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# 26.4. `unittest.mock` — mock object library

New in version 3.3.

`unittest.mock` is a library for testing in Python. It allows you to replace parts of your system under test with mock objects and make assertions about how they have been used.

unittest.mock provides a core `Mock` class removing the need to create a host of stubs throughout your test suite. After performing an action, you can make assertions about which methods / attributes were used and arguments they were called with. You can also specify return values and set needed attributes in the normal way.

Additionally, mock provides a `patch()` decorator that handles patching module and class level attributes within the scope of a test, along with `sentinel` for creating unique objects. See the quick guide for some examples of how to use `Mock`, `MagicMock` and `patch()`.

Mock is very easy to use and is designed for use with `unittest`. Mock is based on the ‘action -> assertion’ pattern instead of ‘record -> replay’ used by many mocking frameworks.

There is a backport of unittest.mock for earlier versions of Python, available as mock on PyPI.

Source code: Lib/unittest/mock.py

## 26.4.1. Quick Guide

`Mock` and `MagicMock` objects create all attributes and methods as you access them and store details of how they have been used. You can configure them, to specify return values or limit what attributes are available, and then make assertions about how they have been used:

    >>> from unittest.mock import MagicMock
    >>> thing = ProductionClass()
    >>> thing.method = MagicMock(return_value=3)
    >>> thing.method(3, 4, 5, key='value')
    3
    >>> thing.method.assert_called_with(3, 4, 5, key='value')

`side_effect` allows you to perform side effects, including raising an exception when a mock is called:

    >>> mock = Mock(side_effect=KeyError('foo'))
    >>> mock()
    Traceback (most recent call last):
     ...
    KeyError: 'foo'

    >>> values = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
    >>> def side_effect(arg):
    ...     return values[arg]
    ...
    >>> mock.side_effect = side_effect
    >>> mock('a'), mock('b'), mock('c')
    (1, 2, 3)
    >>> mock.side_effect = [5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
    >>> mock(), mock(), mock()
    (5, 4, 3)

Mock has many other ways you can configure it and control its behaviour. For example the spec argument configures the mock to take its specification from another object. Attempting to access attributes or methods on the mock that don’t exist on the spec will fail with an AttributeError.

The `patch()` decorator / context manager makes it easy to mock classes or objects in a module under test. The object you specify will be replaced with a mock (or other object) during the test and restored when the test ends:

    >>> from unittest.mock import patch
    >>> @patch('module.ClassName2')
    ... @patch('module.ClassName1')
    ... def test(MockClass1, MockClass2):
    ...     module.ClassName1()
    ...     module.ClassName2()
    ...     assert MockClass1 is module.ClassName1
    ...     assert MockClass2 is module.ClassName2
    ...     assert MockClass1.called
    ...     assert MockClass2.called
    ...
    >>> test()

Note

When you nest patch decorators the mocks are passed in to the decorated function in the same order they applied (the normal python order that decorators are applied). This means from the bottom up, so in the example above the mock for module.ClassName1 is passed in first.

With patch it matters that you patch objects in the namespace where they are looked up. This is normally straightforward, but for a quick guide read where to patch.

As well as a decorator patch can be used as a context manager in a with statement:

    >>> with patch.object(ProductionClass, 'method', return_value=None) as mock_method:
    ...     thing = ProductionClass()
    ...     thing.method(1, 2, 3)
    ...
    >>> mock_method.assert_called_once_with(1, 2, 3)

There is also `patch.dict()` for setting values in a dictionary just during a scope and restoring the dictionary to its original state when the test ends:

    >>> foo = {'key': 'value'}
    >>> original = foo.copy()
    >>> with patch.dict(foo, {'newkey': 'newvalue'}, clear=True):
    ...     assert foo == {'newkey': 'newvalue'}
    ...
    >>> assert foo == original

Mock supports the mocking of Python magic methods. The easiest way of using magic methods is with the `MagicMock` class. It allows you to do things like:

    >>> mock = MagicMock()
    >>> mock.__str__.return_value = 'foobarbaz'
    >>> str(mock)
    'foobarbaz'
    >>> mock.__str__.assert_called_with()

Mock allows you to assign functions (or other Mock instances) to magic methods and they will be called appropriately. The MagicMock class is just a Mock variant that has all of the magic methods pre-created for you (well, all the useful ones anyway).

The following is an example of using magic methods with the ordinary Mock class:

    >>> mock = Mock()
    >>> mock.__str__ = Mock(return_value='wheeeeee')
    >>> str(mock)
    'wheeeeee'

For ensuring that the mock objects in your tests have the same api as the objects they are replacing, you can use auto-speccing. Auto-speccing can be done through the autospec argument to patch, or the `create_autospec()` function. Auto-speccing creates mock objects that have the same attributes and methods as the objects they are replacing, and any functions and methods (including constructors) have the same call signature as the real object.

This ensures that your mocks will fail in the same way as your production code if they are used incorrectly:

    >>> from unittest.mock import create_autospec
    >>> def function(a, b, c):
    ...     pass
    ...
    >>> mock_function = create_autospec(function, return_value='fishy')
    >>> mock_function(1, 2, 3)
    'fishy'
    >>> mock_function.assert_called_once_with(1, 2, 3)
    >>> mock_function('wrong arguments')
    Traceback (most recent call last):
     ...
    TypeError: <lambda>() takes exactly 3 arguments (1 given)

create_autospec can also be used on classes, where it copies the signature of the __init__ method, and on callable objects where it copies the signature of the __call__ method.

## 26.4.2. The Mock Class

Mock is a flexible mock object intended to replace the use of stubs and test doubles throughout your code. Mocks are callable and create attributes as new mocks when you access them [1]. Accessing the same attribute will always return the same mock. Mocks record how you use them, allowing you to make assertions about what your code has done to them.

`MagicMock` is a subclass of Mock with all the magic methods pre-created and ready to use. There are also non-callable variants, useful when you are mocking out objects that aren’t callable: `NonCallableMock` and `NonCallableMagicMock`

The `patch()` decorators makes it easy to temporarily replace classes in a particular module with a Mock object. By default patch will create a MagicMock for you. You can specify an alternative class of Mock using the new_callable argument to patch.

class `unittest.mock.``Mock`(spec=None, side_effect=None, return_value=DEFAULT, wraps=None, name=None, spec_set=None, **kwargs)

  Create a new Mock object. Mock takes several optional arguments that specify the behaviour of the Mock object:

  - spec: This can be either a list of strings or an existing object (a class or instance) that acts as the specification for the mock object. If you pass in an object then a list of strings is formed by calling dir on the object (excluding unsupported magic attributes and methods). Accessing any attribute not in this list will raise an AttributeError.

    If spec is an object (rather than a list of strings) then `__class__` returns the class of the spec object. This allows mocks to pass isinstance tests.

  - spec_set: A stricter variant of spec. If used, attempting to set or get an attribute on the mock that isn’t on the object passed as spec_set will raise an AttributeError.

  - side_effect: A function to be called whenever the Mock is called. See the `side_effect` attribute. Useful for raising exceptions or dynamically changing return values. The function is called with the same arguments as the mock, and unless it returns `DEFAULT`, the return value of this function is used as the return value.

    Alternatively side_effect can be an exception class or instance. In this case the exception will be raised when the mock is called.

    If side_effect is an iterable then each call to the mock will return the next value from the iterable.

    A side_effect can be cleared by setting it to None.

  - return_value: The value returned when the mock is called. By default this is a new Mock (created on first access). See the `return_value` attribute.

  - wraps: Item for the mock object to wrap. If wraps is not None then calling the Mock will pass the call through to the wrapped object (returning the real result). Attribute access on the mock will return a Mock object that wraps the corresponding attribute of the wrapped object (so attempting to access an attribute that doesn’t exist will raise an AttributeError).

    If the mock has an explicit return_value set then calls are not passed to the wrapped object and the return_value is returned instead.

  - name: If the mock has a name then it will be used in the repr of the mock. This can be useful for debugging. The name is propagated to child mocks.

  Mocks can also be called with arbitrary keyword arguments. These will be used to set attributes on the mock after it is created. See the `configure_mock()` method for details.

