823 SB
318 1899 1741 (to be a priority concern as an ongoing national strategic issue.  It may be legitimately) 1741 SB
318 1950 1620 (referred to as an issue of importance to our general long-term national security.) 1620 SB
318 2052 1720 (As we were in the latter stages of writing this report, occasional speculation surfaced) 1720 SB
318 2103 1805 (concerning the continuing role of the Department of Energy, and suggesting in part that) 1805 SB
318 2154 1705 (energy is not all that important.  Such major agency structure issues are beyond our) 1705 SB
318 2205 1854 (purview, but we do feel justified in asserting that the energy agenda which we will profile in) 1854 SB
318 2256 1810 (this report does require central, federal, senior cognizance and appropriate government) 1810 SB
318 2307 1820 (sponsorship in the interest of the short-term and long-term overall quality of life in America) 1820 SB
318 2358 1728 (and the world.  We will shortly make the point that the laboratories are essential \(with) 1728 SB
318 2409 1795 (appropriate changes, of course\) in these regards.  The laboratories we studied require a) 1795 SB
318 2460 1852 (strong federal financial support and linkage or sponsorship, at least for a goodly number of) 1852 SB
318 2511 1786 (years, for reasons that will be evident throughout this report.  The Department can serve) 1786 SB
318 2562 792 (this  role, appropriately redefined, well.) 792 SB
318 2664 1762 (Returning to the subject of mission, we find ourselves comfortable with a mission whose) 1762 SB
318 2715 1730 (meaning is bound up in serving energy opportunities.  We introduce the thought with) 1730 SB
318 2766 1850 (words that are not capitalized because we do not want to presume to capture as graphic) 1850 SB
318 2817 1690 (art an all-encompassing meaning in a few short words.  Nor do we believe that the) 1690 SB
318 2868 1842 (Department or laboratories have been adequately served by articulating virtual slogans in) 1842 SB
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1934 279 28 (is) 28 SB
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1962 286 50 (: ) 57 SB
2019 286 25 ( ) 32 SB
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gs 1145 1454 1240 267 CB
2051 279 151 (Energy ) 158 SB
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1144 5 1240 267 B
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1144 5 1240 273 B
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gs 1145 1454 1240 267 CB
1240 333 188 (capable ) 196 SB
1436 333 51 (of ) 59 SB
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1633 333 122 (work. ) 130 SB
1763 333 12 ( ) 20 SB
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gs 1145 1454 1240 267 CB
1240 387 213 (Biological ) 216 SB
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2186 387 104 (fuels ) 108 SB
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gs 1145 1454 1240 267 CB
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gs 1145 1454 1240 267 CB
1240 495 286 (Conventional ) 291 SB
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gs 1145 1454 1240 267 CB
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gs 1145 1454 1240 267 CB
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gs 1145 1454 1240 267 CB
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gs 1145 1454 1240 267 CB
1240 711 1145 (All must be made clean, safe, less expensive, and in the) 1145 SB
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gs 1145 1454 1240 267 CB
1240 765 244 (aggregate, ) 273 SB
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gs 1145 1454 1240 267 CB
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gs 1145 1454 1240 267 CB
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gs 1145 1454 1240 267 CB
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gs 1145 1454 1240 267 CB
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2004 1035 157 (extract ) 160 SB
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gs 1145 1454 1240 267 CB
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gs 1145 1454 1240 267 CB
1240 1143 513 (with hydrogen and other ) 514 SB
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2177 1143 208 (multidisci-) 208 SB
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gs 1145 1454 1240 267 CB
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gs 1145 1454 1240 267 CB
1240 1251 344 (such challenges.) 344 SB
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318 267 1776 (some of its noble efforts at projecting its purposes.  Yet, even if one flashes the message) 1776 SB
318 318 1827 (Serving the Energy Opportunities  on the proverbial screen, in its own quiet way it conveys) 1827 SB
318 369 1473 (what almost every other existing mission or program or project intended.) 1473 SB
318 471 1828 (Let us narrow in on the word energy  and its meaning.  The word serves as the remarkable) 1828 SB
318 522 1756 (root word for defining mission\(s\) within a progressive parameter.  At one and the same) 1756 SB
318 573 1503 (time, it gives focus and gives a wide-ranging field of relevant explorations.) 1503 SB
318 675 1850 (Elsewhere in this report one will find our recommendation of need for focus --  a parameter) 1850 SB
318 726 1738 (of sorts to the roles of the laboratories.  Yet it is not inconsistent that simultaneously we) 1738 SB
318 777 1789 (recommend the laboratories must be free to renew and press the frontiers in all relevant) 1789 SB
318 828 1378 (affordable ways in behalf of their energy agenda, broadly defined.) 1378 SB
318 930 1833 (The rest of the world has an energy agenda of sorts as well.  This agenda is to --  obtain for) 1833 SB
318 981 1741 (their people access to energy supplies comparable in all respects to --  those we now) 1741 SB
318 1032 1723 (enjoy.  This global energy agenda represents a huge opportunity for the U. S. energy) 1723 SB
318 1083 1691 (industries.  It also represents a competitive threat to those industries if they have not) 1691 SB
318 1134 1825 (prepared and committed first to serve the right  product.   Finally, it represents  a threat to) 1825 SB
318 1185 1626 (our country and other countries if some nations employ technologies for energy) 1626 SB
318 1236 1729 (production and usage which increase global pollution levels.  Our purveyors to those) 1729 SB
318 1287 1820 (expanding producing and using societies must be prepared to offer better.  While serving) 1820 SB
318 1338 1744 (the needs of our country with the leading edge of technology, we can best serve the) 1744 SB
318 1389 1834 (needs of other countries, both environmentally and commercially, when we support them) 1834 SB
318 1440 1630 (with technologies derived or derivable by the laboratories.  All these self-evident) 1630 SB
318 1491 1775 (contributions from the laboratories are in addition to the national security, defense and) 1775 SB
318 1542 1800 (weapons stewardship role that gave birth to the first laboratories.  This latter role will be a) 1800 SB
318 1593 1499 (continuing irrevocable obligation for a minimum of two score more years.) 1499 SB
318 1695 1708 (The laboratories\222 research role is a part of an essential, fundamental cornerstone for) 1708 SB
318 1746 1791 (continuing leadership by the United States.  We know that the studies and discoveries of) 1791 SB
318 1797 1767 (science unravel the elements of nature and shower benefits on mankind.  We know by) 1767 SB
318 1848 1756 (intelligent estimates that there is much more to be learned and shared.  We know that) 1756 SB
318 1899 1846 (these scientific revelations will unfold from many sources:  a brilliant insight by an individual,) 1846 SB
318 1950 1839 (a research team at a university, a corporate or government laboratory --   by accident, or) 1839 SB
318 2001 1809 (on purpose.  We know progress is hastened where diversity of personnel and institutions is) 1809 SB
318 2052 272 (encouraged.) 272 SB
318 2154 1648 (We note that many of the least exploited investigative paths involve the need for) 1648 SB
318 2205 1771 (extraordinarily sophisticated multidisciplinary teams using sophisticated instruments and) 1771 SB
318 2256 1825 (tools.  It is that role for which the national laboratories are uniquely qualified.  It is the case) 1825 SB
318 2307 1347 (for --   the justification of  --   the existence of the DOE laboratories.) 1347 SB
318 2409 1699 (Yet most citizens do not know enough about the laboratories.  We do not know the) 1699 SB
318 2460 1736 (thousands of insights, new directions, new phenomena, new principles, materials and) 1736 SB
318 2511 1749 (processes that blanket these laboratories\222 science spectrum, all relevant to an energy) 1749 SB
318 2562 1774 (agenda. Examples include the world\222s most intense X-ray sources; biomedical isotopes;) 1774 SB
318 2613 1816 (chlorofluorocarbon substitutes; computer models of combustion for cleaner energy; laser) 1816 SB
318 2664 1829 (isotope separation; lasers for pollution monitoring; neutron sources to probe materials and) 1829 SB
318 2715 1640 (biological systems; the unraveling of the puzzles of the human genetic code; the) 1640 SB
318 2766 1763 (harnessing of the wind, sun and earth for renewable energy; superconductivity; global) 1763 SB
318 2817 1827 (ocean and atmospheric studies; detection and tracking of nuclear materials; fossil, fission,) 1827 SB
318 2868 1850 (fusion energy; novel semiconductor materials and devices; laser destruction of blood clots;) 1850 SB
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318 267 1826 (bioremediation of radioactive and hazardous waste; accelerator technology for medical) 1826 SB
318 318 1644 (applications; and remediation of radioactive storage tanks.  These are but a few) 1644 SB
318 369 207 (examples.) 207 SB
318 471 1844 (We are inclined to typecast these institutions simplistically by a few prominent contributions) 1844 SB
318 522 1740 (such as yesterday\222s bomb or the discovery of an element on the periodic table \(both) 1740 SB
318 573 1810 (grand achievements\), but overlook the multitude of other continuing achievements.  We) 1810 SB
318 624 1762 (must reach out to know enough of this vast spectrum of accomplishments to justify our) 1762 SB
318 675 1803 (deserved support of these institutions that have contributed, are contributing,  and will in) 1803 SB
318 726 1764 (the future contribute vital knowledge while continuing to revitalize themselves --  just as) 1764 SB
318 777 1764 (science always renews itself.  We must be in quest of that which we do not know in the) 1764 SB
318 828 1691 (field of science in every relevant way.  Each revelation will enrich us manyfold.  The) 1691 SB
318 879 1606 (laboratories we review here are essential to the fulfillment of our need to know.) 1606 SB
318 981 1815 (Under the overarching energy agenda --  the labs serving the energy opportunities --  we) 1815 SB
318 1032 1703 (will comment on their national security role, the all important energy role, all related) 1703 SB
318 1083 1710 (environmental roles, the  science and engineering underpinning for all the above, a) 1710 SB
318 1134 1627 (focused economic role, and conclude with governance / organization change) 1627 SB
318 1185 388 (recommendations.) 388 SB
32 0 0 42 42 0 0 0 43 /AvantGarde-Demi /font3 ANSIFont font
168 1338 36 (B.) 36 SB
318 1338 738 (Missions of the National Laboratories) 738 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 49 /AvantGarde-Book /font1 ANSIFont font
168 1443 1987 (The Task Force believes that a change of governance of the national laboratories) 1987 SB
168 1504 2005 (is necessary regardless of the missions of these multi-program institutions.  However,) 2005 SB
168 1565 1870 (we also have strong views regarding the appropriate mission activities for the) 1870 SB
168 1626 1828 (laboratories.  One general observation of the Task Force is that the national) 1828 SB
168 1687 1995 (laboratories, and the Department, appear to believe that they have the potential) 1995 SB
168 1748 1853 (to serve an extraordinarily broad role in scientific investigation and technical) 1853 SB
168 1809 1992 (research for the nation.  The Task Force does not support this view.  Rather, we see) 1992 SB
168 1870 1936 (the laboratories as having clear areas of expertise, yet limited to their traditional) 1936 SB
168 1931 1804 (mission areas of national security, energy, and environmental science and) 1804 SB
168 1992 1961 (technology, as well as in the fields of fundamental science which underpin these) 1961 SB
168 2053 1757 (missions and in basic science associated with high energy,  nuclear, and) 1757 SB
168 2114 657 (condensed matter physics.) 657 SB
168 2236 1959 (While the Task Force supports innovative application of the national laboratories\222) 1959 SB
168 2297 1867 (core technical competencies \(for example, high performance computation,) 1867 SB
168 2358 1857 (advanced materials, energy technologies, and systems engineering\) to new) 1857 SB
168 2419 1872 (problem areas, these activities should be carefully managed, are not likely to) 1872 SB
168 2480 634 (evolve into  new missions  ) 634 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 49 /AvantGarde-BookOblique /font2 ANSIFont font
802 2480 148 (per se) 148 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 49 /AvantGarde-Book /font1 ANSIFont font
950 2480 1226 (, and should not be a license to expand into areas) 1226 SB
168 2541 1874 (of science and technology which already are being addressed effectively or) 1874 SB
168 2602 1878 (more appropriately by other Research and Development \(R&D\) performers in) 1878 SB
168 2663 1158 (government, academia and the private sector.) 1158 SB
168 2785 2005 (The Task Force does believe that the national laboratories serve a distinctive role in) 2005 SB
168 2846 1892 (conducting long-term, often high-risk R&D, frequently through the utilization of) 1892 SB
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168 267 1916 (capital-intensive facilities which are beyond the financial reach of industry and) 1916 SB
168 328 1903 (academia, and generally through the application of multidisciplinary teams of) 1903 SB
168 389 1975 (scientists and engineers.  We believe that an appropriate division of labor among) 1975 SB
168 450 1940 (the national laboratories, industrial research institutions, and research universities) 1940 SB
168 511 1305 (can be established but does not sufficiently now exist.) 1305 SB
168 633 1899 (The Task Force concluded that the work of these laboratories contributes in an) 1899 SB
168 694 1989 (important, though generalized fashion to the security interests of the nation, when) 1989 SB
168 755 1277 (security is defined broadly to include factors such as:) 1277 SB
393 877 1672 (-Developing technologies which enhance the ability of the nation to) 1672 SB
318 938 1769 (deter and defend against military threats, to reduce the nuclear danger,) 1769 SB
318 999 1786 (and enhance confidence in our own nuclear weapons in the absence of) 1786 SB
318 1060 413 (explosive testing;) 413 SB
393 1182 1703 (-Enhancing the prospect for sound patterns of energy use through the) 1703 SB
318 1243 1751 (development of diverse, efficient, and sustainable energy technologies;) 1751 SB
393 1365 1225 (-Reducing environmental threats posed by the wa) 1225 SB
1618 1365 411 (ste legacy of the) 411 SB
318 1426 1732 (nuclear weapons program and by the careful utilization of energy  and) 1732 SB
318 1487 1004 (materials throughout the economy;  and,) 1004 SB
393 1609 1603 (-Expanding the base of scientific information -- which is one of the) 1603 SB
318 1670 1803 (nation\222s greatest long-term strategic assets -- through pioneering work in a) 1803 SB
318 1731 1703 (number of areas of fundamental science mostly related to the energy) 1703 SB
318 1792 214 (agenda.) 214 SB
168 1914 1894 (One general observation about the missions of the laboratories is that the Task) 1894 SB
168 1975 1949 (Force found it ironic that these institutions seem to be searching so hard for  new) 1949 SB
168 2036 1838 (missions  when there remains a compelling agenda of important work to be) 1838 SB
168 2097 1659 (performed in their traditional mission areas.   The Task Force believes:) 1659 SB
393 2219 1639 (-The existing budget of the national laboratory system exceeds that) 1639 SB
318 2280 1737 (required to perform its agenda in the areas of national security, energy,) 1737 SB
318 2341 985 (environment, and fundamental science;) 985 SB
393 2463 1725 (-It is unrealistic for these institutions to attempt to retain their current size) 1725 SB
318 2524 923 (by laying claim to  new missions;  and,) 923 SB
393 2646 1095 (-The urgent requirement for these laboratorie) 1095 SB
1488 2646 469 (s is to provide more) 469 SB
318 2707 1739 (disciplined focus on the new research needs within the traditional set of) 1739 SB
318 2768 837 (mission areas, as described below.) 837 SB
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168 267 1928 (Later we identify savings through reorganization which can be variously used to) 1928 SB
168 328 1962 (reduce budget, redeploy resources, and increase research in appropriate areas.) 1962 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 51 /AvantGarde-Demi /font3 ANSIFont font
318 511 42 (1.) 42 SB
468 511 410 (National Security) 410 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 49 /AvantGarde-Book /font1 ANSIFont font
168 636 1889 (The primary national security mission of the DOE laboratories is to provide for a) 1889 SB
168 697 1957 (safe, secure and reliable nuclear stockpile in the absence of  explosive testing of) 1957 SB
168 758 1982 (nuclear weapons.  Continued scientific, engineering, and managerial excellence) 1982 SB
168 819 1777 (will be required at the laboratories to meet the complex and demanding) 1777 SB
168 880 1988 (stewardship role.  A vital extension of this mission involves work in non-proliferation,) 1988 SB
168 941 1970 (counter-proliferation, arms control verification, and intelligence support.  Another) 1970 SB
168 1002 1902 (critical and daunting national security task for which the weapons laboratories) 1902 SB
168 1063 1876 (have special expertise involves the safe tracking and disposition of fissionable) 1876 SB
168 1124 233 (materials.) 233 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 51 /AvantGarde-Demi /font3 ANSIFont font
318 1307 42 (2.) 42 SB
468 1307 166 (Energy) 166 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 49 /AvantGarde-Book /font1 ANSIFont font
168 1432 1878 (The primary mission for the laboratories in relation to energy technologies is to) 1878 SB
168 1493 1917 (pursue a research and technology development agenda which enhances the) 1917 SB
168 1554 1751 (long-term prospects for adequate energy supplies and efficient end use) 1751 SB
168 1615 1989 (technologies which minimize adverse environmental impacts.  The primary role for) 1989 SB
168 1676 1950 (the laboratories should be in areas where long-term research holds the prospect) 1950 SB
168 1737 1952 (for significant payoffs, and where a clear public purpose is being served through) 1952 SB
168 1798 1979 (Federal support.  To the maximum extent possible, energy R&D at the laboratories) 1979 SB
168 1859 1998 (should be coordinated with the private sector and be guided by technology road) 1998 SB
168 1920 148 (maps.) 148 SB
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318 2103 42 (3.) 42 SB
468 2103 960 (Environmental Science and Technology) 960 SB
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168 2228 1900 (The Department faces a monumental task in dealing with the radioactive and) 1900 SB
168 2289 1888 (hazardous wastes at its former nuclear weapons production sites and national) 1888 SB
168 2350 2004 (laboratories.  This task cannot be  addressed in an affordable fashion using today\222s) 2004 SB
168 2411 1937 (technologies.  The national laboratories have expertise and untapped potential) 1937 SB
168 2472 1920 (which could accelerate the scientific and technological base which is urgently) 1920 SB
168 2533 786 (needed for the cleanup mission.) 786 SB
168 2655 1831 (The laboratories also have significant contributions to make in research and) 1831 SB
168 2716 1981 (development related to more efficient utilization of energy and materials, such as) 1981 SB
168 2777 1799 (pollution prevention and waste minimization techniques, and also in areas) 1799 SB
168 2838 1896 (associated with the environmental impacts of energy use, as in global climate) 1896 SB
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168 267 1698 (modeling.  The Task Force believes that the laboratories have areas of) 1698 SB
168 328 1937 (demonstrated expertise that could provide the basis for an expanded mission in) 1937 SB
168 389 2003 (environmental research and technology development, but such expansion should) 2003 SB
168 450 1901 (occur only in areas where the laboratories have a comparative advantage to) 1901 SB
168 511 1849 (other R&D performers in academia, industry, or other government agencies.) 1849 SB
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318 694 42 (4.) 42 SB
468 694 529 (Fundamental Science) 529 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 49 /AvantGarde-Book /font1 ANSIFont font
168 819 1852 (The national laboratories have a major mission to serve in contributing to the) 1852 SB
168 880 1837 (scientific foundation which underpins the Department\222s other mission areas:) 1837 SB
168 941 1821 (national security, energy, and the environment.  The laboratories also have) 1821 SB
168 1002 1874 (important responsibilities in certain discrete areas of science for which mission) 1874 SB
168 1063 1977 (applications are not immediately apparent - such as in high energy, nuclear, and) 1977 SB
168 1124 1853 (condensed matter physics - but where contributions to the nation\222s scientific) 1853 SB
168 1185 797 (enterprise have been significant.) 797 SB
168 1307 1992 (Such contributions often have derived from large-scale scientific user facilities that) 1992 SB
168 1368 1842 (have been built and operated at the national laboratories \(as well as at the) 1842 SB
168 1429 1886 (Department\222s program-dedicated laboratories\).  Such facilities have enabled) 1886 SB
168 1490 1917 (government, academic, and industrial researchers to explore scientific frontiers) 1917 SB
168 1551 2009 (that have not been accessible in other ways.  Long-term, fundamental research of) 2009 SB
168 1612 1999 (this form has been part of the national endeavor to create a better future through) 1999 SB
168 1673 1989 (investments which could have a transforming, yet unknowable impact on society.) 1989 SB
168 1734 1998 (The Department should sustain and strengthen its support of fundamental science.) 1998 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 51 /AvantGarde-Demi /font3 ANSIFont font
318 1917 42 (5.) 42 SB
468 1917 551 (Industrial Technologies) 551 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 49 /AvantGarde-Book /font1 ANSIFont font
168 2042 1946 (Development of technologies for which private sector companies are the major) 1946 SB
168 2103 1981 (beneficiary is not an appropriate mission for the national laboratories.  Rather, the) 1981 SB
168 2164 1875 (economic impact of R&D performed for such general benefit by the national) 1875 SB
168 2225 1861 (laboratories should be viewed as a derivative, or outcome, of the other core) 1861 SB
168 2286 1987 (missions.  Collaborations between the national laboratories and the private sector) 1987 SB
168 2347 1930 (serve the important function of providing dual benefits to the partners, but such) 1930 SB
168 2408 1947 (collaborations generally should be closely aligned with core mission areas of the) 1947 SB
168 2469 1848 (Department.  To the extent appropriate, such collaborations should be cost-) 1848 SB
168 2530 1836 (shared and tied to technology road maps developed by and with industrial) 1836 SB
168 2591 182 (sectors.) 182 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 51 /AvantGarde-Demi /font3 ANSIFont font
168 2774 53 (C.) 53 SB
318 2774 582 (Laboratory Governance) 582 SB
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168 267 2008 (Our study revealed a counterproductive federal system of operation \(Department,) 2008 SB
168 328 1965 (Contractor, Laboratory and substantially driven by Congressional policies\).  A far-) 1965 SB
168 389 1755 (less-federal system must be authorized by the Congress, adopted by the) 1755 SB
168 450 1978 (Department and  implemented at the laboratories, possibly involving contractors.) 1978 SB
168 511 1909 (Certain far-less-federal systems promise large productivity gains with attendant) 1909 SB
168 572 1823 (major economies along with refreshed motivation by empowerment of the) 1823 SB
168 633 1973 (laboratory\222s greatest assets -- its devoted professionals.  We urge embracing such) 1973 SB
168 694 1920 (a new concept promptly, adopting one or more new configurations early, and) 1920 SB
168 755 1921 (moving into a perfectible system apace, much as many non-federal institutions) 1921 SB
168 816 674 (are doing with rich rewards.) 674 SB
168 938 1910 (The Task Force observed multiple symptoms of institutional stress at the national) 1910 SB
168 999 879 (laboratories, including the following:) 879 SB
393 1121 794 (-Increasing overhead cost, poor ) 794 SB
1187 1121 864 (morale and gross inefficiencies as a) 864 SB
318 1182 1711 (result of overly prescriptive Congressional management and excessive) 1711 SB
318 1243 716 (oversight by the Department;) 716 SB
393 1365 1537 (-Inordinate internal focus at every level of these laboratories on) 1537 SB
318 1426 1826 (compliance issues and questions of management processes, which takes a) 1826 SB
318 1487 878 (major toll on research performance;) 878 SB
393 1609 1644 (-Excessive scrambling by the laboratories to establish programmatic) 1644 SB
318 1670 1696 (activities in  new mission  areas, at the expense of disciplined focus on) 1696 SB
318 1731 1748 (traditional assignments in national security, energy, waste management) 1748 SB
318 1792 1318 (and environmental quality, and fundamental science;) 1318 SB
393 1914 1685 (-Confusion regarding the appropriate character, scope, and scale of) 1685 SB
318 1975 1721 (laboratory collaborations with the private sector, due to a lack of clear) 1721 SB
318 2036 944 (policy guidance from the Department;) 944 SB
393 2158 1525 (-Institutional fragmentation as a direct reflection of segmented) 1525 SB
318 2219 1700 (management of the laboratories by the Department, which treats the) 1700 SB
318 2280 1844 (laboratories not as integrated institutions -- let alone a system of laboratories) 1844 SB
318 2341 1809 (-- but rather as a conglomerate of hundreds of individual projects, each of) 1809 SB
318 2402 1827 (which has a program manager with independent influence on elements of) 1827 SB
318 2463 396 (the laboratories;) 396 SB
393 2585 1755 (-Financial and institutional burdens on the laboratories as the result of an) 1755 SB
318 2646 1730 (apparent inability by the Department either to downsize facilities which) 1730 SB
318 2707 1701 (have excess capacity or to terminate programs which provide neither) 1701 SB
318 2768 1592 (distinctive nor essential contributions to the national research and) 1592 SB
318 2829 728 (development enterprise; and,) 728 SB
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393 267 1592 (-Management systems at the laboratories that do not exhibit best) 1592 SB
318 328 1755 (business practices, and thus compound the management challenges of) 1755 SB
318 389 632 (these complex institutions.) 632 SB
168 511 1794 (The Task Force recognizes that many of the Department\222s laboratories are) 1794 SB
168 572 1804 (considered to provide some of the highest quality R&D among the federal) 1804 SB
168 633 1850 (laboratory system.  With this understanding, the Task Force had the option of) 1850 SB
168 694 1964 (simply concluding that the problems facing the national laboratories were simply) 1964 SB
168 755 1957 (a fact of life of federal governance and that little more could be expected.  The) 1957 SB
168 816 1990 (Task Force has no comfort with such an assessment, feels that it is reasonable, and) 1990 SB
168 877 1976 (indeed necessary to have much higher expectations for performance from these) 1976 SB
168 938 1994 (institutions, and believes  that incremental solutions will not likely provide the major) 1994 SB
168 999 1469 (improvements that are, at once, achievable and necessary.) 1469 SB
168 1121 1934 (We arrived at this conclusion recognizing that conventional wisdom likely would) 1934 SB
168 1182 1965 (provide a range of reasons why establishing a new system of governance for the) 1965 SB
168 1243 2005 (laboratories might be impractical or jeopardize these assets.  In our view, however,) 2005 SB
168 1304 1938 (the long-term quality and effectiveness of these laboratories already is in serious) 1938 SB
168 1365 2001 (jeopardy, owing to patterns of management and organization that have grown in) 2001 SB
168 1426 1964 (complexity, cost, and intrusiveness over a long period.  For those who have been) 1964 SB
168 1487 1934 (long time employees, managers, or observers of the national laboratory system,) 1934 SB
168 1548 1946 (perhaps it is easy to rationalize that the system in place is simply the way it is and) 1946 SB
168 1609 1766 (the way it always will be.   For those without lengthy associations with the) 1766 SB
168 1670 1869 (Department or its laboratories -- which was the case for a majority of the Task) 1869 SB
168 1731 1908 (Force members -- it is hard to reach any conclusion other than that the current) 1908 SB
168 1792 2000 (system of governance of these laboratories is broken and should be replaced with) 2000 SB
168 1853 1873 (a bold alternative.  The Task Force seeks not to be bold for boldness sake, but) 1873 SB
168 1914 1955 (because it believes that a far more effective system of governance is necessary.) 1955 SB
168 2036 1934 (While this report provides a general description for a not-for-profit framework for) 1934 SB
168 2097 1899 (governance of the laboratories, we do not presume to know what the precise) 1899 SB
168 2158 1809 (alternative architecture should be.  That can and should be developed by) 1809 SB
168 2219 1911 (Congress, the Department, and the laboratories, based on experience gained) 1911 SB
168 2280 1935 (from existing research institutions which receive substantial funding support from) 1935 SB
168 2341 2004 (the Federal Government, but which have an independent management structure) 2004 SB
168 2402 1757 (which makes the decisions on how best to deliver the services which the) 1757 SB
168 2463 1944 (Government is procuring.  Insight also should be gained from the experiences of) 1944 SB
168 2524 1932 (other nations, including the United Kingdom, which recently has maneuvered a) 1932 SB
168 2585 1908 (disengagement of several of its government laboratories into a semi-privatized) 1908 SB
168 2646 150 (status.) 150 SB
168 2768 1887 (A major experiment implementing wholly new management practices for the) 1887 SB
168 2829 2005 (national laboratories does invite risks, and certain hazards must be recognized and) 2005 SB
168 2890 1631 (guarded against within any implementing legislation.  For example:) 1631 SB
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393 328 1673 (-Those national laboratories that work on nuclear weapons programs) 1673 SB
318 389 1568 (may not be appropriate candidates for transfer to a non-federal) 1568 SB
318 450 1750 (governance structure, especially given the need for continued stringent) 1750 SB
318 511 1732 (controls on all aspects of nuclear weapons design activities.  Some Task) 1732 SB
318 572 1360 (Force members think they are.  Some think they are not.) 1360 SB
393 694 1649 (-The proposal to introduce a bold new paradigm for governance of) 1649 SB
318 755 1705 (these institutions must not be used as a political pretext to dismantle or) 1705 SB
318 816 1856 (destroy a system of laboratories which has served the nation well in the past,) 1856 SB
318 877 1638 (are continuing to perform important public functions, and holds the) 1638 SB
318 938 1834 (prospect for delivering new scientific insights and technological innovations) 1834 SB
318 999 1198 (which will justify its continued value to the Nation.) 1198 SB
393 1121 1697 (-Protection must be built into the governance structure to ensure  that) 1697 SB
318 1182 1763 (these institutions continue to perform long-term, fundamental research --) 1763 SB
318 1243 1798 (which is among their most distinctive contributions to the nation -- and not) 1798 SB
318 1304 1781 (be driven to a short-term focus characteristic of  job shops  for the private) 1781 SB
318 1365 1772 (sector.  This goal could be reached through prescribed allocations which) 1772 SB
318 1426 1855 (provide an inviolate base of federal funding support for certain critical areas) 1855 SB
318 1487 1703 (of fundamental research and their associated large research facilities.) 1703 SB
393 1609 1541 (-It will be necessary to ensure that the change in governance is) 1541 SB
318 1670 1711 (structured in a fashion to achieve the desired results, and that the new) 1711 SB
318 1731 1805 (system not be burdened by creeping micromanagement, non-productive) 1805 SB
318 1792 1787 (oversight, and institutional fragmentation which characterizes the present) 1787 SB
318 1853 1030 (state of affairs at the national laboratories.) 1030 SB
393 1975 1431 (-A balance must be achieved between the need for nece) 1431 SB
1824 1975 114 (ssary) 114 SB
318 2036 1799 (continuing oversight and reduction of environmental damage on the one) 1799 SB
318 2097 1829 (hand, and the need for avoiding overwhelming the new organizations with) 1829 SB
318 2158 1816 (excessive burdens and inherited environmental responsibilities on the other) 1816 SB
318 2219 144 (hand.) 144 SB
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168 2402 49 (D.) 49 SB
318 2402 791 (Configuration of the Laboratories) 791 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 49 /AvantGarde-Book /font1 ANSIFont font
168 2527 1848 (The Task Force believes that the national laboratory system is oversized for its) 1848 SB
168 2588 1888 (current mission assignments.  This appears to be the result of inefficiencies that) 1888 SB
168 2649 1920 (stem from the current management practices of the laboratories and the DOE;) 1920 SB
168 2710 1718 (excess capacity in areas associated with nuclear weapons design and) 1718 SB
168 2771 1945 (development; and political considerations which have inhibited downsizing and) 1945 SB
168 2832 1857 (laboratory restructuring.  The Task Force believes that the national laboratory) 1857 SB
168 2893 1866 (system serves many vital functions, but that the system could be productively) 1866 SB
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168 267 1974 (downsized \(or  rightsized \) through the elimination of functions and redundancies.) 1974 SB
168 328 1783 (The Task Force further believes that one goal of any downsizing should be) 1783 SB
168 389 1967 (enhanced focus on specific mission assignments.  Through downsizing, there may) 1967 SB
168 450 1942 (be opportunities in the future to convert one or more multi-program laboratories) 1942 SB
168 511 1307 (into institutions dedicated to only one primary mission.) 1307 SB
168 633 2007 (The Task Force strongly believes that the laboratories should work more closely as a) 2007 SB
168 694 1885 (system, with the goal of achieving enhanced coordination and integration of) 1885 SB
168 755 2009 (complementary strengths.  However, we note that such coordination will be made) 2009 SB
168 816 1994 (more difficult to the extent that the laboratories are separated into independently) 1994 SB
168 877 901 (operated not-for-profit organizations.) 901 SB
168 999 1904 (While the Task Force does not make any recommendations about the possible) 1904 SB
168 1060 1911 (closure of specific laboratories, we have a general view that all of the national) 1911 SB
168 1121 1940 (laboratories should be subjected to a regular process of comparative validation) 1940 SB
168 1182 1984 (against other research performers \(including against each other\) to judge options) 1984 SB
168 1243 1900 (for closure, consolidation, and even expansion of programmatic activities and) 1900 SB
168 1304 1959 (facilities.   The Task Force believes that an alternative structure of governance for) 1959 SB
