====================================================================== = Haplogroup O-M119 = ====================================================================== Introduction ====================================================================== In human genetics, Haplogroup O-M119 is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup O-M119 is a descendant branch of haplogroup O-F265 also known as O1a, one of two extant primary subclades of Haplogroup O-M175. The same clade previously has been labeled as O-MSY2.2. Origins ====================================================================== The Haplogroup O-M119 branch is believed to have evolved during the Late Pleistocene (Upper Paleolithic) in Southeast Asia or East Asia. Paleolithic migrations ======================== suggest haplogroup O-M119 was part of a four-phase colonization model in which Paleolithic migrations of hunter-gatherers shaped the primary structure of current Y-Chromosome diversity of Maritime Southeast Asia. Approximately 5000 BCE, Haplogroup O-M119 coalesced at Sundaland and migrated northwards to as far as Taiwan, where O-M50 constitutes some 90% of the Aboriginal Y-DNA, being the main haplogroup that can be directly linked to the Austronesian expansion in phase 3. The Liangdao man, an 8,000 year old skeleton found on Liang Island in the Republic of China off the coast of Fujian, is believed to belong to Haplogroup O-M119, specifically under branch O-CTS5726. Taiwan homeland ================= concluded that in contrast to the Taiwan homeland hypothesis, Island Southeast Asians do not have a Taiwan origin based on their paternal lineages. According to their results, lineages within Maritime Southeast Asia did not originate from Taiwanese aborigines as linguistic studies suggest. Taiwan aborigines and Indonesians were likely to have been derived from the Tai-Kadai-speaking populations based on their paternal lineages, and thereafter evolved independently of each other. The strongest positive correlation between Haplogroup O-M119 and ethno-linguistic affiliation is that which is observed between this haplogroup and the Austronesians. The peak frequency of Haplogroup O-M119 is found among the aborigines of Taiwan, precisely the region from which linguists have hypothesized that the Austronesian language family originated. A slightly weaker correlation is observed between Haplogroup O-M119 and the Han Chinese populations of southern China, as well as between this haplogroup and the Tai-Kadai-speaking populations of southern China and Southeast Asia. The distribution of Tai-Kadai languages in Thailand and other parts of Southeast Asia outside of China has long been believed, for reasons of traditional linguistic geography, to reflect a recent invasion of Southeast Asia by Tai-Kadai-speaking populations originating from southeastern China, and the somewhat elevated frequency of Haplogroup O-M119 among the Tai-Kadai populations, coupled with a high frequency of Haplogroup O-M95, which is a genetic characteristic of the Austroasiatic-speaking peoples of Southeast Asia, suggests that the genetic signature of the Tai-Kadai peoples' affinity with populations of southeastern China has been weakened due to extensive assimilation of the earlier Austroasiatic residents of the lands which the Tai-Kadai peoples invaded. Distribution ====================================================================== Haplogroup O-M119 lineages are