  `assert_called_with`(*args, **kwargs)

    This method is a convenient way of asserting that calls are made in a particular way:

        >>> mock = Mock()
        >>> mock.method(1, 2, 3, test='wow')
        <Mock name='mock.method()' id='...'>
        >>> mock.method.assert_called_with(1, 2, 3, test='wow')

  `assert_called_once_with`(*args, **kwargs)

    Assert that the mock was called exactly once and with the specified arguments.

        >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None)
        >>> mock('foo', bar='baz')
        >>> mock.assert_called_once_with('foo', bar='baz')
        >>> mock('foo', bar='baz')
        >>> mock.assert_called_once_with('foo', bar='baz')
        Traceback (most recent call last):
          ...
        AssertionError: Expected 'mock' to be called once. Called 2 times.

  `assert_any_call`(*args, **kwargs)

    assert the mock has been called with the specified arguments.

    The assert passes if the mock has ever been called, unlike `assert_called_with()` and `assert_called_once_with()` that only pass if the call is the most recent one.

        >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None)
        >>> mock(1, 2, arg='thing')
        >>> mock('some', 'thing', 'else')
        >>> mock.assert_any_call(1, 2, arg='thing')

  `assert_has_calls`(calls, any_order=False)

    assert the mock has been called with the specified calls. The mock_calls list is checked for the calls.

    If any_order is False (the default) then the calls must be sequential. There can be extra calls before or after the specified calls.

    If any_order is True then the calls can be in any order, but they must all appear in `mock_calls`.

        >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None)
        >>> mock(1)
        >>> mock(2)
        >>> mock(3)
        >>> mock(4)
        >>> calls = [call(2), call(3)]
        >>> mock.assert_has_calls(calls)
        >>> calls = [call(4), call(2), call(3)]
        >>> mock.assert_has_calls(calls, any_order=True)

  `reset_mock`()

    The reset_mock method resets all the call attributes on a mock object:

        >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None)
        >>> mock('hello')
        >>> mock.called
        True
        >>> mock.reset_mock()
        >>> mock.called
        False

    This can be useful where you want to make a series of assertions that reuse the same object. Note that reset_mock doesn’t clear the return value, `side_effect` or any child attributes you have set using normal assignment. Child mocks and the return value mock (if any) are reset as well.

  `mock_add_spec`(spec, spec_set=False)

    Add a spec to a mock. spec can either be an object or a list of strings. Only attributes on the spec can be fetched as attributes from the mock.

    If spec_set is True then only attributes on the spec can be set.

  `attach_mock`(mock, attribute)

    Attach a mock as an attribute of this one, replacing its name and parent. Calls to the attached mock will be recorded in the `method_calls` and `mock_calls` attributes of this one.

  `configure_mock`(**kwargs)

    Set attributes on the mock through keyword arguments.

    Attributes plus return values and side effects can be set on child mocks using standard dot notation and unpacking a dictionary in the method call:

        >>> mock = Mock()
        >>> attrs = {'method.return_value': 3, 'other.side_effect': KeyError}
        >>> mock.configure_mock(**attrs)
        >>> mock.method()
        3
        >>> mock.other()
        Traceback (most recent call last):
          ...
        KeyError

    The same thing can be achieved in the constructor call to mocks:

        >>> attrs = {'method.return_value': 3, 'other.side_effect': KeyError}
        >>> mock = Mock(some_attribute='eggs', **attrs)
        >>> mock.some_attribute
        'eggs'
        >>> mock.method()
        3
        >>> mock.other()
        Traceback (most recent call last):
          ...
        KeyError

    configure_mock exists to make it easier to do configuration after the mock has been created.

  `__dir__`()

    Mock objects limit the results of dir(some_mock) to useful results. For mocks with a spec this includes all the permitted attributes for the mock.

    See `FILTER_DIR` for what this filtering does, and how to switch it off.

  `_get_child_mock`(**kw)

    Create the child mocks for attributes and return value. By default child mocks will be the same type as the parent. Subclasses of Mock may want to override this to customize the way child mocks are made.

    For non-callable mocks the callable variant will be used (rather than any custom subclass).

  `called`

    A boolean representing whether or not the mock object has been called:

        >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None)
        >>> mock.called
        False
        >>> mock()
        >>> mock.called
        True

  `call_count`

    An integer telling you how many times the mock object has been called:

        >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None)
        >>> mock.call_count
        0
        >>> mock()
        >>> mock()
        >>> mock.call_count
        2

  `return_value`

    Set this to configure the value returned by calling the mock:

        >>> mock = Mock()
        >>> mock.return_value = 'fish'
        >>> mock()
        'fish'

    The default return value is a mock object and you can configure it in the normal way:

        >>> mock = Mock()
        >>> mock.return_value.attribute = sentinel.Attribute
        >>> mock.return_value()
        <Mock name='mock()()' id='...'>
        >>> mock.return_value.assert_called_with()

    return_value can also be set in the constructor:

        >>> mock = Mock(return_value=3)
        >>> mock.return_value
        3
        >>> mock()
        3

  `side_effect`

    This can either be a function to be called when the mock is called, or an exception (class or instance) to be raised.

    If you pass in a function it will be called with same arguments as the mock and unless the function returns the `DEFAULT` singleton the call to the mock will then return whatever the function returns. If the function returns `DEFAULT` then the mock will return its normal value (from the `return_value`.

    An example of a mock that raises an exception (to test exception handling of an API):

        >>> mock = Mock()
        >>> mock.side_effect = Exception('Boom!')
        >>> mock()
        Traceback (most recent call last):
          ...
        Exception: Boom!

    Using side_effect to return a sequence of values:

        >>> mock = Mock()
        >>> mock.side_effect = [3, 2, 1]
        >>> mock(), mock(), mock()
        (3, 2, 1)

    The side_effect function is called with the same arguments as the mock (so it is wise for it to take arbitrary args and keyword arguments) and whatever it returns is used as the return value for the call. The exception is if side_effect returns `DEFAULT`, in which case the normal `return_value` is used.

        >>> mock = Mock(return_value=3)
        >>> def side_effect(*args, **kwargs):
        ...     return DEFAULT
        ...
        >>> mock.side_effect = side_effect
        >>> mock()
        3

    side_effect can be set in the constructor. Here’s an example that adds one to the value the mock is called with and returns it:

        >>> side_effect = lambda value: value + 1
        >>> mock = Mock(side_effect=side_effect)
        >>> mock(3)
        4
        >>> mock(-8)
        -7

    Setting side_effect to None clears it:

        >>> m = Mock(side_effect=KeyError, return_value=3)
        >>> m()
        Traceback (most recent call last):
         ...
        KeyError
        >>> m.side_effect = None
        >>> m()
        3

  `call_args`

    This is either None (if the mock hasn’t been called), or the arguments that the mock was last called with. This will be in the form of a tuple: the first member is any ordered arguments the mock was called with (or an empty tuple) and the second member is any keyword arguments (or an empty dictionary).

        >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None)
        >>> print mock.call_args
        None
        >>> mock()
        >>> mock.call_args
        call()
        >>> mock.call_args == ()
        True
        >>> mock(3, 4)
        >>> mock.call_args
        call(3, 4)
        >>> mock.call_args == ((3, 4),)
        True
        >>> mock(3, 4, 5, key='fish', next='w00t!')
        >>> mock.call_args
        call(3, 4, 5, key='fish', next='w00t!')

    call_args, along with members of the lists `call_args_list`, `method_calls` and `mock_calls` are `call` objects. These are tuples, so they can be unpacked to get at the individual arguments and make more complex assertions. See calls as tuples.

  `call_args_list`

    This is a list of all the calls made to the mock object in sequence (so the length of the list is the number of times it has been called). Before any calls have been made it is an empty list. The `call` object can be used for conveniently constructing lists of calls to compare with call_args_list.

        >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None)
        >>> mock()
        >>> mock(3, 4)
        >>> mock(key='fish', next='w00t!')
        >>> mock.call_args_list
        [call(), call(3, 4), call(key='fish', next='w00t!')]
        >>> expected = [(), ((3, 4),), ({'key': 'fish', 'next': 'w00t!'},)]
        >>> mock.call_args_list == expected
        True

    Members of call_args_list are `call` objects. These can be unpacked as tuples to get at the individual arguments. See calls as tuples.