168 1365 1986 (the laboratories that achieves greater independence of the laboratories from the) 1986 SB
168 1426 2005 (Department would invite enhanced pressures for competitive performance, which) 2005 SB
168 1487 2003 (would lower costs, force the elimination of  redundancies and less than world-class) 2003 SB
168 1548 1912 (capabilities, and achieve enhanced value for the public investments involved.) 1912 SB
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914 328 668 (II.The National Security Role) 668 SB
168 514 51 (A.) 51 SB
318 514 712 (Introduction and Background) 712 SB
318 639 42 (1.) 42 SB
468 639 649 (The Changing Environment) 649 SB
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318 764 1648 (The Department of Energy's national security mission is based on the) 1648 SB
318 825 1698 (Manhattan Project, the development of nuclear weapons during and) 1698 SB
318 886 1859 (following World War II.  The legacy includes independent design capabilities,) 1859 SB
318 947 1775 (redundant design teams, competition, and intense efforts to achieve the) 1775 SB
318 1008 1665 (highest standards of safety, surety and reliability.  The three weapons) 1665 SB
318 1069 1683 (laboratories --  Lawrence Livermore, Los Alamos, and Sandia National) 1683 SB
318 1130 1746 (Laboratories --  have evolved over a period of more than fifty years.  It is) 1746 SB
318 1191 1806 (clear that they played a key part in the successful outcome of the nuclear) 1806 SB
318 1252 1852 (standoff with the former Soviet Union.  For this, the entire nation owes a debt) 1852 SB
318 1313 1850 (of gratitude to the women and men of these laboratories, past and present,) 1850 SB
318 1374 1203 (who gave their talent to this successful endeavor.) 1203 SB
318 1496 1656 (The end of the Cold War has brought substantial change.  Weapons) 1656 SB
318 1557 1639 (modernization, arms control agreements, the fear of proliferation of) 1639 SB
318 1618 1652 (weapons of mass destruction, and the significant decline in defense) 1652 SB
318 1679 1822 (spending require a restructuring of the laboratories' support for the national) 1822 SB
318 1740 1678 (security mission.  Today, these laboratories represent an extraordinary) 1678 SB
318 1801 1701 (national resource of people, facilities, and experience.  Every attempt) 1701 SB
318 1862 1367 (should be made to use this resource as missions change.) 1367 SB
318 2045 42 (2.) 42 SB
468 2045 755 (National Security Requirements) 755 SB
318 2167 1801 (The requirements for the DOE and the weapons laboratories are based on) 1801 SB
318 2228 1806 (Presidential direction as approved in the Nuclear Stockpile Document and) 1806 SB
318 2289 1776 (other Presidential Decision Directives.  Congress provides direction in laws) 1776 SB
318 2350 1733 (and committee reports.  The Department of Defense \(DOD\) determines) 1733 SB
318 2411 1807 (specific weapons requirements and the Department of Energy determines) 1807 SB
318 2472 1654 (how to fulfill those requirements.  The weapons laboratories then are) 1654 SB
318 2533 1737 (assigned specific responsibilities and funding to carry out DOE direction.) 1737 SB
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318 2662 360 (                              ) 360 SB
678 2662 240 (                    ) 240 SB
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318 2720 12 (1) 12 SB
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330 2713 1729 (The weapons laboratories are Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory) 1729 SB
318 2774 1651 (\(LLNL\), Los Alamos National Laboratory \(LAND\), and Sandia National) 1651 SB
318 2835 1796 (Laboratories \(SNL\).  LLNL and LAND are weapons design laboratories while) 1796 SB
318 2896 812 (SNL is the engineering laboratory.) 812 SB
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318 267 1836 (The President stated in the National Security Strategy \(July 1994\) that a safe,) 1836 SB
318 328 1729 (secure and reliable U.S. nuclear deterrent remains a cornerstone of U.S.) 1729 SB
318 389 1644 (national security policy.  The President announced a moratorium on) 1644 SB
318 450 1781 (underground nuclear testing with a goal of establishing a comprehensive) 1781 SB
318 511 1718 (test ban.  He instructed the DoD and DOE to explore means other than) 1718 SB
318 572 1612 (nuclear testing to maintain confidence in the safety, reliability and) 1612 SB
318 633 1779 (performance of the weapons stockpile.  He also directed strong efforts to) 1779 SB
318 694 1611 (support the Non-Proliferation Treaty and counter weapons of mass) 1611 SB
318 755 1726 (destruction.  This direction is the basis for DOE and DoD planning for the) 1726 SB
318 816 1636 (future and the Task Force's consideration of alternate futures for the) 1636 SB
318 877 541 (weapons laboratories.) 541 SB
318 999 1800 (The maintenance of a safe, secure, and reliable stockpile, contributions to) 1800 SB
318 1060 1743 (critical proliferation and treaty issues, and participation in other national) 1743 SB
318 1121 1770 (priorities related to this mission are essential parts of the nuclear weapons) 1770 SB
318 1182 1836 (laboratories' future and require adequate facilities, motivated and capable) 1836 SB
318 1243 1685 (people, and the requisite budget.  This future will require new types of) 1685 SB
318 1304 1837 (management, different technical personnel, and a mode of operation that) 1837 SB
318 1365 1675 (is closer to industry's than the laboratories have practiced in the past.) 1675 SB
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243 1548 42 (3.) 42 SB
318 1548 778 (Specific Weapons Requirements) 778 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 49 /AvantGarde-Book /font1 ANSIFont font
168 1673 1600 (The Department of Defense conducted a Nuclear Posture Review) 1600 SB
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1768 1680 12 (1) 12 SB
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1780 1673 348 (, approved by) 348 SB
168 1734 1876 (the President, to determine future nuclear forces and weapons requirements.) 1876 SB
168 1795 1907 (Implementation of the START I and START II protocols will result in a total nuclear) 1907 SB
168 1856 1929 (weapons reduction of 79% by the year 2003.  As a unilateral action \(Presidential) 1929 SB
168 1917 1823 (Nuclear Initiatives I and II\), the U.S. will reduce by 90% non-strategic nuclear) 1823 SB
168 1978 1947 (weapons.  These steps will result in a required stockpile of around 5000 weapons.) 1947 SB
168 2100 1950 (The Nuclear Posture Review identified the need for flexibility either to accelerate) 1950 SB
168 2161 1988 (the drawdown if both sides implement START II more quickly, or the ability to return) 1988 SB
168 2222 1636 (inactive weapons to service if the Russians suspend or delay START II) 1636 SB
168 2283 1892 (implementation.  The weapons laboratories need the capability to respond to) 1892 SB
168 2344 499 (either circumstance.) 499 SB
168 2466 1953 (Over the past two years, the Department of Energy has established the Science-) 1953 SB
168 2527 1719 (Based Stockpile Stewardship Program, replacing a test-based stockpile) 1719 SB
168 2588 1969 (stewardship, to maintain confidence in nuclear weapons without nuclear testing.) 1969 SB
168 2649 1842 (The focus of the new program includes improving experimental capabilities,) 1842 SB
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168 2723 360 (                              ) 360 SB
528 2723 240 (                    ) 240 SB
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168 2781 12 (1) 12 SB
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180 2774 228 (Brigadier ) 240 SB
420 2774 214 (General ) 226 SB
646 2774 221 (Anthony ) 233 SB
879 2774 133 (Tolin, ) 145 SB
1024 2774 147 (USAF, ) 159 SB
1183 2774 216 (Strategy ) 228 SB
1411 2774 113 (and ) 125 SB
1536 2774 170 (Policy, ) 182 SB
1718 2774 129 (Joint ) 141 SB
1859 2774 136 (Staff, ) 148 SB
2007 2774 171 (private) 171 SB
168 2835 197 (briefing ) 210 SB
378 2835 78 (on ) 91 SB
469 2835 95 (the ) 108 SB
577 2835 205 (Nuclear ) 218 SB
795 2835 191 (Posture ) 204 SB
999 2835 64 (to ) 77 SB
1076 2835 95 (the ) 108 SB
1184 2835 220 (National ) 233 SB
1417 2835 203 (Security ) 216 SB
1633 2835 249 (Subgroup ) 262 SB
1895 2835 63 (of ) 76 SB
1971 2835 95 (the ) 108 SB
2079 2835 99 (Task) 99 SB
168 2896 596 (Force, October 14, 1994.) 596 SB
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168 267 1762 (enhancing computational capabilities, advanced stockpile surveillance,) 1762 SB
168 328 1730 (advanced manufacturing and materials capability, maintaining system) 1730 SB
168 389 1650 (engineering and infrastructure and preserving a nuclear design and) 1650 SB
168 450 707 (experimentation capabilities.) 707 SB
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168 633 43 (B.) 43 SB
318 633 912 (Main Findings and Recommendations) 912 SB
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168 758 1942 (Specific recommendations regarding the future of the weapons laboratories fall) 1942 SB
168 819 1970 (into broad categories of mission, key personnel, configuration, peer review, basic) 1970 SB
168 880 1760 (science, research facilities, and weapon production \(including research,) 1760 SB
168 941 1808 (production, tritium, and management\).  The Task Force believes that these) 1808 SB
168 1002 1467 (recommendations are consistent with Presidential Directives,) 1467 SB
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1635 1009 12 (2) 12 SB
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1647 1002 470 (  the Nuclear Policy) 470 SB
168 1063 1556 (Review, and the Science-based Stockpile Stewardship Program.) 1556 SB
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168 2884 360 (                              ) 360 SB
528 2884 240 (                    ) 240 SB
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180 2934 181 (Steven ) 202 SB
382 2934 295 (Andreasen, ) 316 SB
698 2934 231 (Strategic ) 253 SB
951 2934 113 (and ) 135 SB
1086 2934 205 (Nuclear ) 227 SB
1313 2934 175 (Affairs, ) 197 SB
1510 2934 220 (National ) 242 SB
1752 2934 203 (Security ) 225 SB
1977 2934 201 (Council,) 201 SB
168 2995 185 (private ) 210 SB
378 2995 197 (briefing ) 222 SB
600 2995 78 (on ) 103 SB
703 2995 290 (Presidential ) 315 SB
1018 2995 219 (Decision ) 244 SB
1262 2995 248 (Directives ) 273 SB
1535 2995 64 (to ) 89 SB
1624 2995 95 (the ) 120 SB
1744 2995 220 (National ) 245 SB
1989 2995 189 (Security) 189 SB
168 3056 1048 (Subgroup of the Task Force, August 9, 1994.) 1048 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 51 /AvantGarde-Demi /font3 ANSIFont font
243 1246 42 (1.) 42 SB
318 1246 175 (Mission) 175 SB
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168 1371 1949 (The national security mission of the weapons laboratories has been rearticulated) 1949 SB
168 1432 1994 (to emphasize maintaining credibility in the U.S. nuclear stockpile in the absence of) 1994 SB
168 1493 1805 (explosive testing of nuclear weapons.  The primary mission of the weapons) 1805 SB
168 1554 1791 (laboratories must be a safe, secure, and reliable stockpile. Science-based) 1791 SB
168 1615 1882 (stockpile stewardship \(in comparison to a test-based stockpile program\) is the) 1882 SB
168 1676 1992 (approach chosen by the Department of Energy to achieve this mission.  It requires) 1992 SB
168 1737 1982 (the following rank-order priorities for the core functions of stockpile stewardship as) 1982 SB
168 1798 177 (follows:) 177 SB
168 1920 42 (1.) 42 SB
243 1920 1835 (Attracting and retaining skilled scientists, engineers, and managers over the) 1835 SB
243 1981 1782 (years ahead with the expertise required for the complex and demanding) 1782 SB
243 2042 407 (stewardship role;) 407 SB
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243 267 186 (Enhanc) 186 SB
429 267 1054 (ing surveillance of weapons in the stockpile) 1054 SB
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1495 267 573 (, during dismantlement,) 573 SB
243 328 1935 (and of the nuclear materials that accumulate as a result of that dismantlement;) 1935 SB
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180 2568 196 (Current ) 200 SB
380 2568 240 (weapons ) 244 SB
624 2568 194 (designs ) 198 SB
822 2568 96 (are ) 100 SB
922 2568 190 (secure, ) 194 SB
1116 2568 116 (safe ) 120 SB
1236 2568 113 (and ) 117 SB
1353 2568 207 (reliable. ) 211 SB
1564 2568 14 ( ) 18 SB
1582 2568 147 (There ) 151 SB
1733 2568 43 (is ) 47 SB
1780 2568 78 (no ) 82 SB
1862 2568 161 (threat ) 166 SB
2028 2568 64 (to ) 69 SB
2097 2568 81 (the) 81 SB
168 2629 170 (nation ) 173 SB
341 2629 113 (that ) 117 SB
458 2629 163 (would ) 167 SB
625 2629 143 (justify ) 147 SB
772 2629 95 (the ) 99 SB
871 2629 347 (development ) 351 SB
1222 2629 63 (of ) 67 SB
1289 2629 48 (a ) 52 SB
1341 2629 120 (new ) 124 SB
1465 2629 199 (nuclear ) 203 SB
1668 2629 221 (weapon ) 225 SB
1893 2629 65 (at ) 69 SB
1962 2629 91 (this ) 95 SB
2057 2629 121 (time.) 121 SB
168 2690 1287 (If weapons in the stockpile should develop problems ) 1288 SB
1456 2690 113 (that ) 114 SB
1570 2690 192 (cannot ) 193 SB
1763 2690 81 (be ) 82 SB
1845 2690 233 (resolved, ) 234 SB
2079 2690 99 (and) 99 SB
168 2751 113 (that ) 118 SB
286 2751 125 (raise ) 130 SB
416 2751 181 (doubts ) 186 SB
602 2751 162 (about ) 168 SB
770 2751 120 (their ) 126 SB
896 2751 224 (reliability ) 230 SB
1126 2751 62 (or ) 68 SB
1194 2751 174 (safety, ) 180 SB
1374 2751 346 (consideration ) 352 SB
1726 2751 153 (could ) 159 SB
1885 2751 81 (be ) 87 SB
1972 2751 150 (given ) 156 SB
2128 2751 50 (to) 50 SB
168 2812 95 (the ) 97 SB
265 2812 172 (option ) 174 SB
439 2812 63 (of ) 65 SB
504 2812 247 (replacing ) 249 SB
753 2812 142 (them ) 144 SB
897 2812 114 (with ) 116 SB
1013 2812 305 (modernized ) 307 SB
1320 2812 202 (versions ) 204 SB
1524 2812 63 (of ) 65 SB
1589 2812 178 (earlier, ) 180 SB
1769 2812 117 (very ) 119 SB
1888 2812 176 (robust, ) 178 SB
2066 2812 112 (well-) 112 SB
168 2873 1561 (tested designs.  However, the safety and reliability record of the ) 1562 SB
1730 2873 227 (stockpile ) 228 SB
1958 2873 220 (indicates) 220 SB
168 2934 95 (the ) 107 SB
275 2934 254 (successful ) 266 SB
541 2934 245 (resolution ) 258 SB
799 2934 63 (of ) 76 SB
875 2934 68 (all ) 81 SB
956 2934 118 (past ) 131 SB
1087 2934 240 (weapons ) 253 SB
1340 2934 253 (problems; ) 266 SB
1606 2934 106 (any ) 119 SB
1725 2934 155 (future ) 168 SB
1893 2934 224 (reliability ) 237 SB
2130 2934 48 (or) 48 SB
168 2995 160 (safety ) 179 SB
347 2995 239 (problems ) 258 SB
605 2995 171 (should ) 190 SB
795 2995 81 (be ) 100 SB
895 2995 91 (first ) 110 SB
1005 2995 238 (analyzed ) 257 SB
1262 2995 113 (and ) 132 SB
1394 2995 171 (solved ) 190 SB
1584 2995 48 (-- ) 67 SB
1651 2995 40 (if ) 59 SB
1710 2995 206 (possible ) 225 SB
1935 2995 48 (-- ) 67 SB
2002 2995 75 (by ) 95 SB
2097 2995 81 (the) 81 SB
168 3056 2005 (replacement of specific components or addition of new safety features if needed.) 2005 SB
168 450 42 (3.) 42 SB
243 450 1688 (Continuing hydrodynamic testing as required to cope with  problems;) 1688 SB
168 572 42 (4.) 42 SB
243 572 1866 (Assessing problems, reanalyzing previous data through numerical simulations,) 1866 SB
243 633 1113 (and developing appropriate data bases; and) 1113 SB
168 755 42 (5.) 42 SB
243 755 1628 (Sustaining the scientific process of inquiry through experimentation.) 1628 SB
168 877 1936 (In today's world, proliferation of nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction) 1936 SB
168 938 1909 (remains a major threat to U.S. national security.  Because of this threat the DOE) 1909 SB
168 999 1849 (laboratories' work in non-proliferation, counter-proliferation, verification, and) 1849 SB
168 1060 1938 (intelligence support has become a major mission as well as an extension of their) 1938 SB
168 1121 1804 (stewardship of the nuclear stockpile.  These activities are supported by the) 1804 SB
168 1182 1796 (expertise maintained within the entire nuclear weapons infrastructure.  It is) 1796 SB
168 1243 2008 (important that their funding be included within the core infrastructure support.  The) 2008 SB
168 1304 1987 (Task Force notes that organizational compartmentalization within the Department) 1987 SB
168 1365 1904 (complicates and makes difficult the appropriate inter-relationship and funding) 1904 SB
168 1426 1976 (balance between stockpile support and non-proliferation, and recommends that) 1976 SB
168 1487 1904 (the Department's organization reflect their importance and interdependence.) 1904 SB
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318 1670 42 (2.) 42 SB
468 1670 1463 (Attracting and Retaining Scientists, Engineers, and Managers) 1463 SB
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168 1795 1992 (The weapons laboratories' management has an important responsibility to identify) 1992 SB
168 1856 1871 (the critical skills required for their national security mission and to manage the) 1871 SB
168 1917 1928 (hiring and retention of key personnel accordingly.  The Task Force recommends) 1928 SB
168 1978 1961 (that management continue to sustain a stimulating intellectual environment that) 1961 SB
168 2039 1821 (will attract and retain the very best research and engineering staff.  This will) 1821 SB
168 2100 184 (require:) 184 SB
168 2161 28 (  ) 28 SB
393 2222 1241 (-Providing appropriate rewards for high performers;) 1241 SB
393 2344 945 (-Weeding out weaker performers; and,) 945 SB
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393 267 1504 (-Engendering in the research and engineering staff a sense of) 1504 SB
318 328 1843 (achievement, based on personal responsibility and personal accountability.) 1843 SB
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318 511 42 (3.) 42 SB
468 511 447 (Configuration of th) 447 SB
915 511 791 (e Nuclear Weapons Laboratories) 791 SB
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168 636 1787 (The current structure of the three nuclear weapons laboratories should be) 1787 SB
168 697 1785 (examined in light of the recently revised, official U.S. Nuclear Posture.  The) 1785 SB
168 758 1969 (Department of Energy should size its nuclear weapons laboratories support efforts) 1969 SB
168 819 1986 (over time to match DoD requirements.  The restructuring must be accomplished in) 1986 SB
168 880 1936 (ways that preserve capabilities both for reduction to lower levels of support and) 1936 SB
168 941 1961 (for an expansion of support should the resumption of a threat to national security) 1961 SB
168 1002 1998 (demand it.  In addition, the restructuring must support the requirement to maintain) 1998 SB
168 1063 1868 (confidence in the nuclear stockpile in a comprehensive test ban or under an) 1868 SB
168 1124 1852 (extended moratorium.  The restructuring will affect primarily weapons design) 1852 SB
168 1185 1847 (capabilities, where the largest functional redundancy exists, and specifically) 1847 SB
168 1246 1966 (Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory \(LLNL\); LLNL supports only four of eleven) 1966 SB
168 1307 1149 (weapons designs currently in the U.S.  stockpile.) 1149 SB
168 1429 1828 (The Task Force believes LLNL should retain enough nuclear weapons design) 1828 SB
168 1490 1932 (competence and technology base to continue its activities in non-proliferation,) 1932 SB
168 1551 1710 (counter-proliferation,  intelligence support, and verification, to provide) 1710 SB
168 1612 1999 (independent review for several years while alternative approaches to peer review) 1999 SB
168 1673 1831 (are developed \(see  Peer Review \), and to participate in weapons relevant) 1831 SB
168 1734 1898 (experiments on the National Ignition Facility \(NIF\).  LLNL would transfer, as cost-) 1898 SB
168 1795 1767 (efficiency allows, over the next five years its activities in nuclear materials) 1767 SB
168 1856 1977 (development and production to the other design laboratory.  LLNL would transfer) 1977 SB
168 1917 1963 (direct stockpile support to the other weapons laboratories as the requirements of) 1963 SB
168 1978 1995 (science-based stockpile stewardship, support of the DoD nuclear posture, and the) 1995 SB
168 2039 1968 (status of test bans allow.  Under these conditions, the Task Force believes that the) 1968 SB
168 2100 1927 (transfer can be made in five years.  The Task Force notes that if the NIF is built at) 1927 SB
168 2161 1753 (LLNL, this will reinforce the weapons design capability at that laboratory.) 1753 SB
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318 2344 42 (4.) 42 SB
468 2344 295 (Peer Review) 295 SB
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168 2469 1959 (The Task Force believes that the development of independent assessment of the) 1959 SB
168 2530 1711 (safety and reliability issues within an aging stockpile will be an ongoing) 1711 SB
168 2591 1879 (requirement of stockpile stewardship. It also believes, however, that there are) 1879 SB
168 2652 1836 (many ways in which this peer review function can be served, and that peer) 1836 SB
168 2713 1794 (review, in and of itself, does not justify the existence of two nuclear design) 1794 SB
168 2774 301 (laboratories.) 301 SB
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318 267 42 (5.) 42 SB
468 267 731 (Contributions to Basic Science) 731 SB
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168 392 1824 (As new facilities are developed at the weapons laboratories for performing) 1824 SB
168 453 1861 (science-based stockpile stewardship, the Task Force recommends that these) 1861 SB
168 514 1964 (facilities be managed in as open and collaborative a fashion as national security) 1964 SB
168 575 528 (constraints will permit.) 528 SB
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318 758 42 (6.) 42 SB
468 758 599 (Major Research Facilities) 599 SB
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168 883 1029 (The Task Force recommends the following:) 1029 SB
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168 2944 360 (                              ) 360 SB
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168 3002 12 (1) 12 SB
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180 2995 99 (The ) 119 SB
299 2995 155 (Jason ) 175 SB
474 2995 308 (Stewardship ) 328 SB
802 2995 161 (report ) 181 SB
983 2995 199 (entitled ) 219 SB
1202 2995 210 (Science ) 230 SB
1432 2995 163 (Based ) 184 SB
1616 2995 233 (Stockpile ) 254 SB
1870 2995 308 (Stewardship,) 308 SB
168 3056 391 (August 10, 1994.) 391 SB
393 1005 1423 (-Continued funding support for the Dual-Axis Radiographic) 1423 SB
318 1066 930 (Hydrodynamic Testing \(DARHT\) facility;) 930 SB
393 1188 1562 (-Continued near-term support for Los Alamos Neutron Scattering) 1562 SB
318 1249 1534 (Experiment/Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility \(LANSCE/LAMPF\);) 1534 SB
393 1371 1329 (-Continued pursuit of advanced computing, including ) 1329 SB
1722 1371 268 (computing) 268 SB
318 1432 851 (through workstation networks; and,) 851 SB
393 1554 1747 (-Proceeding with the National Ignition Facility \(NIF\) as a research facility,) 1747 SB
318 1615 1442 (prioritized with respect to other major research investments.) 1442 SB
168 1737 1950 (In its favor, NIF will provide a unique means for doing very important experiments) 1950 SB
168 1798 1992 (involving extremely high temperatures in condensed matter physics and it thus will) 1992 SB
168 1859 1963 (make it possible to maintain expertise in one of the areas of physics fundamental) 1963 SB
168 1920 1978 (to modern nuclear weapons design.  Similarly, the data and theory it will produce) 1978 SB
168 1981 1977 (will contribute uniquely to science generally and to  astrophysics in particular.  On) 1977 SB
168 2042 1791 (the other hand, there is some possibility that NIF will inadequately simulate) 1791 SB
168 2103 1985 (secondaries, although this is already a lower priority than understanding primaries.) 1985 SB
168 2164 1973 (There is a low probability that inertial fusion will become a useful source of energy) 1973 SB
168 2225 1904 (in the foreseeable future.  NIF may not attract the scientists and engineers that) 1904 SB
168 2286 1894 (stockpile stewardship really needs.  NIF may also complicate discussions at the) 1894 SB
168 2347 1986 (Non-Proliferation Treaty review conference and negotiations of a Comprehensive) 1986 SB
168 2408 1934 (Test Ban Treaty. In short, NIF is a risk \(as are most major research projects\), but on) 1934 SB
168 2469 1907 (balance the Task Force supports its construction.  An important consideration is) 1907 SB
168 2530 1970 (that the question of whether or not NIF is built at LLNL, when combined with other) 1970 SB
168 2591 2006 (recommendations for change given in this report and elsewhere that could define) 2006 SB
168 2652 692 (the future of that laboratory.) 692 SB
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318 2835 42 (7.) 42 SB
468 2835 896 (Non-Nuclear Research Requirements) 896 SB
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168 328 1952 (The Task Force recommends that non-nuclear research activities continue at the) 1952 SB
168 389 1899 (weapons laboratories as long as a paying customer requires them, as they are) 1899 SB
168 450 1920 (rooted in nuclear weapons research, contribute to core R&D, and pay their fair) 1920 SB
168 511 1142 (share of overhead and basic research support.) 1142 SB
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318 694 42 (8.) 42 SB
468 694 947 (Nuclear Weapons Production Capacity) 947 SB
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168 819 1872 (There is no need for nuclear weapons production at this time nor is start-up of) 1872 SB
168 880 1943 (production envisioned for problems expected in the stockpile. Capability-based) 1943 SB
168 941 1971 (deterrence requires, however, the potential for weapons production in the event) 1971 SB
168 1002 1920 (of increased threat that may arise in the future.  The current world situation and) 1920 SB
168 1063 1828 (the existing production capability do not mandate investment in additional) 1828 SB
168 1124 1976 (production capability.  The Task Force recommends that future production should) 1976 SB
168 1185 1954 (be based on the residual capabilities of Pantex, Los Alamos National Laboratory,) 1954 SB
168 1246 1872 (and Sandia National Laboratories, and believes that no further investments in) 1872 SB
168 1307 1124 (production capability are needed at this time.) 1124 SB
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318 1490 42 (9.) 42 SB
468 1490 330 (Tritium Supply) 330 SB
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168 1615 1705 (Accelerator-based production of tritium looks attractive, given today's) 1705 SB
168 1676 1883 (understanding of the technology.  The Task Force, however, does not make a) 1883 SB
168 1737 1872 (recommendation relative to replacement, or to the mode of production, but) 1872 SB
168 1798 1792 (rather supports continued R&D in accelerator-based production of tritium.) 1792 SB
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318 1981 70 (10.) 70 SB
468 1981 1442 (Management of the Nuclear Weapons Laboratories by DOD) 1442 SB
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168 2045 1798 (As requirements for national security change, DoD and DOE must size their) 1798 SB
168 2106 2009 (organizations and improve their coordination for maximum effectiveness.  The DoD) 2009 SB
168 2167 1987 (must act as an intelligent and prudent customer regarding nuclear weapons.  The) 1987 SB
168 2228 1916 (separation, within the U.S. government, of nuclear weapons development and) 1916 SB
168 2289 1953 (operations is a long tradition and has recently been challenged in the interest of) 1953 SB
168 2350 1916 (efficiency.  The Task Force, however, agreeing with most previous studies of this) 1916 SB
168 2411 2008 (issue, sees no compelling reason for DoD to manage the national security activities) 2008 SB
168 2472 1945 (at the weapons laboratories.  Indeed, the Task Force believes that there is much) 1945 SB
168 2533 1748 (value at this time in maintaining an independent and technically expert) 1748 SB
168 2594 1919 (organization to focus on nuclear stockpile issues and to continue to ensure that) 1919 SB
168 2655 1956 (decisions regarding the safety, control, and stewardship of nuclear weapons are) 1956 SB
168 2716 1892 (raised to the high policy level that they deserve.  The corporatization proposal) 1892 SB
168 2777 2007 (contained in  Section VII in the Task Force report could eliminate the management) 2007 SB
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168 267 1755 (issues for both DoD and DOE and give a customer focus to the weapons) 1755 SB
168 328 245 (programs.) 245 SB
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168 511 53 (C.) 53 SB
318 511 760 (Summary of Recommendations) 760 SB
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168 636 1894 (1. The primary mission of the weapons laboratories must be a safe, secure and) 1894 SB
168 697 1870 (reliable nuclear stockpile in the absence of explosive testing.  Science-based) 1870 SB
168 758 1965 (stockpile stewardship is the approach chosen be the Department to achieve this) 1965 SB
168 819 1260 (mission.  It requires the following rank-order priorities:) 1260 SB
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243 941 17 (-) 17 SB
318 941 1835 (Attracting and retaining skilled scientists, engineers, and managers over the) 1835 SB
243 1002 1731 (years ahead with the expertise required for the complex and changing) 1731 SB
243 1063 407 (stewardship role;) 407 SB
243 1185 17 (-) 17 SB
318 1185 1827 (Enhancing surveillance of weapons in the stock pile, during dismantlement,) 1827 SB
243 1246 1917 (and of the nuclear materials that accumulate as a result of the dismantlement;) 1917 SB
243 1368 17 (-) 17 SB
318 1368 1389 (Continuing hydrodynamic testing to cope with problems;) 1389 SB
243 1490 17 (-) 17 SB
318 1490 1578 (Assessing problems, reanalyzing previous data through numerical) 1578 SB
243 1551 1401 (simulations, and developing appropriate data bases; and) 1401 SB
243 1673 17 (-) 17 SB
318 1673 1628 (Sustaining the scientific process of inquiry through experimentation.) 1628 SB
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168 1795 42 (2.) 42 SB
243 1795 1854 (Non-proliferation, counter-proliferation, verification, and intelligence support) 1854 SB
168 1856 1906 (have become a major mission along with stewardship of the nuclear stockpile.) 1906 SB
168 1917 1774 (The Task Force notes that organizational compartmentalization within the) 1774 SB
168 1978 1903 (Department complicates and makes difficult the appropriate inter-relationship) 1903 SB
168 2039 1949 (and funding balance between support and non-proliferation, and recommends) 1949 SB
168 2100 1555 (that the Department's organization reflect their importance and) 1555 SB
168 2161 448 (interdependence.) 448 SB
168 2283 42 (3.) 42 SB
243 2283 1895 (The Task Force believes Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory should retain) 1895 SB
168 2344 1982 (enough nuclear weapons design competence and technology base to continue) 1982 SB
168 2405 1957 (its activities in non-proliferation, counter-proliferation, verification, an intelligence) 1957 SB
168 2466 1793 (support, to provide independent review for several years while alternative) 1793 SB
168 2527 1819 (approaches to peer review are developed, and to participate in weapons) 1819 SB
168 2588 1931 (relevant experiments on the National Ignition Facility \(NIF\).  Lawrence Livermore) 1931 SB
168 2649 1881 (National Laboratory would transfer as cost-efficiency allows over the next five) 1881 SB
168 2710 1944 (years its activities in nuclear materials development and production to the other) 1944 SB
168 2771 1974 (design laboratory.  Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory would transfer direct) 1974 SB
168 2832 1808 (stockpile support to the other weapons laboratories as the requirements of) 1808 SB
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168 267 1995 (science-based stockpile stewardship, support of the DoD nuclear posture, and the) 1995 SB
168 328 683 (status of the test bans allow.) 683 SB
168 450 42 (4.) 42 SB
243 450 1753 (The Task Force recommends continued funding support for the Dual-Axis) 1753 SB
168 511 1992 (Radiographic Hydrodynamic Testing \(DARHT\) facility; continued near-term support) 1992 SB
168 572 1862 (for the Los Alamos Neutron  Scattering Experiment/Los Alamos Meson Physics) 1862 SB
168 633 1903 (Facility \(LANSCE/LAMPF\); continued pursuit of advanced computing, including) 1903 SB
168 694 1851 (computing through workstation networks; and proceeding with the National) 1851 SB
168 755 1929 (Ignition Facility \(NIF\) as a research facility, balanced with respect to other major) 1929 SB
168 816 299 (investments.) 299 SB
168 938 42 (5.) 42 SB
243 938 1900 (The Task Force recommends that future production needs should be based on) 1900 SB
168 999 1827 (residual capabilities of Pantex, Los Alamos National Laboratory, and Sandia) 1827 SB
168 1060 1860 (National Laboratories, and believes that no further investments in production) 1860 SB
168 1121 841 (capability are needed at this time.) 841 SB
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367 267 1611 (III.The Energy, Environment, and Related Sciences and Engineering) 1611 SB
1120 331 105 (Role) 105 SB
168 578 51 (A.) 51 SB
318 578 330 (Main Findings) 330 SB
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168 703 1980 (This section of the report reviews the laboratories' energy and environmental roles) 1980 SB
168 764 1922 (\(minus activities associated with clean-up of waste sites, which are dealt with in) 1922 SB
168 825 1938 (Section IV\), and includes the Task Force's general observations about missions of) 1938 SB
168 886 396 (the laboratories.) 396 SB
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318 1069 42 (1.) 42 SB
468 1069 915 (The Energy Mission of the Laboratories) 915 SB
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168 1194 1955 (The national laboratories have an important energy mission which, in the view of) 1955 SB
168 1255 1884 (the Task Force, remains absolutely vital to the national security and economic) 1884 SB
168 1316 1965 (welfare of the nation.  This mission started with the efforts to create peaceful uses) 1965 SB
168 1377 1922 (of nuclear energy \(a major goal of the civilian Atomic Energy Commission\) and) 1922 SB
168 1438 1965 (assumed new direction and urgency as a result of the  energy crises of the 1970s.) 1965 SB
168 1499 1991 (The 1973 oil embargo prompted Congress the following year to create the Energy) 1991 SB
168 1560 1852 (Research and Development Administration \(ERDA\), folding together nuclear) 1852 SB
168 1621 1851 (programs from the Atomic Energy Commission \(AEC\), fossil energy and utility) 1851 SB
168 1682 1769 (distribution programs from the Interior Department, solar and geothermal) 1769 SB
168 1743 1990 (programs from the National Science Foundation, automotive propulsion programs) 1990 SB
168 1804 1871 (from the Environmental Protection Agency, as well as several other dispersed) 1871 SB
168 1865 1837 (functions.   Although the Energy Research and Development Administration) 1837 SB
168 1926 1717 (\(ERDA\) was to be a transitional agency, replaced by the Cabinet-level) 1717 SB
168 1987 1905 (Department of Energy in 1977, progress was made in bringing together diverse) 1905 SB
168 2048 2006 (energy activities previously scattered among many federal agencies.  One legacy) 2006 SB
168 2109 1945 (of the Department's origins, however, is that the different areas of energy supply) 1945 SB
168 2170 2004 (and end-use R&D remain balkanized--operating as isolated fiefdoms.  Additionally,) 2004 SB
168 2231 1991 (the Department's applied energy programs are not well integrated with either the) 1991 SB
168 2292 1362 (Department's environmental or basic science programs.) 1362 SB
168 2414 1874 (The Task Force believes that one of the most important challenges facing the) 1874 SB
168 2475 1874 (Department and its laboratories is to achieve greater integration of its various) 1874 SB
168 2536 1960 (applied and fundamental energy R&D programs \(i.e. fossil energy, nuclear fission) 1960 SB
168 2597 1899 (and fusion, energy efficiency, renewable energy, and basic energy sciences\).) 1899 SB
168 2658 1798 (The integration that is necessary should be both internal, into a portfolio of) 1798 SB
168 2719 1950 (programmatic activities organized according to a common framework of policy) 1950 SB