found primarily in Southeast Asian populations of Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, the Philippines, southern China and Taiwan . High frequencies of this haplogroup have been found in populations spread in an arc through southeastern China, Taiwan, the Philippines, and Indonesia. It has been found with generally lower frequency in samples from Oceania, mainland Southeast Asia, Southwest China, Northwest China, North China, Northeast China, Korea, Japan, North Asia, and Central Asia. A 2008 study by Li suggested that the admixture analyses of Tai-Kadai-speaking populations showed a significant genetic influence in a large proportion of Indonesians. Most of the population samples contained a high frequency of haplogroup O-M119. The frequencies of Haplogroup O-M119 among various East Asian and Austronesian populations suggest a complex genetic history of the modern Han populations of southern China. Although Haplogroup O-M119 occurs only at an average frequency of approximately 4% among Han populations of northern China and peoples of southwestern China and Southeast Asia who speak Tibeto-Burman languages, the frequency of this haplogroup among the Han populations of southern China nearly quadruples to about 15-23%. The frequency of Haplogroup O-M119 among the Southern Han has been found to be slightly greater than the arithmetic mean of the frequencies of Haplogroup O-M119 among the Northern Han and a pooled sample of Austronesian populations. This suggests that modern Southern Han populations may possess a non-trivial number of male ancestors who were originally affiliated with some Austronesian-related culture, or who at least shared some genetic affinity with many of the ancestors of modern Austronesian peoples. O-M119 ======== This lineage is found frequently in Austronesians, southern Han Chinese, and Kra-Dai peoples. This lineage is presumed to be a marker of the prehistoric Austronesian expansion, with possible origins encompassing the regions along the southeastern coast of China and neighboring Taiwan, and is found among modern populations of Maritime Southeast Asia and Oceania .. Haplogroup O-M119 Y-chromosomes also have been found to occur at low frequency among various populations of Siberia, such as the Nivkhs (one of 17 sampled Y-chromosomes), Ulchi/Nanai (2/53), Yenisey Evenks (1/31), and especially the Buryats living in the Sayan-Baikal uplands of Irkutsk Oblast (6/13) . O-P203 ======== O-P203 was found in 86.7% (52/60) of a sample from Nias, 70.8% (34/48) of Taiwanese Aboriginals, 28.4% (21/74) of Mentawai, 11.4% (73/641) of Balinese, 9.8% (6/61) of a sample from Java, 9.1% (36/394) of a sample from Flores, 9.1% (15/165) of Han Chinese, 8.3% (1/12) of a sample from Western Samoa, 8.2% (4/49) of Tujia from Hunan, 6.9% (4/58) of Miao from China, 5.7% (4/70) of Vietnamese, 3.3% (1/30) of a sample from the Moluccas, 3.1% (1/32) of Malaysians, 3.0% (1/33) of a sample from highland Papua New Guinea, 2.6% (1/38) of a sample from Sumatra, 2.3% (2/86) of a sample from Borneo, 2.1% (1/48) of Filipinos, 2.0% (1/51) of She, 1.7% (1/60) of Yao from Guangxi, 1.1% (1/92) of a sample from Lembata, and 0.9% (3/350) of a sample from Sumba. In a study published in 2011, O-P203 was observed in 22.2% (37/167) of Han Chinese male volunteers at Fudan University in Shanghai whose origin may be traced back to East China (Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, or Anhui), 