  `method_calls`

    As well as tracking calls to themselves, mocks also track calls to methods and attributes, and their methods and attributes:

        >>> mock = Mock()
        >>> mock.method()
        <Mock name='mock.method()' id='...'>
        >>> mock.property.method.attribute()
        <Mock name='mock.property.method.attribute()' id='...'>
        >>> mock.method_calls
        [call.method(), call.property.method.attribute()]

    Members of method_calls are `call` objects. These can be unpacked as tuples to get at the individual arguments. See calls as tuples.

  `mock_calls`

    mock_calls records all calls to the mock object, its methods, magic methods and return value mocks.

        >>> mock = MagicMock()
        >>> result = mock(1, 2, 3)
        >>> mock.first(a=3)
        <MagicMock name='mock.first()' id='...'>
        >>> mock.second()
        <MagicMock name='mock.second()' id='...'>
        >>> int(mock)
        1
        >>> result(1)
        <MagicMock name='mock()()' id='...'>
        >>> expected = [call(1, 2, 3), call.first(a=3), call.second(),
        ... call.__int__(), call()(1)]
        >>> mock.mock_calls == expected
        True

    Members of mock_calls are `call` objects. These can be unpacked as tuples to get at the individual arguments. See calls as tuples.

  `__class__`

    Normally the __class__ attribute of an object will return its type. For a mock object with a spec __class__ returns the spec class instead. This allows mock objects to pass isinstance tests for the object they are replacing / masquerading as:

        >>> mock = Mock(spec=3)
        >>> isinstance(mock, int)
        True

    __class__ is assignable to, this allows a mock to pass an isinstance check without forcing you to use a spec:

        >>> mock = Mock()
        >>> mock.__class__ = dict
        >>> isinstance(mock, dict)
        True

class `unittest.mock.``NonCallableMock`(spec=None, wraps=None, name=None, spec_set=None, **kwargs)

  A non-callable version of Mock. The constructor parameters have the same meaning of Mock, with the exception of return_value and side_effect which have no meaning on a non-callable mock.

Mock objects that use a class or an instance as a spec or spec_set are able to pass isinstance tests:

    >>> mock = Mock(spec=SomeClass)
    >>> isinstance(mock, SomeClass)
    True
    >>> mock = Mock(spec_set=SomeClass())
    >>> isinstance(mock, SomeClass)
    True

The Mock classes have support for mocking magic methods. See magic methods for the full details.

The mock classes and the `patch()` decorators all take arbitrary keyword arguments for configuration. For the patch decorators the keywords are passed to the constructor of the mock being created. The keyword arguments are for configuring attributes of the mock:

    >>> m = MagicMock(attribute=3, other='fish')
    >>> m.attribute
    3
    >>> m.other
    'fish'

The return value and side effect of child mocks can be set in the same way, using dotted notation. As you can’t use dotted names directly in a call you have to create a dictionary and unpack it using **:

    >>> attrs = {'method.return_value': 3, 'other.side_effect': KeyError}
    >>> mock = Mock(some_attribute='eggs', **attrs)
    >>> mock.some_attribute
    'eggs'
    >>> mock.method()
    3
    >>> mock.other()
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      ...
    KeyError

class `unittest.mock.``PropertyMock`(*args, **kwargs)

  A mock intended to be used as a property, or other descriptor, on a class. PropertyMock provides __get__ and __set__ methods so you can specify a return value when it is fetched.

  Fetching a PropertyMock instance from an object calls the mock, with no args. Setting it calls the mock with the value being set.

      >>> class Foo:
      ...     @property
      ...     def foo(self):
      ...         return 'something'
      ...     @foo.setter
      ...     def foo(self, value):
      ...         pass
      ...
      >>> with patch('__main__.Foo.foo', new_callable=PropertyMock) as mock_foo:
      ...     mock_foo.return_value = 'mockity-mock'
      ...     this_foo = Foo()
      ...     print this_foo.foo
      ...     this_foo.foo = 6
      ...
      mockity-mock
      >>> mock_foo.mock_calls
      [call(), call(6)]

Because of the way mock attributes are stored you can’t directly attach a PropertyMock to a mock object. Instead you can attach it to the mock type object:

    >>> m = MagicMock()
    >>> p = PropertyMock(return_value=3)
    >>> type(m).foo = p
    >>> m.foo
    3
    >>> p.assert_called_once_with()

### 26.4.2.1. Calling

Mock objects are callable. The call will return the value set as the `return_value` attribute. The default return value is a new Mock object; it is created the first time the return value is accessed (either explicitly or by calling the Mock) - but it is stored and the same one returned each time.

Calls made to the object will be recorded in the attributes like `call_args` and `call_args_list`.

If `side_effect` is set then it will be called after the call has been recorded, so if side_effect raises an exception the call is still recorded.

The simplest way to make a mock raise an exception when called is to make `side_effect` an exception class or instance:

    >>> m = MagicMock(side_effect=IndexError)
    >>> m(1, 2, 3)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      ...
    IndexError
    >>> m.mock_calls
    [call(1, 2, 3)]
    >>> m.side_effect = KeyError('Bang!')
    >>> m('two', 'three', 'four')
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      ...
    KeyError: 'Bang!'
    >>> m.mock_calls
    [call(1, 2, 3), call('two', 'three', 'four')]

If side_effect is a function then whatever that function returns is what calls to the mock return. The side_effect function is called with the same arguments as the mock. This allows you to vary the return value of the call dynamically, based on the input:

    >>> def side_effect(value):
    ...     return value + 1
    ...
    >>> m = MagicMock(side_effect=side_effect)
    >>> m(1)
    2
    >>> m(2)
    3
    >>> m.mock_calls
    [call(1), call(2)]

If you want the mock to still return the default return value (a new mock), or any set return value, then there are two ways of doing this. Either return mock.return_value from inside side_effect, or return `DEFAULT`:

    >>> m = MagicMock()
    >>> def side_effect(*args, **kwargs):
    ...     return m.return_value
    ...
    >>> m.side_effect = side_effect
    >>> m.return_value = 3
    >>> m()
    3
    >>> def side_effect(*args, **kwargs):
    ...     return DEFAULT
    ...
    >>> m.side_effect = side_effect
    >>> m()
    3

To remove a side_effect, and return to the default behaviour, set the side_effect to None:

    >>> m = MagicMock(return_value=6)
    >>> def side_effect(*args, **kwargs):
    ...     return 3
    ...
    >>> m.side_effect = side_effect
    >>> m()
    3
    >>> m.side_effect = None
    >>> m()
    6

The side_effect can also be any iterable object. Repeated calls to the mock will return values from the iterable (until the iterable is exhausted and a StopIteration is raised):

    >>> m = MagicMock(side_effect=[1, 2, 3])
    >>> m()
    1
    >>> m()
    2
    >>> m()
    3
    >>> m()
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      ...
    StopIteration

If any members of the iterable are exceptions they will be raised instead of returned:

    >>> iterable = (33, ValueError, 66)
    >>> m = MagicMock(side_effect=iterable)
    >>> m()
    33
    >>> m()
    Traceback (most recent call last):
     ...
    ValueError
    >>> m()
    66

### 26.4.2.2. Deleting Attributes

Mock objects create attributes on demand. This allows them to pretend to be objects of any type.

You may want a mock object to return False to a hasattr call, or raise an AttributeError when an attribute is fetched. You can do this by providing an object as a spec for a mock, but that isn’t always convenient.

You “block” attributes by deleting them. Once deleted, accessing an attribute will raise an AttributeError.

    >>> mock = MagicMock()
    >>> hasattr(mock, 'm')
    True
    >>> del mock.m
    >>> hasattr(mock, 'm')
    False
    >>> del mock.f
    >>> mock.f
    Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
    AttributeError: f

### 26.4.2.3. Mock names and the name attribute

Since “name” is an argument to the `Mock` constructor, if you want your mock object to have a “name” attribute you can’t just pass it in at creation time. There are two alternatives. One option is to use `configure_mock()`:

    >>> mock = MagicMock()
    >>> mock.configure_mock(name='my_name')
    >>> mock.name
    'my_name'

A simpler option is to simply set the “name” attribute after mock creation:

    >>> mock = MagicMock()
    >>> mock.name = "foo"

### 26.4.2.4. Attaching Mocks as Attributes

When you attach a mock as an attribute of another mock (or as the return value) it becomes a “child” of that mock. Calls to the child are recorded in the `method_calls` and `mock_calls` attributes of the parent. This is useful for configuring child mocks and then attaching them to the parent, or for attaching mocks to a parent that records all calls to the children and allows you to make assertions about the order of calls between mocks:

    >>> parent = MagicMock()
    >>> child1 = MagicMock(return_value=None)
    >>> child2 = MagicMock(return_value=None)
    >>> parent.child1 = child1
    >>> parent.child2 = child2
    >>> child1(1)
    >>> child2(2)
    >>> parent.mock_calls
    [call.child1(1), call.child2(2)]

The exception to this is if the mock has a name. This allows you to prevent the “parenting” if for some reason you don’t want it to happen.