168 2780 1917 (objectives, and external, including both cross-governmental, and Department-) 1917 SB
168 2841 1888 (private sector initiatives.  In the Task Force's view, there is a long list of exciting,) 1888 SB
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168 267 1836 (challenging, and vital areas of research and technology development that) 1836 SB
168 328 1530 (constitute the appropriate energy agenda for the laboratories.) 1530 SB
168 450 1795 (It is important to note that the Department's applied energy programs are) 1795 SB
168 511 1991 (executed in a variety of ways, including at the laboratories, both with and without) 1991 SB
168 572 1970 (industry cost-shared involvement; directly between the Department and industry,) 1970 SB
168 633 1746 (through cost-shared collaborations; and directly with universities.  Of the) 1746 SB
168 694 1827 (Department's FY 1994 applied energy budget of roughly $1.8 billion, only 30) 1827 SB
168 755 1956 (percent is expended at the laboratories.  The Task Force recognizes that another) 1956 SB
168 816 1965 (group of the Secretary of Energy Advisory Board is examining the applied energy) 1965 SB
168 877 245 (programs;) 245 SB
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413 884 12 (1) 12 SB
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425 877 1704 ( however, in the  course of our examination we did develop firm views) 1704 SB
168 938 1737 (about the energy mission both at the Department and the laboratories.) 1737 SB
168 1060 1733 (In general, the Task Force believes that the energy mission is of extreme) 1733 SB
168 1121 1962 (importance and deserves greater attention by the national laboratories, working) 1962 SB
168 1182 1773 (in collaboration with the private sector.  Additionally, we believe that the) 1773 SB
168 1243 1866 (Department needs a framework for rationalizing the management of energy) 1866 SB
168 1304 1967 (supply and conservation technologies in terms of a strategic portfolio of research) 1967 SB
168 1365 667 (and development projects.) 667 SB
168 1487 849 (National and Global Energy Needs) 849 SB
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168 1609 1957 (During the next 20 years, world energy demand will grow by 50 percent.  Most of) 1957 SB
168 1670 1969 (this growth will occur in the developing world, where energy is perhaps the single) 1969 SB
168 1731 1857 (most important factor for economic expansion and enhanced quality of life.) 1857 SB
168 1792 1909 (Given the environmental impacts of current modes of energy use, research on) 1909 SB
168 1853 1993 (means of enhancing the efficiency of energy utilization and on substitutes for fossil) 1993 SB
168 1914 1870 (fuels is of critical national importance.  Although oil, natural gas, and coal will) 1870 SB
168 1975 1809 (remain the dominant energy source in the world for the next 20 years -- still) 1809 SB
168 2036 1850 (providing as much as 80% of the global energy supply in the year 2015 -- the) 1850 SB
168 2097 1987 (development of clean, sustainable, alternative forms of energy will be essential as) 1987 SB
168 2158 1920 (projected fossil fuel supplies dwindle and environmental constraints mandate a) 1920 SB
168 2219 1881 (dramatic switch in fuel sources during the next century.  The global market for) 1881 SB
168 2280 1959 (clean energy sources could be in the hundreds of billions of dollars 20 to 30 years) 1959 SB
168 2341 1948 (from now, yet the R&D involved is of a sufficiently high-risk and long-term nature,) 1948 SB
168 2402 1929 (and the public purpose of this research is sufficiently compelling, that it properly) 1929 SB
168 2463 1972 (should be addressed through collaborative work between the public and private) 1972 SB
168 2524 182 (sectors.) 182 SB
168 2646 1921 (The Task Force generally believes that the highest priority research areas by the) 1921 SB
168 2707 1720 (Department and the laboratories are in the areas of energy efficiency,) 1720 SB
32 0 0 42 42 0 1 0 42 /AvantGarde-Book /font1 ANSIFont font
168 2784 360 (                              ) 360 SB
528 2784 240 (                    ) 240 SB
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168 2842 12 (1) 12 SB
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180 2835 1836 (Strategic Energy Research and Development Task Force, Chaired by Daniel) 1836 SB
168 2896 1413 (Argon, President, Cambridge Energy Research Associates.) 1413 SB
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168 267 1954 (conservation, renewable energy sources \(including photovoltaic, biomass, wind,) 1954 SB
168 328 1996 (geothermal, and hydrogen\), and more efficient recovery of gas and oil resources.) 1996 SB
168 389 1996 (The laboratories should also continue to be involved in nuclear fission-related R&D.) 1996 SB
168 450 2003 (The Task Force was divided concerning a recommendation for the level of support) 2003 SB
168 511 1952 (needed in the area of fusion energy.  At a broader level, the Task Force believes) 1952 SB
168 572 1952 (that the Department's energy programs should be managed more as a portfolio) 1952 SB
168 633 1927 (of investment areas, giving appropriate attention to the diverse and sometimes) 1927 SB
168 694 1946 (conflicting goals in various areas of energy supply and conservation R&D.  These) 1946 SB
168 755 1948 (goals must be balanced with the overall energy objectives of the Department --) 1948 SB
168 816 1778 (which must be based on the national goals for energy development and) 1778 SB
168 877 237 (utilization.) 237 SB
168 999 1876 (These goals must be coordinated closely with the energy supply industry, with) 1876 SB
168 1060 1710 (makers and users of energy conservation technologies, and with other) 1710 SB
168 1121 1891 (stakeholders to develop a meaningful strategic plan for investments in energy) 1891 SB
168 1182 1967 (supply and conservation technologies.  This is the most important single aspect of) 1967 SB
168 1243 1965 (the rationalization of the energy R&D work of the Department.  A consensus must) 1965 SB
168 1304 1702 (be developed among potentially competing technologies, users, and) 1702 SB
168 1365 1975 (stakeholders that defines the R&D needs of the nation in  sufficiently explicit terms) 1975 SB
168 1426 1898 (that conclusions can be drawn to guide the implementation of a rational R&D) 1898 SB
168 1487 210 (strategy.) 210 SB
168 1609 1964 (Alliances with the industrial users of the technology will be critical.  R&D produces) 1964 SB
168 1670 1900 (knowledge, but the implementation of that knowledge in plants and products) 1900 SB
168 1731 1978 (must be done by industry.  If industry is not intimately involved in the planning and) 1978 SB
168 1792 1974 (development of that knowledge, they will be slow to implement it if they do so at) 1974 SB
168 1853 1934 (all.  The Department currently has several major collaborations in place with the) 1934 SB
168 1914 1846 (Gas Research Institute, Electric Power Research Institute, fossil fuel extraction) 1846 SB
168 1975 1923 (companies, and energy-intensive industrial sectors, such as the pulp and paper) 1923 SB
168 2036 1932 (industry.  The Task Force commends these efforts, which help guide appropriate) 1932 SB
168 2097 1710 (areas of government vs. private sector R&D, and help ensure eventual) 1710 SB
168 2158 1340 (commercialization of new technologies and processes.) 1340 SB
168 2280 1972 (The Task Force recognizes, however, that the energy mission of the Department is) 1972 SB
168 2341 1883 (broader than the interests of the existing private sector in important ways.  For) 1883 SB
168 2402 1961 (example, both energy producing and energy using industrial sectors will have an) 1961 SB
168 2463 1909 (inevitable bias toward existing technologies and infrastructure, and a relatively) 1909 SB
168 2524 1948 (short-term outlook.  The Department, on the other hand, must consider the long-) 1948 SB
168 2585 1821 (term energy and economic security of the nation, which are closely linked.) 1821 SB
168 2646 1996 (Accordingly, the Department must be careful to ensure that, while working closely) 1996 SB
168 2707 1838 (with energy producers and users, its energy R&D program is not captured or) 1838 SB
168 2768 1992 (dominated by short-term interests, since the most appropriate areas for laboratory) 1992 SB
168 2829 1696 (investment using public funds will be in areas which address long-term) 1696 SB
168 2890 603 (uncertainties and needs.) 603 SB
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168 328 1832 (Within the portfolio concept, each area of energy technology, and indeed) 1832 SB
168 389 1961 (potentially each R&D project, should be evaluated in terms of four key elements:) 1961 SB
393 511 586 (-Technological strength;) 586 SB
393 633 586 (-Technological maturity;) 586 SB
393 755 1599 (-Competitive impact on public objectives \(i.e., energy, efficiency,) 1599 SB
318 816 1804 (energy diversity, environmental protection, economic impacts, cost\); and,) 1804 SB
393 938 115 (-Risk.) 115 SB
168 1060 1751 (Section VI of this report provides additional considerations regarding the) 1751 SB
168 1121 1390 (development of applied energy work at the laboratories.) 1390 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 51 /AvantGarde-Demi /font3 ANSIFont font
318 1243 42 (2.) 42 SB
468 1243 1092 (The Environmental Mission of the Laboratories) 1092 SB
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168 1368 1994 (The DOE laboratories have a diversified environmental mission, which includes two) 1994 SB
168 1429 1882 (traditional areas of activity and one emerging area.  The traditional areas are) 1882 SB
168 1490 1930 (science and technology development associated with the clean-up of nuclear) 1930 SB
168 1551 1954 (waste \(addressed in Section IV\), and R&D related to assessing the environmental) 1954 SB
168 1612 2001 (impacts of energy use \(e.g. global climate modeling, atmospheric chemistry\).  The) 2001 SB
168 1673 1934 (emerging area involves systemic approaches to reducing energy and materials) 1934 SB
168 1734 2009 (consumption in specific industrial applications -- such as environmentally-conscious) 2009 SB
168 1795 1532 (manufacturing -- and also for entire segments of the economy.) 1532 SB
168 1917 56 (In ) 56 SB
224 1917 865 (Technology for a Sustainable Future) 865 SB
32 0 0 21 21 0 0 0 21 /AvantGarde-Book /font1 ANSIFont font
1089 1924 12 (1) 12 SB
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1101 1917 14 (,) 14 SB
0 0 0 fC
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864 2 224 1971 B
1 F
n
1115 1917 894 ( the Administration has presented an) 894 SB
13 2 1101 1971 B
1 F
n
168 1978 2010 (integrated vision of long-term economic growth that creates jobs and protects the) 2010 SB
168 2039 2004 (environment.  Environmental technologies -- ranging from clean energy sources to) 2004 SB
168 2100 1994 (energy efficient manufacturing techniques to industrial processes that create new) 1994 SB
168 2161 1816 (products from waste materials to the development and use of new energy) 1816 SB
168 2222 1957 (efficient materials -- are viewed as the means of helping industry shift from waste) 1957 SB
168 2283 1867 (management to pollution prevention and efficient resource utilization, and a) 1867 SB
168 2344 1732 (critical step toward implementing industrial ecology.  This would enable) 1732 SB
168 2405 1927 (companies to enhance their competitiveness by lowering energy and resource) 1927 SB
168 2466 1994 (needs and reducing or eliminating waste disposal costs, and benefit the nation by) 1994 SB
168 2527 1400 (reducing the environmental impact of economic activity.) 1400 SB
168 2649 1960 (The Department of Energy national laboratories should play a significant role -- in) 1960 SB
168 2710 1977 (collaboration with energy- and material-intensive industries -- in the development) 1977 SB
32 0 0 42 42 0 1 0 42 /AvantGarde-Book /font1 ANSIFont font
168 2784 360 (                              ) 360 SB
528 2784 240 (                    ) 240 SB
32 0 0 21 21 0 0 0 21 /AvantGarde-Book /font1 ANSIFont font
168 2842 12 (1) 12 SB
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180 2835 1936 (Technology for a Sustainable Future, National Science and Technology Council,) 1936 SB
168 2896 112 (1994) 112 SB
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168 267 1865 (of environmental technologies and an enhanced understanding of resource) 1865 SB
168 328 1970 (utilization in the economy.  The concept of "industrial ecology" has begun to take) 1970 SB
168 389 1963 (root within the private sector as a way to examine energy and materials flows for) 1963 SB
168 450 1993 (industrial systems, products, and services, with the objective of providing a systems) 1993 SB
168 511 1896 (approach to designing environmental compatibility and sustainability of those) 1896 SB
168 572 1898 (systems.  The scientific and technological capabilities needed to advance our) 1898 SB
168 633 1798 (understanding of energy and material use in the economy, in an industrial) 1798 SB
168 694 698 (ecology framework, include:) 698 SB
393 816 1604 (-Energy supply, distribution, and end-use science and technology;) 1604 SB
393 938 1311 (-Advanced manufacturing and process technologies;) 1311 SB
393 1060 861 (-Materials science and technology;) 861 SB
393 1182 1117 (-Environmental science and technology; and,) 1117 SB
393 1304 1115 (-Modeling and simulation of complex systems.) 1115 SB
168 1365 1945 (These capabilities are broadly resident in the Department\222s national laboratories) 1945 SB
168 1426 1982 (and are already being applied to a number of projects that hold the potential for) 1982 SB
168 1487 1910 (substantial improvements in resource utilization by various industrial sectors.  For) 1910 SB
168 1548 1979 (example, in the general area of manufacturing and process technology, projects) 1979 SB
168 1609 1647 (at the ten laboratories amount to more than $100M/year in FY 1994.) 1647 SB
168 1731 1996 (The Task Force believes that the laboratories could, and should, make a significant) 1996 SB
168 1792 1755 (contribution to the integration of energy, raw materials, technology and) 1755 SB
168 1853 1955 (environmental science throughout the nation's economy, and the development) 1955 SB
168 1914 1986 (of the field of industrial ecology.  However, at this point neither the Department or) 1986 SB
168 1975 1674 (the laboratories are organized or managed to support this R&D area.) 1674 SB
168 2036 1914 (Accordingly,  we encourage the Department, working with the laboratories, to) 1914 SB
168 2097 1943 (develop an integrated plan, based on the portfolio  concept, for supporting this) 1943 SB
168 2158 1983 (important area of research.  We encourage the Department, as part of this effort,) 1983 SB
168 2219 1873 (to establish an Industrial Ecology Advisory Board, including members from the) 1873 SB
168 2280 1949 (laboratories, state, private industry, public interest groups and other government) 1949 SB
168 2341 240 (agencies.) 240 SB
168 2463 1883 (We do not see this as a new mission area for the laboratories, but rather as an) 1883 SB
168 2524 1992 (extension and integration of existing missions in energy and environmental quality.) 1992 SB
168 2585 1964 (In fact, the Task Force believes that, without developing additional capabilities in) 1964 SB
168 2646 1785 (environmental technology and industrial ecology, it will be difficult for the) 1785 SB
168 2707 1849 (Department to carry out either its energy or its national security mission, such) 1849 SB
168 2768 2008 (capabilities will augment and add value to the primary missions of the Department) 2008 SB
168 2829 1930 (and laboratories, rather than being a new mission in itself.  In addition, although) 1930 SB
168 2890 1766 (the Task Force believes that there exists considerable potential within the) 1766 SB
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168 267 1961 (laboratories to contribute to the development of environmental technology and) 1961 SB
168 328 1956 (industrial ecology, we recognize that R&D performers in academia, industry, and) 1956 SB
168 389 1990 (other government agencies also have significant roles.  The level of support to the) 1990 SB
168 450 1940 (laboratories should be determined solely by the quality of performance and the) 1940 SB
168 511 1881 (comparative advantage of these institutions in addressing complex technical) 1881 SB
168 572 1271 (challenges involving energy and resource utilization.) 1271 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 51 /AvantGarde-Demi /font3 ANSIFont font
318 694 42 (3.) 42 SB
468 694 1175 (General Observations About Laboratory Missions) 1175 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 49 /AvantGarde-Book /font1 ANSIFont font
168 819 1790 (Over the past two decades, several studies of the Department of Energy's) 1790 SB
168 880 1868 (laboratories have observed that these laboratories do not have clear mission) 1868 SB
168 941 1845 (assignments which would enable them to remain tightly focused on specific) 1845 SB
168 1002 1899 (national priorities and programmatic goals.  This Task Force found a continuing) 1899 SB
168 1063 1926 (lack of mission-derived structure both within the individual national laboratories,) 1926 SB
168 1124 1905 (and across the system of ten laboratories which were the subject of this review) 1905 SB
168 1185 1685 (\(although the phenomenon is less pronounced at the three weapons) 1685 SB
168 1246 1841 (laboratories\).   The multi-program laboratories currently have self-generated) 1841 SB
168 1307 1959 (mission descriptions which are so broad and generalized that they are essentially) 1959 SB
168 1368 2010 (indistinguishable.  As such, it appears that each laboratory is attempting to keep its) 2010 SB
168 1429 1931 (options open in all fields of science and technology, which is compounding the) 1931 SB
168 1490 1975 (problems of effective management.  Researchers at the laboratories feel a sense) 1975 SB
168 1551 1911 (of drift in no small part because the laboratories do not have sufficient focus or) 1911 SB
168 1612 434 (clarity of purpose.) 434 SB
168 1673 1726 (The Task Force believes that diffuse mission assignments for the national) 1726 SB
168 1734 1968 (laboratories may have been politically acceptable and fiscally affordable during) 1968 SB
168 1795 1834 (the Cold War, but do not meet the political, budgetary, management, and) 1834 SB
168 1856 1970 (programmatic needs of the present and future.  At the same time, the Task Force) 1970 SB
168 1917 1955 (recognizes that there are important and practical limitations on how narrow one) 1955 SB
168 1978 1907 (can be in delineating missions for multi-program laboratories which exhibit vast) 1907 SB
168 2039 1860 (breadth both in technical expertise and programmatic activities, and whose) 1860 SB
168 2100 1853 (uniqueness in large degree derives from an ability to support complex, multi-) 1853 SB
168 2161 1864 (disciplinary R&D activities.   Such limits also stem from the inherent difficulty of) 1864 SB
168 2222 1841 (assigning goal-oriented missions to institutions which perform a considerable) 1841 SB
168 2283 1945 (amount of basic research -- activities which the Task Force believes are essential) 1945 SB
168 2344 1975 (for the nation, but for which the timing and nature of discoveries is fundamentally) 1975 SB
168 2405 317 (unknowable.) 317 SB
168 2527 1908 ( The Task Force did not elect to take on the task of suggesting specific areas of) 1908 SB
168 2588 1941 (programmatic focus for each of the national laboratories.  However, we do feel) 1941 SB
168 2649 1950 (strongly that the Department and the laboratories -- working together -- must go) 1950 SB
168 2710 1964 (much further than they have to-date in developing mission assignments for these) 1964 SB
168 2771 1870 (laboratories which will balance both the strength of these institutions as multi-) 1870 SB
168 2832 1899 (program laboratories with the need to provide greater strategic focus within a) 1899 SB
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168 267 1928 (tight federal budget environment.  Such mission descriptions, which should help) 1928 SB
168 328 1257 (guide funding decisions by the Department, should:) 1257 SB
393 450 1713 (-Capture the primary focus or strategic thrust of each laboratory, while) 1713 SB
318 511 1799 (also identifying the two or three areas of secondary importance based on) 1799 SB
318 572 575 (specialized capabilities;) 575 SB
393 694 1008 (-Reflect areas of distinctive competence;) 1008 SB
393 816 1665 (-Provide the basis for organizational coherence and motivation; and) 1665 SB
393 938 496 (-Be sufficiently clear ) 496 SB
889 938 1201 (and specific to enable the development of goals) 1201 SB
318 999 1149 (against which performance can be evaluated.) 1149 SB
168 1121 1973 (The Task Force believes that the development of more refined mission statements) 1973 SB
168 1182 1945 (for the laboratories, disciplined by Departmental budget decisions and strategic) 1945 SB
168 1243 1852 (planning, will result -- over time -- in greater differentiation and specialization) 1852 SB
168 1304 1931 (among these institutions.  One mechanism for institutionalizing this specialization) 1931 SB
168 1365 1975 (could be, for example, the creation of a number of  Centers of Excellence  within) 1975 SB
168 1426 1874 (the laboratory system.  This will have the beneficial affect of ensuring that the) 1874 SB
168 1487 1968 (critical mass of programmatic focus in various mission areas will be secured within) 1968 SB
168 1548 1969 (the confines of individual institutions, rather than being dispersed at sub-threshold) 1969 SB
168 1609 1857 (levels across the entire system of laboratories.  It also will provide the basis for) 1857 SB
168 1670 1887 (programmatic consolidation and elimination of functional activities which are) 1887 SB
168 1731 1096 (being performed better elsewhere in society.) 1096 SB
168 1853 1788 (The basis for public support of the national laboratories is:  1\) that they are) 1788 SB
168 1914 1887 (locations for centralized, generally large-scale R&D facilities that could not be) 1887 SB
168 1975 1860 (maintained by academia or the private sector,  and 2\) they perform R&D for) 1860 SB
168 2036 1966 (which there is a strong public purpose \(e.g. national defense and complex, long-) 1966 SB
168 2097 1990 (term research\), and which for reasons such as market failures or other deficiencies) 1990 SB
168 2158 1856 (in the national R&D infrastructure, the highest quality performance is through) 1856 SB
168 2219 1993 (federal funding for these institutions.  The basic mission of these laboratories should) 1993 SB
168 2280 1988 (be to strive for quantum advances in our knowledge base, and to work with other) 1988 SB
168 2341 1977 (R&D performers to transition such knowledge into applications that meet national) 1977 SB
168 2402 1961 (needs.  One of the great strengths of the multi-program laboratories derives from) 1961 SB
168 2463 1961 (the diversity of technical expertise that can be brought to bear from within these) 1961 SB
168 2524 1905 (laboratories on specific scientific and technical challenges.  In recommending) 1905 SB
168 2585 1888 (that more specific missions be assigned to the laboratories, therefore, the Task) 1888 SB
168 2646 1934 (Force seeks not to force specialization that would fundamentally jeopardize the) 1934 SB
168 2707 1983 (multi-attribute character of these institutions.  Rather, the Task  Force is responding) 1983 SB
168 2768 2004 (to a fundamental fiscal reality that has forced corporations and universities alike to) 2004 SB
168 2829 1778 (concentrate on areas of strength, and to divest from areas of mediocrity.) 1778 SB
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168 267 1701 (While the Task Force believes there is considerable value to ensuring a) 1701 SB
168 328 1951 (concentration of capabilities at common locations, we also recognize the value) 1951 SB
168 389 1778 (of competition in spurring innovation \(i.e. the highest quality proposals, as) 1778 SB
168 450 1857 (determined by peer review processes, should be the ones that are funded --) 1857 SB
168 511 1934 (regardless of whether proposals to satisfy DOE mission assignments come from a) 1934 SB
168 572 1911 (DOE laboratory, university, or industry\).   However, to-date there seems to have) 1911 SB
168 633 1964 (been a pattern of spreading the wealth across the multi-laboratory system rather) 1964 SB
168 694 1859 (than concentrating resources at individual laboratories or specific Centers of) 1859 SB
168 755 279 (Excellence.) 279 SB
168 877 1910 (The Task Force also recognizes that there is considerable potential in achieving) 1910 SB
168 938 1843 (greater coordination of R&D expertise across the lab complex.  The national) 1843 SB
168 999 1921 (laboratories are equipped with the information technologies and the culture of) 1921 SB
168 1060 1915 (communication via computer networks which could provide the basis for close) 1915 SB
168 1121 1941 (programmatic integration.  The Task Force believes that the goal of efficiency in) 1941 SB
168 1182 1758 (utilization of the national laboratories mandates that these institutions be) 1758 SB
168 1243 1995 (managed better as a system, and that complementary strengths be integrated to) 1995 SB
168 1304 1998 (the extent possible through the establishment of "virtual laboratories" via computer) 1998 SB
168 1365 1909 (networks and lead laboratory assignments.  As the laboratories are given more) 1909 SB
168 1426 1848 (discrete missions which result in enhanced R&D focus, the creation of "virtual) 1848 SB
168 1487 1937 (laboratories" will be an important means for retaining complex, multi-disciplinary) 1937 SB
168 1548 1479 (approaches to problem solving across the laboratory system.) 1479 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 51 /AvantGarde-Demi /font3 ANSIFont font
168 1731 43 (B.) 43 SB
318 1731 458 (Recommendations) 458 SB
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243 1917 42 (1.) 42 SB
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318 1917 1858 (The Department should organize itself to achieve greater integration among) 1858 SB
318 1978 1761 (its applied energy programs, between these programs and industry, and) 1761 SB
318 2039 1845 (between the applied energy and basic energy research work performed at) 1845 SB
318 2100 382 (the laboratories) 382 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 49 /AvantGarde-Book /font1 ANSIFont font
700 2100 1477 (.  The Department's applied energy work does not appear to) 1477 SB
318 2161 1795 (be managed as a portfolio, rationalized and integrated under a common) 1795 SB
318 2222 1736 (strategic framework; rather, it operates like disparate fiefdoms.  Greater) 1736 SB
318 2283 1789 (coordination could be achieved through planning efforts that apparently) 1789 SB
318 2344 413 (do not now exist.) 413 SB
243 2466 42 (2.) 42 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 49 /AvantGarde-BookOblique /font2 ANSIFont font
318 2466 1759 (The integration of energy and environmental considerations should be a) 1759 SB
318 2527 1762 (fundamental organizing principle for much of the Department's activities) 1762 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 49 /AvantGarde-Book /font1 ANSIFont font
2080 2527 14 (.) 14 SB
318 2588 1701 (Energy production and use, environmental protection, and economic) 1701 SB
318 2649 1672 (output are increasingly interrelated, and the Department--through its) 1672 SB
318 2710 1830 (laboratories--have substantial technical resources to address these national) 1830 SB
318 2771 1788 (needs in an integrated fashion.  At the present time, however, neither the) 1788 SB
318 2832 1851 (Department nor its laboratories are organized to meet the potential that the) 1851 SB
318 2893 1707 (Task Force believes exists to further the development of environmental) 1707 SB
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318 267 1821 (technologies that meet the shared needs of energy, environment, and the) 1821 SB
318 328 1800 (economy.  The Department should continue and expand R&D partnership) 1800 SB
318 389 1781 (efforts between the laboratories and resource-intensive industries, utilizing) 1781 SB
318 450 1806 (the concept of industrial ecology as a method for deriving outcomes  that) 1806 SB
318 511 1772 (contribute to sustainable economic development.   An Industrial Ecology) 1772 SB
318 572 1411 (Advisory Board should be established to support this effort.) 1411 SB
243 694 42 (3.) 42 SB
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318 694 1741 (The Department and the national laboratories should move promptly to) 1741 SB
318 755 1856 (establish clear mission statements for the laboratories which will be utilized as) 1856 SB
318 816 1439 (tools for budget decisions and long-term strategic planning) 1439 SB
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1757 816 389 (.  The process of) 389 SB
318 877 1598 (establishing missions for the laboratories should be exploited as an) 1598 SB
318 938 1712 (opportunity to clarify the precise character of the world-class strengths) 1712 SB
318 999 1617 (within each of these institutions, as well as the areas which may be) 1617 SB
318 1060 1779 (appropriate for downsizing, elimination, or consolidation elsewhere within) 1779 SB
318 1121 537 (the laboratory system.) 537 SB
243 1243 42 (4.) 42 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 49 /AvantGarde-BookOblique /font2 ANSIFont font
318 1243 1753 (Mechanisms should be established to enhance the management of the) 1753 SB
318 1304 935 (multi-program laboratories as a system) 935 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 49 /AvantGarde-Book /font1 ANSIFont font
1253 1304 891 (.   The Department should develop a) 891 SB
318 1365 1797 (means of breaking the existing pattern of laboratory management, which) 1797 SB
318 1426 1836 (treats each lab as a conglomerate of hundreds of individual programs, and) 1836 SB
318 1487 1690 (all of the laboratories as separate and distinct entities.  Greater efforts) 1690 SB
318 1548 1825 (should be taken to coordinate and integrate the complementary strengths) 1825 SB
318 1609 1623 (of these institutions through communications networks.  In addition,) 1623 SB
318 1670 1801 (institutional arrangements should be established to facilitate joint planning) 1801 SB
318 1731 1572 (by the full group of multi-program laboratory directors and senior) 1572 SB
318 1792 550 (Departmental officials.) 550 SB
243 1914 42 (5.) 42 SB
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318 1914 1731 (The Department should establish lead laboratories according to mission) 1731 SB
318 1975 1003 (assignments and programmatic strengths) 1003 SB
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1321 1975 732 (.  The current management of) 732 SB
318 2036 1713 (programs by the Department from headquarters promotes the existing) 1713 SB
318 2097 1785 (balkanized structure of program execution.  Lead laboratory designations) 1785 SB
318 2158 1847 (would vest substantial management responsibilities closer to where the work) 1847 SB
318 2219 1857 (is performed, while leaving Departmental program managers with the job of) 1857 SB
318 2280 1706 (focusing on research needs, mission success, and long-range strategic) 1706 SB
318 2341 160 (policy.) 160 SB
243 2463 42 (6.) 42 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 49 /AvantGarde-BookOblique /font2 ANSIFont font
318 2463 1850 (The Department should establish Centers of Excellence within the laboratory) 1850 SB
318 2524 162 (system) 162 SB
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480 2524 1654 (.  These should reflect specific high priority national and Department) 1654 SB
318 2585 1843 (research needs, and can be either wholly within one laboratory, or a  virtual) 1843 SB
318 2646 1798 (Center of Excellence,  drawing upon the resources of several laboratories.) 1798 SB
318 2707 1824 (In this way, specialization while retaining broad multidisciplinary capabilities) 1824 SB
318 2768 515 (can be encouraged.) 515 SB
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750 267 845 (IV.The Environmental Cleanup Role) 845 SB
168 514 51 (A.) 51 SB
318 514 291 (Introduction) 291 SB
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168 639 1861 (The Department of Energy's management of its program for dealing with the) 1861 SB
168 700 1968 (radioactive and hazardous wastes at its former nuclear weapons production sites) 1968 SB
168 761 1865 (and the national laboratories has been criticized for its expense and the slow) 1865 SB
168 822 1921 (pace of cleanup.  The program is of great size and the problems that plague it,) 1921 SB
168 883 1826 (developed over decades, are acute and pervasive.  Involving the national) 1826 SB
168 944 1948 (laboratories in more sweeping ways is an important part of a number of needed) 1948 SB
168 1005 361 (improvements.) 361 SB
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168 1188 43 (B.) 43 SB
318 1188 297 (Background) 297 SB
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168 1313 1980 (Disposal practices for radioactive and chemically hazardous wastes from the start) 1980 SB
168 1374 1983 (of the Manhattan Project of World War II, excepting high level waste, consisted of) 1983 SB
168 1435 1895 (shallow burial, of injection underground using deep or shallow wells, the use of) 1895 SB
168 1496 1930 (cribs or settling ponds, or direct release to rivers or streams.  Some of the Atomic) 1930 SB
168 1557 1842 (Energy Commission's \(AEC\) practices resulted in the exposure of uninformed) 1842 SB
168 1618 1962 (members of the general public to substantial levels of radiation and in later years) 1962 SB
168 1679 1770 (there have been well-publicized leaks of toxic and radioactive materials.) 1770 SB
168 1801 2007 (Environmental concerns in the U.S. started rising in the 1950s, initiating a new era of) 2007 SB
168 1862 1909 (citizen participation, and major changes, in environmental matters. Over three) 1909 SB
168 1923 1877 (dozen pieces of Federal environmental legislation were enacted by the early) 1877 SB
168 1984 1958 (1990s.  The AEC and later the DOE, did not move as U.S. industry did, maintaining) 1958 SB
168 2045 1914 (that they were exempted from compliance with the bulk of U.S. environmental) 1914 SB
168 2106 255 (legislation.) 255 SB
168 2228 1968 (Although beset by increasing discontent and criticism over its practices, DOE was) 1968 SB
168 2289 2008 (slow to accommodate.  It continued its old patterns of behavior until, in 1984, it lost) 2008 SB
168 2350 1774 (a key lawsuit brought against it.  Amendments to major pieces of Federal) 1774 SB
168 2411 1927 (environmental legislation now explicitly require DOE compliance.  The result has) 1927 SB
168 2472 1981 (been to make DOE subject to the same array of Federal environmental standards) 1981 SB
168 2533 1922 (that U.S. industry had already largely adapted to.  The DOE found itself 10 years) 1922 SB
168 2594 1530 (behind in Environmental Protection Agency \(EPA\) compliance.) 1530 SB
168 2716 1951 (In 1989, the Department announced that it would have all of its sites cleaned up) 1951 SB
168 2777 1915 (by 2019.  This same year it created the Office of Environmental Restoration and) 1915 SB
168 2838 1954 (Waste Management \(since renamed the Office of Environmental Management,) 1954 SB
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168 267 1934 (or EM\) to have responsibility for cleanup of the complex. The EM annual budget) 1934 SB
168 328 1909 (has risen from $1.6 billion in 1989 to $6.2 billion in 1994 and will exceed $7 billion) 1909 SB
168 389 1897 (when the Savannah River Site is transferred to it from Defense Programs.  It has) 1897 SB
168 450 1899 (become the largest single item in the DOE 's $19 billion budget.  It is the largest) 1899 SB
168 511 1789 (environmental restoration and waste management program in the world.) 1789 SB
168 572 1877 (Driven by heightened public and Congressional concern, DOE established, in) 1877 SB
168 633 1868 (some haste, greatly enhanced requirements governing its own operations.  It) 1868 SB
168 694 1884 (initiated major growth in the number and scope of environmental, safety and) 1884 SB
168 755 1767 (health regulations, nuclear safety regulations and DOE Orders.  To ensure) 1767 SB
168 816 1772 (compliance, the number of audits, reviews and appraisals was increased) 1772 SB