12.3% (8/65) of Han Chinese male volunteers whose origin may be traced back to South China, and 1.6% (2/129) of Han Chinese male volunteers whose origin may be traced back to North China. O-M101 ======== This lineage was observed in one individual from China and another from Kota Kinabalu . According to the website of Chinese genetic testing company 23mofang, O-M101 is a subclade of O-M307/P203 (O-M307 > O-F446 > O-F5498 > O-Z23406 > O-M101). Its TMRCA is estimated to be 4,850 years before present, and it is estimated to account for the Y-DNA of approximately 0.21% of all males in present-day China, with its distribution being relatively dense in Hunan, Hubei, Hainan, and Jiangxi. The O-M101 > O-A5863 > O-SK1573 subclade (TMRCA 3,400 ybp) has been estimated to account for the Y-DNA of approximately 0.08% of all males in present-day China, being relatively concentrated in South Central China and Southwest China at present. The O-M101 > O-A5863 > O-Y163909 subclade (TMRCA 4,080 ybp) has been observed in 16.7% (3/18) of a sample of Phuan males from Central Thailand. O-M50 ======= This lineage occurs among Austronesian peoples of Taiwan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Madagascar as well as among some populations of continental Southeast Asia and among Bantu peoples of the Comoros. It also has been found in a Hawaiian. A study published in 2005 found O-M50 in 33.3% (13/39) of a sample of aboriginals in Taiwan, 18.2% (2/11) of a sample of people in Majuro, 17.1% (6/35) of a sample of Malagasy, 9.2% (6/65) of a sample of people in Kota Kinabalu, 9.1% (2/22) of a sample of people in Banjarmasin, 3.6% (1/28) of a sample of people in the Philippines, and 1.9% (1/52) of a sample of people in Vanuatu. Kayser 'et al.' 2008 found O-M110 in 34.1% (14/41) of a sample of Taiwan Aborigines, 17.7% (26/147) of a sample from the Admiralty Islands, 17.3% (9/52) of a sample from the Trobriand Islands, 13.5% (5/37) of a sample from the Philippines, 9.7% (3/31) of a sample from the Nusa Tenggara Islands, 3.8% (2/53) of a sample from Java, 3.0% (1/33) of a sample from the Moluccas, 2.5% (1/40) of a sample from Borneo, 1.0% (1/100) of a sample from Tuvalu, and 0.95% (1/105) of a sample from Fiji. A study published in 2010 found O-M110 in 18.8% (9/48) Taiwanese Aboriginals, 13.3% (8/60) Nias, 8.3% (4/48) Philippines, 7.4% (4/54) Sulawesi, 6.3% (22/350) Sumba, 5.8% (5/86) Borneo, 3.3% (1/30) Moluccas, 2.3% (1/44) Maewo, Vanuatu, 1.6% (1/61) Java, 1.4% (1/74) Mentawai, and 0.8% (5/641) Bali. A study published in 2012 found O-M110 in 4.6% (33/712) of males from the Solomon Islands. Phylogenetic history ====================== Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures. **YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)** **(α)** **(β)** **(γ)** |**(δ)** |**(ε)** |**(ζ)** |**(η)** |**YCC 2002 (Longhand)** |**YCC 2005 (Longhand)** |**YCC 2008 (Longhand)** |**YCC 2010r (Longhand)** |**ISOGG 2006** |**ISOGG 2007** |**ISOGG 2008** |**ISOGG 2009** |**ISOGG 2010** |**ISOGG 2011** |**ISOGG 2012** |O-M175 26 VII 1U 28 Eu16 H9 I O* O O O O O O O O O O |O-M119 26 VII 1U 32 Eu16 H9 H O1* O1a O1a O1a O1a O1a O1a O1a O1a O1a O1a |O-M101 26 VII 1U 32 Eu16 H9 H O1a O1a1 O1a1a O1a1a O1a1 O1a1 O1a1a O1a1a O1a1a O1a1a O1a1a |O-M50 26 VII 1U 32 Eu16 H10 H O1b O1a2 O1a2 O1a2 O1a2 O1a2 O1a2 O1a2 O1a2 O1a2 O1a2 |O-P31 26 VII 1U 33 Eu16 H5 I O2* O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 |O-M95 26 