    >>> mock = MagicMock()
    >>> not_a_child = MagicMock(name='not-a-child')
    >>> mock.attribute = not_a_child
    >>> mock.attribute()
    <MagicMock name='not-a-child()' id='...'>
    >>> mock.mock_calls
    []

Mocks created for you by `patch()` are automatically given names. To attach mocks that have names to a parent you use the `attach_mock()` method:

    >>> thing1 = object()
    >>> thing2 = object()
    >>> parent = MagicMock()
    >>> with patch('__main__.thing1', return_value=None) as child1:
    ...     with patch('__main__.thing2', return_value=None) as child2:
    ...         parent.attach_mock(child1, 'child1')
    ...         parent.attach_mock(child2, 'child2')
    ...         child1('one')
    ...         child2('two')
    ...
    >>> parent.mock_calls
    [call.child1('one'), call.child2('two')]

[1] | The only exceptions are magic methods and attributes (those that have leading and trailing double underscores). Mock doesn’t create these but instead of raises an `AttributeError`. This is because the interpreter will often implicitly request these methods, and gets very confused to get a new Mock object when it expects a magic method. If you need magic method support see magic methods.

## 26.4.3. The patchers

The patch decorators are used for patching objects only within the scope of the function they decorate. They automatically handle the unpatching for you, even if exceptions are raised. All of these functions can also be used in with statements or as class decorators.

### 26.4.3.1. patch

Note

patch is straightforward to use. The key is to do the patching in the right namespace. See the section where to patch.

`unittest.mock.``patch`(target, new=DEFAULT, spec=None, create=False, spec_set=None, autospec=None, new_callable=None, **kwargs)

  patch acts as a function decorator, class decorator or a context manager. Inside the body of the function or with statement, the target is patched with a new object. When the function/with statement exits the patch is undone.

  If new is omitted, then the target is replaced with a `MagicMock`. If patch is used as a decorator and new is omitted, the created mock is passed in as an extra argument to the decorated function. If patch is used as a context manager the created mock is returned by the context manager.

  target should be a string in the form ‘package.module.ClassName’. The target is imported and the specified object replaced with the new object, so the target must be importable from the environment you are calling patch from. The target is imported when the decorated function is executed, not at decoration time.

  The spec and spec_set keyword arguments are passed to the MagicMock if patch is creating one for you.

  In addition you can pass spec=True or spec_set=True, which causes patch to pass in the object being mocked as the spec/spec_set object.

  new_callable allows you to specify a different class, or callable object, that will be called to create the new object. By default MagicMock is used.

  A more powerful form of spec is autospec. If you set autospec=True then the mock with be created with a spec from the object being replaced. All attributes of the mock will also have the spec of the corresponding attribute of the object being replaced. Methods and functions being mocked will have their arguments checked and will raise a TypeError if they are called with the wrong signature. For mocks replacing a class, their return value (the ‘instance’) will have the same spec as the class. See the `create_autospec()` function and Autospeccing.

  Instead of autospec=True you can pass autospec=some_object to use an arbitrary object as the spec instead of the one being replaced.

  By default patch will fail to replace attributes that don’t exist. If you pass in create=True, and the attribute doesn’t exist, patch will create the attribute for you when the patched function is called, and delete it again afterwards. This is useful for writing tests against attributes that your production code creates at runtime. It is off by default because it can be dangerous. With it switched on you can write passing tests against APIs that don’t actually exist!

  Patch can be used as a TestCase class decorator. It works by decorating each test method in the class. This reduces the boilerplate code when your test methods share a common patchings set. patch finds tests by looking for method names that start with patch.TEST_PREFIX. By default this is test, which matches the way unittest finds tests. You can specify an alternative prefix by setting patch.TEST_PREFIX.

  Patch can be used as a context manager, with the with statement. Here the patching applies to the indented block after the with statement. If you use “as” then the patched object will be bound to the name after the “as”; very useful if patch is creating a mock object for you.

  patch takes arbitrary keyword arguments. These will be passed to the Mock (or new_callable) on construction.

  patch.dict(...), patch.multiple(...) and patch.object(...) are available for alternate use-cases.

patch as function decorator, creating the mock for you and passing it into the decorated function:

    >>> @patch('__main__.SomeClass')
    ... def function(normal_argument, mock_class):
    ...     print(mock_class is SomeClass)
    ...
    >>> function(None)
    True

Patching a class replaces the class with a MagicMock instance. If the class is instantiated in the code under test then it will be the `return_value` of the mock that will be used.

If the class is instantiated multiple times you could use `side_effect` to return a new mock each time. Alternatively you can set the return_value to be anything you want.

To configure return values on methods of instances on the patched class you must do this on the return_value. For example:

    >>> class Class:
    ...     def method(self):
    ...         pass
    ...
    >>> with patch('__main__.Class') as MockClass:
    ...     instance = MockClass.return_value
    ...     instance.method.return_value = 'foo'
    ...     assert Class() is instance
    ...     assert Class().method() == 'foo'
    ...

If you use spec or spec_set and patch is replacing a class, then the return value of the created mock will have the same spec.

    >>> Original = Class
    >>> patcher = patch('__main__.Class', spec=True)
    >>> MockClass = patcher.start()
    >>> instance = MockClass()
    >>> assert isinstance(instance, Original)
    >>> patcher.stop()

The new_callable argument is useful where you want to use an alternative class to the default `MagicMock` for the created mock. For example, if you wanted a `NonCallableMock` to be used:

    >>> thing = object()
    >>> with patch('__main__.thing', new_callable=NonCallableMock) as mock_thing:
    ...     assert thing is mock_thing
    ...     thing()
    ...
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      ...
    TypeError: 'NonCallableMock' object is not callable

Another use case might be to replace an object with a StringIO instance:

    >>> from StringIO import StringIO
    >>> def foo():
    ...     print 'Something'
    ...
    >>> @patch('sys.stdout', new_callable=StringIO)
    ... def test(mock_stdout):
    ...     foo()
    ...     assert mock_stdout.getvalue() == 'Something\n'
    ...
    >>> test()

When patch is creating a mock for you, it is common that the first thing you need to do is to configure the mock. Some of that configuration can be done in the call to patch. Any arbitrary keywords you pass into the call will be used to set attributes on the created mock:

    >>> patcher = patch('__main__.thing', first='one', second='two')
    >>> mock_thing = patcher.start()
    >>> mock_thing.first
    'one'
    >>> mock_thing.second
    'two'

As well as attributes on the created mock attributes, like the `return_value` and `side_effect`, of child mocks can also be configured. These aren’t syntactically valid to pass in directly as keyword arguments, but a dictionary with these as keys can still be expanded into a patch call using **:

    >>> config = {'method.return_value': 3, 'other.side_effect': KeyError}
    >>> patcher = patch('__main__.thing', **config)
    >>> mock_thing = patcher.start()
    >>> mock_thing.method()
    3
    >>> mock_thing.other()
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      ...
    KeyError

### 26.4.3.2. patch.object

`patch.``object`(target, attribute, new=DEFAULT, spec=None, create=False, spec_set=None, autospec=None, new_callable=None, **kwargs)

  patch the named member (attribute) on an object (target) with a mock object.

  patch.object can be used as a decorator, class decorator or a context manager. Arguments new, spec, create, spec_set, autospec and new_callable have the same meaning as for patch. Like patch, patch.object takes arbitrary keyword arguments for configuring the mock object it creates.

  When used as a class decorator patch.object honours patch.TEST_PREFIX for choosing which methods to wrap.

You can either call patch.object with three arguments or two arguments. The three argument form takes the object to be patched, the attribute name and the object to replace the attribute with.

When calling with the two argument form you omit the replacement object, and a mock is created for you and passed in as an extra argument to the decorated function:

    >>> @patch.object(SomeClass, 'class_method')
    ... def test(mock_method):
    ...     SomeClass.class_method(3)
    ...     mock_method.assert_called_with(3)
    ...
    >>> test()

spec, create and the other arguments to patch.object have the same meaning as they do for patch.