168 877 318 (dramatically.) 318 SB
168 999 1827 (DOE now has had to cope with the series of legal commitments to cleanup) 1827 SB
168 1060 1908 (performance, with milestones and penalties for non-compliance, that it signed) 1908 SB
168 1121 1999 (with state and federal bodies, for each of its sites, Inadequate attention was given) 1999 SB
168 1182 1914 (by DOE to the feasibility of these commitments.  One example was the Tri-Party) 1914 SB
168 1243 1894 (Agreement at Hanford, signed by DOE, the EPA and the state of Washington's) 1894 SB
168 1304 1929 (Department of Public Health.  It mandates cleanup of the site by the year 2019.) 1929 SB
168 1426 1807 (The Department has been hindered by the press of Federal legislation and) 1807 SB
168 1487 1951 (regulation by other Federal bodies.  A dozen or more pieces of legislation all laid) 1951 SB
168 1548 1917 (on DOE burdens with which it has been poorly equipped to deal.  Moreover by) 1917 SB
168 1609 2001 (the 1990s, all the states had their own environmental legislation, much of it binding) 2001 SB
168 1670 1805 (on the Department and not always consistent with its Federal counterpart.) 1805 SB
168 1792 1982 (The Department also is hindered by lack of credibility and mistrust, not only on the) 1982 SB
168 1853 2009 (part of community stakeholders but by Federal and state legislative and regulatory) 2009 SB
168 1914 1946 (bodies.  Some members of these bodies continue to disbelieve the Department,) 1946 SB
168 1975 1711 (as well as many of its contractors, even when they are telling the truth.) 1711 SB
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168 2158 53 (C.) 53 SB
318 2158 330 (Main Findings) 330 SB
318 2344 42 (1.) 42 SB
468 2344 523 (Technical Challenges) 523 SB
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168 2469 1980 (The large quantities of radioactive and hazardous chemical waste that are at the) 1980 SB
168 2530 1800 (center of concern exist in a broad variety of forms, toxicity, and storage or) 1800 SB
168 2591 1975 (placement conditions.  For the entire 3365 square miles of the DOE complex, now) 1975 SB
168 2652 1779 (or formerly devoted to weapons-related activities there are, for example:) 1779 SB
393 2774 73 (-37) 73 SB
466 2774 1671 (00 contaminated sites, 500 facilities now surplus, 1000 more which will) 1671 SB
318 2835 1580 (be declared surplus soon, and 5000 peripheral properties with soil) 1580 SB
318 2896 1747 (contaminated by uranium mine tailings.  DOE might declare as many as) 1747 SB
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318 267 1691 (7000 facilities surplus in coming decades, most of which would require) 1691 SB
318 328 840 (cleanup prior to decommissioning.) 840 SB
393 450 1737 (-More than 330 underground storage tanks \(including those at Hanford\)) 1737 SB
318 511 1769 (containing 77 million gallons of high level radioactive waste as sludges or) 1769 SB
318 572 161 (liquids.) 161 SB
393 694 954 (-Waste volumes from weapons-related ) 954 SB
1347 694 224 (activities:) 224 SB
318 816 17 (-) 17 SB
918 816 570 (High Level Waste \(HLW\)) 570 SB
1518 816 512 (385,000 cubic meters) 512 SB
318 877 17 (-) 17 SB
918 877 571 (Transuranic Waste \(TRU\)) 571 SB
1518 877 512 (250,000 cubic meters) 512 SB
318 938 17 (-) 17 SB
918 938 548 (Low Level Waste \(LLW\)) 548 SB
1518 938 554 (2,500,000 cubic meters) 554 SB
768 1060 1339 (-The LLW volume is equivalent to a cube nearly 0.1 mile) 1339 SB
618 1121 1518 (on an edge which, if water, would weigh 2.8 million tons, if soil,) 1518 SB
618 1182 1302 (some 8.4 million tons. The costs of disposal of low level) 1302 SB
618 1243 1545 (radioactive waste \(LLW\) are currently in the vicinity of $5800 per) 1545 SB
618 1304 1418 (cubic meter, for HLW as high as $6 million per cubic meter.) 1418 SB
393 1426 989 (-More than one million 55 gallon drums o) 989 SB
1382 1426 707 (r boxes of stored,  hazardous,) 707 SB
318 1487 1640 (radioactive, or mixed \(radioactive and chemically toxic\) waste.  An) 1640 SB
318 1548 1786 (additional 3 million cubic meters of buried waste, much having breached) 1786 SB
318 1609 1022 (containers, is mixed with soil underground.) 1022 SB
393 1731 1781 (-Over 100,000 gallons of plutonium and transuranic waste liquids having a) 1781 SB
318 1792 1807 (high likelihood of causing environmental contamination and worker safety) 1807 SB
318 1853 239 (problems.) 239 SB
393 1975 1447 (-More than 5700 individual "plumes," contaminating soil and) 1447 SB
318 2036 1807 (groundwater, have been identified on DOE lands.  For example, plumes of) 1807 SB
318 2097 1771 (hazardous chemicals underlie about 150 square miles of the Hanford site.) 1771 SB
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318 2280 42 (2.) 42 SB
468 2280 500 (Program Assessment) 500 SB
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168 2405 1887 (Two yardsticks are useful in judging the EM program: progress toward cleanup) 1887 SB
168 2466 1907 (goals and the costs incurred, the latter related to the effectiveness of program) 1907 SB
168 2527 355 (management.) 355 SB
168 2649 1780 (The remediation program has accomplished far less than many wish.  The) 1780 SB
168 2710 777 (Government Accounting Office) 777 SB
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945 2717 12 (1) 12 SB
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957 2710 1113 (, in a recent review of management changes) 1113 SB
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168 2784 360 (                              ) 360 SB
528 2784 240 (                    ) 240 SB
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168 2845 12 (1) 12 SB
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168 2896 1845 ("DOE Needs to Expand Use of Cleanup Technologies." GAO/RCED-94 - 9205.) 1845 SB
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168 267 1932 (needed to improve applications of technology in the program, concluded that) 1932 SB
168 328 1943 (while "DOE has received about $23 billion for environmental management since) 1943 SB
168 389 1988 (1989, .. little cleanup has resulted.  Experts agree that many cleanup technologies) 1988 SB
168 450 1808 (in use are extremely costly and offer only short-term solutions."  A May 1994) 1808 SB
168 511 1008 (Congressional Budget Office \(CBO\) Study) 1008 SB
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1176 518 12 (2) 12 SB
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1188 511 960 ( noted that DOE "has been criticized for) 960 SB
168 572 2004 (inefficiency and inaction in its cleanup efforts. ... [and] has been severely criticized) 2004 SB
168 633 1900 (because of the small amount of visible cleanup that has been accomplished.") 1900 SB
168 694 1875 (These conclusions are shared by many senior DOE personnel, both within and) 1875 SB
168 755 511 (outside the program.) 511 SB
168 877 1818 (One of the consequences of the troubles has been the enhancement of a) 1818 SB
168 938 1858 (syndrome common to large bureaucracies: risk aversion.  It has a name: "the) 1858 SB
168 999 2007 (Hanford Syndrome."  It has become widespread and severe in the EM program.  Its) 2007 SB
168 1060 1874 (symptoms are an unwillingness to alter familiar behavior patterns, to stick with) 1874 SB
168 1121 1991 (unproductive or failing procedures, to enhance tendencies for excessive resource) 1991 SB
168 1182 1998 (allocation and regulation, and to oppose innovation.  It is an important element in) 1998 SB
168 1243 996 (sustaining unproductive patterns of work.) 996 SB
168 1365 1940 (The Tri-Party Agreement at Hanford, and similar ones elsewhere, have proven to) 1940 SB
168 1426 1974 (constitute major constraints on remediation progress because, in many instances,) 1974 SB
168 1487 2001 (they are unrealistic, not having had proper input from those experienced in actual) 2001 SB
168 1548 1617 (cleanup.  The milestones they incorporate, along with penalties for) 1617 SB
168 1609 1914 (noncompliance, force continued activities, some of which are make-work and) 1914 SB
168 1670 1916 (should be abandoned.  Other activities should be delayed or modified so as to) 1916 SB
168 1731 1943 (await more effective and less costly technologies.   Virtually no one believes the) 1943 SB
168 1792 1981 (timetables are achievable and DOE has already been forced into renegotiations,) 1981 SB
168 1853 1917 (as at Hanford in January 1994.  Elsewhere DOE has been paying fines, owing to) 1917 SB
168 1914 1848 (the Department's incapacity to meet deadlines, as at Rocky Flats where $27) 1848 SB
168 1975 1171 (million is now due for missing cleanup deadlines.) 1171 SB
168 2097 1895 (Probably the most important reason behind the slow pace of  assessment and) 1895 SB
168 2158 1957 (cleanup is the low quality of science and technology that is being applied in the) 1957 SB
168 2219 1944 (field.  Many of the methods, such as "pump and treat" for contaminated ground) 1944 SB
168 2280 1819 (water remediation, cannot provide the claimed benefits.  There is a lack of) 1819 SB
168 2341 1958 (realization that many_--_ and some experts believe most_--_ existing remediation) 1958 SB
168 2402 2008 (approaches are doomed to technical failure.  Others would require unacceptable) 2008 SB
168 2463 1742 (expenditures and much extended time to reach their stated objectives.) 1742 SB
32 0 0 42 42 0 1 0 42 /AvantGarde-Book /font1 ANSIFont font
168 2601 360 (                              ) 360 SB
528 2601 240 (                    ) 240 SB
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168 2659 12 (2) 12 SB
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180 2652 1847 (  "Cleaning Up The Department of Energy's Nuclear Weapons Complex," The) 1847 SB
168 2713 1876 (Congress of the United States, Congressional Budget Office, Washington, DC.) 1876 SB
168 2774 1938 (May 1994.  This reference contains an extended discussion of DOE 's managerial) 1938 SB
168 2835 1790 (practices, its approach to risk assessment and to the incorporation of new) 1790 SB
168 2896 882 (technologies on remediation efforts.) 882 SB
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168 267 1917 (Over time, an increasing proportion of DOE resources has been going into DOE) 1917 SB
168 328 1884 (management in an attempt to lower environmental costs.  The Congressional) 1884 SB
168 389 1989 (Budget Office report concluded that "at least 40% of the cleanup program's funds) 1989 SB
168 450 1956 (are devoted to administrative and support activities, a level that many reviewers) 1956 SB
168 511 1885 (have considered excessive. ...[they] represent a proportion that is significantly) 1885 SB
168 572 1906 (higher than the share spent by some other government agencies that may be) 1906 SB
168 633 584 (performing similar tasks.") 584 SB
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752 640 12 (3) 12 SB
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168 755 1866 (DOE provides the most expensive environmental services of any government) 1866 SB
168 816 1953 (agency, with costs 40% above the average in the private sector.  When DOE first) 1953 SB
168 877 1987 (became aware of these high costs, the Department's response was to try to lower) 1987 SB
168 938 1990 (them by an increase in management attention: it added between 1200 and 1600) 1990 SB
168 999 1943 (Full Time Equivalents to its management and oversight personnel overseeing the) 1943 SB
168 1060 537 (remediation program.) 537 SB
168 1182 1993 (How much the program will cost when and if completed cannot now be assessed) 1993 SB
168 1243 1984 (with confidence.  Estimates in the range $300 billion to $1 trillion have been made) 1984 SB
168 1304 1959 (by DOE officials, but a lack of specific goals and achievable schedules as well as) 1959 SB
168 1365 1832 (the absence of some critical remediation technologies make fixing the sum) 1832 SB
168 1426 1972 (difficult.  Some part of the facilities' contamination cannot be wholly cleaned-up;) 1972 SB
168 1487 1910 (portions of the Hanford site, as well as others, will still be radioactive after many) 1910 SB
168 1548 467 (thousands of years.) 467 SB
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168 1731 49 (D.) 49 SB
318 1731 294 (Disconnects) 294 SB
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168 1856 1919 (One useful way of understanding the nature of the problems plaguing the DOE) 1919 SB
168 1917 1952 (program is to look at "disconnects," potentially discordant sets of activities whose) 1952 SB
168 1978 1738 (discord the Department has been incapable of harmonizing.  There are) 1738 SB
168 2039 1718 (disconnects in three areas of major importance to the EM program: \(1\)) 1718 SB
168 2100 1957 (science/engineering and applications, \(2\) regulatory, oversight and compliance) 1957 SB
168 2161 1962 (and \(3\) goals, objectives and means, the last involving the stakeholders affected) 1962 SB
168 2222 1823 (by the program.  These persistent disconnects have had numerous adverse) 1823 SB
168 2283 773 (consequences on the program.) 773 SB
32 0 0 42 42 0 1 0 42 /AvantGarde-Book /font1 ANSIFont font
168 2944 360 (                              ) 360 SB
528 2944 240 (                    ) 240 SB
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168 3005 12 (3) 12 SB
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168 3056 89 (Ibid) 89 SB
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318 2466 42 (1.) 42 SB
468 2466 857 (Science/Engineering - Applications) 857 SB
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168 2591 1902 (There is a marked incapacity within the Department's EM program to evaluate) 1902 SB
168 2652 1969 (current and prospective technologies in a wide-ranging and competent manner) 1969 SB
168 2713 1946 (based on well-assessed risks.  Without the resulting information it is not possible to) 1946 SB
168 2774 1873 (introduce improved technologies into the applications stream or to modify or) 1873 SB
168 2835 1998 (eliminate inefficient or ineffective ones.  The gap between what might be applied) 1998 SB
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168 267 1888 (and what is applied is well known within the program; it is called the "Valley of) 1888 SB
168 328 1807 (Death."  In part it reflects the fact that there is inadequate communication) 1807 SB
168 389 2000 (between those attempting to remediate the contaminated sites and the research) 2000 SB
168 450 1799 (community that holds the key to identifying and readying  advanced and) 1799 SB
168 511 557 (powerful technologies.) 557 SB
168 633 1958 (One of the injurious consequences of the gap has been the failure to carry out a) 1958 SB
168 694 1918 (full program to characterize the waste remediation challenge across the many) 1918 SB
168 755 1803 (DOE sites: the nature of the risks presented by the diverse array of problem) 1803 SB
168 816 1808 (radioactivity and hazardous materials, the identification of applicable and) 1808 SB
168 877 1959 (available technologies to deal with them, as well as their limitations, and provide) 1959 SB
168 938 1863 (schedules, costs and expected effectiveness of reasonable and acceptable) 1863 SB
168 999 1986 (programs of remediation.  The laboratories have not been tasked to perform such) 1986 SB
168 1060 2010 (a characterization although they are well aware of its lack and have the technical) 2010 SB
168 1121 570 (capacity to carry it out.) 570 SB
168 1243 1841 (The new-technology chain is seriously broken within DOE.  There is little basic) 1841 SB
168 1304 1881 (research being carried out relevant to the problems at hand and there is little) 1881 SB
168 1365 1874 (rigorous analysis to learn from the experience in the field or from current tests.) 1874 SB
168 1426 1931 (There is, for example, breakdown in communication and cooperation between) 1931 SB
168 1487 1736 (organizational units within EM, from headquarters to field offices to sites.) 1736 SB
168 1548 1952 (Technologies are being developed independent of field and site needs that are) 1952 SB
168 1609 1881 (subsequently not field implemented because of a lack of customer interest or) 1881 SB
168 1670 1497 (involvement or because they replicate work done elsewhere.) 1497 SB
168 1792 1774 (The root deficiency, which makes the science/engineering - applications) 1774 SB
168 1853 1843 (disconnect a persistent problem, is the absence of a sustained, high-quality,) 1843 SB
168 1914 1999 (scientific/technical review capability at a high level within DOE as well as a lack of) 1999 SB
168 1975 1858 (leadership and poor management of the science/engineering - operational) 1858 SB
168 2036 235 (interface.) 235 SB
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318 2219 42 (2.) 42 SB
468 2219 1571 (Regulatory - Oversight - Compliance:  Management Disconnects) 1571 SB
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168 2344 1857 (The host of self-inflicted, complex and frequently contradictory or redundant) 1857 SB
168 2405 1902 (regulations and requirements that the laboratories and remediation efforts are) 1902 SB
168 2466 1800 (subject to has become an enormous obstacle.  Compliance can be quite) 1800 SB
168 2527 1898 (burdensome, expensive and frequently fails to improve the affected activities.) 1898 SB
168 2588 1834 (The influence of this disconnect is not confined to the EM program alone.  It) 1834 SB
168 2649 1981 (affects most every DOE activity, including those in both the multiprogram and the) 1981 SB
168 2710 1803 (program-dedicated laboratories.  Its consequences are greatest in the EM) 1803 SB
168 2771 1310 (program simply because this program is DOE\222s largest.) 1310 SB
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168 267 1873 (In many circumstances there are harsh non-compliance provisions, and legal) 1873 SB
168 328 1957 (personal and civil penalties for failure.  People are intimidated, afraid of going to) 1957 SB
168 389 1872 (jail, and this forces an excess conservatism, sometimes bordering on inaction.) 1872 SB
168 450 1998 (There is no dispute that this aggravates inherent tendencies toward risk aversion, a) 1998 SB
168 511 1046 (problem for other reasons, as noted earlier.) 1046 SB
168 633 1876 (The managerial defects are discussed in the Appendix and are the subject of) 1876 SB
168 694 2010 (Section VII.  That section should be considered an important adjunct to this present) 2010 SB
168 755 1850 (contribution for these defects have played an important role in causing and) 1850 SB
168 816 1046 (sustaining the problems in the EM program.) 1046 SB
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318 999 42 (3.) 42 SB
468 999 1214 (Goals - Objectives - Means: Stakeholders Interests) 1214 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 49 /AvantGarde-Book /font1 ANSIFont font
168 1124 1997 (DOE has not set out to determine, in concert with affected stakeholders, the goals) 1997 SB
168 1185 1811 (it should pursue, nor the standards to be met in the EM program.  There is a) 1811 SB
168 1246 1761 (disconnect with the customer base.  Are waste-contaminated soils to be) 1761 SB
168 1307 1976 (removed, remediated, left in place?  What exactly is to be done to and with low-) 1976 SB
168 1368 2001 (level waste?  What to do about the large quantity of tritiated groundwater?  What) 2001 SB
168 1429 1900 (site conditions are the activities at Rocky Flats intended to achieve?  No one is) 1900 SB
168 1490 1880 (entirely sure.  The January 1994 alterations to the Hanford Tri-Party Agreement) 1880 SB
168 1551 1535 (were, in part, a consequence of some of these issues surfacing.) 1535 SB
168 1673 1832 (One result of the disconnect is too much attention to the immediate, acute) 1832 SB
168 1734 1817 (problems, such as possible tank leaks, explosions, overheating, with relative) 1817 SB
168 1795 1929 (neglect of longer range difficulties.  The immediate matters can be serious, and) 1929 SB
168 1856 1967 (must be dealt with, but the lack of a systems approach to the problems and their) 1967 SB
168 1917 1957 (solutions, and thus lack of a synoptic view, means a poor priority list and provides) 1957 SB
168 1978 1896 (bad choices.  All of these elements lead to much ineffectual, albeit expensive) 1896 SB
168 2039 224 (activities.) 224 SB
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392 2046 12 (1) 12 SB
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168 2222 40 (E.) 40 SB
318 2222 244 (The Future) 244 SB
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168 2456 360 (                              ) 360 SB
528 2456 240 (                    ) 240 SB
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168 2517 12 (1) 12 SB
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168 2629 1926 (For example, after the forced shutdown of Rocky Flats, in the fall of 1989, acidic) 1926 SB
168 2690 1700 (plutonium solutions were left in a half dozen tanks in one building, with) 1700 SB
168 2751 1921 (concentrations up to 125 grams of plutonium per liter.  They remain there to this) 1921 SB
168 2812 1999 (day, with seals and gaskets deteriorating and occasional leaks occurring.  It would) 1999 SB
168 2873 1986 (have required 2 weeks to one month to process and eliminate the immediate risk.) 1986 SB
168 2934 1862 (There is 70 miles of piping containing Pu-nitric acid solution with 30 kg of Pu in) 1862 SB
168 2995 142 (them.) 142 SB
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318 267 42 (1.) 42 SB
468 267 261 (Within DOE) 261 SB
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168 392 1908 (A well-functioning EM program with clearly defined goals is surely within reach,) 1908 SB
168 453 2000 (given a Department commitment to move forward.  The model that many refer to) 2000 SB
168 514 1872 (was the hugely successful Manhattan Project of World War II, with its exquisite) 1872 SB
168 575 1849 (blend of basic and applied science underlying a large production complex,) 1849 SB
168 636 1983 (based on previously unknown physical phenomena.  From it emerged the testing,) 1983 SB
168 697 1978 (production and delivery of the weapons employed just at the end of the conflict.) 1978 SB
168 758 1930 (The scientific challenge today is less profound, the managerial ones more so.  A) 1930 SB
168 819 1934 (crisp, well-defined program, fully utilizing national laboratory skills, could prove a) 1934 SB
168 880 1996 (model within the Department and for the nation on how to run a major enterprise.) 1996 SB
168 941 1958 (We now have a poignant situation, for technology known to senior scientists and) 1958 SB
168 1002 1986 (engineers both in the national laboratories and in the country's universities is in the) 1986 SB
168 1063 1964 (wings that, appropriately applied, could dramatically alter the current prospects.) 1964 SB
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318 1246 42 (2.) 42 SB
468 1246 613 (The National Laboratories) 613 SB
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168 1371 1923 (Because the EM program so badly needs high quality science and engineering) 1923 SB
168 1432 2001 (development, the national laboratories together have a critical role to play, a role) 2001 SB
168 1493 1906 (very much larger than at present.  The laboratories have unique resources and) 1906 SB
168 1554 1953 (facilities and are accustomed to the complex, interdisciplinary blend of sciences) 1953 SB
168 1615 1961 (and technologies that are the mark of large, technically-driven enterprises.  They) 1961 SB
168 1676 1919 (are really the only organizations that can pursue the large-scale basic research) 1919 SB
168 1737 1943 (and development so badly needed to replace those conventional approaches) 1943 SB
168 1798 1894 (that blight much of the current EM program.  Industrial site-contractors cannot) 1894 SB
168 1859 1942 (carry out such tasks effectively for much commitment to basic research puts the) 1942 SB
168 1920 1723 (meeting of compliance deadlines at risk, dangerous in today's climate.) 1723 SB
168 2042 1999 (Most of the national laboratories confront large ranges of environmental problems) 1999 SB
168 2103 1760 (on their own sites which, while regrettable, can serve as test beds for the) 1760 SB
168 2164 1959 (development of a broad spectrum of improved remediation, waste minimization) 1959 SB
168 2225 1519 (and cleanup technologies  for application on far larger scales.) 1519 SB
168 2347 1853 (It may be important to designate lead laboratories for major programs to be) 1853 SB
168 2408 1949 (established from among the laboratories to provide the synoptic view necessary) 1949 SB
168 2469 1866 (to implementation of the scientific and technical studies and demonstrations) 1866 SB
168 2530 1936 (necessary for a swift and efficient program.  Most all of the national laboratories) 1936 SB
168 2591 1980 (have important contributions to make to the EM program; a lead laboratory's role) 1980 SB
168 2652 1932 (would be one of coordination and overall systems analysis and integration for a) 1932 SB
168 2713 1996 (particular major effort.  This does not mean assuming management responsibilities.) 1996 SB
168 2774 2007 (The responsibilities fall to DOE  management and its contractors and should remain) 2007 SB
168 2835 143 (there.) 143 SB
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168 267 1988 (An additional benefit from designation of such lead laboratories is that they could) 1988 SB
168 328 1791 (become test beds for improvements in DOE regulatory and management) 1791 SB
168 389 1682 (practices and DOE Order compliance as well as for enhanced public) 1682 SB
168 450 1722 (participation.  In brief, they can act as sites for valuable pilot programs,) 1722 SB
168 511 1160 (demonstrating the benefits of positive changes.) 1160 SB
168 633 1916 (Formal institutional connections will be required with a number of other Federal) 1916 SB
168 694 1767 (bodies whose skills or whose regulatory authority relate to the tasks of the) 1767 SB
168 755 1934 (remediation program.  These include the Environmental Protection Agency, the) 1934 SB
168 816 1984 (Department of Defense, the Bureau of Mines, and others.  A lead laboratory is the) 1984 SB
168 877 1924 (natural place for much of this linkage to be coordinated.  Here is where special) 1924 SB
168 938 1904 (regulatory provisions must be hammered out so as not to hobble research and) 1904 SB
168 999 1793 (development work unnecessarily.  Constraints on environmentally injurious) 1793 SB
168 1060 1840 (activities necessary to "production" cleanup and remediation efforts are not) 1840 SB
168 1121 1995 (always appropriate to research, where special relief is often required and typically) 1995 SB
168 1182 676 (difficult or impossible to get.) 676 SB
168 1304 1970 (The recommendation to create lead laboratories could well arise naturally, in the) 1970 SB
168 1365 1995 (wake of other beneficial changes, but it might be well to anticipate its arrival.  The) 1995 SB
168 1426 1688 (first task of one lead laboratory would be to organize the long-missing) 1688 SB
168 1487 1908 (characterization of the remediation challenge mentioned earlier.  This must be) 1908 SB
168 1548 1933 (carried out with stakeholder participation for reasons discussed above.  It would) 1933 SB
168 1609 1743 (be a major program as it would require the participation of many of the) 1743 SB
168 1670 1859 (Department's laboratories and EM sites .  Thoughtful options would then soon) 1859 SB
168 1731 198 (appear.) 198 SB
168 1853 1898 (There are difficulties to organizing laboratory participation.  One is the need to) 1898 SB
168 1914 1925 (insure neutrality or to have a sure mechanism for dealing with real or perceived) 1925 SB
168 1975 1903 (drift from neutrality.  A second is the absolute need for strong leadership of the) 1903 SB
168 2036 1913 (whole EM program.  The lead laboratory cannot provide this leadership; it must) 1913 SB
168 2097 1921 (come from above..  Fortunately resolving the second difficulty would go a long) 1921 SB
168 2158 594 (way to resolving the first.) 594 SB
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318 2341 42 (3.) 42 SB
468 2341 256 (The Nation) 256 SB
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168 2466 1993 (One consequence of the activities of the United States' environmental movement) 1993 SB
168 2527 2001 (is the massive environmental cleanup underway at numerous designated cleanup) 2001 SB
168 2588 2007 (sites as well as at many other places in the nation.  There are 60,000 EPA Superfund) 2007 SB
168 2649 1893 (sites, 2400 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act \(RCRA\) sites, 22,00  state-) 1893 SB
168 2710 1884 (funded sites, and 7200 DoD sites.   The total U.S. cleanup bill is estimated to be) 1884 SB
168 2771 1957 (about $1.7 Trillion dollars.  The program is going slowly.  "Of the $15 Billion that has) 1957 SB
168 2832 1939 (already been spent on Superfund cleanups \(across the nation\), roughly 75% has) 1939 SB
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168 267 911 (gone to legal fees and related costs.") 911 SB
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1079 274 12 (1) 12 SB
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1091 267 1043 (  The need for more cost effective cleanup) 1043 SB
168 328 955 (has already become an urgent matter.) 955 SB
168 450 1960 (Many of the problems are very similar to those that DOE faces. In particular DOD,) 1960 SB
168 511 1976 (EPA and others are struggling with the same technology and management issues) 1976 SB
168 572 1985 (as DOE.  They will badly need the technical skills that a well-organized, technically) 1985 SB
168 633 1997 (competent DOE effort, with national laboratory help, could provide.  For example,) 1997 SB
168 694 1960 (volatile organic compounds in arid and non-arid soils and ground water is one of) 1960 SB
168 755 1910 (the most common environmental problems in the US.  Lawrence Livermore has) 1910 SB
168 816 1914 (already made important contributions to the technology of dealing with them.) 1914 SB
168 938 1981 (There is abundant evidence for the beneficial role the national laboratories could) 1981 SB
168 999 1891 (play in helping resolve national problems in the numerous advances that they) 1891 SB
168 1060 1854 (have already made.  Ocean-climate interactions are being modeled by Los) 1854 SB
168 1121 1837 (Alamos in support of Global Climatic Change studies with similar global and) 1837 SB
168 1182 1851 (regional atmospheric modeling at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.) 1851 SB
168 1243 1954 (Many of the laboratories have made contributions in the areas of environmental) 1954 SB
168 1304 1386 (damage and resource base assessment and diagnostics.) 1386 SB
168 1426 1985 (The Department must take positive steps to encourage this attractive opportunity.) 1985 SB
168 1487 1868 (It will, among others actions, have to consider reducing its cost-recovery fees) 1868 SB
168 1548 1999 (levied on all  Work for Others.   These fees now signal that contributions to the tasks) 1999 SB
168 1609 1729 (faced by other agencies of government are not a high priority with the) 1729 SB
168 1670 1936 (Department.  The national laboratories could look forward to being available to) 1936 SB
168 1731 1965 (the entire government system as a powerful environmental technical resource, a) 1965 SB
168 1792 1910 (great national need.  They should become in fact, as well as in name, national) 1910 SB
168 1853 1821 (laboratories, saving our nation significant resources and improving cleanup) 1821 SB
168 1914 1753 (efficiency.  If the national laboratories do not fill this role, there will be no) 1753 SB
168 1975 2010 (satisfactory alternative, and the need will remain substantially unmet.  In any event) 2010 SB
168 2036 1822 (the experience base and the technological developments arising from the) 1822 SB
168 2097 1961 (continuing EM program from the laboratories', industry's and research universities') 1961 SB
168 2158 1695 (contributions should be shared with the country on a continuing basis.) 1695 SB
168 2280 1994 (A broader vision sees the U.S. environmental and resource problems as a subset of) 1994 SB
168 2341 1995 (many similar ones throughout the world.  Science and technology must play a key) 1995 SB
168 2402 2001 (role in coping with them.  A strong DOE program could contribute at all levels.  We) 2001 SB
168 2463 1731 (are the nation best equipped to contribute solutions.  Within the US, the) 1731 SB
168 2524 1773 (Department of Energy marshals the best of these skills through its national) 1773 SB
168 2585 1386 (laboratories and they could be put at the world's service.) 1386 SB
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168 2784 360 (                              ) 360 SB
528 2784 240 (                    ) 240 SB
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168 2845 12 (1) 12 SB
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168 2896 710 (  Business Week, Aug. 2, 1993.) 710 SB
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168 267 38 (F.) 38 SB
318 267 505 (Concluding Remarks) 505 SB
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168 392 1925 (The Atomic Energy Commission, and for many years the Department of Energy,) 1925 SB
168 453 1991 (broke the unwritten contract between these arms of government and the people) 1991 SB
168 514 1978 (they were to serve.  The results, contamination on an enormous scale and a bitter) 1978 SB
168 575 1968 (distrust, imply a deep obligation to carry through the cleanup that has now been) 1968 SB
168 636 1865 (launched, with efficiency, speed, and a decent respect for the opinions and) 1865 SB
168 697 1914 (needs of those affected.  This cannot be accomplished as things are now.  The) 1914 SB
168 758 1936 (changes required are clear; marshal the skills high in the DOE to bring about the) 1936 SB
168 819 1727 (managerial changes that are required; raise the quality of science and) 1727 SB
168 880 2000 (engineering in the program, among others things by utilizing adequately the great) 2000 SB
168 941 1886 (power available in the national laboratories as well as the power among DOE) 1886 SB
168 1002 1978 (contractors and in the universities.  The changes only need to be set in place and) 1978 SB
168 1063 242 (exploited.) 242 SB
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168 1185 56 (G.) 56 SB
318 1185 458 (Recommendations) 458 SB
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243 1310 42 (1.) 42 SB
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318 1310 1813 (Sustained improvements in DOE management and leadership are needed) 1813 SB
318 1371 1785 (both at senior levels in the Department and in positions below the Deputy) 1785 SB
318 1432 618 (Assistant Secretary level.  ) 618 SB
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936 1432 1079 (It is clear from the above material that those) 1079 SB
318 1493 1670 (portions of the problems that DOE can control stem from managerial) 1670 SB
318 1554 1174 (deficiencies at the top levels in the Department.) 1174 SB
243 1676 42 (2.) 42 SB
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318 1676 1646 (A comprehensive remedy to the array of problems plaguing the EM) 1646 SB
318 1737 1721 (program can only be achieved by a substantial commitment and high) 1721 SB
318 1798 1194 (priority addressing the challenges of this program) 1194 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 49 /AvantGarde-Book /font1 ANSIFont font
1512 1798 643 (. These must originate high) 643 SB
318 1859 1628 (in the Department.  It seems clear that this must occur at the Under) 1628 SB
318 1920 1800 (Secretary level.  This does not imply disassembling the present EM structure) 1800 SB
318 1981 1852 (under an Assistant Secretary.  It does mean a technically adept, flexible and) 1852 SB
318 2042 1771 (perceptive management of that and related efforts within DOE that acts) 1771 SB
318 2103 285 (with power.) 285 SB
243 2225 42 (3.) 42 SB
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318 2225 1817 (Closing the science/engineering - applications disconnect should be dealt) 1817 SB
318 2286 1685 (with by the establishment of an "Environmental Advisory Board \(EAB\),") 1685 SB
318 2347 786 (reporting to the Under Secretary) 786 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 49 /AvantGarde-Book /font1 ANSIFont font
1104 2347 984 (.  This should be a permanent Board and) 984 SB
318 2408 1787 (should include mostly scientists and engineers from within and without the) 1787 SB
318 2469 1756 (Department and the laboratories, as well as stakeholders, to ease public) 1756 SB