VII 1U 34 Eu16 H11 G O2a* O2a O2a O2a O2a O2a O2a O2a O2a O2a1 O2a1 |O-M88 26 VII 1U 34 Eu16 H12 G O2a1 O2a1 O2a1 O2a1 O2a1 O2a1 O2a1 O2a1 O2a1 O2a1a O2a1a |O-SRY465 20 VII 1U 35 Eu16 H5 I O2b* O2b O2b O2b O2b O2b O2b O2b O2b O2b O2b |O-47z 5 VII 1U 26 Eu16 H5 I O2b1 O2b1a O2b1 O2b1 O2b1a O2b1a O2b1 O2b1 O2b1 O2b1 O2b1 |O-M122 26 VII 1U 29 Eu16 H6 L O3* O3 O3 O3 O3 O3 O3 O3 O3 O3 O3 |O-M121 26 VII 1U 29 Eu16 H6 L O3a O3a O3a1 O3a1 O3a1 O3a1 O3a1 O3a1 O3a1 O3a1a O3a1a |O-M164 26 VII 1U 29 Eu16 H6 L O3b O3b O3a2 O3a2 O3a2 O3a2 O3a2 O3a2 O3a2 O3a1b O3a1b |O-M159 13 VII 1U 31 Eu16 H6 L O3c O3c O3a3a O3a3a O3a3 O3a3 O3a3a O3a3a O3a3a O3a3a O3a3a |O-M7 26 VII 1U 29 Eu16 H7 L O3d* O3c O3a3b O3a3b O3a4 O3a4 O3a3b O3a3b O3a3b O3a2b O3a2b |O-M113 26 VII 1U 29 Eu16 H7 L O3d1 O3c1 O3a3b1 O3a3b1 - O3a4a O3a3b1 O3a3b1 O3a3b1 O3a2b1 O3a2b1 |O-M134 26 VII 1U 30 Eu16 H8 L O3e* O3d O3a3c O3a3c O3a5 O3a5 O3a3c O3a3c O3a3c O3a2c1 O3a2c1 |O-M117 26 VII 1U 30 Eu16 H8 L O3e1* O3d1 O3a3c1 O3a3c1 O3a5a O3a5a O3a3c1 O3a3c1 O3a3c1 O3a2c1a O3a2c1a |O-M162 26 VII 1U 30 Eu16 H8 L O3e1a O3d1a O3a3c1a O3a3c1a O3a5a1 O3a5a1 O3a3c1a O3a3c1a O3a3c1a O3a2c1a1 O3a2c1a1 Research publications ======================= The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC tree. Phylogenetic trees ==================== This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup O subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research. *O-M119 **O-M119* 'China (Sichuan, Guizhou, Hubei, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Henan, Hebei, Liaoning, etc.)' **O-Y14027 ***O1a3-Y144065/F1036 'China (esp. Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangsu, and Guangdong)' ****O-Y87942/MF38142 'China (Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Chongqing, Hubei, etc.') ****O-F1009 'China (Shandong, Jiangsu, Hebei, Zhejiang, Beijing, Liaoning, Henan, Shanghai, Guangdong, Anhui, Shanxi, Jilin, Sichuan, Heilongjiang, Tianjin, Hubei, Shaanxi, Hunan, Gansu, etc.), North Korea (Pyeongyang), South Korea' ***O1a2-M50/M103/M110/F3288 'Austronesia, China (Beijing, Macau), Thailand (Tai Lue, Yong, Tai Dam from Loei Province, Iu Mien, Isan, Mon, Siamese, Khon Muang), Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang)' ****O1a2a (F3288) *****O1a2a1 (B392, Z38606, Z38607, Z38608, Z38609, Z38610, Z38611) ******O1a2a1a (B393, Z38612) ***O1a1-B384/Z23193 ****O1a1a (M307.1/P203.1, CTS3422, CTS4351, CTS5059, CTS6864, CTS7015, CTS8229, CTS8875, CTS8934, CTS9321, CTS11688, F31, F54, F89, F303, F333, L83) *****O1a1a1 (F446, CTS4588, F560, FGC15381/K620/Z23389, K613/Z23387, K619/Z23388) ******O1a1a1a (F140, CTS611, CTS3089, CTS3265, CTS3269, CTS11270, F157, F343, F424, F518, F571, FGC15382/Z23466, FGC15391/Y14275/Z23470, FGC15383/K625/Z23474, V68.2, Z23457) *******O1a1a1a* 'Indonesia' *******O1a1a1a1 (F78, CTS4478) 'China (esp. Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang)' ********O-F23879 'Philippines (Igorot from Mountain Province, Negros Occidental)' ********O-MF14277 'China (Hunan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Hubei, etc.)' *********O-MF14175 'China (esp. Hunan, Sichuan, and Chongqing)' *********O-Y158653/ACT6252 'China (Hebei, Jiangxi, Ma'anshan)' ********O1a1a1a1a (F81, CTS4910, CTS5709, FGC15392/Y14265/Z23469) 'China, Philippines, Vietnam (Pathen from Quang Bình District, Tày from Mường Khương District and Cư Jút District, Dao from Hoàng Su Phì District), Thailand (Pray, Isan, Mon, Central