### 26.4.3.3. patch.dict

`patch.``dict`(in_dict, values=(), clear=False, **kwargs)

  Patch a dictionary, or dictionary like object, and restore the dictionary to its original state after the test.

  in_dict can be a dictionary or a mapping like container. If it is a mapping then it must at least support getting, setting and deleting items plus iterating over keys.

  in_dict can also be a string specifying the name of the dictionary, which will then be fetched by importing it.

  values can be a dictionary of values to set in the dictionary. values can also be an iterable of (key, value) pairs.

  If clear is True then the dictionary will be cleared before the new values are set.

  patch.dict can also be called with arbitrary keyword arguments to set values in the dictionary.

  patch.dict can be used as a context manager, decorator or class decorator. When used as a class decorator patch.dict honours patch.TEST_PREFIX for choosing which methods to wrap.

patch.dict can be used to add members to a dictionary, or simply let a test change a dictionary, and ensure the dictionary is restored when the test ends.

    >>> foo = {}
    >>> with patch.dict(foo, {'newkey': 'newvalue'}):
    ...     assert foo == {'newkey': 'newvalue'}
    ...
    >>> assert foo == {}

    >>> import os
    >>> with patch.dict('os.environ', {'newkey': 'newvalue'}):
    ...     print os.environ['newkey']
    ...
    newvalue
    >>> assert 'newkey' not in os.environ

Keywords can be used in the patch.dict call to set values in the dictionary:

    >>> mymodule = MagicMock()
    >>> mymodule.function.return_value = 'fish'
    >>> with patch.dict('sys.modules', mymodule=mymodule):
    ...     import mymodule
    ...     mymodule.function('some', 'args')
    ...
    'fish'

patch.dict can be used with dictionary like objects that aren’t actually dictionaries. At the very minimum they must support item getting, setting, deleting and either iteration or membership test. This corresponds to the magic methods __getitem__, __setitem__, __delitem__ and either __iter__ or __contains__.

    >>> class Container:
    ...     def __init__(self):
    ...         self.values = {}
    ...     def __getitem__(self, name):
    ...         return self.values[name]
    ...     def __setitem__(self, name, value):
    ...         self.values[name] = value
    ...     def __delitem__(self, name):
    ...         del self.values[name]
    ...     def __iter__(self):
    ...         return iter(self.values)
    ...
    >>> thing = Container()
    >>> thing['one'] = 1
    >>> with patch.dict(thing, one=2, two=3):
    ...     assert thing['one'] == 2
    ...     assert thing['two'] == 3
    ...
    >>> assert thing['one'] == 1
    >>> assert list(thing) == ['one']

### 26.4.3.4. patch.multiple

`patch.``multiple`(target, spec=None, create=False, spec_set=None, autospec=None, new_callable=None, **kwargs)

  Perform multiple patches in a single call. It takes the object to be patched (either as an object or a string to fetch the object by importing) and keyword arguments for the patches:

      with patch.multiple(settings, FIRST_PATCH='one', SECOND_PATCH='two'):
          ...

  Use `DEFAULT` as the value if you want patch.multiple to create mocks for you. In this case the created mocks are passed into a decorated function by keyword, and a dictionary is returned when patch.multiple is used as a context manager.

  patch.multiple can be used as a decorator, class decorator or a context manager. The arguments spec, spec_set, create, autospec and new_callable have the same meaning as for patch. These arguments will be applied to all patches done by patch.multiple.

  When used as a class decorator patch.multiple honours patch.TEST_PREFIX for choosing which methods to wrap.

If you want patch.multiple to create mocks for you, then you can use `DEFAULT` as the value. If you use patch.multiple as a decorator then the created mocks are passed into the decorated function by keyword.

    >>> thing = object()
    >>> other = object()

    >>> @patch.multiple('__main__', thing=DEFAULT, other=DEFAULT)
    ... def test_function(thing, other):
    ...     assert isinstance(thing, MagicMock)
    ...     assert isinstance(other, MagicMock)
    ...
    >>> test_function()

patch.multiple can be nested with other patch decorators, but put arguments passed by keyword after any of the standard arguments created by patch:

    >>> @patch('sys.exit')
    ... @patch.multiple('__main__', thing=DEFAULT, other=DEFAULT)
    ... def test_function(mock_exit, other, thing):
    ...     assert 'other' in repr(other)
    ...     assert 'thing' in repr(thing)
    ...     assert 'exit' in repr(mock_exit)
    ...
    >>> test_function()

If patch.multiple is used as a context manager, the value returned by the context manger is a dictionary where created mocks are keyed by name:

    >>> with patch.multiple('__main__', thing=DEFAULT, other=DEFAULT) as values:
    ...     assert 'other' in repr(values['other'])
    ...     assert 'thing' in repr(values['thing'])
    ...     assert values['thing'] is thing
    ...     assert values['other'] is other
    ...

### 26.4.3.5. patch methods: start and stop

All the patchers have start and stop methods. These make it simpler to do patching in setUp methods or where you want to do multiple patches without nesting decorators or with statements.

To use them call patch, patch.object or patch.dict as normal and keep a reference to the returned patcher object. You can then call start to put the patch in place and stop to undo it.

If you are using patch to create a mock for you then it will be returned by the call to patcher.start.

    >>> patcher = patch('package.module.ClassName')
    >>> from package import module
    >>> original = module.ClassName
    >>> new_mock = patcher.start()
    >>> assert module.ClassName is not original
    >>> assert module.ClassName is new_mock
    >>> patcher.stop()
    >>> assert module.ClassName is original
    >>> assert module.ClassName is not new_mock

A typical use case for this might be for doing multiple patches in the setUp method of a TestCase:

    >>> class MyTest(TestCase):
    ...     def setUp(self):
    ...         self.patcher1 = patch('package.module.Class1')
    ...         self.patcher2 = patch('package.module.Class2')
    ...         self.MockClass1 = self.patcher1.start()
    ...         self.MockClass2 = self.patcher2.start()
    ...
    ...     def tearDown(self):
    ...         self.patcher1.stop()
    ...         self.patcher2.stop()
    ...
    ...     def test_something(self):
    ...         assert package.module.Class1 is self.MockClass1
    ...         assert package.module.Class2 is self.MockClass2
    ...
    >>> MyTest('test_something').run()

Caution

If you use this technique you must ensure that the patching is “undone” by calling stop. This can be fiddlier than you might think, because if an exception is raised in the `setUp` then `tearDown` is not called. `unittest.TestCase.addCleanup()` makes this easier:

    >>> class MyTest(TestCase):
    ...     def setUp(self):
    ...         patcher = patch('package.module.Class')
    ...         self.MockClass = patcher.start()
    ...         self.addCleanup(patcher.stop)
    ...
    ...     def test_something(self):
    ...         assert package.module.Class is self.MockClass
    ...

As an added bonus you no longer need to keep a reference to the patcher object.

It is also possible to stop all patches which have been started by using patch.stopall.

`patch.``stopall`()

  Stop all active patches. Only stops patches started with start.

### 26.4.3.6. TEST_PREFIX

All of the patchers can be used as class decorators. When used in this way they wrap every test method on the class. The patchers recognise methods that start with test as being test methods. This is the same way that the `unittest.TestLoader` finds test methods by default.

It is possible that you want to use a different prefix for your tests. You can inform the patchers of the different prefix by setting patch.TEST_PREFIX:

    >>> patch.TEST_PREFIX = 'foo'
    >>> value = 3
    >>>
    >>> @patch('__main__.value', 'not three')
    ... class Thing:
    ...     def foo_one(self):
    ...         print value
    ...     def foo_two(self):
    ...         print value
    ...
    >>>
    >>> Thing().foo_one()
    not three
    >>> Thing().foo_two()
    not three
    >>> value
    3

### 26.4.3.7. Nesting Patch Decorators

If you want to perform multiple patches then you can simply stack up the decorators.