318 2530 1790 (acceptance of its recommendations.  A good review capability could be) 1790 SB
318 2591 1786 (provided by the EAB to identify needs so as to stimulate, with Department) 1786 SB
318 2652 1753 (support, the required basic research, development and demonstrations.) 1753 SB
318 2713 1815 (Such  advances which should then be applied, by capable management,) 1815 SB
318 2774 1822 (to improve field remediation activities.  The Board must have influence and) 1822 SB
318 2835 1819 (visibility in order to fulfill its role as an instrument of the Under Secretary.  The) 1819 SB
318 2896 1672 (High Energy Physics Advisory Panel \(HEPAP\) and the Nuclear Science) 1672 SB
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318 267 1842 (Advisory Committee \(NSAC\) have such visibility, enhanced by their ability to) 1842 SB
318 328 1763 (give testimony to the Congress and their access to the Office of Science) 1763 SB
318 389 1615 (and Technology Policy.  They are both widely believed to be quite) 1615 SB
318 450 1858 (successful.  With members having a spread of skills, the Board should be able) 1858 SB
318 511 1581 (to provide technical oversight, flag management and regulatory) 1581 SB
318 572 1718 (disconnects as they arise and provide the synoptic view of the array of) 1718 SB
318 633 549 (problems now lacking.) 549 SB
243 755 42 (4.) 42 SB
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318 755 1761 (The national laboratories together have a critical role to play, a role very) 1761 SB
318 816 1650 (much larger than at present, in performing high-quality science and) 1650 SB
318 877 1409 (engineering for the Environmental Management program) 1409 SB
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1727 877 362 (. Their principal) 362 SB
318 938 570 (contributions would be:) 570 SB
768 1060 1339 (-Help to characterize the waste remediation across the) 1339 SB
618 1121 1537 (DOE complex as a first step in helping the Department establish) 1537 SB
618 1182 784 (priorities for environmental work.) 784 SB
168 1243 14 ( ) 14 SB
768 1304 1139 (-Help communicate the technical challenges t) 1139 SB
1907 1304 128 (o the) 128 SB
618 1365 856 (appropriate research communities.) 856 SB
768 1487 1137 (-Help close the "Valley of Death," by aiding the) 1137 SB
618 1548 1447 (construction of a seamless technology development chain.) 1447 SB
468 1670 1488 (The level of support necessary to implement major laboratory) 1488 SB
468 1731 1621 (involvement as recommended here is small compared to the sums) 1621 SB
468 1792 1681 (currently expended in the program.  As an example, an increment of) 1681 SB
468 1853 1667 ($400 million annually for the laboratories with a ramp-up over time to) 1667 SB
468 1914 1621 (twice that sum is roughly the scale needed to pursue research and) 1621 SB
468 1975 1652 (development in an improved program.  In view of the large fraction) 1652 SB
468 2036 1686 (of the nearly $7 billion annual EM budget that clearly is misspent now,) 1686 SB
468 2097 1528 (we see no serious difficulty in redirecting funds that are already) 1528 SB
468 2158 1303 (flowing.  No supplemental money should be required.) 1303 SB
243 2280 42 (5.) 42 SB
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318 2280 1808 (The Department must take positive steps to make the national laboratories) 1808 SB
318 2341 1740 (available to the entire government system as a powerful environmental) 1740 SB
318 2402 454 (technical resource) 454 SB
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772 2402 1204 (.  They should become in fact, as well as in name,) 1204 SB
318 2463 1588 (national laboratories.  The Department must take positive steps to) 1588 SB
318 2524 1845 (encourage this attractive opportunity.  It will, among others actions, have to) 1845 SB
318 2585 1713 (drop, or greatly lower, its cost-recovery fees levied on  Work for Others.) 1713 SB
243 2707 42 (6.) 42 SB
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318 2707 1839 (DOE must address more forcefully the task of renegotiating the unrealistic or) 1839 SB
318 2768 1735 (unfeasible elements of the cleanup compliance agreements that it has) 1735 SB
318 2829 952 (made with State and Federal agencies) 952 SB
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1270 2829 849 (.  These are now impediments from) 849 SB
318 2890 1853 (risk management, technical feasibility, and public perception standpoints as) 1853 SB
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318 267 1787 (well as forcing large and fruitless expenditures.  The Federal government\222s) 1787 SB
318 328 1796 (Superfund legislation also incorporates unrealistic goals; legislation in 1993,) 1796 SB
318 389 1685 (which failed to pass, addressed many of the issues which make many) 1685 SB
318 450 1620 (current remediation schemes impractical and expensive.  The new) 1620 SB
318 511 1589 (Congress, as well as DOE, should revisit the issue, benefiting DOE\222s) 1589 SB
318 572 1367 (remediation efforts and other cleanup under Superfund.) 1367 SB
243 694 42 (7.) 42 SB
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318 694 1857 (Much more comprehensive involvement by members of the affected public) 1857 SB
318 755 1750 (in decision making should be employed to reduce the bitterness, distrust) 1750 SB
318 816 1704 (and distress that continues to provide a troublesome element in DOE\222s) 1704 SB
318 877 504 (conduct of its affairs.) 504 SB
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243 999 42 (8.) 42 SB
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318 999 1688 (The bulk of the EM environmental challenges, although presenting no) 1688 SB
318 1060 1842 (immediate threats to public health or safety, still should be addressed with a) 1842 SB
318 1121 729 (heightened sense of urgency.) 729 SB
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1047 1121 1002 (  They have already been changing from) 1002 SB
318 1182 1762 (acute to chronic problems, are becoming calcified, and the vast flow of) 1762 SB
318 1243 1755 (funds into the program acts as an anesthetic, numbing the Department,) 1755 SB
318 1304 1657 (State regulatory agencies and affected stakeholders, hindering and) 1657 SB
318 1365 693 (delaying beneficial change.) 693 SB
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864 267 768 (V.The Science-Engineering Role) 768 SB
168 514 51 (A.) 51 SB
318 514 330 (Main Findings) 330 SB
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168 639 1958 (The intense economic pressures now being experienced throughout the nation\222s) 1958 SB
168 700 1982 (research and development system will likely persist for the foreseeable future.  This) 1982 SB
168 761 1912 (means that the nation must establish what is critical to be done and make sure) 1912 SB
168 822 1777 (that it is adequately funded.  It also means that institutional effectiveness,) 1777 SB
168 883 1971 (including cost effectiveness, must be a paramount goal of national research and) 1971 SB
168 944 1896 (development policies.  A prerequisite for achieving this is that there be a clear) 1896 SB
168 1005 1728 (understanding of the relative strengths and distinct roles of the national) 1728 SB
168 1066 1930 (laboratories, the research universities, and the industrial research laboratories so) 1930 SB
168 1127 1934 (that an efficient division of labor can be made among them.  We will comment) 1934 SB
168 1188 1991 (on this in the context of industrial technology development in Section VI.  Here we) 1991 SB
168 1249 1849 (focus on DOE-sponsored fundamental research in science and engineering.) 1849 SB
168 1371 1797 (The Department of Energy is one of the principal Federal sponsors of basic) 1797 SB
168 1432 2004 (research in the physical sciences.  The Department has the responsibility to support) 2004 SB
168 1493 1907 (fundamental science and engineering in areas relevant to its broad missions in) 1907 SB
168 1554 2004 (national security, energy, and environment.  Exercise of this responsibility requires a) 2004 SB
168 1615 1947 (long-term and broad view of the areas of science that should be developed, as) 1947 SB
168 1676 1758 (well as support for the education of the future scientific and engineering) 1758 SB
168 1737 1767 (workforce of the United States in these fields.  Historically, the DOE and its) 1767 SB
168 1798 1914 (predecessor agencies have provided important financial resources for science) 1914 SB
168 1859 1998 (and engineering education.  They have also supported, as a national trust, certain) 1998 SB
168 1920 1846 (areas of science involving the development, design and operation of large,) 1846 SB
168 1981 1921 (complex user research facilities run for the benefit of the science community at) 1921 SB
168 2042 1986 (large.  These scientific, technological and educational activities have contributed) 1986 SB
168 2103 1855 (both essential human resources and technologies to DOE\222s national security,) 1855 SB
168 2164 1986 (environmental protection, and energy technology missions, and have also served) 1986 SB
168 2225 918 (the national interest in other domains.) 918 SB
168 2347 1987 (DOE\222s spending on basic research is heavily weighted towards its own contractor-) 1987 SB
168 2408 1719 (operated laboratories -- including those considered in this study.  These) 1719 SB
168 2469 1942 (laboratories perform 67% of DOE-sponsored basic research, while the universities) 1942 SB
168 2530 340 (carry out 20%.) 340 SB
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168 2601 360 (                              ) 360 SB
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168 2662 12 (1) 12 SB
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168 2713 1946 (National Science Board, Science and Engineering Indicators - 1993, Appendix 4-) 1946 SB
168 2774 1944 (11, p. 346.  The data referenced here are obtained from NSF-conducted surveys) 1944 SB
168 2835 1922 (and should be interpreted with caution since DOE does not budget its research) 1922 SB
168 2896 1956 (according to the categories used in the surveys.  In reality, it is sometimes difficult) 1956 SB
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1968 2479 216 (                  ) 216 SB
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168 2530 1981 (to make the distinction between basic and applied research in those laboratories) 1981 SB
168 2591 930 (where the work is mainly applied R&D.) 930 SB
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168 2659 12 (2) 12 SB
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180 2652 1856 (The same preference for the laboratories is true of the DOE R&D budget as a) 1856 SB
168 2713 1877 (whole.  The majority \(62%\) of all DOE-sponsored research and development is) 1877 SB
168 2774 1947 (done in the DOE laboratories, with most of the rest being done at the universities) 1947 SB
168 2835 621 (\(9% \), federal laboratories) 621 SB
168 2896 572 (\(8%\) and industry \(18%\).) 572 SB
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168 342 1953 (For the laboratories reviewed here, basic research accounts for varying fractions) 1953 SB
168 403 1973 (of the overall research and development effort, ranging from 56% at Brookhaven) 1973 SB
168 464 1857 (National Laboratory to only 0.7% at Sandia National Laboratory.  Overall, the) 1857 SB
168 525 1963 (laboratories devote about 19% of their combined R&D budget to basic research.) 1963 SB
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2131 532 12 (1) 12 SB
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168 2212 360 (                              ) 360 SB
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168 2324 1878 (These data were obtained from the responses of nine laboratories to a survey) 1878 SB
168 2385 1910 (questionnaire prepared on the Panel's behalf.  \(AGNAIL did not respond to the) 1910 SB
168 2446 1948 (survey but does very little basic research.\) The survey used the same definition of) 1948 SB
168 2507 1966 ("basic research" that is used by the National Science Foundation:  \362The objective) 1966 SB
168 2568 1914 (of basic research is to gain more complete understanding of the subject under) 1914 SB
168 2629 1950 (study, without specific applications in mind.  In industry, basic research is defined) 1950 SB
168 2690 1827 (as research that advances scientific knowledge but does not have specific) 1827 SB
168 2751 1765 (immediate objectives, although it may be in fields of present or potential) 1765 SB
168 2812 2002 (commercial interest.\363  An independent GAO survey of ten DOE laboratories found) 2002 SB
168 2873 1937 (that 16% of their total R&D fell in the basic research category.  The laboratories\365) 1937 SB
168 2934 1974 (responses to the Panel\365s and GAO's surveys indicate that they may see their R&D) 1974 SB
168 2995 1992 (activity as more applied in nature than do the  DOE respondents to the NSF survey) 1992 SB
168 3056 503 (referred to in Note 2.) 503 SB
168 661 1919 (Most laboratory directors believe that basic research is an essential part of their) 1919 SB
168 722 1807 (portfolio of activities.  We agree with their arguments that basic research is) 1807 SB
168 783 1889 (necessary to support their core missions, that it is necessary to attract the most) 1889 SB
168 844 1880 (talented people to the laboratories, and that a strong in-house community of) 1880 SB
168 905 1997 (experimental and theoretical researchers is necessary to keep major experimental) 1997 SB
168 966 1800 (facilities healthy and organic. \(As a rule of thumb,  one laboratory director) 1800 SB
168 1027 1843 (estimates that an internal community of first-rate experimentalist capable of) 1843 SB
168 1088 1966 (successfully competing for  10-20% of the available machine time is necessary for) 1966 SB
168 1149 417 (this last function.\)) 417 SB
168 1271 1925 (Basic research at the DOE laboratories is under increasing pressure. In part this is) 1925 SB
168 1332 1833 (the result of the same forces that are being brought to bear throughout the) 1833 SB
168 1393 1945 (nation\222s R&D system.  But there are several additional factors that are specific to) 1945 SB
168 1454 1932 (the DOE laboratories:  \(1\) a decline in the status of basic science within DOE; \(2\)) 1932 SB
168 1515 1900 (an increasing trend towards micro-management of research by DOE program) 1900 SB
168 1576 1976 (officers; \(3\) the potential diversion of funds away from basic research towards the) 1976 SB
168 1637 1908 (new technology transfer activities; \(4\) the decline in defense R&D funds, which) 1908 SB
168 1698 1855 (historically have been the traditional source of support for much of the basic) 1855 SB
168 1759 1766 (science at the weapons laboratories; \(5\) inadequate up-front budgetary) 1766 SB
168 1820 1794 (allowances for operation and maintenance of large user facilities; and \(6\)) 1794 SB
168 1881 1949 (increasingly burdensome compliance requirements, especially at large scientific) 1949 SB
168 1942 1892 (facilities, which are driving up laboratory operating budgets and reducing the) 1892 SB
168 2003 1014 (amount of funding available for research.) 1014 SB
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168 267 1852 (The Task Force is concerned about what appears to have been a significant) 1852 SB
168 328 1943 (decline in DOE funding for fundamental research over the past three years, with) 1943 SB
168 389 1947 (the prospect of still deeper cuts to follow.  The Task Force further notes that while) 1947 SB
168 450 1916 (these reductions have been occurring, overall support for basic research in the) 1916 SB
168 511 1996 (federal government as a whole has remained roughly constant or even increased) 1996 SB
168 572 270 (somewhat.) 270 SB
168 694 1998 (The Task Force is also concerned that the distribution of DOE's basic research effort) 1998 SB
168 755 1882 (has failed to keep pace with recent changes in its mission.  The Department is) 1882 SB
168 816 1710 (aware of the problem, and has instituted steps to address it.  However,) 1710 SB
168 877 1886 (bureaucratic walls between program offices which contribute to the problem) 1886 SB
168 938 1928 (persist.  As indicated in Section IV, there is a particular need for long-term, basic) 1928 SB
168 999 1924 (research in disciplines related to environmental cleanup.  The activity that does) 1924 SB
168 1060 1918 (exist in this area is poorly integrated into the cleanup program.  By focusing too) 1918 SB
168 1121 1941 (heavily on near-term demonstrations of cleanup technology, DOE is not using its) 1941 SB
168 1182 1715 (laboratory capabilities effectively.  The cleanup of DOE sites will not be) 1715 SB
168 1243 1858 (accomplished in the near-term in any case, and in most situations there is no) 1858 SB
168 1304 1845 (proximate danger to human life.  Adopting a science-based approach that) 1845 SB
168 1365 1946 (includes supporting development of technologies and expertise in universities as) 1946 SB
168 1426 1901 (well as the laboratories could lead both to reduced cleanup costs and smaller) 1901 SB
168 1487 1883 (environmental impacts at existing sites and to the development of a scientific) 1883 SB
168 1548 1762 (foundation for advances in environmental technologies \(see Section IV\).) 1762 SB
168 1670 1983 (Compared with the universities, the main strength of the DOE laboratories in basic) 1983 SB
168 1731 1923 (research has generally been in building and overseeing the operation of large-) 1923 SB
168 1792 1889 (scale, complex scientific facilities \(light sources, neutron sources, accelerators,) 1889 SB
168 1853 1939 (reactors, etc.\).  However, it should also be noted that not all facilities of this type) 1939 SB
168 1914 1915 (have been located at the multiprogram laboratories, and that some, including) 1915 SB
168 1975 1770 (some very large ones, have instead been placed at program-dedicated) 1770 SB
168 2036 1937 (laboratories such as the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory \(FINAL\), Stanford) 1937 SB
168 2097 1928 (Linear Accelerator Center \(SLAC\), and the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory) 1928 SB
168 2158 163 (\(PPPL\).) 163 SB
168 2280 2010 (The laboratories are also capable of forming large, interdisciplinary research teams) 2010 SB
168 2341 1982 (needed for certain types of "big science" problems even where large facilities are) 1982 SB
168 2402 2001 (not involved.  Universities are not generally as well equipped to assemble teams to) 2001 SB
168 2463 1983 (conduct closely coordinated, multidisciplinary research over an extended period.) 1983 SB
168 2585 1717 (Compared with the government laboratories, the main advantages of) 1717 SB
168 2646 1786 (conducting basic research at the universities lie in:  \(1\) their primary role in) 1786 SB
168 2707 1911 (educating the next generation of scientists and engineers; \(2\) the rejuvenating) 1911 SB
168 2768 1951 (effects of the constant flow of students and post-docs through university labs; \(3\)) 1951 SB
168 2829 1983 (the absence of national-security-related barriers to the flow of knowledge, \(4\) the) 1983 SB
168 2890 1897 (lower price charged by the universities to sponsors for comparable research in) 1897 SB
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168 267 2003 (many cases; and \(5\) the quality benefits provided by the systematic application of) 2003 SB
168 328 1988 (the principle of merit-based competition. Merit review is applied to basic research) 1988 SB
168 389 1591 (at the laboratories in a variety of ways,  and sometimes unevenly.) 1591 SB
168 511 1801 (The advantages enjoyed by the universities are most pronounced in "small) 1801 SB
168 572 1927 (science." However, the DOE Office of Basic Energy Sciences also supports some) 1927 SB
168 633 1963 (individual investigator research within the laboratories on a competitive basis.  To) 1963 SB
168 694 2009 (varying degrees the laboratories themselves also support such research out of their) 2009 SB
168 755 2006 (operating budgets.  This type of small science research at the national laboratories) 2006 SB
168 816 1885 (is generally of a high standard, and in some cases matches the best university) 1885 SB
168 877 1772 (work in the field.  On the other hand, the research culture at many of the) 1772 SB
168 938 2009 (laboratories has been influenced by their relative physical and intellectual isolation) 2009 SB
168 999 1984 (and by a sense of entitlement to research funds, and this has contributed to a loss) 1984 SB
168 1060 806 (of vitality in some research areas.) 806 SB
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974 1067 12 (1) 12 SB
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168 1182 1786 (The third major category of basic research institutions, corporate scientific) 1786 SB
168 1243 1894 (research laboratories, are  being downsized, redirected towards activities with) 1894 SB
168 1304 1820 (shorter-term commercial payoff, and in some cases dismantled altogether.) 1820 SB
168 1365 1963 (Historically, research at these industrial laboratories has had a different character) 1963 SB
168 1426 1948 (from either university or national laboratory research.  While long-term and often) 1948 SB
168 1487 1897 (fundamental in nature, it has also been shaped by knowledge of markets and) 1897 SB
168 1548 1796 (motivated by expectations of commercial opportunity.  And as two of our) 1796 SB
168 1609 1895 (colleagues have pointed out elsewhere, "the best of the industrial laboratories) 1895 SB
168 1670 1761 (achieved a high degree of coherence of purpose and of organizational) 1761 SB
168 1731 1924 (cohesion, which enhanced their productivity.   And the larger enterprises could) 1924 SB
168 1792 1963 (operate on a scale sufficient to employ experts across a broad range of relevant) 1963 SB
168 1853 965 (topics, facilitating work on many fronts.\222) 965 SB
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1133 1860 12 (2) 12 SB
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168 1975 1916 (The nation presently faces the challenge of finding an institutional substitute for) 1916 SB
168 2036 1929 (the corporate central research laboratories.  However, we do not think that the) 1929 SB
168 2097 1852 (national laboratories provide a good institutional basis for a general solution.) 1852 SB
168 2158 1748 (Partly the problem is the one discussed in more detail in Section VI.  If an) 1748 SB
168 2219 2001 (organization is to serve as an effective laboratory for an industry, that industry must) 2001 SB
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168 2296 360 (                              ) 360 SB
528 2296 240 (                    ) 240 SB
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168 2354 12 (1) 12 SB
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180 2347 1986 (The panel attempted to determine in what proportions the different kinds of basic) 1986 SB
168 2408 1819 (research described in the preceding paragraphs occur at the laboratories.) 1819 SB
168 2469 2001 (According to the results of the survey carried out by the panel, basic research that) 2001 SB
168 2530 1828 (is related to large user facilities accounts for 55% of all basic research at the) 1828 SB
168 2591 1930 (laboratories; basic research that involves large interdisciplinary teams but that is) 1930 SB
168 2652 1884 (unrelated to large user facilities accounts for another 34%; and general/single) 1884 SB
168 2713 1988 (investigator basic research of the type most similar to university research accounts) 1988 SB
168 2774 541 (for the remaining 11%.) 541 SB
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168 2842 12 (2) 12 SB
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180 2835 1956 (Richard Nelson, Richard Rosenbloom, and William Spencer, "Shaping a New Era,") 1956 SB
168 2896 585 (November 1994 \(DRAFT\)) 585 SB
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168 267 1991 (have a large say in allocation decisions and in evaluation. This would be awkward) 1991 SB
168 328 1998 (at best, and probably politically unliable, in a government-owned  laboratory.  But) 1998 SB
168 389 1973 (in addition, for a laboratory to perform the central research function effectively a) 1973 SB
168 450 1795 (considerable flow of personnel between the laboratory and the industry is) 1795 SB
168 511 2002 (required. University-affiliated facilities seem better adapted to meet portions of this) 2002 SB
168 572 1800 (need than government laboratories. In some cases, DOE laboratories may) 1800 SB
168 633 1776 (effectively be able to perform a function analogous to corporate central) 1776 SB
168 694 1841 (research.  But these are most likely to be in areas where a DOE mission -- like) 1841 SB
168 755 1926 (advancing superconductivity technology -- and industry interests have a strong) 1926 SB
168 816 201 (overlap.) 201 SB
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168 999 43 (B.) 43 SB
318 999 458 (Recommendations) 458 SB
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243 1124 42 (1.) 42 SB
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318 1124 1584 (The Department of Energy should move to strengthen its efforts in) 1584 SB
318 1185 1810 (fundamental science and engineering, both at the laboratories and in the) 1810 SB
318 1246 255 (universities) 255 SB
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573 1246 1596 (.   The DOE has vital stewardship responsibilities in a range of basic) 1596 SB
318 1307 1830 (science fields, especially in some areas of the physical sciences.  Moreover,) 1830 SB
318 1368 1703 (a strong foundation of science and engineering should underpin all of) 1703 SB
318 1429 1680 (DOE\222s programmatic missions.  The DOE should clearly define its basic) 1680 SB
318 1490 1718 (science responsibilities, pursue them in a focused way, and ensure that) 1718 SB
318 1551 1079 (adequate resources are available to do this.) 1079 SB
243 1673 42 (2.) 42 SB
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318 1673 1749 (The DOE should pay close attention to ensuring that a proper balance is) 1749 SB
318 1734 1755 (maintained between the universities and the national laboratories in the) 1755 SB
318 1795 1750 (performance of DOE-related basic research, both now and in the future) 1750 SB
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2068 1795 14 (.) 14 SB
318 1856 1673 (The laboratories are now and should remain an important part of the) 1673 SB
318 1917 1564 (nation\222s research infrastructure, providing cutting-edge scientific) 1564 SB
318 1978 1707 (instrumentation and operating world-class research facilities. But in the) 1707 SB
318 2039 1708 (future the Department will need to ensure that the basic research and) 1708 SB
318 2100 1820 (associated educational programs of the universities are not jeopardized by) 1820 SB
318 2161 1758 (an exaggerated flow of federal basic research funds to the laboratories.) 1758 SB
243 2283 42 (3.) 42 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 49 /AvantGarde-BookOblique /font2 ANSIFont font
318 2283 1203 (Support for operating and maintaining large facili) 1203 SB
1521 2283 628 (ties in the  DOE\222s Office of) 628 SB
318 2344 1754 (Energy Research should be  budgeted separately from funds for specific) 1754 SB
318 2405 231 (programs) 231 SB
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549 2405 1536 ( .  This will provide better accountability and budgetary control,) 1536 SB
318 2466 1739 (and will impose greater discipline on decisions requiring trade-offs to be) 1739 SB
318 2527 1696 (made between investing in new facilities and keeping existing ones in) 1696 SB
318 2588 184 (service.) 184 SB
243 2710 42 (4.) 42 SB
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318 2710 1763 (The DOE should redouble its efforts to achieve better integration of basic) 1763 SB
318 2771 1686 (research, technology development programs, and their applications,) 1686 SB
318 2832 1289 (particularly in the area of environmental remediation) 1289 SB
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1607 2832 14 (.) 14 SB
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318 267 1784 (Basic research at the laboratories should be more fully integrated into the) 1784 SB
318 328 1147 (national and international research community) 1147 SB
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1465 328 581 (.   With the exception of) 581 SB
318 389 1802 (national security-related work, all basic research at the laboratories should) 1802 SB
318 450 1596 (be subject to external merit review.  Barriers that currently prevent) 1596 SB
318 511 1578 (laboratory personnel from traveling, participating in national and) 1578 SB
318 572 1695 (international conferences, and spending sabbaticals in industry or the) 1695 SB
318 633 1738 (universities should be eliminated.  Further, to help promote the vitality of) 1738 SB
318 694 1833 (basic research at the laboratories, we recommend that DOE set aside small) 1833 SB
318 755 1841 (pools of basic research  funds in the different programmatic areas for which) 1841 SB
318 816 1312 (university and laboratory researchers would compete.) 1312 SB
243 938 42 (6.) 42 SB
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318 938 1858 (There should be additional stimulation of laboratory-university cooperation in) 1858 SB
318 999 355 (basic research) 355 SB
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673 999 1483 (.  This can be achieved through measures such as having the) 1483 SB
318 1060 1609 (laboratories support more graduate students, especially in mission-) 1609 SB
318 1121 1621 (enhancing disciplines; creating more post-doctoral positions at the) 1621 SB
318 1182 1798 (laboratories;  arranging for university appointments for laboratory scientists) 1798 SB
318 1243 1590 (and engineers;  and setting aside funds to be used specifically for) 1590 SB
318 1304 1673 (collaborative research between the universities and the laboratories.) 1673 SB
318 1365 1772 (Barriers that make it difficult for the laboratories to jointly fund research at) 1772 SB
318 1426 1817 (universities with other funding sources should be removed.  Also, laboratory) 1817 SB
318 1487 1760 (efforts to promote scientific education at all levels \(kindergarten through) 1760 SB
318 1548 1744 (graduate school\)  will benefit from being more closely coordinated with) 1744 SB
318 1609 1032 (parallel efforts by colleges and universities.) 1032 SB
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912 267 522 (VI.The Economic Role) 522 SB
168 514 51 (A.) 51 SB
318 514 330 (Main Findings) 330 SB
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168 639 1740 (The Task Force learned of significant examples of laboratory-developed) 1740 SB
168 700 1776 (technology being usefully transferred into industry and of the laboratories) 1776 SB
168 761 1950 (providing useful technical services to industry.  However, the laboratories are not) 1950 SB
168 822 2002 (now, nor will they become, cornucopias of relevant technology for a broad range) 2002 SB
168 883 1931 (of industries.  A significant fraction of the laboratories\222 industrial competitiveness) 1931 SB
168 944 1982 (activities concern technologies which are of less than primary importance to their) 1982 SB
168 1005 1839 (industrial collaborators and/or which these partners could obtain from other) 1839 SB
168 1066 1942 (sources.  There are only a relatively few instances in which the laboratories have) 1942 SB
168 1127 1700 (technology that is vital to industry and that is uniquely available at the) 1700 SB
168 1188 1968 (laboratories.  Many firms also find it attractive to collaborate with the laboratories) 1968 SB
168 1249 1755 (because of the availability of Federal cost-sharing funds.  In practice the) 1755 SB
168 1310 1759 (government subsidy is often very substantial relative to the new resource) 1759 SB
168 1371 1385 (commitments that the firms are making to these projects.) 1385 SB
168 1493 1763 (Taken as a whole, the industrial competitiveness activities at the national) 1763 SB
168 1554 1985 (laboratories are unfocused and lack a firm policy foundation.  There is uncertainty) 1985 SB
168 1615 1972 (within the laboratories about how large and broad-ranging these activities ought) 1972 SB
168 1676 1918 (to be, about how to fund them, and about how they should relate to the other) 1918 SB
168 1737 2008 (main areas of activity that the laboratories are engaged in -- in particular, whether) 2008 SB
168 1798 1971 (industrial competitiveness should be viewed as a primary or a derivative function.) 1971 SB
168 1859 1993 (The uncertainty within the laboratories partly reflects an inconstancy in DOE policy) 1993 SB
168 1920 1860 (and Congressional intent regarding these issues.  One of the options that the) 1860 SB
168 1981 1884 (Department has considered, elevating industrial competitiveness to a primary) 1884 SB
168 2042 1844 (objective or mission, risks distorting existing programs and diverting resources) 1844 SB
168 2103 1886 (towards activities that are unrelated to either DOE\222s competencies or its other) 1886 SB
168 2164 1939 (missions.  Such activities are unlikely to produce results that will benefit either the) 1939 SB
168 2225 1950 (agency\222s industrial partners or the public in the long run.   Recent indications are) 1950 SB
168 2286 1912 (that DOE headquarters staff have recognized the need for greater focus in this) 1912 SB
168 2347 1913 (area and are moving to develop criteria toward that end.  We welcome these) 1913 SB
168 2408 1865 (developments and encourage early discussions of the evolving situation with) 1865 SB
168 2469 533 (laboratory leadership.) 533 SB
168 2591 1880 (Another issue requiring clarification concerns the appropriate division of labor) 1880 SB
168 2652 2002 (among the national laboratories, industrial research laboratories, and the research) 2002 SB
168 2713 1871 (universities regarding industrial R&D.  The notion that the national laboratories) 1871 SB
168 2774 1901 (should serve as a "bridge" between the research universities and industry in this) 1901 SB
168 2835 1924 (arena -- a notion presented to the Task Force -- is not in general a useful way to) 1924 SB
168 2896 1973 (think about this division of labor.  It does not reflect what is currently happening, it) 1973 SB
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168 267 2010 (is not consistent with the fact of the research universities\222 superior record relative to) 2010 SB
168 328 1997 (the laboratories as agents of technology transfer, it is difficult to reconcile with any) 1997 SB
168 389 1891 (plausible view of the future evolution of these institutions, and it appears to be) 1891 SB
168 450 1875 (based on an outdated picture of industrial innovation as a linear process that) 1875 SB
168 511 975 (originates in basic research laboratories.) 975 SB
168 633 1974 (A more useful picture is of the laboratories serving as nodes in a  national network) 1974 SB
168 694 1784 (of research and development institutions, with knowledge flowing in both) 1784 SB
168 755 1956 (directions along the links between the laboratory, university, and firm nodes.  This) 1956 SB
168 816 1837 (network is simultaneously pursuing fundamental knowledge for its own sake,) 1837 SB
168 877 1803 (innovation for the purposes of private wealth creation, and public missions) 1803 SB
168 938 1939 (\(national defense, public health, environmental quality, etc.\), while at the same) 1939 SB
168 999 1848 (time educating and training the next generation of scientists and engineers.) 1848 SB
168 1060 2002 (Because it is a true network, each type of R&D institution is involved in some way in) 2002 SB
168 1121 1924 (all of the network\222s activities, but there is specialization among them.  While the) 1924 SB
168 1182 1976 (national laboratories are one of the primary nodes for public missions like national) 1976 SB
168 1243 1876 (security, their role in wealth-creating innovation is necessarily secondary \(and) 1876 SB
168 1304 1950 (probably even tertiary in sectors far removed from the DOE\222s mission areas\).  The) 1950 SB
168 1365 1951 (question is whether, how, and to what extent they can add value to the primary) 1951 SB
168 1426 672 (role of industry in this arena.) 672 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 51 /AvantGarde-Demi /font3 ANSIFont font
318 1609 42 (1.) 42 SB
468 1609 1400 (The Case For Industrially-Relevant R&D At The Laboratories) 1400 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 49 /AvantGarde-Book /font1 ANSIFont font
