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# 26.2. `pdb` — The Python Debugger

The module `pdb` defines an interactive source code debugger for Python programs. It supports setting (conditional) breakpoints and single stepping at the source line level, inspection of stack frames, source code listing, and evaluation of arbitrary Python code in the context of any stack frame. It also supports post-mortem debugging and can be called under program control.

The debugger is extensible – it is actually defined as the class `Pdb`. This is currently undocumented but easily understood by reading the source. The extension interface uses the modules `bdb` and `cmd`.

The debugger’s prompt is `(Pdb)`. Typical usage to run a program under control of the debugger is:

    >>> import pdb
    >>> import mymodule
    >>> pdb.run('mymodule.test()')
    > <string>(0)?()
    (Pdb) continue
    > <string>(1)?()
    (Pdb) continue
    NameError: 'spam'
    > <string>(1)?()
    (Pdb)

`pdb.py` can also be invoked as a script to debug other scripts. For example:

    python3 -m pdb myscript.py

When invoked as a script, pdb will automatically enter post-mortem debugging if the program being debugged exits abnormally. After post-mortem debugging (or after normal exit of the program), pdb will restart the program. Automatic restarting preserves pdb’s state (such as breakpoints) and in most cases is more useful than quitting the debugger upon program’s exit.

New in version 3.2: `pdb.py` now accepts a `-c` option that executes commands as if given in a `.pdbrc` file, see Debugger Commands.

The typical usage to break into the debugger from a running program is to insert

    import pdb; pdb.set_trace()

at the location you want to break into the debugger. You can then step through the code following this statement, and continue running without the debugger using the `continue` command.

The typical usage to inspect a crashed program is:

    >>> import pdb
    >>> import mymodule
    >>> mymodule.test()
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
      File "./mymodule.py", line 4, in test
        test2()
      File "./mymodule.py", line 3, in test2
        print(spam)
    NameError: spam
    >>> pdb.pm()
    > ./mymodule.py(3)test2()
    -> print(spam)
    (Pdb)

The module defines the following functions; each enters the debugger in a slightly different way:

`pdb.``run`(statement, globals=None, locals=None)

  Execute the statement (given as a string or a code object) under debugger control. The debugger prompt appears before any code is executed; you can set breakpoints and type `continue`, or you can step through the statement using `step` or `next` (all these commands are explained below). The optional globals and locals arguments specify the environment in which the code is executed; by default the dictionary of the module `__main__` is used. (See the explanation of the built-in `exec()` or `eval()` functions.)

`pdb.``runeval`(expression, globals=None, locals=None)

  Evaluate the expression (given as a string or a code object) under debugger control. When `runeval()` returns, it returns the value of the expression. Otherwise this function is similar to `run()`.

`pdb.``runcall`(function, *args, **kwds)

  Call the function (a function or method object, not a string) with the given arguments. When `runcall()` returns, it returns whatever the function call returned. The debugger prompt appears as soon as the function is entered.

`pdb.``set_trace`()

  Enter the debugger at the calling stack frame. This is useful to hard-code a breakpoint at a given point in a program, even if the code is not otherwise being debugged (e.g. when an assertion fails).

`pdb.``post_mortem`(traceback=None)

  Enter post-mortem debugging of the given traceback object. If no traceback is given, it uses the one of the exception that is currently being handled (an exception must be being handled if the default is to be used).

`pdb.``pm`()

  Enter post-mortem debugging of the traceback found in `sys.last_traceback`.

The `run*` functions and `set_trace()` are aliases for instantiating the `Pdb` class and calling the method of the same name. If you want to access further features, you have to do this yourself:

class `pdb.``Pdb`(completekey='tab', stdin=None, stdout=None, skip=None, nosigint=False)

  `Pdb` is the debugger class.

  The completekey, stdin and stdout arguments are passed to the underlying `cmd.Cmd` class; see the description there.

  The skip argument, if given, must be an iterable of glob-style module name patterns. The debugger will not step into frames that originate in a module that matches one of these patterns. [1]

  By default, Pdb sets a handler for the SIGINT signal (which is sent when the user presses Ctrl-C on the console) when you give a `continue` command. This allows you to break into the debugger again by pressing Ctrl-C. If you want Pdb not to touch the SIGINT handler, set nosigint tot true.

  Example call to enable tracing with skip:

      import pdb; pdb.Pdb(skip=['django.*']).set_trace()

  New in version 3.1: The skip argument.

  New in version 3.2: The nosigint argument. Previously, a SIGINT handler was never set by Pdb.

  `run`(statement, globals=None, locals=None)
  `runeval`(expression, globals=None, locals=None)
  `runcall`(function, *args, **kwds)
  `set_trace`()

    See the documentation for the functions explained above.