You can stack up multiple patch decorators using this pattern:

    >>> @patch.object(SomeClass, 'class_method')
    ... @patch.object(SomeClass, 'static_method')
    ... def test(mock1, mock2):
    ...     assert SomeClass.static_method is mock1
    ...     assert SomeClass.class_method is mock2
    ...     SomeClass.static_method('foo')
    ...     SomeClass.class_method('bar')
    ...     return mock1, mock2
    ...
    >>> mock1, mock2 = test()
    >>> mock1.assert_called_once_with('foo')
    >>> mock2.assert_called_once_with('bar')

Note that the decorators are applied from the bottom upwards. This is the standard way that Python applies decorators. The order of the created mocks passed into your test function matches this order.

### 26.4.3.8. Where to patch

patch works by (temporarily) changing the object that a name points to with another one. There can be many names pointing to any individual object, so for patching to work you must ensure that you patch the name used by the system under test.

The basic principle is that you patch where an object is looked up, which is not necessarily the same place as where it is defined. A couple of examples will help to clarify this.

Imagine we have a project that we want to test with the following structure:

    a.py
        -> Defines SomeClass

    b.py
        -> from a import SomeClass
        -> some_function instantiates SomeClass

Now we want to test some_function but we want to mock out SomeClass using patch. The problem is that when we import module b, which we will have to do then it imports SomeClass from module a. If we use patch to mock out a.SomeClass then it will have no effect on our test; module b already has a reference to the real SomeClass and it looks like our patching had no effect.

The key is to patch out SomeClass where it is used (or where it is looked up ). In this case some_function will actually look up SomeClass in module b, where we have imported it. The patching should look like:

    @patch('b.SomeClass')

However, consider the alternative scenario where instead of from a import SomeClass module b does import a and some_function uses a.SomeClass. Both of these import forms are common. In this case the class we want to patch is being looked up on the a module and so we have to patch a.SomeClass instead:

    @patch('a.SomeClass')

### 26.4.3.9. Patching Descriptors and Proxy Objects

Both patch and patch.object correctly patch and restore descriptors: class methods, static methods and properties. You should patch these on the class rather than an instance. They also work with some objects that proxy attribute access, like the django setttings object.

## 26.4.4. MagicMock and magic method support

### 26.4.4.1. Mocking Magic Methods

`Mock` supports mocking the Python protocol methods, also known as “magic methods”. This allows mock objects to replace containers or other objects that implement Python protocols.

Because magic methods are looked up differently from normal methods [2], this support has been specially implemented. This means that only specific magic methods are supported. The supported list includes almost all of them. If there are any missing that you need please let us know.

You mock magic methods by setting the method you are interested in to a function or a mock instance. If you are using a function then it must take `self` as the first argument [3].

    >>> def __str__(self):
    ...     return 'fooble'
    ...
    >>> mock = Mock()
    >>> mock.__str__ = __str__
    >>> str(mock)
    'fooble'

    >>> mock = Mock()
    >>> mock.__str__ = Mock()
    >>> mock.__str__.return_value = 'fooble'
    >>> str(mock)
    'fooble'

    >>> mock = Mock()
    >>> mock.__iter__ = Mock(return_value=iter([]))
    >>> list(mock)
    []

One use case for this is for mocking objects used as context managers in a with statement:

    >>> mock = Mock()
    >>> mock.__enter__ = Mock(return_value='foo')
    >>> mock.__exit__ = Mock(return_value=False)
    >>> with mock as m:
    ...     assert m == 'foo'
    ...
    >>> mock.__enter__.assert_called_with()
    >>> mock.__exit__.assert_called_with(None, None, None)

Calls to magic methods do not appear in `method_calls`, but they are recorded in `mock_calls`.

Note

If you use the spec keyword argument to create a mock then attempting to set a magic method that isn’t in the spec will raise an AttributeError.

The full list of supported magic methods is:

- `__hash__`, `__sizeof__`, `__repr__` and `__str__`
- `__dir__`, `__format__` and `__subclasses__`
- `__floor__`, `__trunc__` and `__ceil__`
- Comparisons: `__cmp__`, `__lt__`, `__gt__`, `__le__`, `__ge__`, `__eq__` and `__ne__`
- Container methods: `__getitem__`, `__setitem__`, `__delitem__`, `__contains__`, `__len__`, `__iter__`, `__getslice__`, `__setslice__`, `__reversed__` and `__missing__`
- Context manager: `__enter__` and `__exit__`
- Unary numeric methods: `__neg__`, `__pos__` and `__invert__`
- The numeric methods (including right hand and in-place variants): `__add__`, `__sub__`, `__mul__`, `__div__`, `__floordiv__`, `__mod__`, `__divmod__`, `__lshift__`, `__rshift__`, `__and__`, `__xor__`, `__or__`, and `__pow__`
- Numeric conversion methods: `__complex__`, `__int__`, `__float__`, `__index__` and `__coerce__`
- Descriptor methods: `__get__`, `__set__` and `__delete__`
- Pickling: `__reduce__`, `__reduce_ex__`, `__getinitargs__`, `__getnewargs__`, `__getstate__` and `__setstate__`

The following methods exist but are not supported as they are either in use by mock, can’t be set dynamically, or can cause problems:

- `__getattr__`, `__setattr__`, `__init__` and `__new__`
- `__prepare__`, `__instancecheck__`, `__subclasscheck__`, `__del__`

### 26.4.4.2. Magic Mock

There are two MagicMock variants: MagicMock and NonCallableMagicMock.

class `unittest.mock.``MagicMock`(*args, **kw)

  `MagicMock` is a subclass of `Mock` with default implementations of most of the magic methods. You can use `MagicMock` without having to configure the magic methods yourself.

  The constructor parameters have the same meaning as for `Mock`.

  If you use the spec or spec_set arguments then only magic methods that exist in the spec will be created.

class `unittest.mock.``NonCallableMagicMock`(*args, **kw)

  A non-callable version of MagicMock.

  The constructor parameters have the same meaning as for `MagicMock`, with the exception of return_value and side_effect which have no meaning on a non-callable mock.

The magic methods are setup with MagicMock objects, so you can configure them and use them in the usual way:

    >>> mock = MagicMock()
    >>> mock[3] = 'fish'
    >>> mock.__setitem__.assert_called_with(3, 'fish')
    >>> mock.__getitem__.return_value = 'result'
    >>> mock[2]
    'result'

By default many of the protocol methods are required to return objects of a specific type. These methods are preconfigured with a default return value, so that they can be used without you having to do anything if you aren’t interested in the return value. You can still set the return value manually if you want to change the default.

Methods and their defaults:

- `__lt__`: NotImplemented
- `__gt__`: NotImplemented
- `__le__`: NotImplemented
- `__ge__`: NotImplemented
- `__int__` : 1
- `__contains__` : False
- `__len__` : 1
- `__iter__` : iter([])
- `__exit__` : False
- `__complex__` : 1j
- `__float__` : 1.0
- `__bool__` : True
- `__index__` : 1
- `__hash__` : default hash for the mock
- `__str__` : default str for the mock
- `__sizeof__`: default sizeof for the mock

For example:

    >>> mock = MagicMock()
    >>> int(mock)
    1
    >>> len(mock)
    0
    >>> list(mock)
    []
    >>> object() in mock
    False

The two equality method, __eq__ and __ne__, are special. They do the default equality comparison on identity, using a side effect, unless you change their return value to return something else:

    >>> MagicMock() == 3
    False
    >>> MagicMock() != 3
    True
    >>> mock = MagicMock()
    >>> mock.__eq__.return_value = True
    >>> mock == 3
    True

The return value of MagicMock.__iter__ can be any iterable object and isn’t required to be an iterator:

    >>> mock = MagicMock()
    >>> mock.__iter__.return_value = ['a', 'b', 'c']
    >>> list(mock)
    ['a', 'b', 'c']
    >>> list(mock)
    ['a', 'b', 'c']

If the return value is an iterator, then iterating over it once will consume it and subsequent iterations will result in an empty list:

    >>> mock.__iter__.return_value = iter(['a', 'b', 'c'])
    >>> list(mock)
    ['a', 'b', 'c']
    >>> list(mock)
    []

`MagicMock` has all of the supported magic methods configured except for some of the obscure and obsolete ones. You can still set these up if you want.

Magic methods that are supported but not setup by default in `MagicMock` are:

- `__subclasses__`
- `__dir__`
- `__format__`
- `__get__`, `__set__` and `__delete__`
- `__reversed__` and `__missing__`
- `__reduce__`, `__reduce_ex__`, `__getinitargs__`, `__getnewargs__`, `__getstate__` and `__setstate__`
- `__getformat__` and `__setformat__`

[2] | Magic methods should be looked up on the class rather than the instance. Different versions of Python are inconsistent about applying this rule. The supported protocol methods should work with all supported versions of Python.