168 1734 1788 (There are two principal reasons why industrially-relevant R&D is seen as an) 1788 SB
168 1795 1808 (appropriate activity for the DOE laboratories.  First, long-term research and) 1808 SB
168 1856 1761 (development in industrial laboratories is declining, and industry is seeking) 1761 SB
168 1917 1873 (substitutes for the functions that these laboratories once performed.  Second,) 1873 SB
168 1978 1992 (there is a perception that the U.S. government is spending significant resources on) 1992 SB
168 2039 1942 (the development of new technologies but that American industry is not reaping) 1942 SB
168 2100 1905 (the rewards of that investment.  In the course of pursuing the DOE missions, the) 1905 SB
168 2161 1765 (laboratories have developed an impressive array of core competencies,) 1765 SB
168 2222 1954 (capabilities, and facilities, and to many it seems only logical that these resources) 1954 SB
168 2283 1056 (be used to benefit the public in other ways.) 1056 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 51 /AvantGarde-Demi /font3 ANSIFont font
318 2466 42 (2.) 42 SB
468 2466 483 (A Critical Distinction) 483 SB
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168 2591 2010 (However, what seems to have been lacking at both the DOE and laboratory levels) 2010 SB
168 2652 1969 (is a clear understanding of the distinction between the application of laboratory-) 1969 SB
168 2713 2004 (developed technologies to industries where such application is an essential part of) 2004 SB
168 2774 1796 (the primary mission areas of DOE \(e.g., the development of energy saving) 1796 SB
168 2835 1898 (technology for industry use, or the development of methods for analyzing and) 1898 SB
168 2896 1864 (predicting the behavior of nuclear waste repositories, or the development of) 1864 SB
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168 267 1775 (advanced techniques for oil field simulation\) and, on the other hand, the) 1775 SB
168 328 1962 (application of these technologies to industries which have not had a relationship) 1962 SB
168 389 1959 (with DOE and whose activities lie well outside the mission domains of the agency) 1959 SB
168 450 1919 (and its laboratories.  Without a clear understanding of this important distinction,) 1919 SB
168 511 1804 (the risk is that DOE will allocate public funds and the technical and human) 1804 SB
168 572 1376 (resources embodied in the laboratories in unfruitful ways.) 1376 SB
168 694 1928 (To clarify and sharpen this distinction, we have found it useful to categorize  the) 1928 SB
168 755 1892 (range of possible laboratory activities in industrially-relevant R&D according to) 1892 SB
168 816 1899 (their position in the simple matrix shown in Figure 2.  In practice the boundaries) 1899 SB
168 877 1867 (between the classes of activity shown in Figure 2 are imprecise, but the basic) 1867 SB
168 938 1778 (distinctions are important nonetheless.  The four categories are as follows:) 1778 SB
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393 2707 1785 (-Near-term R&D applied to industries outside traditional DOE mission areas) 1785 SB
318 2768 1848 (\(i.e., national security, energy, environmental remediation\).  To be effective,) 1848 SB
318 2829 1807 (near-term R&D work must take place in an environment rich in interactions) 1807 SB
318 2890 1780 (with users and customers.  Market-based influence, direction, and control) 1780 SB
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318 267 1753 (are critical to success.  In recognition of this, firms themselves have been) 1753 SB
318 328 1568 (evolving towards a more integrated process for developing new) 1568 SB
318 389 1735 (technologies, in which all participating Departments and disciplines are) 1735 SB
318 450 1857 (drawn into close and continuing interaction with the marketplace. The more) 1857 SB
318 511 1740 (distant the laboratories are from the marketplace, the more remote the) 1740 SB
318 572 1631 (likelihood that they will have something useful to contribute to such) 1631 SB
318 633 1800 (activities.  Near-term development work at the laboratories is least likely to) 1800 SB
318 694 1748 (provide substantial contributions to industries outside of DOE\222s traditional) 1748 SB
318 755 1556 (domains of national security, energy, and certain aspects of the) 1556 SB
318 816 323 (environment.) 323 SB
393 938 329 (-Longer-term ) 329 SB
722 938 1357 (R&D applied to industries outside traditional DOE mission) 1357 SB
318 999 1769 (areas.  The potential contribution of longer-term laboratory research and) 1769 SB
318 1060 1754 (development to commercial applications outside the DOE mission areas) 1754 SB
318 1121 1838 (should similarly not be exaggerated.  While there are instances of successful) 1838 SB
318 1182 1860 ("by-product" R&D, the historical evidence demonstrates that such events are) 1860 SB
318 1243 1805 (statistically improbable.  Even for longer-term development activity, strong) 1805 SB
318 1304 1667 (interactions with the marketplace are usually essential to success.  To) 1667 SB
318 1365 1840 (provide industry benefits, such long-term R&D would need to be tied closely) 1840 SB
318 1426 1680 (to groups of industries that have never had close association with the) 1680 SB
318 1487 1801 (laboratories, their people, or their culture, an unlikely prospect for creating) 1801 SB
318 1548 1645 (useful results.  Moreover, to be useful in a different industrial context,) 1645 SB
318 1609 1776 (substantial technological modifications are almost always necessary, so if) 1776 SB
318 1670 1753 (the laboratories are engaged in such activity resources will inevitably be) 1753 SB
318 1731 861 (diverted from their primary missions.) 861 SB
393 1853 693 (-Longer-term R&D applied w) 693 SB
1086 1853 998 (ithin traditional DOE mission domains.  For) 998 SB
318 1914 1633 (firms and industries that are contributing to DOE\222s traditional mission) 1633 SB
318 1975 1818 (objectives, the national laboratories have a useful role in carrying out long-) 1818 SB
318 2036 1778 (term research and development with potential commercial applications.) 1778 SB
318 2097 1753 (Indeed, it is even possible to imagine the laboratories playing a role with) 1753 SB
318 2158 1819 (respect to these industries comparable to that which used to be played by) 1819 SB
318 2219 1830 (central corporate research laboratories.  Here the alignment between DOE) 1830 SB
318 2280 1776 (and industry objectives is much closer by definition, and both DOE and its) 1776 SB
318 2341 1680 (laboratories have more knowledge of their industrial partners\222 market) 1680 SB
318 2402 1603 (environment.  Longer-term research and development of this kind) 1603 SB
318 2463 1758 (undertaken by the laboratories does not require day-to-day direction by) 1758 SB
318 2524 1171 (industry, but close interactions are still important.) 1171 SB
393 2646 1678 (-Near-term development applied to traditional DOE mission domains.) 1678 SB
318 2707 1836 (Firms and industries that are participating with DOE in pursuit of its traditional) 1836 SB
318 2768 1752 (missions of national security/energy/environmental pollution control and) 1752 SB
318 2829 1664 (remediation  may become aware of technical developments at the) 1664 SB
318 2890 1760 (laboratories that will help them in solving a short-term product or process) 1760 SB
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318 267 1858 (development problem.  In such cases industry should be an active partner in) 1858 SB
318 328 1857 (directing the course of development, and should be encouraged to transfer) 1857 SB
318 389 1755 (interim laboratory outcomes into its own internal industrial R&D programs) 1755 SB
318 450 1148 (through the appropriate licensing mechanisms.) 1148 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 51 /AvantGarde-Demi /font3 ANSIFont font
318 633 42 (3.) 42 SB
468 633 906 (Expansion Outside DOE Mission Areas) 906 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 49 /AvantGarde-Book /font1 ANSIFont font
168 758 2003 (We are concerned about the implications of expanding the laboratories\222 industrial) 2003 SB
168 819 1854 (R&D activities outside the existing DOE mission areas.  If the DOE is to get into) 1854 SB
168 880 1756 (programs whose primary mission is to meet a need of private industry \(as) 1756 SB
168 941 1905 (contrasted with programs where private industry needs are complementary to) 1905 SB
168 1002 1958 (government needs, but not dominant\), private industry will need to have a large) 1958 SB
168 1063 1941 (say in allocation decisions and in evaluation, since only industry has the intimate) 1941 SB
168 1124 1913 (knowledge of the marketplace that is critical to the success of such efforts. The) 1913 SB
168 1185 2008 (difficulty comes in reconciling this need for industry direction with the parallel need) 2008 SB
168 1246 1801 (for public influence over the disposition of public resources at government) 1801 SB
168 1307 301 (laboratories.) 301 SB
168 1429 1981 (We are also concerned that the expansion of the laboratories\222 roles in serving the) 1981 SB
168 1490 2007 (technology needs of private enterprise will create additional managerial problems) 2007 SB
168 1551 2005 (within DOE.  For any organization to be effective, the activities it manages need to) 2005 SB
168 1612 1997 (be associated with a coherent set of objectives.  Otherwise, it is virtually impossible) 1997 SB
168 1673 1978 (to allocate resources rationally, or to evaluate the various activities and programs) 1978 SB
168 1734 1843 (in terms of how they contribute to the performance of the organization as a) 1843 SB
168 1795 1990 (whole.  This is amply borne out by experience in private enterprise which indicates) 1990 SB
168 1856 1796 (that most conglomerates do badly, especially in managing technological) 1796 SB
168 1917 1929 (innovation.  Under statute, the DOE is faced with the considerable challenge of) 1929 SB
168 1978 1877 (managing an already diverse set of missions.  Adding to this complex task the) 1877 SB
168 2039 1942 (requirement to consider the technology needs of the private sector in areas not) 1942 SB
168 2100 1947 (related to the Department\222s traditional domain of activity is likely to distract DOE) 1947 SB
168 2161 1844 (from its public missions and lessen its impact while undermining the effective) 1844 SB
168 2222 2008 (pursuit of those industrial objectives. We are concerned that "porkbarrel" criteria for) 2008 SB
168 2283 1906 (program funding might increasingly replace more rational resource allocation,) 1906 SB
168 2344 1861 (and that the laboratories might be more likely to propose industrial programs) 1861 SB
168 2405 917 (merely based on "make work" criteria.) 917 SB
168 2527 1907 (We are further concerned about the possibility that DOE and its laboratories, in) 1907 SB
168 2588 1924 (engaging in industrial R&D, may find themselves competing with private firms in) 1924 SB
168 2649 1836 (providing technical services or new technological developments.  In such a) 1836 SB
168 2710 1687 (situation, the laboratories\222 access to public funds would give them an) 1687 SB
168 2771 2001 (inappropriate advantage.  Such situations are more likely to arise the less DOE and) 2001 SB
168 2832 2008 (laboratory management know about the commercial application in question.  We) 2008 SB
168 2893 1977 (are already aware of some instances in which such competition appears to have) 1977 SB
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168 267 1970 (occurred, and we are concerned that the problem may become more serious in) 1970 SB
168 328 250 (the future.) 250 SB
168 450 1940 (All of these problems can be ameliorated if the industrially-related R&D done by) 1940 SB
168 511 1911 (the laboratories is focused on industries and applications which are themselves) 1911 SB
168 572 1894 (instrumental to  achieving the DOE\222s public missions. That is not to suggest that) 1894 SB
168 633 1829 (laboratory directors should be denied the flexibility to initiate new technical) 1829 SB
168 694 2007 (projects at the periphery of current activities.  Making room for individual and small) 2007 SB
168 755 1982 (group initiatives of this kind is an important way to keep the laboratories lively and) 1982 SB
168 816 1848 (exciting places to work.  If such a project becomes large enough, though, a) 1848 SB
168 877 1969 (judgment must be made as to its fit with the rest of the laboratory\222s activities.  This) 1969 SB
168 938 1749 (will depend not only on technical compatibility but also on the project\222s) 1749 SB
168 999 1503 (relevance to the laboratory\222s \(and hence the DOE\222s\) missions.) 1503 SB
168 1121 1956 (The current industrial partnership activities of the laboratories have brought them) 1956 SB
168 1182 1943 (into contact with a number of industries that do not lie within the Department of) 1943 SB
168 1243 1995 (Energy\222s traditional domain.   In addition to the drawbacks specified above, these) 1995 SB
168 1304 1529 (new involvements also suffer from a number of other problems:) 1529 SB
393 1426 1733 (-They are unfocused.  Without a connection to the Department\222s larger) 1733 SB
318 1487 1785 (public missions, these initiatives are invariably add-on activities, managed) 1785 SB
318 1548 1824 (on a case-by-case basis, through a well-intentioned but necessarily ad hoc) 1824 SB
318 1609 1813 (relation to industry.  The laboratories should not aspire to become research) 1813 SB
318 1670 564 (boutiques for industries.) 564 SB
393 1792 1672 (-Their short-term benefits are often oversold.  Even when useful results) 1672 SB
318 1853 1842 (flow from these partnerships, the benefits to the participating firms generally) 1842 SB
318 1914 1760 (will not be evident for some time, and are inherently difficult to measure.) 1760 SB
393 2036 1636 (-They distract the DOE and its laboratories from their public missions,) 1636 SB
318 2097 1206 (diverting both intellectual and material resources.) 1206 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 51 /AvantGarde-Demi /font3 ANSIFont font
318 2280 42 (4.) 42 SB
468 2280 883 (Technology Partnership Mechanisms) 883 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 49 /AvantGarde-Book /font1 ANSIFont font
168 2405 2005 (Cooperative Research and Development Agreements \(CRADAs\) currently occupy) 2005 SB
168 2466 1967 (pride of place among the array of mechanisms employed by DOE to encourage) 1967 SB
168 2527 1789 (laboratory-industry cooperation in technology development and transfer.) 1789 SB
168 2588 1965 (Introduced to the laboratories in 1989,  the CRADA mechanism reflects the intent) 1965 SB
168 2649 1977 (of Congress, developed and refined in legislation over the preceding decade, to) 1977 SB
168 2710 1775 (ensure a greater degree of laboratory involvement in industrially relevant) 1775 SB
168 2771 2007 (activities.  Industry criticism of the CRADA mechanism has focused on the slow and) 2007 SB
168 2832 1958 (uncertain nature of the negotiation process.  The DOE and the laboratories have) 1958 SB
168 2893 1952 (responded to these concerns.  Nevertheless, there remain wide variations across) 1952 SB
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168 267 1878 (the laboratory system in the speed with which CRADA negotiations are being) 1878 SB
168 328 1950 (concluded.   Ironically, recent contractual reforms intended to encourage more) 1950 SB
168 389 1938 (businesslike relations between DOE and its management and operations \(M&O\)) 1938 SB
168 450 1947 (contractors at the laboratories risk complicating laboratory/industry negotiations) 1947 SB
168 511 1992 (because the contractors are more strongly motivated than before to secure rights) 1992 SB
168 572 1901 (and to take direct profits from laboratory-generated intellectual property.  The) 1901 SB
168 633 1808 (Task Force believes that the contract-driven M&O motivation to profit from) 1808 SB
168 694 1742 (laboratory intellectual property will act as a significant barrier to industry) 1742 SB
168 755 1904 (acquisition and subsequent commercialization of laboratory technology in the) 1904 SB
168 816 155 (future.) 155 SB
168 938 1908 (Other criticisms focus on the lack of independent review of the  operation and) 1908 SB
168 999 522 (outcomes of CRADAs) 522 SB
32 0 0 21 21 0 0 0 21 /AvantGarde-Book /font1 ANSIFont font
690 1006 12 (1) 12 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 49 /AvantGarde-Book /font1 ANSIFont font
702 999 1397 (, and also the process used to select industrial partners for) 1397 SB
168 1060 1908 (these agreements.  Regarding the latter, when a CRADA proposal is submitted) 1908 SB
168 1121 1911 (there is typically no solicitation of competing proposals, nor an announcement) 1911 SB
168 1182 1966 (that public resources are available for such work and will be awarded exclusively) 1966 SB
168 1243 1900 (to the applicant company if others do not step forward. Nor is the peer review) 1900 SB
168 1304 2001 (process as rigorous as other DOE programs; independent expert evaluations of the) 2001 SB
168 1365 1796 (validity of the proposed work and its relevance to the DOE mission are not) 1796 SB
168 1426 1787 (routinely solicited. These practices can be traced to earlier legislative and) 1787 SB
168 1487 2008 (executive branch attempts to reorient the laboratories towards industrially relevant) 2008 SB
168 1548 1933 (activities as rapidly as possible.  However, their practical effect today is to leave) 1933 SB
168 1609 1908 (the laboratories vulnerable to charges that the selection process is flawed and) 1908 SB
168 1670 1956 (that the competitive playing field is being unfairly tilted towards the laboratories\222) 1956 SB
168 1731 1828 (chosen partners.  In fact, DOE routinely and successfully implements several) 1828 SB
168 1792 2007 (different models of independent peer review, at least two of which are relevant to) 2007 SB
168 1853 1802 (the present situation -- the allocation of DOE beam line resources, and the) 1802 SB
168 1914 1946 (allocation of funds under the Small Business Innovation Research \(SBIR\) program.) 1946 SB
168 1975 1682 (The DOE should consider applying these practices to CRADAs as well.) 1682 SB
32 0 0 42 42 0 1 0 42 /AvantGarde-Book /font1 ANSIFont font
168 2578 360 (                              ) 360 SB
528 2578 240 (                    ) 240 SB
32 0 0 21 21 0 0 0 21 /AvantGarde-Book /font1 ANSIFont font
168 2636 12 (1) 12 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 49 /AvantGarde-Book /font1 ANSIFont font
180 2629 1891 (Post-CRADA follow-up work at the laboratories would be classified as "work for) 1891 SB
168 2690 1831 (others", for which the industrial partner is required to pay the full cost.  Many) 1831 SB
168 2751 1938 (industrial partners would at that point be inclined to pull the work back into their) 1938 SB
168 2812 1981 (own facilities.  Since the laboratories would then lose their DOE-budgeted CRADA) 1981 SB
168 2873 1843 (financial resources, in the absence of independent review there might be a) 1843 SB
168 2934 1981 (tendency for valid and successful CRADAs to continue beyond the completion of) 1981 SB
168 2995 1824 (technology transfer and into product development or some other industrial) 1824 SB
168 3056 189 (activity.) 189 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 51 /AvantGarde-Demi /font3 ANSIFont font
318 2158 42 (5.) 42 SB
468 2158 174 (Metrics) 174 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 49 /AvantGarde-Book /font1 ANSIFont font
168 2283 1736 (One of the most common metrics used by DOE and others to assess the) 1736 SB
168 2344 1867 (technology transfer performance of the laboratories is the rate at which new) 1867 SB
168 2405 1935 (CRADAs are being signed.  An obvious limitation of this metric is that it measures) 1935 SB
168 2466 1874 (inputs rather than outcomes, and the latter are likely to vary greatly from one) 1874 SB
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168 267 1930 (CRADA to another. It also fails to distinguish among different classes of CRADAs.) 1930 SB
168 328 1990 (Some pertain to work that the laboratories would have undertaken anyway, even) 1990 SB
168 389 1806 (if no CRADA had been signed. Others entail a significant departure from a) 1806 SB
168 450 1854 (previous program of work.  In some cases technology transfer activities have) 1854 SB
168 511 1871 (reportedly drawn the laboratories away from their primary missions.  In others,) 1871 SB
168 572 1891 (resources appear to have been diverted away from fundamental research to) 1891 SB
168 633 1924 (support them.  In such cases, a cost-benefit metric may be the only meaningful) 1924 SB
168 694 1967 (measure of performance.  We also note that none of the laboratories appears to) 1967 SB
168 755 1987 (be measuring the effectiveness with which technology is being transferred in from) 1987 SB
168 816 1901 (industry or the universities to support their missions.  In general, we recommend) 1901 SB
168 877 1709 (that greater emphasis be placed on outcomes in the measurement of) 1709 SB
168 938 1920 (technology transfer performance.  The question of performance metrics for the) 1920 SB
168 999 1407 (laboratories in discussed further in Section VII of this report.) 1407 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 51 /AvantGarde-Demi /font3 ANSIFont font
168 1182 43 (B.) 43 SB
318 1182 362 (Recommendat) 362 SB
680 1182 96 (ions) 96 SB
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243 1307 42 (1.) 42 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 49 /AvantGarde-BookOblique /font2 ANSIFont font
318 1307 1727 (The government-funded technology transfer/industrial competitiveness) 1727 SB
318 1368 1769 (activities of the national laboratories should be focused on industries and) 1769 SB
318 1429 1834 (areas of technology that contribute directly to the DOE\222s primary missions in) 1834 SB
318 1490 1034 (national security, energy and environment) 1034 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 49 /AvantGarde-Book /font1 ANSIFont font
1352 1490 677 (.  Industrial competitiveness,) 677 SB
318 1551 1817 (broadly defined, has no place as a stand-alone mission of the laboratories,) 1817 SB
318 1612 1826 (but rather should be regarded, and treated, as a derivative of their primary) 1826 SB
318 1673 1831 (missions.  The idea that the laboratories are, or could become, cornucopias) 1831 SB
318 1734 1546 (of relevant technology for a broad range of industries is a myth.) 1546 SB
243 1856 56 ( 2.) 56 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 49 /AvantGarde-BookOblique /font2 ANSIFont font
318 1856 1833 (Laboratory directors should have the flexibility to initiate or to  approve new) 1833 SB
318 1917 1583 (technical projects at the periphery of current laboratory activities) 1583 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 49 /AvantGarde-Book /font1 ANSIFont font
1901 1917 158 (.  But if) 158 SB
318 1978 1705 (these initiatives are unrelated or only tangentially related to the public) 1705 SB
318 2039 1766 (missions of the DOE, either different sponsors should be found or the work) 1766 SB
318 2100 1833 (should be spun off into the private sector once the level of activity exceeds) 1833 SB
318 2161 1725 (what can reasonably be funded out of the laboratory director\222s limited) 1725 SB
318 2222 547 (discretionary account.) 547 SB
243 2344 42 (3.) 42 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 49 /AvantGarde-BookOblique /font2 ANSIFont font
318 2344 1736 (Competitive selection and more rigorous technical and merit review by) 1736 SB
318 2405 1837 (external experts should be applied broadly within the Department\222s CRADA) 1837 SB
318 2466 224 (activities.) 224 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 49 /AvantGarde-Book /font1 ANSIFont font
542 2466 1504 (  There are several alternative models available to DOE for this) 1504 SB
318 2527 1807 (purpose, including programs currently administered by the DOE itself.  One) 1807 SB
318 2588 1667 (strategy would be for DOE to link some portion of its SBIR programs to) 1667 SB
318 2649 1431 (CRADA activities.  The two programs have similar legislated) 1431 SB
318 2710 1734 (commercialization objectives, which should make them compatible.  In) 1734 SB
318 2771 1474 (addition, making this linkage would help to achieve a higher) 1474 SB
318 2832 1775 (commercialization rate by maximizing the available resources \(both cash) 1775 SB
318 2893 1764 (and in-kind R&D\).  Improvements in the CRADA selection and monitoring) 1764 SB
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318 267 1821 (process need not, and should not, incur any penalty in the timeliness of the) 1821 SB
318 328 1852 (process.  The DOE should continue to focus on reducing the time required to) 1852 SB
318 389 1807 (complete CRADA negotiations and on bringing the laboratory system as a) 1807 SB
318 450 1677 (whole up to the standard of best practice established by the leading) 1677 SB
318 511 301 (laboratories.) 301 SB
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1189 392 42 (4.) 42 SB
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648 267 1050 (VII.The Governance and Organization Issue) 1050 SB
168 514 51 (A.) 51 SB
318 514 291 (Introduction) 291 SB
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168 639 1840 (In accepting its privileged assignment of suggesting alternate futures for ten) 1840 SB
168 700 1958 (Department of Energy laboratories, this Task Force could have limited itself to the) 1958 SB
168 761 1838 (conventional objective of most Federal advisory studies and only presented) 1838 SB
168 822 1899 (findings and proposals that might be adopted within the accepted governing) 1899 SB
168 883 1981 (processes of the times.  But one critical finding is so much more fundamental than) 1981 SB
168 944 1889 (we anticipated that we could not in good conscience ignore it.  The principle) 1889 SB
168 1005 2003 (behind that finding is:  Government ownership and operation of these laboratories) 2003 SB
168 1066 466 (does not work well.) 466 SB
168 1188 1887 (The laboratories are purported to be contractor operated.  The system is titled) 1887 SB
168 1249 1960 (Government-Owned, Contractor-Operated or GOCO.  The GOCO system was a) 1960 SB
168 1310 2006 (promising concept.  The Contractors, as contractors, do yeoman work.  The system) 2006 SB
168 1371 1856 (has been employed for decades.  But in that time it has followed the natural) 1856 SB
168 1432 1833 (course of government's proclivity to govern more.  The owner wants to take) 1833 SB
168 1493 1971 (charge more.  Most able government personnel aspire to add value.  Translation:) 1971 SB
168 1554 1789 (add more governance.  This makes work for more government personnel,) 1789 SB
168 1615 1973 (increasing the size of the operation, increasing still further need for management,) 1973 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 49 /AvantGarde-BookOblique /font2 ANSIFont font
168 1676 298 (ad infinitum.) 298 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 49 /AvantGarde-Book /font1 ANSIFont font
466 1676 1549 (  Congressional policy has significantly driven this consequence.) 1549 SB
168 1798 1907 (Numerous instances of poor DOE regulatory and management practices have) 1907 SB
168 1859 1948 (come to the attention of all members of the Task Force during its investigation of) 1948 SB
168 1920 1993 (the national laboratories.  The system has been tried long enough; the evidence is) 1993 SB
168 1981 1857 (in.  Today, the system has evolved to a virtual GOGO - Government-Owned,) 1857 SB
168 2042 1900 (Government-Operated, but certainly strongly government-dominated system.) 1900 SB
168 2103 1974 (And the momentum in that direction has been unabating.  This  ship of state  \(the) 1974 SB
168 2164 1960 (Congress/Department/Contractor/Laboratory system\) is ponderous.  Evidence in) 1960 SB
168 2225 1982 (these regards is almost limitless.  Appendix A illustrates the excessive oversight and) 1982 SB
168 2286 1933 (micromanaging with an abbreviated litany of some forty anecdotes.  However,) 1933 SB
168 2347 686 (general areas of excess are:) 686 SB
378 2469 1780 (-Growing emphasis on DOE administration and support organizations and) 1780 SB
288 2530 901 (their oversight and compliance roles;) 901 SB
378 2652 1643 (-Expanded DOE field office management oversight roles, which are) 1643 SB
288 2713 1356 (commonly duplicative of other management channels;) 1356 SB
378 2835 1800 (-Increased audit oversight and too many review groups, both internal and) 1800 SB
288 2896 1650 (external.  The increasing costs of dealing with review groups, both in) 1650 SB
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288 267 1846 (resources and in their consumption both of senior and junior staff time, leads) 1846 SB
288 328 1129 (to paralysis and interferes with operations; and) 1129 SB
378 450 1715 (-One array of difficulties with which DOE has not yet been able to deal) 1715 SB
288 511 1865 (properly is ironically self-inflicted.  Far too much influence has been ceded to) 1865 SB
288 572 1859 (non-regulatory advisory boards, such as the Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety) 1859 SB
288 633 1786 (Board.  Such organizations generate recommendations with no apparent) 1786 SB
288 694 1821 (cost / benefit analysis, resulting in significant unnecessary expenditures and) 1821 SB
288 755 448 (productivity losses.) 448 SB
168 877 1936 ( As we were in the final stage of editing our report and preparing for submission,) 1936 SB
168 938 1912 (the Department initiated a Strategic Alignment effort to address some of these) 1912 SB
168 999 1737 (issues.  The initiative is described in the announcement and explanation) 1737 SB
168 1060 1961 (documents of the Department which were released on December 20, 1994.  The) 1961 SB
168 1121 1870 (Task Force applauds the Department's acknowledgment of the problem and) 1870 SB
168 1182 1726 (many of its intended actions.  The Task Force presumes no credit for this) 1726 SB
168 1243 1987 (happening.  Rather, we note that the establishment of this Task Force was itself an) 1987 SB
168 1304 1940 (initiative of the Department a year earlier.  The natural consequence was to put) 1940 SB
168 1365 1958 (the governance issue into public play, and the Department has been responsive) 1958 SB
168 1426 1725 (to the inevitable greater emphasis of this governance issue to its credit.) 1725 SB
168 1548 1935 (There is heartening evidence from inside the Washington Beltway regarding the) 1935 SB
168 1609 1787 (suffocating consequences of micromanaging.  It confirms our finding that) 1787 SB
168 1670 1968 (something really substantial has to be done soon or the vitality of the laboratories) 1968 SB
168 1731 1956 (will founder.  But our evaluation of the seriousness of the problem and the limited) 1956 SB
168 1792 1981 (promise of a continuing federal governance system even though partially muted,) 1981 SB
168 1853 1850 (per the new Department proposals, is that efforts such as announced will be) 1850 SB
168 1914 479 (seriously insufficient.) 479 SB
168 2036 1977 (It is the Task Force's position that top-down, command and control bureaucracies) 1977 SB
168 2097 1995 (are counterproductive for these laboratories.  Pundits may dismiss this reality.  But if) 1995 SB
168 2158 1920 (the laboratories are to optimally enhance America's energy interests, these are) 1920 SB
168 2219 1891 (the realities of group dynamics essential for the laboratories to contribute their) 1891 SB
168 2280 117 (best.) 117 SB
168 2402 1971 (Thus, our first operations recommendation is that we must begin to evolve, over a) 1971 SB
168 2463 1844 (period of one or two years, the development and implementation of a new) 1844 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 49 /AvantGarde-BookOblique /font2 ANSIFont font
168 2524 401 (modus operandi) 401 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 49 /AvantGarde-Book /font1 ANSIFont font
569 2524 1571 ( of Federal support, based on a private sector style  corporatized) 1571 SB
168 2585 1946 (laboratory organization system.  This proposal embraces the counterintuitive, yet) 1946 SB
168 2646 1788 (newly-further-confirmed institutional principles that allow the subsets of an) 1788 SB
168 2707 1878 (organization to operate more to the principles of trust and self initiative.  From) 1878 SB
168 2768 1945 (these principles accrue greater flexibility, quality, and productivity; as well as the) 1945 SB
168 2829 1995 (revitalization of an operating institution and the heightened accomplishment of its) 1995 SB
168 2890 183 (mission.) 183 SB
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168 328 1971 (There have been many studies of the Department of Energy laboratories.  As one) 1971 SB
168 389 1948 (reads these reports, one recognizes that the items which were recommended in) 1948 SB
168 450 1954 (previous reports are for the most part recommended in most subsequent reports.) 1954 SB
168 511 1932 (As each past study has taken place, people of good intention do make sincere) 1932 SB
168 572 1869 (efforts to  fine tune  the system.  However, the Department and the Congress) 1869 SB
168 633 1811 (should recognize that there has been little fundamental improvement as a) 1811 SB
168 694 1618 (function of past studies.  In fact, the cost-benefit relationship of the) 1618 SB
168 755 1945 (Department/Laboratory operation has continued to degrade.  If there is to be a) 1945 SB
168 816 1886 (significant benefit from this study, it will have to come as a function of a major) 1886 SB
168 877 957 (organization and governance change.) 957 SB
168 999 1997 (We suggest that the country must try one or more concepts that are radically new) 1997 SB
168 1060 1950 (in order to revitalize the laboratories and to achieve significant improvements.  If) 1950 SB
168 1121 1905 (some parts of a bold solution  were to prove to be not as beneficial as this Task) 1905 SB
168 1182 1916 (Force is confident that they would be, that unto itself should not be a matter of) 1916 SB
168 1243 1857 (concern.  The laboratories and the country would still be better off than they) 1857 SB
168 1304 1946 (otherwise will be from the continual repetition of federal governing policies.  The) 1946 SB
168 1365 1825 (system is now so concerned with details that it cannot work the big picture.) 1825 SB
168 1487 1940 (Previous reviews of the laboratories have taken a top down approach.  This one) 1940 SB
168 1548 1925 (focused otherwise.  Early on we invited the involvement of the people active in) 1925 SB
168 1609 1978 (the system from the bottom up.  It is evident to us that the competence is there in) 1978 SB
168 1670 1923 (the laboratories to make these changes.  Properly oriented and supported with) 1923 SB
168 1731 1891 (quality management training, this inherent competence can make enormous) 1891 SB
168 1792 1585 (changes in the productivity and effectiveness of the laboratories.) 1585 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 51 /AvantGarde-Demi /font3 ANSIFont font
168 1975 43 (B.) 43 SB
318 1975 643 (The Need to De-Federalize) 643 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 49 /AvantGarde-Book /font1 ANSIFont font
168 2100 1783 (The principal organizational recommendation of this Task Force is that the) 1783 SB
168 2161 1976 (laboratories be as close to corporatized as is imaginable.  We are convinced that) 1976 SB
168 2222 1784 (simply fine tuning a policy or a mission, a project, or certain administrative) 1784 SB
168 2283 1136 (functions will produce minimal benefits at best.) 1136 SB
168 2405 2005 (The government should be the customer of the laboratories.  The Department itself) 2005 SB
168 2466 2003 (should be an instrument of that customer function.  The Department must become) 2003 SB
168 2527 1812 (a world-class customer.  World-class commercial customers do not tell their) 1812 SB
168 2588 1958 (suppliers how to do things.  They simply buy a result for a given price.  World-class) 1958 SB
168 2649 1796 (commercial suppliers are not audited by their customers.  The commercial) 1796 SB
168 2710 1973 (practice sets the quality of operations standards to which the government should) 1973 SB
168 2771 200 (commit.) 200 SB
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168 267 1916 (The Task Force is aware that there are numerous laws on the books that specify) 1916 SB
168 328 1998 (that things should be done the way they are currently being done.  The Task Force) 1998 SB