## 26.2.1. Debugger Commands

The commands recognized by the debugger are listed below. Most commands can be abbreviated to one or two letters as indicated; e.g. `h(elp)` means that either `h` or `help` can be used to enter the help command (but not `he` or `hel`, nor `H` or `Help` or `HELP`). Arguments to commands must be separated by whitespace (spaces or tabs). Optional arguments are enclosed in square brackets (`[]`) in the command syntax; the square brackets must not be typed. Alternatives in the command syntax are separated by a vertical bar (`|`).

Entering a blank line repeats the last command entered. Exception: if the last command was a `list` command, the next 11 lines are listed.

Commands that the debugger doesn’t recognize are assumed to be Python statements and are executed in the context of the program being debugged. Python statements can also be prefixed with an exclamation point (`!`). This is a powerful way to inspect the program being debugged; it is even possible to change a variable or call a function. When an exception occurs in such a statement, the exception name is printed but the debugger’s state is not changed.

The debugger supports aliases. Aliases can have parameters which allows one a certain level of adaptability to the context under examination.

Multiple commands may be entered on a single line, separated by `;;`. (A single `;` is not used as it is the separator for multiple commands in a line that is passed to the Python parser.) No intelligence is applied to separating the commands; the input is split at the first `;;` pair, even if it is in the middle of a quoted string.

If a file `.pdbrc` exists in the user’s home directory or in the current directory, it is read in and executed as if it had been typed at the debugger prompt. This is particularly useful for aliases. If both files exist, the one in the home directory is read first and aliases defined there can be overridden by the local file.

Changed in version 3.2: `.pdbrc` can now contain commands that continue debugging, such as `continue` or `next`. Previously, these commands had no effect.

`h(elp)``[command]`

  Without argument, print the list of available commands. With a command as argument, print help about that command. `help pdb` displays the full documentation (the docstring of the `pdb` module). Since the command argument must be an identifier, `help exec` must be entered to get help on the `!` command.

`w(here)`

  Print a stack trace, with the most recent frame at the bottom. An arrow indicates the current frame, which determines the context of most commands.

`d(own)``[count]`

  Move the current frame count (default one) levels down in the stack trace (to a newer frame).

`u(p)``[count]`

  Move the current frame count (default one) levels up in the stack trace (to an older frame).

`b(reak)``[([filename:]lineno | function) [, condition]]`

  With a lineno argument, set a break there in the current file. With a function argument, set a break at the first executable statement within that function. The line number may be prefixed with a filename and a colon, to specify a breakpoint in another file (probably one that hasn’t been loaded yet). The file is searched on `sys.path`. Note that each breakpoint is assigned a number to which all the other breakpoint commands refer.

  If a second argument is present, it is an expression which must evaluate to true before the breakpoint is honored.

  Without argument, list all breaks, including for each breakpoint, the number of times that breakpoint has been hit, the current ignore count, and the associated condition if any.

`tbreak``[([filename:]lineno | function) [, condition]]`

  Temporary breakpoint, which is removed automatically when it is first hit. The arguments are the same as for `break`.

`cl(ear)``[filename:lineno | bpnumber [bpnumber ...]]`

  With a filename:lineno argument, clear all the breakpoints at this line. With a space separated list of breakpoint numbers, clear those breakpoints. Without argument, clear all breaks (but first ask confirmation).

`disable``[bpnumber [bpnumber ...]]`

  Disable the breakpoints given as a space separated list of breakpoint numbers. Disabling a breakpoint means it cannot cause the program to stop execution, but unlike clearing a breakpoint, it remains in the list of breakpoints and can be (re-)enabled.

`enable``[bpnumber [bpnumber ...]]`

  Enable the breakpoints specified.

`ignore` `bpnumber [count]`

  Set the ignore count for the given breakpoint number. If count is omitted, the ignore count is set to 0. A breakpoint becomes active when the ignore count is zero. When non-zero, the count is decremented each time the breakpoint is reached and the breakpoint is not disabled and any associated condition evaluates to true.

`condition` `bpnumber [condition]`

  Set a new condition for the breakpoint, an expression which must evaluate to true before the breakpoint is honored. If condition is absent, any existing condition is removed; i.e., the breakpoint is made unconditional.

`commands``[bpnumber]`

  Specify a list of commands for breakpoint number bpnumber. The commands themselves appear on the following lines. Type a line containing just `end` to terminate the commands. An example:

      (Pdb) commands 1
      (com) print some_variable
      (com) end
      (Pdb)

  To remove all commands from a breakpoint, type commands and follow it immediately with `end`; that is, give no commands.

  With no bpnumber argument, commands refers to the last breakpoint set.