[3] | The function is basically hooked up to the class, but each `Mock` instance is kept isolated from the others.

## 26.4.5. Helpers

### 26.4.5.1. sentinel

`unittest.mock.``sentinel`

  The `sentinel` object provides a convenient way of providing unique objects for your tests.

  Attributes are created on demand when you access them by name. Accessing the same attribute will always return the same object. The objects returned have a sensible repr so that test failure messages are readable.

Sometimes when testing you need to test that a specific object is passed as an argument to another method, or returned. It can be common to create named sentinel objects to test this. sentinel provides a convenient way of creating and testing the identity of objects like this.

In this example we monkey patch method to return sentinel.some_object:

    >>> real = ProductionClass()
    >>> real.method = Mock(name="method")
    >>> real.method.return_value = sentinel.some_object
    >>> result = real.method()
    >>> assert result is sentinel.some_object
    >>> sentinel.some_object
    sentinel.some_object

### 26.4.5.2. DEFAULT

`unittest.mock.``DEFAULT`

  The DEFAULT object is a pre-created sentinel (actually sentinel.DEFAULT). It can be used by `side_effect` functions to indicate that the normal return value should be used.

### 26.4.5.3. call

`unittest.mock.``call`(*args, **kwargs)

  call is a helper object for making simpler assertions, for comparing with `call_args`, `call_args_list`, `mock_calls` and `method_calls`. call can also be used with `assert_has_calls()`.

      >>> m = MagicMock(return_value=None)
      >>> m(1, 2, a='foo', b='bar')
      >>> m()
      >>> m.call_args_list == [call(1, 2, a='foo', b='bar'), call()]
      True

`call.``call_list`()

  For a call object that represents multiple calls, call_list returns a list of all the intermediate calls as well as the final call.

call_list is particularly useful for making assertions on “chained calls”. A chained call is multiple calls on a single line of code. This results in multiple entries in `mock_calls` on a mock. Manually constructing the sequence of calls can be tedious.

`call_list()` can construct the sequence of calls from the same chained call:

    >>> m = MagicMock()
    >>> m(1).method(arg='foo').other('bar')(2.0)
    <MagicMock name='mock().method().other()()' id='...'>
    >>> kall = call(1).method(arg='foo').other('bar')(2.0)
    >>> kall.call_list()
    [call(1),
     call().method(arg='foo'),
     call().method().other('bar'),
     call().method().other()(2.0)]
    >>> m.mock_calls == kall.call_list()
    True

A call object is either a tuple of (positional args, keyword args) or (name, positional args, keyword args) depending on how it was constructed. When you construct them yourself this isn’t particularly interesting, but the call objects that are in the `Mock.call_args`, `Mock.call_args_list` and `Mock.mock_calls` attributes can be introspected to get at the individual arguments they contain.

The call objects in `Mock.call_args` and `Mock.call_args_list` are two-tuples of (positional args, keyword args) whereas the call objects in `Mock.mock_calls`, along with ones you construct yourself, are three-tuples of (name, positional args, keyword args).

You can use their “tupleness” to pull out the individual arguments for more complex introspection and assertions. The positional arguments are a tuple (an empty tuple if there are no positional arguments) and the keyword arguments are a dictionary:

    >>> m = MagicMock(return_value=None)
    >>> m(1, 2, 3, arg='one', arg2='two')
    >>> kall = m.call_args
    >>> args, kwargs = kall
    >>> args
    (1, 2, 3)
    >>> kwargs
    {'arg2': 'two', 'arg': 'one'}
    >>> args is kall[0]
    True
    >>> kwargs is kall[1]
    True

    >>> m = MagicMock()
    >>> m.foo(4, 5, 6, arg='two', arg2='three')
    <MagicMock name='mock.foo()' id='...'>
    >>> kall = m.mock_calls[0]
    >>> name, args, kwargs = kall
    >>> name
    'foo'
    >>> args
    (4, 5, 6)
    >>> kwargs
    {'arg2': 'three', 'arg': 'two'}
    >>> name is m.mock_calls[0][0]
    True

### 26.4.5.4. create_autospec

`unittest.mock.``create_autospec`(spec, spec_set=False, instance=False, **kwargs)

  Create a mock object using another object as a spec. Attributes on the mock will use the corresponding attribute on the spec object as their spec.

  Functions or methods being mocked will have their arguments checked to ensure that they are called with the correct signature.

  If spec_set is True then attempting to set attributes that don’t exist on the spec object will raise an AttributeError.

  If a class is used as a spec then the return value of the mock (the instance of the class) will have the same spec. You can use a class as the spec for an instance object by passing instance=True. The returned mock will only be callable if instances of the mock are callable.

  create_autospec also takes arbitrary keyword arguments that are passed to the constructor of the created mock.

See Autospeccing for examples of how to use auto-speccing with create_autospec and the autospec argument to `patch()`.

### 26.4.5.5. ANY

`unittest.mock.``ANY`

Sometimes you may need to make assertions about some of the arguments in a call to mock, but either not care about some of the arguments or want to pull them individually out of `call_args` and make more complex assertions on them.

To ignore certain arguments you can pass in objects that compare equal to everything. Calls to `assert_called_with()` and `assert_called_once_with()` will then succeed no matter what was passed in.

    >>> mock = Mock(return_value=None)
    >>> mock('foo', bar=object())
    >>> mock.assert_called_once_with('foo', bar=ANY)

ANY can also be used in comparisons with call lists like `mock_calls`:

    >>> m = MagicMock(return_value=None)
    >>> m(1)
    >>> m(1, 2)
    >>> m(object())
    >>> m.mock_calls == [call(1), call(1, 2), ANY]
    True

### 26.4.5.6. FILTER_DIR

`unittest.mock.``FILTER_DIR`

FILTER_DIR is a module level variable that controls the way mock objects respond to dir (only for Python 2.6 or more recent). The default is True, which uses the filtering described below, to only show useful members. If you dislike this filtering, or need to switch it off for diagnostic purposes, then set mock.FILTER_DIR = False.

With filtering on, dir(some_mock) shows only useful attributes and will include any dynamically created attributes that wouldn’t normally be shown. If the mock was created with a spec (or autospec of course) then all the attributes from the original are shown, even if they haven’t been accessed yet:

    >>> dir(Mock())
    ['assert_any_call',
     'assert_called_once_with',
     'assert_called_with',
     'assert_has_calls',
     'attach_mock',
     ...
    >>> from urllib import request
    >>> dir(Mock(spec=request))
    ['AbstractBasicAuthHandler',
     'AbstractDigestAuthHandler',
     'AbstractHTTPHandler',
     'BaseHandler',
     ...

Many of the not-very-useful (private to Mock rather than the thing being mocked) underscore and double underscore prefixed attributes have been filtered from the result of calling dir on a Mock. If you dislike this behaviour you can switch it off by setting the module level switch FILTER_DIR:

    >>> from unittest import mock
    >>> mock.FILTER_DIR = False
    >>> dir(mock.Mock())
    ['_NonCallableMock__get_return_value',
     '_NonCallableMock__get_side_effect',
     '_NonCallableMock__return_value_doc',
     '_NonCallableMock__set_return_value',
     '_NonCallableMock__set_side_effect',
     '__call__',
     '__class__',
     ...

Alternatively you can just use vars(my_mock) (instance members) and dir(type(my_mock)) (type members) to bypass the filtering irrespective of mock.FILTER_DIR.

### 26.4.5.7. mock_open

`unittest.mock.``mock_open`(mock=None, read_data=None)

  A helper function to create a mock to replace the use of open. It works for open called directly or used as a context manager.

  The mock argument is the mock object to configure. If None (the default) then a MagicMock will be created for you, with the API limited to methods or attributes available on standard file handles.

  read_data is a string for the read method of the file handle to return. This is an empty string by default.

Using open as a context manager is a great way to ensure your file handles are closed properly and is becoming common:

    with open('/some/path', 'w') as f:
        f.write('something')

The issue is that even if you mock out the call to open it is the returned object that is used as a context manager (and has __enter__ and __exit__ called).

Mocking context managers with a `MagicMock` is common enough and fiddly enough that a helper function is useful.