168 389 1862 (recommends that a clean sheet of paper be applied to the design of a new) 1862 SB
168 450 1915 (laboratory governance system by the Congress and the Department.  The Task) 1915 SB
168 511 1951 (Force notes that over the years creative variations of government structures and) 1951 SB
168 572 1938 (funding have been flexibly initiated, including the Defense Advanced Research) 1938 SB
168 633 1996 (Projects Agency \(DARPA, now ARPA\) the Federal National Mortgage Corporation,) 1996 SB
168 694 1901 (Mitre Corporation, and many others.  This precedent justifies the application of) 1901 SB
168 755 1814 (imaginative and practical forms and financing of organizations such as we) 1814 SB
168 816 1998 (propose, including the circumscribing of prescriptives, audits, and other overhead.) 1998 SB
168 938 1941 (One attractive model that we outline here is the creation of a new not-for-profit) 1941 SB
168 999 1917 (R&D corporation or corporations, formed with many of the basic principles and) 1917 SB
168 1060 1960 (criteria of a conventional commercial corporation.  Although the DOE weapons-) 1960 SB
168 1121 1937 (oriented laboratories could be omitted from the proposal outlined here, many if) 1937 SB
168 1182 1811 (not all of the other DOE national laboratories at least are candidates to be) 1811 SB
168 1243 2007 (included in this corporation.  The not-for-profit corporation\(s\) will be governed by a) 2007 SB
168 1304 1978 (Board of Trustees, consisting primarily of distinguished scientists and engineers and) 1978 SB
168 1365 2001 (experienced senior executives from U.S. industry, appointed to staggered terms by) 2001 SB
168 1426 1986 (the President of the United States.  This Board will select the chief executive officer) 1986 SB
168 1487 1932 (and other principal officers of the corporation.   Each lab would similarly have a) 1932 SB
168 1548 1274 (trustee advisory board elected by the parent board.) 1274 SB
168 1670 1973 (The Department of Energy will be the government sponsor of this new R&D entity.) 1973 SB
168 1731 1937 (Initial funding of the corporation will be in the form of Congressional line items in) 1937 SB
168 1792 1838 (the DOE budget in each of the four mission areas of national defense \(if the) 1838 SB
168 1853 1932 (weapons laboratories are included in the  corporation \), energy, basic research) 1932 SB
168 1914 1887 (and environment; and another line item for  other programs,  a miscellaneous) 1887 SB
168 1975 1835 (category including health, facility improvement, global ecology, economic) 1835 SB
168 2036 1888 (betterment, etc.  Each of those missions will contain funding that can be used) 1888 SB
168 2097 2000 (across the full R&D spectrum from basic research to development and technology) 2000 SB
168 2158 1882 (demonstration.  The budget should be for some multiple of years with our Task) 1882 SB
168 2219 1876 (Force recommending that a decline be built into these funds over a five year) 1876 SB
168 2280 1893 (period.  Renewal of federal funding will be subject to Congressional approval.) 1893 SB
168 2402 1990 (Allocation of these funds among its several individual laboratories will be made by) 1990 SB
168 2463 2002 (the corporation.  The management of the corporation will deal with the traditional) 2002 SB
168 2524 1685 (agencies for which the work is usually done in refining the allocations.) 1685 SB
168 2585 1939 (Micromanaging or  earmarking  of these allocations should not be made by the) 1939 SB
168 2646 708 (Congress or the Department.) 708 SB
168 2768 1987 (The corporation will be permitted to serve the particular needs of the Department) 1987 SB
168 2829 1935 (of Defense, the Department of Energy, as well as any others in government, the) 1935 SB
168 2890 1754 (universities and the private sector, just as any corporation would serve its) 1754 SB
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168 267 1827 (customers.  The corporation will be subject to normal commercial criteria of) 1827 SB
168 328 1824 (operation, including conventional outside auditors, as are required of other) 1824 SB
168 389 1909 (corporations.  The corporation and its several laboratories will be subject to the) 1909 SB
168 450 1752 (normal influence and control of those agencies of the state and federal) 1752 SB
168 511 1917 (government that normally have authority over a United States corporation.  If it) 1917 SB
168 572 1900 (wishes, the corporation may hire one or more contractors, similar to those now) 1900 SB
168 633 1899 (engaged by the DOE, to assist it with aspects of the management of its affairs.) 1899 SB
168 755 1852 (The laboratories will be challenged to embrace the new higher standards of) 1852 SB
168 816 1757 (self initiated, self determined, quality service to customers that are being) 1757 SB
168 877 1876 (perfected in the private sector.  As a result, the Department will receive more) 1876 SB
168 938 1989 (bang for the buck .  There is a spectrum of possibilities from which a new system of) 1989 SB
168 999 1898 (governance and operation can design the needed better way.  Although we) 1898 SB
168 1060 1987 (have outlined one specific embodiment of a corporate structure, many variations) 1987 SB
168 1121 1994 (are possible.  As mentioned above, the weapons- laboratories may or may not be) 1994 SB
168 1182 1810 (included in such a  corporatizing,  although some Task Force members feel) 1810 SB
168 1243 1970 (including them would be both useful and successful.  Various options also exist for) 1970 SB
168 1304 1901 (ownership of the plants and facilities.  For example, they may be leased to the) 1901 SB
168 1365 1905 (corporation on a long-term or rolling basis, or they may be transferred outright.) 1905 SB
168 1426 1958 (Combinations of operating plans can be staged in transition to a  far-less-federal) 1958 SB
168 1487 646 (plan as a further possibility.) 646 SB
168 1609 1794 (In this model, the DOE is the customer of the corporation.  Funding  for the) 1794 SB
168 1670 1880 (corporation would be allocated to the DOE by Congress in a small number of) 1880 SB
168 1731 1905 (broad blocks as described earlier.  Allocation to specific projects would be the) 1905 SB
168 1792 1937 (responsibility of the DOE, with no earmarking from Congress beyond quantifying) 1937 SB
168 1853 1910 (the amount of money given to each broad block.  Congress would indicate its) 1910 SB
168 1914 1770 (level of satisfaction with the job the DOE was performing by increasing or) 1770 SB
168 1975 1966 (decreasing the funding to each broad block.  The DOE, in turn, would indicate its) 1966 SB
168 2036 1990 (satisfaction with the job the corporation and its parts are performing by increasing) 1990 SB
168 2097 1247 (or decreasing the level of funding for each project.) 1247 SB
168 2219 1894 (The contemporary official view is that the laboratories must conform to the so-) 1894 SB
168 2280 1938 (called federal norm.  The Task Force believes it is time to run a major experiment) 1938 SB
168 2341 1893 (with a modest part of the federal budget and have the laboratories test out a) 1893 SB
168 2402 1849 (progressive concept.  The current annual budget of some $6 billion for these) 1849 SB
168 2463 1937 (laboratories is modest compared to the entire government budget, or even the) 1937 SB
168 2524 1992 (budget of many large corporations.  At minimal risk, the country could experiment) 1992 SB
168 2585 1936 (with a new way of doing things.  It is just such quality of change that is renewing) 1936 SB
168 2646 1969 (the rest of America to heightened achievements and increased competitiveness) 1969 SB
168 2707 1714 (with resultant ability to achieve improved results with a smaller budget.) 1714 SB
168 2829 1977 (A compelling question is: what are the cost savings consequences of the change) 1977 SB
168 2890 1885 (in governance and reorganization?  Each time we tested the question on the) 1885 SB
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168 267 1957 (players-those who work in the laboratories-the least called out was  10% savings ;) 1957 SB
168 328 1956 (to which most all other respondents would strenuously interject  40%,   25%,   50%,) 1956 SB
168 389 1891 (20%.   In private industry it is virtually axiomatic that a dedicated, empowered,) 1891 SB
168 450 1902 (quality program will generate better than 20% cost improvements with greater) 1902 SB
168 511 1868 (values in significantly improved quality of output of services, engineering and) 1868 SB
168 572 209 (product.) 209 SB
168 694 1990 (As described in its Strategic Plan, the Department of Energy sincerely desires to be) 1990 SB
168 755 1951 (people oriented, to value creativity and innovation, to commit to excellence, to) 1951 SB
168 816 1666 (work in teams, to embrace leadership empowerment, and to pursue) 1666 SB
168 877 1986 (accountability.  Regrettably, the fundamental system and structure under which it) 1986 SB
168 938 1947 (is obliged to operate cannot achieve the first five objectives to near the degree) 1947 SB
168 999 1847 (the Department leadership intends.  The Department further recognizes that) 1847 SB
168 1060 1937 (certain critical success factors are communications, trust, and human resources.) 1937 SB
168 1121 1948 (Again, its hands are tied as it is obliged or elects to overadminister.  The activities) 1948 SB
168 1182 2002 (that it is obliged to direct and order are a countervention of the value of trust.  The) 2002 SB
168 1243 1729 (laboratory human resources are demotivated by such an environment.) 1729 SB
168 1365 1892 (The above are our recommendations of the type of substantial reorganization) 1892 SB
168 1426 1865 (which could be expected to result in an improvement of between 20 and 50) 1865 SB
168 1487 1933 (percent in the effectiveness of the laboratories themselves, on top of significant) 1933 SB
168 1548 1826 (staff and overhead economies in the Department.  For example, under the) 1826 SB
168 1609 1975 (proposed structure the present DOE Field Offices might have no role to play vis-a-) 1975 SB
168 1670 467 (vis the laboratories.) 467 SB
168 1792 1980 (In implementing the proposed corporatization, a separate detailed  identification) 1980 SB
168 1853 1963 (of those services which only the government can provide as a supplier should be) 1963 SB
168 1914 2002 (identified.  One example may be the transportation of nuclear or other dangerous) 2002 SB
168 1975 1802 (materials.  These services could be purchased by the laboratories from the) 1802 SB
168 2036 316 (government.) 316 SB
168 2158 1973 (Certain of the liability responsibilities that have been placed on the government's) 1973 SB
168 2219 1925 (shoulders must be continued \(at least relating to past government assignments,) 1925 SB
168 2280 1953 (such as nuclear materials\) absent bad faith and willful misconduct on the part of) 1953 SB
168 2341 681 (the laboratory corporations.) 681 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 51 /AvantGarde-Demi /font3 ANSIFont font
168 2463 53 (C.) 53 SB
318 2463 352 (Other Subjects) 352 SB
318 2649 42 (1.) 42 SB
468 2649 129 (Finan) 129 SB
597 2649 550 (cial Resource Planning) 550 SB
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168 2774 1795 (The laboratories must have a reasonable predictability as to their financial) 1795 SB
168 2835 1982 (resources.  In this way, the people who work at the lab will be more secure in their) 1982 SB
168 2896 1840 (professional futures, and will be further motivated to become the supremely) 1840 SB
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168 267 1741 (productive entity to which they aspire.  Some form of multiple year fund) 1741 SB
168 328 1910 (guarantees are essential.  We must find a way under the  clean sheet of paper) 1910 SB
168 389 1791 (doctrine of making this possible.  We must further be willing to find ways of) 1791 SB
168 450 1713 (engaging cooperatively with foreign sources of funds for research and) 1713 SB
168 511 2001 (development, as such cooperative work will often multiply the effectiveness of the) 2001 SB
168 572 712 (domestic work to our benefit.) 712 SB
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318 755 42 (2.) 42 SB
468 755 700 (The Laboratories As a System) 700 SB
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168 880 1963 (One of the values of this Task Force process has caused the laboratories to come) 1963 SB
168 941 2003 (together as a system to a greater degree than they had been inclined or directed) 2003 SB
168 1002 1831 (to do in the past.  The laboratories could move to a virtual system, such as is) 1831 SB
168 1063 1911 (described elsewhere in the report.  This would be more readily accomplishable) 1911 SB
168 1124 690 (under Corporate structuring.) 690 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 51 /AvantGarde-Demi /font3 ANSIFont font
318 1307 42 (3.) 42 SB
468 1307 559 (Technology Roadmaps) 559 SB
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1027 1316 12 (1) 12 SB
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318 2822 360 (                              ) 360 SB
678 2822 240 (                    ) 240 SB
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318 2880 12 (1) 12 SB
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330 2873 1824 (A technological development plan which outlines, over time, the evolution) 1824 SB
318 2934 1855 (of technological capabilities and provides milestones by which progress can) 1855 SB
318 2995 340 (be measured.) 340 SB
168 1371 1971 (The Task Force suggests that there be a more liberal application of the technique) 1971 SB
168 1432 1907 (of defining technology roadmaps for those classes of technology which would) 1907 SB
168 1493 1992 (yield to a roadmap.  We urge that this management process be employed where) 1992 SB
168 1554 1923 (practical.  All appropriate constituencies from government, academia, industry) 1923 SB
168 1615 1777 (and the laboratories who have a competence at contributing to a given) 1777 SB
168 1676 1962 (roadmap, should be called upon to define such roadmaps in a manner similar to) 1962 SB
168 1737 1626 (that which has been accomplished by the semiconductor industry.) 1626 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 51 /AvantGarde-Demi /font3 ANSIFont font
318 1926 42 (4.) 42 SB
468 1926 1317 (The Globality Issue \(vis-a-vis non-Defense technology\)) 1317 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 49 /AvantGarde-Book /font1 ANSIFont font
168 2051 1885 (These laboratory Corporations will be serving other private corporations.  They) 1885 SB
168 2112 1952 (must not be unduly inhibited by policies that restrict the use of the technology to) 1952 SB
168 2173 1916 (American sites or to American personnel.  This is a global energy economy and) 1916 SB
168 2234 1912 (general economy.  All users of knowledge must be able to use the knowledge,) 1912 SB
168 2295 1922 (wherever that knowledge can best serve their customers.  If that requires doing) 1922 SB
168 2356 1992 (some further engineering or production overseas, such investments will do nothing) 1992 SB
168 2417 2000 (but enhance the economic strength of America through exports and the lowering) 2000 SB
168 2478 1914 (of trade barriers, with the eventual desired job creation at home.  Some further) 1914 SB
168 2539 1901 (liberalizing of the  design and manufacture only in America  must be effected.) 1901 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 51 /AvantGarde-Demi /font3 ANSIFont font
318 2722 42 (5.) 42 SB
468 2722 174 (Metrics) 174 SB
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168 328 1988 (At the onset of the Task Force study, a request was made to identify metrics of the) 1988 SB
168 389 1929 (laboratories' work.  In no order of importance these can include:  adherence to) 1929 SB
168 450 1865 (budgets, adherence to project schedules, patents filed, inventions disclosed,) 1865 SB
168 511 1971 (estimates of cost savings from a given potential application or actual application) 1971 SB
168 572 1804 (of technology, lists of technical problems solved, research dead ends now) 1804 SB
168 633 1931 (avoidable, the quantity and quality of research papers published, lab/university) 1931 SB
168 694 1838 (and lab/industry interactions as well as other collaborative work anecdotes,) 1838 SB
168 755 1928 (including CRADA results.  The presently overused metric of  jobs expected to be) 1928 SB
168 816 1759 (produced from a CRADA  should be discouraged as speculative at best.) 1759 SB
168 938 1967 (The degree to which a laboratory engages in the process of renewal would be a) 1967 SB
168 999 2006 (significant measurement.  Science change, laboratories change, and laboratories') 2006 SB
168 1060 1915 (missions change.  Laboratories such as Lawrence Livermore, for example, have) 1915 SB
168 1121 1837 (changed over the last forty years having naturally gone from an 90 percent) 1837 SB
168 1182 1916 (national security orientation to a 60 percent other class of activities orientation.) 1916 SB
168 1243 1946 (Major projects like the Bevatron at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, which played) 1946 SB
168 1304 1043 (an early important role, have been closed.) 1043 SB
168 1426 1852 (It is worth having metrics on how well the government is performing to make) 1852 SB
168 1487 1863 (possible the better work of the laboratory and to expedite the application of) 1863 SB
168 1548 1857 (certain of the output of the laboratories.  For example, to what degree is the) 1857 SB
168 1609 1981 (government becoming a better customer of the development, to what degree is) 1981 SB
168 1670 1900 (it moderating regulations, to what degree is it making aid available tied to the) 1900 SB
168 1731 1884 (development to encourage the commercial exploitation, to what degree is it) 1884 SB
168 1792 1863 (making available low cost capital, what are the practical honorable ways of) 1863 SB
168 1853 1772 (reducing the risks that would be borne by investors, how is the network of) 1772 SB
168 1914 1845 (extensive testing facilities used to enhance and advance the application of) 1845 SB
168 1975 1999 (products, how willing is the government to identify with the beginning success of a) 1999 SB
168 2036 1948 (technology roadmap to support more vigorously extensions of achievements on) 1948 SB
168 2097 358 (that roadmap.) 358 SB
168 2219 1874 (When all is said and done, the nature of the laboratories as a multidisciplinary) 1874 SB
168 2280 1906 (system providing solutions to some of the truly challenging puzzle of nature, will) 1906 SB
168 2341 1962 (require a qualitative evaluation more than anything else and a long time horizon) 1962 SB
168 2402 658 (to best measure the results.) 658 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 51 /AvantGarde-Demi /font3 ANSIFont font
318 2585 42 (6.) 42 SB
468 2585 173 (Quality) 173 SB
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168 2710 1854 (The Department of Energy and most of the laboratories have embraced the) 1854 SB
168 2771 2002 (language of quality management. They have studied the issue, they articulate the) 2002 SB
168 2832 1849 (principles and they are educated on the fundamentals.  The pursuit of these) 1849 SB
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168 267 1973 (quality initiatives and the embracing of the practical methods and procedures of) 1973 SB
168 328 1734 (quality should produce values for the Department and the laboratories.) 1734 SB
168 450 1940 (However, the likely end result will be limited because the principal authorities do) 1940 SB
168 511 1975 (not adequately appreciate a major way one improves quality:  the elimination of) 1975 SB
168 572 1978 (functions.  One must simplify procedures and get down to their essences, and the) 1978 SB
168 633 1902 (people in government are not prone to this.  They administer quality in, control) 1902 SB
168 694 1989 (quality in, and audit quality in.  Exactly the opposite is  obliged.  One cannot have) 1989 SB
168 755 1908 (a quality effect through the manner in which government imposes itself on the) 1908 SB
168 816 1921 (operations of the laboratory.  We call for a true quality program.  It must start at) 1921 SB
168 877 1868 (the top.  It must start with the Congress and the Administration.  When it starts) 1868 SB
168 938 1982 (there with proper respect for the essential principles, the ultimate result will require) 1982 SB
168 999 1958 (the government to  get out of the way  so that the laboratories can practice the) 1958 SB
168 1060 1380 (quality principles that are practiced in the private sector.) 1380 SB
168 1182 878 (Consider this excerpt from an article) 878 SB
1046 1182 1022 (,  Why to go for Stretch Targets,  in Fortune) 1022 SB
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168 1243 243 (Magazine) 243 SB
411 1243 1695 (:   Finally_--_ and here's where stretch targets differ from old-fashioned) 1695 SB
242 2 168 1297 B
1 F
n
168 1304 2007 (top-down management by fiat that U.S. companies have spent years unlearning_-) 2007 SB
168 1365 56 (-_ ) 56 SB
224 1365 835 (the CEO has to get out of the way) 835 SB
1059 1365 42 (.  ) 42 SB
1101 1365 448 (The job belongs to) 448 SB
834 2 224 1419 B
1 F
n
1549 1365 542 ( managers in the field,) 542 SB
447 2 1101 1419 B
1 F
n
168 1426 757 (workers on the plant floor, and ) 757 SB
925 1426 500 (engineers in the labs) 500 SB
1425 1426 42 (.  ) 42 SB
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1467 1433 12 (1) 12 SB
499 2 925 1480 B
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168 2944 360 (                              ) 360 SB
528 2944 240 (                    ) 240 SB
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168 3005 12 (1) 12 SB
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168 3056 1146 (Fortune Magazine, November 14, 1994, pg. 146) 1146 SB
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318 1609 42 (7.) 42 SB
468 1609 206 (Facilities) 206 SB
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168 1734 1976 (There are superb facilities at the government laboratories.  There are also facilities) 1976 SB
168 1795 1761 (that have been allowed to languish.  The insufficient attentiveness of the) 1761 SB
168 1856 1860 (Department in keeping up the quality of existing facilities or the disposition of) 1860 SB
168 1917 674 (obsolete facilities is evident.) 674 SB
168 1978 1926 (There should be a gradual reinvestment by the federal government in repairing) 1926 SB
168 2039 1917 (research laboratories, and upgrading research instrumentation.  Once that has) 1917 SB
168 2100 1973 (been achieved after a period of years, the responsibility should be turned over to) 1973 SB
168 2161 1889 (the laboratories.  The laboratories should be expected to maintain and renew) 1889 SB
168 2222 1860 (facilities in the same manner that the private sector is obliged to perform the) 1860 SB
168 2283 1956 (updating, the tearing down and the construction of new facilities from their then) 1956 SB
168 2344 786 (aggregate budget assignments.) 786 SB
168 2466 1338 (Elements of such a facility renewal plan should include:) 1338 SB
430 2588 1664 (-Facility consolidation, including decontamination, decommissioning) 1664 SB
393 2649 1420 (and disposal of all non-essential structures and equipment.) 1420 SB
430 2771 1563 (-Upgrading all essential facilities to meet modern safety facilities.) 1563 SB
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430 267 1655 (-Initiate an enhanced maintenance program for all nuclear facilities) 1655 SB
393 328 1626 (bringing ongoing maintenance to appropriate industrial standards.) 1626 SB
430 450 575 (-Complete and maintai) 575 SB
1005 450 859 (n all safety related documentation.) 859 SB
430 572 1522 (-The laboratories should see to the training of the work force to) 1522 SB
393 633 1685 (successfully implement and maintain safety and environment systems) 1685 SB
393 694 550 (regarding such facility.) 550 SB
168 816 1931 (If we do not correct this facility situation, the cost of managing and maintaining) 1931 SB
168 877 1955 (facilities  today's way  will soon be so costly that it may substantially consume the) 1955 SB
168 938 1902 (laboratories' budget.  If the full management responsibilities of the facilities are) 1902 SB
168 999 1888 (placed in the hands of the management of operations \(that is, the laboratory) 1888 SB
168 1060 1995 (directors responsible to their public trustees\), we anticipate that  the cost of facility) 1995 SB
168 1121 1057 (maintenance will be significantly improved.) 1057 SB
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168 1304 49 (D.) 49 SB
318 1304 436 (Recommendation) 436 SB
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243 1429 42 (1.) 42 SB
393 1429 1770 (Over a period of one to two years, the Department and Congress should) 1770 SB
93 1490 2020 (develop and implement a new modus operandi of Federal support for the national) 2020 SB
93 1551 1077 (laboratories, based on a private sector style ) 1077 SB
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1170 1551 17 (-) 17 SB
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1187 1551 367 (  corporatized  ) 367 SB
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1585 1551 442 (laboratory system.) 442 SB
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747 267 851 (VIII.Summary of Recommendations) 851 SB
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168 514 1951 (For detailed versions of the following recommendations please refer to the body) 1951 SB
168 575 263 (of the text.) 263 SB
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168 697 51 (A.) 51 SB
318 697 410 (National Security) 410 SB
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168 822 42 (1.) 42 SB
318 822 1838 (The primary mission of the weapons laboratories must be a safe, secure and) 1838 SB
168 883 1870 (reliable nuclear stockpile in the absence of explosive testing.  Science-based) 1870 SB
168 944 1965 (stockpile stewardship is the approach chosen be the Department to achieve this) 1965 SB
168 1005 1260 (mission.  It requires the following rank-order priorities:) 1260 SB
243 1127 17 (-) 17 SB
318 1127 1835 (Attracting and retaining skilled scientists, engineers, and managers over the) 1835 SB
243 1188 1731 (years ahead with the expertise required for the complex and changing) 1731 SB
243 1249 407 (stewardship role;) 407 SB
243 1371 17 (-) 17 SB
318 1371 1827 (Enhancing surveillance of weapons in the stock pile, during dismantlement,) 1827 SB
243 1432 1917 (and of the nuclear materials that accumulate as a result of the dismantlement;) 1917 SB
243 1554 17 (-) 17 SB
318 1554 1389 (Continuing hydrodynamic testing to cope with problems;) 1389 SB
243 1676 17 (-) 17 SB
318 1676 1578 (Assessing problems, reanalyzing previous data through numerical) 1578 SB
243 1737 1401 (simulations, and developing appropriate data bases; and) 1401 SB
243 1859 17 (-) 17 SB
318 1859 1628 (Sustaining the scientific process of inquiry through experimentation.) 1628 SB
168 1981 42 (2.) 42 SB
243 1981 872 (Non-proliferation, counter-proliferati) 872 SB
1115 1981 982 (on, verification, and intelligence support) 982 SB
168 2042 1906 (have become a major mission along with stewardship of the nuclear stockpile.) 1906 SB
168 2103 1774 (The Task Force notes that organizational compartmentalization within the) 1774 SB
168 2164 1903 (Department complicates and makes difficult the appropriate inter-relationship) 1903 SB
168 2225 1949 (and funding balance between support and non-proliferation, and recommends) 1949 SB
168 2286 1555 (that the Department's organization reflect their importance and) 1555 SB
168 2347 448 (interdependence.) 448 SB
168 2469 42 (3.) 42 SB
243 2469 1895 (The Task Force believes Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory should retain) 1895 SB
168 2530 1982 (enough nuclear weapons design competence and technology base to continue) 1982 SB
168 2591 1957 (its activities in non-proliferation, counter-proliferation, verification, an intelligence) 1957 SB
168 2652 1793 (support, to provide independent review for several years while alternative) 1793 SB
168 2713 1819 (approaches to peer review are developed, and to participate in weapons) 1819 SB
168 2774 1931 (relevant experiments on the National Ignition Facility \(NIF\).  Lawrence Livermore) 1931 SB
168 2835 1881 (National Laboratory would transfer as cost-efficiency allows over the next five) 1881 SB
168 2896 1944 (years its activities in nuclear materials development and production to the other) 1944 SB
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168 267 1974 (design laboratory.  Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory would transfer direct) 1974 SB
168 328 1808 (stockpile support to the other weapons laboratories as the requirements of) 1808 SB
168 389 1995 (science-based stockpile stewardship, support of the DoD nuclear posture, and the) 1995 SB
168 450 683 (status of the test bans allow.) 683 SB
168 572 42 (4.) 42 SB
243 572 1753 (The Task Force recommends continued funding support for the Dual-Axis) 1753 SB
168 633 1992 (Radiographic Hydrodynamic Testing \(DARHT\) facility; continued near-term support) 1992 SB
168 694 1862 (for the Los Alamos Neutron  Scattering Experiment/Los Alamos Meson Physics) 1862 SB
168 755 1903 (Facility \(LANSCE/LAMPF\); continued pursuit of advanced computing, including) 1903 SB
168 816 1851 (computing through workstation networks; and proceeding with the National) 1851 SB
168 877 1929 (Ignition Facility \(NIF\) as a research facility, balanced with respect to other major) 1929 SB
168 938 299 (investments.) 299 SB
168 1060 42 (5.) 42 SB
318 1060 1822 (The Task Force recommends that future production needs should be based) 1822 SB
168 1121 1905 (on residual capabilities of Pantex, Los Alamos National Laboratory, and Sandia) 1905 SB
168 1182 1860 (National Laboratories, and believes that no further investments in production) 1860 SB
168 1243 841 (capability are needed at this time.) 841 SB
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168 1426 43 (B.) 43 SB
318 1426 1577 (Energy, Environment, and Related Sciences and Engineering Role) 1577 SB
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93 1551 42 (1.) 42 SB
168 1551 1918 (The Department should organize itself to achieve greater integration among its) 1918 SB
168 1612 1938 (applied energy programs, between these programs and industry, and between) 1938 SB
168 1673 1703 (the applied energy and basic energy research work performed at the) 1703 SB
168 1734 301 (laboratories.) 301 SB
93 1856 42 (2.) 42 SB
168 1856 1759 (The integration of energy and environmental considerations should be a) 1759 SB
168 1917 1776 (fundamental organizing principle for much of the Department's activities.) 1776 SB
93 2039 42 (3.) 42 SB
168 2039 445 (The Department a) 445 SB
613 2039 1517 (nd the national laboratories should move promptly to establish) 1517 SB
168 2100 1839 (clear mission statements for the laboratories which will be utilized as tools for) 1839 SB
168 2161 1249 (budget decisions and long-term strategic planning.) 1249 SB
93 2283 42 (4.) 42 SB
168 2283 1898 (Mechanisms should be established to enhance the management of the multi-) 1898 SB
168 2344 818 (program laboratories as a system.) 818 SB
93 2466 42 (5.) 42 SB
168 2466 1731 (The Department should establish lead laboratories according to mission) 1731 SB
168 2527 1017 (assignments and programmatic strengths.) 1017 SB
93 2649 42 (6.) 42 SB
168 2649 1850 (The Department should establish Centers of Excellence within the laboratory) 1850 SB
168 2710 176 (system.) 176 SB
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168 2893 53 (C.) 53 SB
318 2893 1118 (Cleanup of Radioactive and Chemical Wastes) 1118 SB
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93 328 42 (1.) 42 SB
168 328 2007 (Sustained improvements in DOE management and leadership are needed both at) 2007 SB
168 389 1808 (senior levels in the Department and in positions below the Deputy Assistant) 1808 SB
168 450 373 (Secretary level.) 373 SB
93 572 42 (2.) 42 SB
168 572 1983 (A comprehensive remedy to the array of problems plaguing the EM program can) 1983 SB
168 633 1931 (only be achieved by a substantial commitment and high priority addressing the) 1931 SB
168 694 661 (challenges of this program.) 661 SB
93 816 42 (3.) 42 SB
168 816 2006 (Closing the science/engineering - applications disconnect should be dealt with by) 2006 SB
168 877 1891 (the establishment of an "Environmental Advisory Board \(EAB\)," reporting to the) 1891 SB
168 938 405 (Under Secretary.) 405 SB
93 1060 42 (4.) 42 SB
168 1060 1915 (The national laboratories together have a critical role to play, a role very much) 1915 SB
168 1121 1978 (larger than at present, in performing high-quality science and engineering for the) 1978 SB
168 1182 941 (Environmental Management program.) 941 SB
93 1304 42 (5.) 42 SB
168 1304 1822 (The Department must take positive steps to make the national  laboratories) 1822 SB
168 1365 1984 (available to the entire government system as a powerful environmental technical) 1984 SB
168 1426 224 (resource.) 224 SB
93 1548 42 (6.) 42 SB
168 1548 1065 (DOE must address more forcefully the task o) 1065 SB
1233 1548 774 (f renegotiating the unrealistic or) 774 SB
168 1609 1897 (unfeasible elements of the cleanup compliance agreements that it has made) 1897 SB
168 1670 804 (with State and Federal agencies.) 804 SB
93 1792 42 (7.) 42 SB
168 1792 1912 (Much more comprehensive involvement by members of the affected public in) 1912 SB
168 1853 1988 (decision making should be employed to reduce the bitterness, distrust and distress) 1988 SB
168 1914 1929 (that continues to provide a troublesome element in DOE\222s conduct of its affairs.) 1929 SB
93 2036 42 (8.) 42 SB
168 2036 1967 (The bulk of the EM environmental challenges, although presenting no immediate) 1967 SB
168 2097 1864 (threats to public health or safety, still should be addressed with a heightened) 1864 SB
168 2158 428 (sense of urgency.) 428 SB
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168 2341 49 (D.) 49 SB
318 2341 503 (Science-Engineering) 503 SB
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93 2466 42 (1.) 42 SB
168 2466 1915 (The Department of Energy should move to strengthen its efforts in fundamental) 1915 SB
168 2527 1762 (science and engineering, both at the laboratories and in the universities.) 1762 SB
93 2649 42 (2.) 42 SB
168 2649 1749 (The DOE should pay close attention to ensuring that a proper balance is) 1749 SB
168 2710 1755 (maintained between the universities and the national laboratories in the) 1755 SB
168 2771 1764 (performance of DOE-related basic research, both now and in the future.) 1764 SB
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93 267 42 (3.) 42 SB
168 267 1107 (Support for operating and maintaining large f) 1107 SB
1275 267 724 (acilities in the  DOE\222s Office of) 724 SB
168 328 1754 (Energy Research should be  budgeted separately from funds for specific) 1754 SB
168 389 245 (programs.) 245 SB
93 511 42 (4.) 42 SB
168 511 2003 (The DOE should redouble its efforts to achieve better integration of basic research,) 2003 SB
168 572 2008 (technology development programs, and their applications, particularly in the area) 2008 SB
168 633 741 (of environmental remediation.) 741 SB
93 755 42 (5.) 42 SB
168 755 1998 (Basic research at the laboratories should be more fully integrated into the national) 1998 SB
168 816 947 (and international research community.) 947 SB
93 938 42 (6.) 42 SB
168 938 1411 (There should be additional stimulation of laboratory-univer) 1411 SB
1579 938 590 (sity cooperation in basic) 590 SB
168 999 226 (research.) 226 SB
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168 1182 40 (E.) 40 SB
318 1182 243 (Economic) 243 SB
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93 1307 42 (1.) 42 SB
168 1307 1951 (The government-funded technology transfer/industrial competitiveness activities) 1951 SB
168 1368 1757 (of the national laboratories should be focused on industries and areas of) 1757 SB
168 1429 1836 (technology that contribute directly to the DOE\222s primary missions in national) 1836 SB
168 1490 834 (security, energy and environment.) 834 SB
93 1612 42 (2.) 42 SB
168 1612 1833 (Laboratory directors should have the flexibility to initiate or to  approve new) 1833 SB
168 1673 1597 (technical projects at the periphery of current laboratory activities.) 1597 SB
93 1795 42 (3.) 42 SB