  You can use breakpoint commands to start your program up again. Simply use the continue command, or step, or any other command that resumes execution.

  Specifying any command resuming execution (currently continue, step, next, return, jump, quit and their abbreviations) terminates the command list (as if that command was immediately followed by end). This is because any time you resume execution (even with a simple next or step), you may encounter another breakpoint–which could have its own command list, leading to ambiguities about which list to execute.

  If you use the ‘silent’ command in the command list, the usual message about stopping at a breakpoint is not printed. This may be desirable for breakpoints that are to print a specific message and then continue. If none of the other commands print anything, you see no sign that the breakpoint was reached.

`s(tep)`

  Execute the current line, stop at the first possible occasion (either in a function that is called or on the next line in the current function).

`n(ext)`

  Continue execution until the next line in the current function is reached or it returns. (The difference between `next` and `step` is that `step` stops inside a called function, while `next` executes called functions at (nearly) full speed, only stopping at the next line in the current function.)

`unt(il)``[lineno]`

  Without argument, continue execution until the line with a number greater than the current one is reached.

  With a line number, continue execution until a line with a number greater or equal to that is reached. In both cases, also stop when the current frame returns.

  Changed in version 3.2: Allow giving an explicit line number.

`r(eturn)`

  Continue execution until the current function returns.

`c(ont(inue))`

  Continue execution, only stop when a breakpoint is encountered.

`j(ump)``lineno`

  Set the next line that will be executed. Only available in the bottom-most frame. This lets you jump back and execute code again, or jump forward to skip code that you don’t want to run.

  It should be noted that not all jumps are allowed – for instance it is not possible to jump into the middle of a `for` loop or out of a `finally` clause.

`l(ist)``[first[, last]]`

  List source code for the current file. Without arguments, list 11 lines around the current line or continue the previous listing. With `.` as argument, list 11 lines around the current line. With one argument, list 11 lines around at that line. With two arguments, list the given range; if the second argument is less than the first, it is interpreted as a count.

  The current line in the current frame is indicated by `->`. If an exception is being debugged, the line where the exception was originally raised or propagated is indicated by `>>`, if it differs from the current line.

  New in version 3.2: The `>>` marker.

`ll``| longlist`

  List all source code for the current function or frame. Interesting lines are marked as for `list`.

  New in version 3.2.

`a(rgs)`

  Print the argument list of the current function.

`p(rint)``expression`

  Evaluate the expression in the current context and print its value.

`pp` `expression`

  Like the `print` command, except the value of the expression is pretty-printed using the `pprint` module.

`whatis` `expression`

  Print the type of the expression.

`source` `expression`

  Try to get source code for the given object and display it.

  New in version 3.2.

`display``[expression]`

  Display the value of the expression if it changed, each time execution stops in the current frame.

  Without expression, list all display expressions for the current frame.

  New in version 3.2.

`undisplay``[expression]`

  Do not display the expression any more in the current frame. Without expression, clear all display expressions for the current frame.

  New in version 3.2.

`interact`

  Start an interative interpreter (using the `code` module) whose global namespace contains all the (global and local) names found in the current scope.

  New in version 3.2.

`alias``[name [command]]`

  Create an alias called name that executes command. The command must not be enclosed in quotes. Replaceable parameters can be indicated by `%1`, `%2`, and so on, while `%*` is replaced by all the parameters. If no command is given, the current alias for name is shown. If no arguments are given, all aliases are listed.

  Aliases may be nested and can contain anything that can be legally typed at the pdb prompt. Note that internal pdb commands can be overridden by aliases. Such a command is then hidden until the alias is removed. Aliasing is recursively applied to the first word of the command line; all other words in the line are left alone.

  As an example, here are two useful aliases (especially when placed in the `.pdbrc` file):

      # Print instance variables (usage "pi classInst")
      alias pi for k in %1.__dict__.keys(): print("%1.",k,"=",%1.__dict__[k])
      # Print instance variables in self
      alias ps pi self

`unalias` `name`

  Delete the specified alias.

`!``statement`

  Execute the (one-line) statement in the context of the current stack frame. The exclamation point can be omitted unless the first word of the statement resembles a debugger command. To set a global variable, you can prefix the assignment command with a `global` statement on the same line, e.g.:

      (Pdb) global list_options; list_options = ['-l']
      (Pdb)

`run``[args ...]`
`restart``[args ...]`

  Restart the debugged Python program. If an argument is supplied, it is split with `shlex` and the result is used as the new `sys.argv`. History, breakpoints, actions and debugger options are preserved. `restart` is an alias for `run`.

`q(uit)`

  Quit from the debugger. The program being executed is aborted.

Footnotes

[1] | Whether a frame is considered to originate in a certain module is determined by the `__name__` in the frame globals.

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