    >>> m = mock_open()
    >>> with patch('__main__.open', m, create=True):
    ...     with open('foo', 'w') as h:
    ...         h.write('some stuff')
    ...
    >>> m.mock_calls
    [call('foo', 'w'),
     call().__enter__(),
     call().write('some stuff'),
     call().__exit__(None, None, None)]
    >>> m.assert_called_once_with('foo', 'w')
    >>> handle = m()
    >>> handle.write.assert_called_once_with('some stuff')

And for reading files:

    >>> with patch('__main__.open', mock_open(read_data='bibble'), create=True) as m:
    ...     with open('foo') as h:
    ...         result = h.read()
    ...
    >>> m.assert_called_once_with('foo')
    >>> assert result == 'bibble'

### 26.4.5.8. Autospeccing

Autospeccing is based on the existing spec feature of mock. It limits the api of mocks to the api of an original object (the spec), but it is recursive (implemented lazily) so that attributes of mocks only have the same api as the attributes of the spec. In addition mocked functions / methods have the same call signature as the original so they raise a TypeError if they are called incorrectly.

Before I explain how auto-speccing works, here’s why it is needed.

Mock is a very powerful and flexible object, but it suffers from two flaws when used to mock out objects from a system under test. One of these flaws is specific to the Mock api and the other is a more general problem with using mock objects.

First the problem specific to Mock. Mock has two assert methods that are extremely handy: `assert_called_with()` and `assert_called_once_with()`.

    >>> mock = Mock(name='Thing', return_value=None)
    >>> mock(1, 2, 3)
    >>> mock.assert_called_once_with(1, 2, 3)
    >>> mock(1, 2, 3)
    >>> mock.assert_called_once_with(1, 2, 3)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
     ...
    AssertionError: Expected 'mock' to be called once. Called 2 times.

Because mocks auto-create attributes on demand, and allow you to call them with arbitrary arguments, if you misspell one of these assert methods then your assertion is gone:

    >>> mock = Mock(name='Thing', return_value=None)
    >>> mock(1, 2, 3)
    >>> mock.assret_called_once_with(4, 5, 6)

Your tests can pass silently and incorrectly because of the typo.

The second issue is more general to mocking. If you refactor some of your code, rename members and so on, any tests for code that is still using the old api but uses mocks instead of the real objects will still pass. This means your tests can all pass even though your code is broken.

Note that this is another reason why you need integration tests as well as unit tests. Testing everything in isolation is all fine and dandy, but if you don’t test how your units are “wired together” there is still lots of room for bugs that tests might have caught.

mock already provides a feature to help with this, called speccing. If you use a class or instance as the spec for a mock then you can only access attributes on the mock that exist on the real class:

    >>> from urllib import request
    >>> mock = Mock(spec=request.Request)
    >>> mock.assret_called_with
    Traceback (most recent call last):
     ...
    AttributeError: Mock object has no attribute 'assret_called_with'

The spec only applies to the mock itself, so we still have the same issue with any methods on the mock:

    >>> mock.has_data()
    <mock.Mock object at 0x...>
    >>> mock.has_data.assret_called_with()

Auto-speccing solves this problem. You can either pass autospec=True to patch / patch.object or use the create_autospec function to create a mock with a spec. If you use the autospec=True argument to patch then the object that is being replaced will be used as the spec object. Because the speccing is done “lazily” (the spec is created as attributes on the mock are accessed) you can use it with very complex or deeply nested objects (like modules that import modules that import modules) without a big performance hit.

Here’s an example of it in use:

    >>> from urllib import request
    >>> patcher = patch('__main__.request', autospec=True)
    >>> mock_request = patcher.start()
    >>> request is mock_request
    True
    >>> mock_request.Request
    <MagicMock name='request.Request' spec='Request' id='...'>

You can see that request.Request has a spec. request.Request takes two arguments in the constructor (one of which is self). Here’s what happens if we try to call it incorrectly:

    >>> req = request.Request()
    Traceback (most recent call last):
     ...
    TypeError: <lambda>() takes at least 2 arguments (1 given)

The spec also applies to instantiated classes (i.e. the return value of specced mocks):

    >>> req = request.Request('foo')
    >>> req
    <NonCallableMagicMock name='request.Request()' spec='Request' id='...'>

Request objects are not callable, so the return value of instantiating our mocked out request.Request is a non-callable mock. With the spec in place any typos in our asserts will raise the correct error:

    >>> req.add_header('spam', 'eggs')
    <MagicMock name='request.Request().add_header()' id='...'>
    >>> req.add_header.assret_called_with
    Traceback (most recent call last):
     ...
    AttributeError: Mock object has no attribute 'assret_called_with'
    >>> req.add_header.assert_called_with('spam', 'eggs')

In many cases you will just be able to add autospec=True to your existing patch calls and then be protected against bugs due to typos and api changes.

As well as using autospec through patch there is a `create_autospec()` for creating autospecced mocks directly:

    >>> from urllib import request
    >>> mock_request = create_autospec(request)
    >>> mock_request.Request('foo', 'bar')
    <NonCallableMagicMock name='mock.Request()' spec='Request' id='...'>

This isn’t without caveats and limitations however, which is why it is not the default behaviour. In order to know what attributes are available on the spec object, autospec has to introspect (access attributes) the spec. As you traverse attributes on the mock a corresponding traversal of the original object is happening under the hood. If any of your specced objects have properties or descriptors that can trigger code execution then you may not be able to use autospec. On the other hand it is much better to design your objects so that introspection is safe [4].

A more serious problem is that it is common for instance attributes to be created in the __init__ method and not to exist on the class at all. autospec can’t know about any dynamically created attributes and restricts the api to visible attributes.

    >>> class Something:
    ...   def __init__(self):
    ...     self.a = 33
    ...
    >>> with patch('__main__.Something', autospec=True):
    ...   thing = Something()
    ...   thing.a
    ...
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      ...
    AttributeError: Mock object has no attribute 'a'

There are a few different ways of resolving this problem. The easiest, but not necessarily the least annoying, way is to simply set the required attributes on the mock after creation. Just because autospec doesn’t allow you to fetch attributes that don’t exist on the spec it doesn’t prevent you setting them:

    >>> with patch('__main__.Something', autospec=True):
    ...   thing = Something()
    ...   thing.a = 33
    ...

There is a more aggressive version of both spec and autospec that does prevent you setting non-existent attributes. This is useful if you want to ensure your code only sets valid attributes too, but obviously it prevents this particular scenario:

    >>> with patch('__main__.Something', autospec=True, spec_set=True):
    ...   thing = Something()
    ...   thing.a = 33
    ...
    Traceback (most recent call last):
     ...
    AttributeError: Mock object has no attribute 'a'

Probably the best way of solving the problem is to add class attributes as default values for instance members initialised in __init__. Note that if you are only setting default attributes in __init__ then providing them via class attributes (shared between instances of course) is faster too. e.g.

    class Something:
        a = 33

This brings up another issue. It is relatively common to provide a default value of None for members that will later be an object of a different type. None would be useless as a spec because it wouldn’t let you access any attributes or methods on it. As None is never going to be useful as a spec, and probably indicates a member that will normally of some other type, autospec doesn’t use a spec for members that are set to None. These will just be ordinary mocks (well - MagicMocks):

    >>> class Something:
    ...     member = None
    ...
    >>> mock = create_autospec(Something)
    >>> mock.member.foo.bar.baz()
    <MagicMock name='mock.member.foo.bar.baz()' id='...'>

If modifying your production classes to add defaults isn’t to your liking then there are more options. One of these is simply to use an instance as the spec rather than the class. The other is to create a subclass of the production class and add the defaults to the subclass without affecting the production class. Both of these require you to use an alternative object as the spec. Thankfully patch supports this - you can simply pass the alternative object as the autospec argument:

    >>> class Something:
    ...   def __init__(self):
    ...     self.a = 33
    ...
    >>> class SomethingForTest(Something):
    ...   a = 33
    ...
    >>> p = patch('__main__.Something', autospec=SomethingForTest)
    >>> mock = p.start()
    >>> mock.a
    <NonCallableMagicMock name='Something.a' spec='int' id='...'>

[4] | This only applies to classes or already instantiated objects. Calling a mocked class to create a mock instance does not create a real instance. It is only attribute lookups - along with calls to dir - that are done.

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