168 1795 742 (Competitive selection and mo) 742 SB
910 1795 1205 (re rigorous technical and merit review by external) 1205 SB
168 1856 1864 (experts should be applied broadly within the Department\222s CRADA activities.) 1864 SB
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168 2039 38 (F.) 38 SB
318 2039 307 (Governance) 307 SB
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93 2164 42 (1.) 42 SB
168 2164 1989 (Over a period of one to two years, the Department and Congress should develop) 1989 SB
168 2225 1801 (and implement a new modus operandi of Federal support for the national) 1801 SB
168 2286 1077 (laboratories, based on a private sector style ) 1077 SB
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1262 2286 367 (  corporatized  ) 367 SB
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1660 2286 442 (laboratory system.) 442 SB
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555 267 1311 (Appendix A: Excessive Oversight And Micromanaging) 1311 SB
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168 514 1967 (The present structuring and operation of the laboratories is governed by the class) 1967 SB
168 575 1694 (of contracting:  Government-Owned, Contractor-Operated \(GOCO\).) 1694 SB
168 697 2007 (Were it possible to have a true government-owned, contractor-perated system it is) 2007 SB
168 758 1909 (conceivable that there could be a continuing activity under such a rubric.  But) 1909 SB
168 819 1885 (wherever we turn we see evidence of nothing but a government owned and) 1885 SB
168 880 881 (more government operated system.) 881 SB
168 1002 1884 (As a function of the detail with which the Congress prescribes what should be) 1884 SB
168 1063 1700 (done in the laboratories and the Congress's obsession with the issue of) 1700 SB
168 1124 1521 (accountability, the Department is driven both to honor the pre) 1521 SB
1689 1124 345 (scriptions from) 345 SB
168 1185 1849 (Congress and to overprescribe in order not to be at risk of failing to be super) 1849 SB
168 1246 907 (attentive to the Congress's intentions.) 907 SB
168 1368 1845 (The net effect is that thousands of people are engaged on the government) 1845 SB
168 1429 1836 (payroll to oversee and prescribe tens of thousands of how-to functions.  The) 1836 SB
168 1490 2001 (laboratories must staff up or reallocate the resources of its people to be responsive) 2001 SB
168 1551 1937 (to such myriads of directives; more and more of the science intended resources) 1937 SB
168 1612 1332 (are having to be redirected to the phenomenon of ac) 1332 SB
1500 1612 443 (countability versus) 443 SB
168 1673 1086 (producing science and technology benefits.) 1086 SB
168 1795 1019 (This report could contain thousands of sup) 1019 SB
1187 1795 683 (portive pages from the thou) 683 SB
1870 1795 200 (sands of) 200 SB
168 1856 1972 (involved people who unanimously complain of this phenomenon.  We will merely) 1972 SB
168 1917 1951 (illustrate with a few examples that could be multiplied were we to fully evidence) 1951 SB
168 1978 786 (this overaccountability practice.) 786 SB
168 2100 1898 (The essence of our governance is to account for all the how-to\222s in contrast to) 1898 SB
168 2161 830 ("what" the laboratories contribute.) 830 SB
168 2283 989 (As a consequence the system is rife with:) 989 SB
468 2405 1653 (-Hundreds of full-time equivalents are attending to issues per labora-) 1653 SB
318 2466 1860 (tory to see to the meeting of DOE requirements that are in excess of Federal,) 1860 SB
318 2527 1401 (state and local regulations and/or are in excess of require) 1401 SB
1719 2527 273 (ments for a) 273 SB
318 2588 816 (comparable, commercial activity) 816 SB
468 2710 1643 (-Hundreds of thousands of pages of budget information documents) 1643 SB
318 2771 1596 (are prepared and circulated throughout the system.  Many of the) 1596 SB
318 2832 1841 (laboratories find themselves submitting their budget documents to well over) 1841 SB
318 2893 506 (one hundred offices.) 506 SB
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318 389 1569 (a few hundred pages in length and are prescriptive to detail pro) 1569 SB
1887 389 155 (cesses) 155 SB
468 511 1608 (-There are some 30 thousand individual requirements embodied in) 1608 SB
318 572 1158 (these orders to certain of the major laboratories) 1158 SB
468 694 1686 (-Once an individual order has been determined as obliged to resolve) 1686 SB
318 755 1653 (a particular situation it is more often then spread  universally through) 1653 SB
1971 755 175 (out the) 175 SB
318 816 1855 (system without any differentiation as to the uniqueness of the initial concern.) 1855 SB
318 877 1725 (For example an employee of a contractor only indirectly related to the) 1725 SB
318 938 1835 (principal work of a laboratory was involved in an automobile accident.  This) 1835 SB
318 999 1716 (generated a prescription that all employees who drive their vehicle on) 1716 SB
318 1060 1750 (laboratory affairs were obliged to take defensive driving lessons with the) 1750 SB
318 1121 606 (consumption of an inordi) 606 SB
924 1121 1106 (nate number of hours and excessive dollars in) 1106 SB
318 1182 648 (unnecessary training costs.) 648 SB
468 1304 1662 (-Auditors and inspectors often by the dozens descend often daily on) 1662 SB
318 1365 1631 (many of the laboratories.  The laboratories have to staff up to be re) 1631 SB
1949 1365 207 (sponsive) 207 SB
318 1426 1444 (to the engagement and then are obliged to spend a signifi) 1444 SB
1762 1426 383 (cant amount of) 383 SB
318 1487 1690 (time putting in place whatever are the prescriptions of these auditors.) 1690 SB
318 1548 1772 (Virtually every audit that was accounted to the Task Force added a cost,) 1772 SB
318 1609 483 (versus saved a cost.) 483 SB
468 1731 1601 (-Almost everyone must follow new rules and orders not necessarily) 1601 SB
318 1792 1657 (relevant to their situation, if perchance a few have erred elsewhere.) 1657 SB
468 1914 1656 (-DOE Headquarters has insisted that copies of DOE terms and condi-) 1656 SB
318 1975 1622 (tions be attached to all file copies of literally thousands of small pur) 1622 SB
1940 1975 149 (chase) 149 SB
318 2036 1723 (orders in order to document that these terms and conditions had been) 1723 SB
318 2097 559 (transmitted to vendors.) 559 SB
468 2219 1677 (-Procurement management directives have obliged the hiring of ad-) 1677 SB
318 2280 1571 (ditional support staff, vastly increasing written procedures and hir) 1571 SB
1889 2280 138 (ing of) 138 SB
318 2341 621 (procurement consultants.) 621 SB
468 2463 1660 (-Construction projects and operational and equipment activities are) 1660 SB
318 2524 1790 (to be managed to various different tracks of regulations complicating the) 1790 SB
318 2585 1822 (common sense approach to resolving the particulars of such functions way) 1822 SB
318 2646 1115 (beyond what other institutions in society bear.) 1115 SB
468 2768 1620 (-The capital asset management process and condition assessment) 1620 SB
318 2829 64 (sur) 64 SB
382 2829 1679 (vey is a hornet's nest of complex documentation without cost benefit) 1679 SB
318 2890 374 (consequences.) 374 SB
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318 511 1752 (producing a knowledge value for the money appropriated.  Process is a) 1752 SB
318 572 516 (surrogate of product.) 516 SB
468 694 1527 (-Department of Energy people report that many Congressmen) 1527 SB
318 755 1853 (believe that the Department of Energy should treat the oversight of employ-) 1853 SB
318 816 1617 (ees of the private contractors just as if they were employees of the) 1617 SB
318 877 316 (government.) 316 SB
468 999 1698 (-More controls are in the offing regarding overtime, pension costs and) 1698 SB
318 1060 809 (decisions regarding make or buy.) 809 SB
468 1182 1703 (-From time to time the Congress or the Department allocates funds for) 1703 SB
318 1243 1811 (a general research program and then put fences around what the money) 1811 SB
318 1304 418 (can be spent for.) 418 SB
468 1426 1667 (-Congress and the Department often specify what it wants done but) 1667 SB
318 1487 1511 (does not allocate the money for that new additional function.) 1511 SB
468 1609 1616 (-Funds are segmented to what are colloquially called "stove pipes") 1616 SB
318 1670 1854 (whereas the aggregation of funds would be far more effective and efficient) 1854 SB
318 1731 1843 (allowing the people who know what the technology is all about to work out) 1843 SB
318 1792 372 (the allocations.) 372 SB
468 1914 1686 (-Consortia are a recommended institutional way of the private sector) 1686 SB
318 1975 1726 (interfacing with the laboratories.  AMTEX \(American TEXtiles\) is one such) 1726 SB
318 2036 1724 (consortia.  It took scores and scores of CRADAs to be written in order to) 1724 SB
318 2097 1760 (have a relationship with the one consortia.  Certain consortia that would) 1760 SB
318 2158 1834 (want its work done most effectively in the laboratory system cannot get the) 1834 SB
318 2219 997 (work done in the appropriate laboratory.) 997 SB
468 2341 1244 (-The system is input oriented versus output oriented.) 1244 SB
468 2463 1698 (-Each laboratory acknowledges that it has more people than it needs) 1698 SB
318 2524 1844 (because of the Federal prescriptions and the inability to add the flexibility of) 1844 SB
318 2585 1351 (assigning people in the manner that would be most pro) 1351 SB
1669 2585 198 (ductive.) 198 SB
468 2707 1653 (-Environmental, safety and health objectives are worthy and all rea-) 1653 SB
318 2768 1717 (sonable ones should be accomplished.  The degree to which the Gov-) 1717 SB
318 2829 1791 (ernment is specifying how these are to be handled is beginning to absorb) 1791 SB
318 2890 1312 (virtually as much funds as funds remaining for science.) 1312 SB
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318 389 1560 (ment obliged that the outsourcing of the 22 cafeteria workers re) 1560 SB
1878 389 251 (quired the) 251 SB
318 450 1809 (laboratory to write a complete workforce restructuring plan,  in spite of the) 1809 SB
318 511 1052 (fact that the authorizing act for such was in) 1052 SB
1370 511 485 (tended to deal with) 485 SB
318 572 1796 (fundamental structuring or changes in missions versus a minor change in a) 1796 SB
318 633 1858 (department.  Incidentally, all of the 22 people would have been candidates) 1858 SB
318 694 639 (to work for the outside sup) 639 SB
957 694 1129 (plier if that were to their and the supplier's best) 1129 SB
318 755 189 (interest.) 189 SB
468 877 1617 (-Everyone wants in on the act--headquarters, the DOE area office,) 1617 SB
318 938 1695 (the DOE field office, program offices of the DOE, the Defense Nuclear) 1695 SB
318 999 1019 (Facilities Safety Board \(DNFSB\), the Depart) 1019 SB
1337 999 344 (ment of Labor) 344 SB
1681 999 443 ('s office of Federal) 443 SB
318 1060 1831 (Contract Compliance, the EPA, the General Accounting Office \(GAO\) and) 1831 SB
318 1121 1423 (the state where the lab is located.  Each has oversight enti) 1423 SB
1741 1121 392 (ties.  Each thinks) 392 SB
318 1182 1801 (that their audit is the most important.  Most audit without any coordination) 1801 SB
318 1243 1838 (with others.  Some audits take as long as six months.  The number of auditors) 1838 SB
318 1304 1714 (in an audit team vary greatly but has been as high as 150 people.  The) 1714 SB
318 1365 1851 (major financial impact of this is not the cost of the auditor's time but the cost) 1851 SB
318 1426 1805 (and lost productivity of those interfacing with the auditors.  This leads to an) 1805 SB
318 1487 307 (enormous es) 307 SB
625 1487 1447 (calation of cost.  Possibly the greatest negative effect is the) 1447 SB
318 1548 828 (affect on the motivation of the sci) 828 SB
1146 1548 920 (entists and engineers, all of whom are) 920 SB
318 1609 1795 (loyal to their science and loyal citizens wanting to be able peers with their) 1795 SB
318 1670 1651 (respected associates in the laboratory.  But we heard from any num) 1651 SB
1969 1670 145 (ber of) 145 SB
318 1731 1800 (people the message that can be simply summarized that "more and more) 1800 SB
318 1792 1764 (of us are more concerned  about our job than doing the job."  Too much) 1764 SB
318 1853 1376 (time is distracted to the unpleasant and unproductive as) 1376 SB
1694 1853 398 (pects of the job.) 398 SB
318 1914 1662 (An increasing number, though still a minority, lean to questioning the) 1662 SB
318 1975 1180 (conditions of the job.  Good people are leaving.) 1180 SB
468 2097 1659 (-The Department of Energy acknowledges that waste management) 1659 SB
318 2158 1659 (and environmental remediation programs are the most rapidly grow) 1659 SB
1977 2158 75 (ing) 75 SB
318 2219 1611 (Department of Energy demand on funds.  To the extent that these) 1611 SB
318 2280 1808 (obligations which derive from defense functions of decades ago could be) 1808 SB
318 2341 1527 (more clearly segmented, the other major future interests includ) 1527 SB
1845 2341 89 (ing ) 89 SB
1934 2341 106 (new) 106 SB
318 2402 1328 (science for environmental subjects, could stand alone.) 1328 SB
468 2524 1615 (-Starts and stops of assignments have caused an inordinate unpro-) 1615 SB
318 2585 1738 (ductive waste of funds.  For example, the mesas around Los Alamos are) 1738 SB
318 2646 1854 (strewn with the skeletons of facilities that were started with much enthusiasm) 1854 SB
318 2707 1809 (on the part of the laboratory, the Department of Energy and Congress but) 1809 SB
318 2768 568 (were prematurely termi) 568 SB
886 2768 453 (nated before com) 453 SB
1339 2768 676 (pletion because the annual) 676 SB
318 2829 443 (funding appropria) 443 SB
761 2829 502 (tion could not be sus) 502 SB
1263 2829 832 (tained.  Often these projects were) 832 SB
318 2890 1781 (more than 75 percent complete at the point of cancellation.  The annual) 1781 SB
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318 328 593 (some fashion be accom) 593 SB
911 328 929 (plishable, providing the confidence of) 929 SB
318 389 331 (predictability.) 331 SB
468 511 1638 (-The very process of annually having to resell a program is an act of) 1638 SB
318 572 295 (inefficiency.) 295 SB
468 694 1624 (-The total laboratory program \(10 laboratories, $6 billion budget, 17) 1624 SB
318 755 1810 (thousand active R&D personnel, etc.\) is  modest in size compared to many) 1810 SB
318 816 1819 (of the large corporations.  Any corporation that you would compare this to) 1819 SB
318 877 1230 (would have but a small fraction of audit costs com) 1230 SB
1548 877 616 (pared to what is involved) 616 SB
318 938 1734 (in the oversight of the DOE laboratories.  The laboratories are run by the) 1734 SB
318 999 1775 (same high quality class of honorable people \(though they, like corporate) 1775 SB
318 1060 795 (people, make an occasional mis) 795 SB
1113 1060 1021 (take or misallocation\) and do not need to) 1021 SB
318 1121 1750 (be overseen in the fashion that is prescribed.  Those in the private sector) 1750 SB
318 1182 441 (rarely audit and in) 441 SB
759 1182 1373 (spect their suppliers' business processes, and for the most) 1373 SB
318 1243 1792 (part no corporation allows any of its customers to audit and inspect its ac-) 1792 SB
318 1304 1597 (tivities.  The private sector does respect the laws that apply specifi) 1597 SB
1915 1304 177 (cally to) 177 SB
318 1365 1591 (financial accounts, safety factors, etc., and the government labo) 1591 SB
1909 1365 176 (ratories) 176 SB
318 1426 1158 (should be limited to the same class of oversight.) 1158 SB
468 1548 1670 (-Recently the Department has been engaged in a sincere interest to) 1670 SB
318 1609 1633 (improve the contracting process aimed at having the contracts be) 1633 SB
318 1670 1586 (performance-based.  Yet in the first major paragraph of the news) 1586 SB
318 1731 1767 (announcement concerning performance-based management contract) 1767 SB
2085 1731 89 (ing,) 89 SB
318 1792 1681 (it says "the reforms would increase competition for DOE business, hold) 1681 SB
318 1853 1579 (contractors more accountable for fines and penalties, reduce ex) 1579 SB
1897 1853 174 (cessive) 174 SB
318 1914 1832 (outside attorney fees, require a specific performance criteria and measures) 1832 SB
318 1975 404 (on all contracts, ) 404 SB
722 1975 816 (impose stricter cost controls on ex) 816 SB
1538 1975 362 (penses such as) 362 SB
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318 2036 1271 (administrative support, maintenance, pensions, over) 1271 SB
1589 2036 442 (time and property) 442 SB
1712 2 318 2090 B
1 F
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318 2097 341 (management) 341 SB
659 2097 1338 (."  The document that explains the performance-based) 1338 SB
340 2 318 2151 B
1 F
n
318 2158 1064 (contract is scores and scores of pages long.) 1064 SB
468 2280 1555 (-Page 46 of the contract explanation document indicates that t) 1555 SB
2023 2280 64 (he) 64 SB
318 2341 70 (De) 70 SB
388 2341 1745 (partment's current information system does not provide the kind of data) 1745 SB
318 2402 276 (needed to ) 276 SB
594 2402 505 (manage contractors) 505 SB
1099 2402 874 ( effectively.  The words convey:  the) 874 SB
504 2 594 2456 B
1 F
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318 2463 760 (Department wants to manage.) 760 SB
468 2585 1462 (-The document pleads the case that all the various contract) 1462 SB
318 2646 1763 (administrators, inspector generals, audit agencies, etc. are under staffed) 1763 SB
318 2707 591 (and need more people.) 591 SB
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468 267 1664 (-There has been an avalanche of DOE orders including 4,800 project) 1664 SB
318 328 1761 (orders and 8,400 Environment, Safety and Health \(ES&H\) orders with from) 1761 SB
318 389 1034 (200-400 oversight reviews per lab per year.) 1034 SB
468 511 1634 (-There are at least 12 principal layers of management between the) 1634 SB
318 572 1765 (assistant secretary for defense programs down through the layers of DOE) 1765 SB
318 633 1844 (and the laboratory program management to the bench scientist working of) 1844 SB
318 694 1652 (a project financed through defense programs.  There are additional) 1652 SB
318 755 1782 (oversight and administrative chain of commands through the field offices) 1782 SB
318 816 1116 (which probably add two or three more layers.) 1116 SB
468 938 1590 (-One array of difficulties with which DOE has not yet been able to) 1590 SB
318 999 1746 (deal properly is ironically self-inflicted.  Far too much influence has been) 1746 SB
318 1060 1724 (ceded to non-regulatory advisory boards, such as the Defense Nuclear) 1724 SB
318 1121 1466 (Facilities Safety Board \(DNFSB\).  Such organizations generate) 1466 SB
318 1182 1706 (recommendations with no apparent cost / benefit analysis, resulting in) 1706 SB
318 1243 1464 (significant unnecessary expenditures and productivity losses.) 1464 SB
468 1365 1558 (-There is neither a mechanism within DOE to evaluate and stand) 1558 SB
318 1426 1607 (against poorly-taken DNFSB edicts nor to ensure Department-wide) 1607 SB
318 1487 1715 (compliance with those edicts judged appropriate.  The Board has itself) 1715 SB
318 1548 526 (noted this last defect.) 526 SB
468 1670 1573 (-At Pacific Northwest Laboratory, for example, overhead costs of) 1573 SB
318 1731 1739 (Environmental Safety and Health \(ES&H\) increased 40% over a four year) 1739 SB
318 1792 1632 (period with no demonstrable improvement.  A study of 13 DOE labs) 1632 SB
318 1853 1838 (indicated that ES&H funding increased 100% and manpower increased 50%) 1838 SB
318 1914 1283 (between 1985 and 1990.  Safety performance was in) 1283 SB
1601 1914 543 (dependent of funding) 543 SB
318 1975 1105 (and negative indicators \(lost work days, radia) 1105 SB
1423 1975 719 (tion exposure, etc.\) remained) 719 SB
318 2036 545 (constant or increased.) 545 SB
468 2158 999 (-In many areas the regulations parallel rul) 999 SB
1467 2158 569 (es already enforced by) 569 SB
318 2219 1562 (agencies outside of DOE under federal and state legislation.  Fre) 1562 SB
1880 2219 182 (quently) 182 SB
318 2280 1413 (they prove unnecessarily stringent.  As an example:  Radio) 1413 SB
1731 2280 411 (logical control of) 411 SB
318 2341 1688 (radiation sources at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory requires) 1688 SB
318 2402 1741 (sources 100 times smaller than a Coleman lantern mantle and 300 times) 1741 SB
318 2463 1801 (smaller than a smoke detector to be treated under the same standards as) 1801 SB
318 2524 350 (larger sources.) 350 SB
468 2646 1696 (-EG&G, the management and operations \(M&O\) contractor at Rocky) 1696 SB
318 2707 1626 (Flats, recently spent about $500,000 to write a record of decision to) 1626 SB
318 2768 1685 (document that no further action was required to close out one of the) 1685 SB
318 2829 1731 (Individual Hazardous Substance Sites \(Operable Unit #16\), mostly free of) 1731 SB
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318 267 1718 (mixed waste contamination, where no further pumping or digging was) 1718 SB
318 328 212 (needed.) 212 SB
168 389 14 ( ) 14 SB
468 450 1480 (-This was the result of an environmental gridlock involving the) 1480 SB
318 511 1819 (Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compenstation, and Liability Act) 1819 SB
318 572 1777 (\(CERCLA\), the Environmental Protection Agency \(EPA\) and the Colorado) 1777 SB
318 633 1224 (Dept. of Health, which DOE was unable to resolve.) 1224 SB
468 755 154 (-Requi) 154 SB
622 755 1549 (rements for maintaining the "safety envelope" at the Rocky Flats) 1549 SB
318 816 1740 (site, which among other matters involves 245,000 surveillances annually,) 1740 SB
318 877 1358 (preparing inspection reports and maintenance improve) 1358 SB
1676 877 471 (ment records, costs) 471 SB
318 938 1100 (the plant $100 million per year, a level that se) 1100 SB
1418 938 684 (nior management considers) 684 SB
318 999 921 ("very unreasonable."  Many staff mem) 921 SB
1239 999 921 (bers echo the desire for a clarification) 921 SB
318 1060 1850 (of goals for the site.  Moreover while the delays mount, the experience base) 1850 SB
318 1121 1449 (continues to degrade as seasoned employees retire or quit.) 1449 SB
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692 267 962 (Appendix B: If GOCO System Is Obliged) 962 SB
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168 453 1942 (If the authorities oblige that the GOCO system is retained, the Congress and the) 1942 SB
168 514 1984 (Department must improve operational efficiencies and motivational conditions of) 1984 SB
168 575 1949 (the federal system by correcting the policies and practices listed below.  If these) 1949 SB
168 636 1813 (are not completely revised the Congress/Department/Laboratory system is) 1813 SB
168 697 1651 (destined to bear excessive unaffordable, micromanaging costs and) 1651 SB
168 758 1828 (demotivational consequences.  It will follow that plan to deactivate and/or) 1828 SB
168 819 1918 (dispose of the laboratories at some liquidation value will be inevitable because) 1918 SB
168 880 566 (the public will not coun) 566 SB
734 880 1252 (tenance the high cost/low value output that will be) 1252 SB
168 941 225 (destined.) 225 SB
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93 1124 1202 (Base DOE Oversight on Laboratories' Performance) 1202 SB
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468 1249 1674 (-Replace compliance-based directives with simple, well-defined per-) 1674 SB
318 1310 499 (formance measures.) 499 SB
468 1371 1549 (-Eliminate DOE approval of labs' internal procedure documents.) 1549 SB
468 1432 1626 (-Eliminate DOE approval of individual transactions \(e.g., in procure-) 1626 SB
318 1493 641 (ment and compensation\).) 641 SB
468 1554 1008 (-Base audits and appraisals on serious risk.) 1008 SB
468 1615 494 (-Eliminate duplicatio) 494 SB
962 1615 858 (n of audits, appraisals, and reviews.) 858 SB
468 1676 1046 (-Reward success with decreased oversight.) 1046 SB
168 1798 1499 (Operate labs according to industry-wide regulatory standards) 1499 SB
468 1920 727 (-Eliminate DOE self-regulation.) 727 SB
468 1981 1571 (-Shift regulatory oversight and inspection functions to responsible) 1571 SB
318 2042 394 (federal agency.) 394 SB
468 2103 1427 (-Eliminate these functions in DOE and reallocate resources.) 1427 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 51 /AvantGarde-Demi /font3 ANSIFont font
93 2286 1003 (Consolidate roles of DOE oversight offices) 1003 SB
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468 2411 1568 (-Consolidate fragmented headquarters safety roles and responsi) 1568 SB
2036 2411 81 (bili-) 81 SB
318 2472 93 (ties.) 93 SB
468 2533 1521 (-Reduce vertical layering of responsibilities for general lab over) 1521 SB
1989 2533 125 (sight.) 125 SB
243 2594 17 (-) 17 SB
318 2594 1789 (Delegate oversight to one contracting office per lab, with a well-defined,) 1789 SB
393 2655 631 (limited scope of authority.) 631 SB
393 2716 1123 (-Consolidate or eliminate field offices, at least.) 1123 SB
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18 267 1422 (Apply rational, consistent business management principles) 1422 SB
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393 392 1645 (-Institute a multiyear budget process, for both authorization and ap-) 1645 SB
318 453 280 (propriation.) 280 SB
393 514 1628 (-Standardize DOE's budgeting and financial reporting requirements) 1628 SB
318 575 565 (across program offices:) 565 SB
243 636 17 (-) 17 SB
318 636 1819 (Offices have different criteria for schedule, format, type of budget data, or) 1819 SB
393 697 539 (type of cost reporting.) 539 SB
243 758 17 (-) 17 SB
318 758 41 (C) 41 SB
359 758 1466 (ross-cut budgeting should be examined for appropriateness.) 1466 SB
393 819 1418 (-Empower labs to establish long-term supplier relationships.) 1418 SB
393 880 1690 (-Empower labs to locally determine "color of money", except for Con-) 1690 SB
318 941 515 (gressional mandates.) 515 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 51 /AvantGarde-Demi /font3 ANSIFont font
18 1124 1205 (Manage lab infrastructure in a responsible fashion) 1205 SB
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393 1249 1637 (-Re-establish a strong, well-defined landlord function, with one land) 1637 SB
2030 1249 92 (lord) 92 SB
318 1310 188 (per lab.) 188 SB
393 1371 1661 (-Consolidate funding sources for infrastructure maintenance and im-) 1661 SB
318 1432 1000 (provement with each lab's DOE landlord.) 1000 SB
393 1493 1165 (-Initiate a multiyear "get well" program for labs'  i) 1165 SB
1558 1493 337 (nfrastructures.) 337 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 51 /AvantGarde-Demi /font3 ANSIFont font
18 1676 754 (Challenge labs to reduce costs) 754 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 49 /AvantGarde-Book /font1 ANSIFont font
393 1801 1620 (-Allow the quality management programs to become fully applied) 1620 SB
318 1862 697 (without outside interference.) 697 SB
393 1923 904 (-Strengthen overhead-control efforts.) 904 SB
393 1984 1551 (-Outsource work based on good business practice for each site.) 1551 SB
393 2045 1744 (-Re-engineer administrative processes to fully exploit benefits of modern) 1744 SB
318 2106 486 (information systems.) 486 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 51 /AvantGarde-Demi /font3 ANSIFont font
18 2289 135 (Other) 135 SB
32 0 0 50 50 0 0 0 49 /AvantGarde-Book /font1 ANSIFont font
393 2414 721 (-Simplify CRADAs much more.) 721 SB
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783 267 780 (Appendix C: Terms of Reference) 780 SB
942 453 461 (Terms of Reference) 461 SB
575 517 1196 (Secretary of Energy Advisory Board Task Force on) 1196 SB
331 581 1684 (Alternative Futures for the Department of Energy National Laboratories) 1684 SB
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1057 706 232 (Overview) 232 SB
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168 828 2003 (The 1990s are a period of substantial change for the Department of Energy's \(DOE\)) 2003 SB
168 889 1871 (nine multi-program National Laboratories, particularly the Department's three) 1871 SB
168 950 1886 (nuclear weapons laboratories.  Sweeping geopolitical changes, limitations on) 1886 SB
168 1011 1972 (nuclear weapons testing, increased attention to economic competitiveness, and) 1972 SB
168 1072 1941 (the continuing demands of energy development and environmental quality--all) 1941 SB
168 1133 1842 (within the context of tight federal budgets--are but a few of the factors that) 1842 SB
168 1194 1905 (confront the DOE laboratories with challenges and opportunities for the future.) 1905 SB
168 1316 1945 (The purpose for establishing the Advisory Board Task Force on Alternative Futures) 1945 SB
168 1377 1928 (for the DOE Laboratories is to carefully examine options for change within these) 1928 SB
168 1438 1914 (laboratories and to propose specific alternatives for directing the scientific and) 1914 SB
168 1499 1950 (engineering resources of these institutions toward the economic, environmental,) 1950 SB
168 1560 2009 (defense, scientific, and energy needs of the nation.  The Task Force should focus its) 2009 SB
168 1621 1923 (initial efforts on developing a comprehensive and current understanding of the) 1923 SB
168 1682 1682 (facilities, resources, core competencies, activities, and missions of the) 1682 SB
168 1743 1926 (Department's multi-program national  laboratories, both as individual institutions) 1926 SB
168 1804 1965 (and as a system.     The Task Force should also develop an early understanding of) 1965 SB
168 1865 2002 (the national defense requirements that necessarily will play a major role in shaping) 2002 SB
168 1926 1834 (the configuration of the defense laboratories for years to come, and should) 1834 SB
168 1987 1901 (closely examine the unprecedented recent growth in collaborations between) 1901 SB
168 2048 978 (DOE laboratories and the private sector.) 978 SB
168 2170 1931 (Once a fundamental understanding of these matters has been established, the) 1931 SB
168 2231 1797 (Task Force should broadly explore critical issues facing DOE's multiprogram) 1797 SB
168 2292 1846 (laboratories \(and single-program laboratories, as deemed appropriate\) and) 1846 SB
168 2353 1958 (should examine alternative scenarios for future utilization of these laboratories for) 1958 SB
168 2414 2000 (meeting national missions.  Among the alternative scenarios, the Task Force should) 2000 SB
168 2475 1990 (specifically address options involving the possible redirection, restructuring, and/or) 1990 SB
168 2536 1947 (closure of elements of the DOE laboratory system.  The Task Force should identify) 1947 SB
168 2597 1854 (the costs and benefits to the nation of various alternative futures for the DOE) 1854 SB
168 2658 1993 (multiprogram laboratories, and within one year \(January 1995\) should report these) 1993 SB
168 2719 1653 (assessments along with recommendations, as deemed appropriate.) 1653 SB
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318 267 259 (Objectives) 259 SB
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168 450 42 (1.) 42 SB
318 450 1835 (The Task Force should develop a clear understanding of the roles played by) 1835 SB
168 511 1991 (the DOE multi-program laboratories in the research and technology development) 1991 SB
168 572 2003 (process.  Specifically, the Task Force should examine the roles of the laboratories in) 2003 SB
168 633 1960 (meeting public missions, in serving as an R&D provider to other agencies and the) 1960 SB
168 694 1959 (private sector, and in working with academia to advance fundamental science.) 1959 SB
168 755 1872 (This examination should include an assessment of the contribution of the DOE) 1872 SB
168 816 1939 (laboratory system to the overall national investment in science and technology,) 1939 SB
168 877 1896 (and a comparison of the activities of the DOE laboratories to the R&D focus of) 1896 SB
168 938 1555 (other government agencies, academia, and the private sector.) 1555 SB
168 1060 42 (2.) 42 SB
318 1060 1696 (The Task Force should become well versed with the nuclear weapons-) 1696 SB
168 1121 1893 (related research, development, testing, and evaluation \(RDT&E\) needs for the) 1893 SB
168 1182 1836 (nation over the coming decade, and the options for satisfying these needs.) 1836 SB
168 1243 1933 (Specifically, the Task Force should closely examine the strategic planning efforts) 1933 SB
168 1304 1981 (currently underway within DOE Defense Programs, particularly those efforts aimed) 1981 SB
168 1365 1933 (at shifting the nuclear weapons safeguards program from underground nuclear) 1933 SB
168 1426 1143 (testing to science-based stockpile stewardship.) 1143 SB
168 1548 42 (3.) 42 SB
318 1548 1644 (The Task Force should  examine the current configuration of nuclear) 1644 SB
168 1609 1857 (weapons RDT&E activities among Los Alamos National Laboratory, Livermore) 1857 SB
168 1670 1895 (National Laboratory, and Sandia National Laboratories.  This should include an) 1895 SB
168 1731 1828 (assessment of the strategy behind the current configuration, which involves) 1828 SB
168 1792 1977 (purposeful redundancy to promote competition and peer review.  Alternatives to) 1977 SB
168 1853 1139 (the existing configuration should be examined.) 1139 SB
168 1975 42 (4.) 42 SB
318 1975 691 (The Task Force should assess ) 691 SB
1009 1975 933 (the role of the National Laboratories in) 933 SB
168 2036 1955 (supporting economic competitiveness and contributing to the U.S. industrial R&D) 1955 SB
168 2097 1701 (base.  This should include an examination of the opportunities and the) 1701 SB
168 2158 1875 (mechanisms for the National Laboratories--as a system--to contribute to large) 1875 SB
168 2219 863 (partnerships with the private sector.) 863 SB
168 2341 42 (5.) 42 SB
318 2341 1842 (With a current assessment of the roles and missions of the DOE multiprogram) 1842 SB
168 2402 1953 (laboratories in mind, the Task Force should examine several options for the future) 1953 SB
168 2463 1933 (of these institutions in terms of budgets, management, and mission assignments,) 1933 SB
168 2524 1980 (including an analysis of possible costs and benefits of each alternative.  As part of) 1980 SB
168 2585 1931 (the examination of costs and benefits, the Task Force should assess the ability of) 1931 SB
168 2646 1994 (R&D institutions such as the DOE laboratories to adapt to varying levels of change.) 1994 SB
168 2707 1996 (This analysis should assist the Task Force in recommending implementation options.) 1996 SB
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283 453 113 (Task ) 130 SB
413 453 151 (Force ) 168 SB
581 453 242 (members ) 259 SB
840 453 163 (would ) 180 SB
1020 453 92 (like ) 109 SB
1129 453 64 (to ) 81 SB
1210 453 355 (acknowledge ) 372 SB
1582 453 95 (the ) 112 SB
1694 453 196 (support ) 213 SB
1907 453 63 (of ) 80 SB
1987 453 48 (a ) 65 SB
2052 453 126 (large) 126 SB
168 514 204 (number ) 210 SB
378 514 63 (of ) 69 SB
447 514 191 (people ) 197 SB
644 514 55 (in ) 61 SB
705 514 95 (the ) 101 SB
806 514 315 (laboratories, ) 321 SB
1127 514 95 (the ) 101 SB
1228 514 312 (Department ) 318 SB
1546 514 63 (of ) 69 SB
1615 514 195 (Energy, ) 202 SB
1817 514 95 (the ) 102 SB
1919 514 259 (contractor) 259 SB
168 575 350 (organizations, ) 359 SB
527 575 113 (and ) 122 SB
649 575 95 (the ) 104 SB
753 575 229 (affected ) 238 SB
991 575 337 (communities, ) 346 SB
1337 575 78 (for ) 88 SB
1425 575 120 (their ) 130 SB
1555 575 199 (insights, ) 209 SB
1764 575 305 (information, ) 315 SB
2079 575 99 (and) 99 SB
168 636 229 (opinions. ) 237 SB
405 636 14 ( ) 22 SB
427 636 56 (In ) 64 SB
491 636 259 (particular, ) 267 SB
758 636 89 (we ) 97 SB
855 636 163 (would ) 171 SB
1026 636 92 (like ) 101 SB
1127 636 64 (to ) 73 SB
1200 636 152 (thank ) 161 SB
1361 636 137 (Sean ) 146 SB
1507 636 285 (McDonald, ) 294 SB
1801 636 137 (Sean ) 146 SB
1947 636 231 (Headrick,) 231 SB
168 697 133 (John ) 134 SB
302 697 186 (Clarke, ) 187 SB
489 697 115 (Tom ) 116 SB
605 697 157 (Jervis, ) 158 SB
763 697 113 (and ) 114 SB
877 697 153 (Susan ) 155 SB
1032 697 188 (Barisas, ) 190 SB
1222 697 202 (Frances ) 204 SB
1426 697 266 (Musgrove, ) 268 SB
1694 697 113 (and ) 115 SB
1809 697 171 (Mable ) 173 SB
1982 697 196 (Dawson) 196 SB
168 758 782 (for their significant contributions.) 782 SB
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