Thai, Northern Thai)' *********O1a1a1a1a* 'Guangdong' *********O1a1a1a1a1 (CTS2458) **********O1a1a1a1a1a (F533) ***********O1a1a1a1a1a1 (F492, CTS2498, CTS2594, CTS4206,CTS5075, CTS11784, F619, K629/Z23478) ************O1a1a1a1a1a1a (F656, Z23481) 'Hubei, Jiangsu, Hong Kong, Beijing, Xishuangbanna' *************O1a1a1a1a1a1a1 (A12440) 'Jiangsu, Anhui' **************O1a1a1a1a1a1a1a (A12439) *************O1a1a1a1a1a1a2 (A14788, A14789) *************O1a1a1a1a1a1a3 (F65, F285, F469) *************O1a1a1a1a1a1a4 (MF1068, MF1069, MF1070) *************O1a1a1a1a1a1a5 (Z23482, Z23484, Z23485, Z23486, Z23487, Z23488, Z23489) ************O1a1a1a1a1a1b (FGC66168, Z23496, Z23505) 'Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangsu' *************O1a1a1a1a1a1b1 (CTS11553, Z23494, Z23496, Z23503) *************O1a1a1a1a1a1b2 (CTS409, CTS2613, CTS5922) 'Fujian' *************O1a1a1a1a1a1b3 (Y146786, Y146790, Y146817) 'Hubei, Jiangxi' ************O1a1a1a1a1a1c (Y31266, Y31267) *************O1a1a1a1a1a1c* 'Jiangxi, Fujian' *************O1a1a1a1a1a1c1 (Y31261, Y31262, Y31263, Y31264, Y31265, Y31643) 'Sichuan, Cambodia' ************O1a1a1a1a1a1d (A12441, A12442, A12443, Y69066) 'Henan, Anhui' ************O1a1a1a1a1a1e (MF1071, MF1072, MF1073) 'Jiangsu, Anhui' *************O1a1a1a1a1a1e1 (MF1074) ***********O1a1a1a1a1a2 (CTS4585, CTS7624, FGC15395/Y14269, FGC15397/Y14272, FGC15398/Y13987, FGC15399/Y13986, FGC15400/Y13989, FGC15401/Y13988, FGC15402/Y13984, FGC15409/Y13985, FGC47328, FGC47336, Y14273) 'Jiangsu, Beijing' *********O1a1a1a1a2 (MF1075, MF1076, MF1077, MF1078, MF1079, MF1080, MF1081, MF1082) 'Jiangsu, Shanghai' *******O1a1a1a2 (YP4610/Z39229) ********O1a1a1a2a (AM00330/AMM480/B386, SK1533, Z39230/YP4600, Z39231/YP4601, Z39232/YP4603, Z39233/YP4605, Z39234/YP4607, Z39235/YP4609, Z39236/YP4611, Z39237/YP4612, Z39238/YP4613, Z39239/YP4614, Z39240/YP4615, Z39241/YP4616, Z39242/YP4617, Z39243/YP4618, Z39244/YP4619, Z39245/YP4620, Z39246/YP4621) *********O1a1a1a2a1 (AM00333/AMM483/B387, Z39247/YP4602) 'Philippines, Singapore (Malay)' **********O1a1a1a2a1a (B388, Z39248/YP4604, Z39249/YP4608) 'Philippines, Singapore (Malay)' ********O1a1a1a2b (SK1555) ******O1a1a1b (SK1568/Z23420, CTS8920, Z23430) *******O1a1a1b1 (M101) 'China (Guizhou), Thailand (Phuan from Central Thailand), Kota Kinabalu' *******O1a1a1b2 (Z23392, Z23404, Z23440/SK1572) 'Vietnam (Colao from Hoàng Su Phì District), Thailand (Phutai from Sakon Nakhon Province, Siamese from Western Thailand and Eastern Thailand, Mon from Northern Thailand)' ********O1a1a1b2* 'Ho Chi Minh City' ********O1a1a1b2a (Z23442, F26575) 'Xishuangbanna, Hong Kong, Ho Chi Minh City' *********O1a1a1b2a1 (SK1571, Z39268) *****O1a1a2 (CTS8423, CTS2915, F4084) 'China (Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Hubei, Sichuan, etc.)' ******O1a1a2a (CTS52, CTS11785, CTS5880) 'Japan' *******O1a1a2a1 (CTS701, K583, CTS4115, CTS6217) 'Vietnam (Lachi and Dao from Hoàng Su Phì District, Hanhi and Sila from Mường Tè District, Hmong from Điện Biên Phủ, Tay from Bình Liêu District), Thailand (Tai Lue from Northern Thailand, Shan, Suay from Northeast Thailand, Skaw Karen from Mae Hong Son Province, Isan, Phuan from Central Thailand, Black Tai from Loei Province, Mon, Northern Thai), Laos (Lao from Vientiane)' ********O1a1a2a1a (K644/Z23266, Z23269) *********O1a1a2a1a1 (CTS10805, MF2376, CTS4829) **********O-CTS10805* 'Hunan' **********O-Y148878 'Guangdong, Sichuan' **********O-MF2375 ***********O-MF2375* 'Hunan, Beijing' ***********O-MF6454 'Singapore, Indonesia (Greater Jakarta)' *********O1a1a2a1a2 (Z23274, Z23275, F24990, F25139) **********O-Z23274* 'Shandong' **********O-YP345 (Z7773, Z23304/Z23304.2) 'Xishuangbanna Dai' **********O-Z23338/Y18196 'Xishuangbanna Dai' *********O1a1a2a1a3 (CTS9421, CTS3144, CTS9476) 'China (Fujian Han), Taiwan (Yilan), Singapore, Japan' *********O1a1a2a1a4 (Y168496, MF167165/Y192368, Y168556, Y168502) 'China (Jiangsu)' ********O1a1a2a1b (Y157651) *********O-Y156772 'Shandong' *********O-CTS2118 **********O-CTS2118* 'Singapore' **********O-F16334 (CTS11040, CTS1992) 'Beijing, Guangdong, Liaoning' *******O1a1a2a2 (Y89818, MF16617) ********O1a1a2a2a (MF14481, MF17536, MF16199) 'Zhejiang, Shandong' ********O1a1a2a2b (FGC66100, FGC66137, FGC66127) 'Hubei, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Hebei, North Korea' ******O1a1a2b (F2444, F4243, Y137046) 'China (Guangdong, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Hubei, Zhejiang, Shandong, Jiangxi, etc.)' *******O1a1a2b1-Y137055 'China (Found sporadically in Shandong, Hebei, Hong Kong, Hubei, Zhejiang, etc.)' ********O-Y137185 'China (Guangdong, Sichuan, Jiangsu, Hubei, Shanghai, etc.), Hungary (Győr-Moson-Sopron)' *******O1a1a2b2-MF6180 'China (Found sporadically in Shaanxi, Henan, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Shanxi), South Korea' ********O-F1056 'China (Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Shandong, Anhui, etc.)' *********O-MF6458 'China (esp. Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang)' *********O-MF6284 'China (Found sporadically in Jiangsu, Shanghai, Henan, Sichuan)' ******O1a1a2c-SK1522 'China (Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, etc.)' ****O1a1b (CTS5726, CTS3085, CTS3400) 'China (Beijing, Fujian), Thailand (Siamese from Western Thailand), the Philippines (Manila, Agta), Singapore (Malay)'. 'Also found in "Liangdao Man", an 8,000 year old skeleton found on Liang Island in the Republic of China.' See also ====================================================================== *Austro-Tai languages Proportion of O-M119 in various samples ========================================= **Population** **Percentage** **Count** **Source** **SNPs** Nias 100.0% 60 P203=52 M110=8 Nias 99.8% 407 M119 Taiwanese aborigines 89.6% 48 P203=34 M110=9 Mentawai 86.5% 74 M119(xP203, M110)=42 P203=21 M110=1 Aboriginal Taiwanese 83.4% 223 M119 Taiwan (aborigines) 78.0% 41 M119(xM110)=18 M110=14 Taiwan (aborigines) 71.8% 39 M119(xM50, M101)=15 M50=13 Taiwan (aborigines) 68.9% 74 M119(xM101) Atayal 62.5% 24 M119(xM50, M110, M103)=13 M50/M110/M103=2 Utsat (Sanya, Hainan) 61.1% 72 M119=44 Gelao 60.0% 30 M119(xM110)=18 Gelong (Hainan) 57.7% 78 M119(xM110)=45 Tagalog (Philippine subgroup) 46.0% 50 M119 Kota Kinabalu 42.1% 19 M119(xM50, M110, M103)=6 M50/M110/M103=2 Philippines 41.0% 39 M119(xM110)=11 M110=5 Mulam (Luocheng) 40.5% 42 P203=13 M110=4 Hlai (Jiamao) 40.0% 50 M119=20 Philippines 35.7% 28 M119(xM50, M101)=9 M50=1 Dong 35% 20 M119(xM110, M50, M103)=5 M110/M50/M103=2 Hlai (Zwn) 32.0% 75 M119=24 Sui 31.5% 92 M119(xM110)=29 Malaysian 30.8% 13 M110=3 M119(xM110)=1 Dong 30% 10 M119(xM50, M110, M103)=2 M50/M110/M103=1 Kota Kinabalu 29.2% 65 M119(xM50, M101)=12 M50=6 M101=1 Hlai (Moifau) 28.8% 66 M119=19 Trobriand Islands 28.3% 53 M119=15 Hlai 27.3% 11 M119(xM110)=3 Trobriand Islands 26.9% 52 M110=9 M119(xM110)=5 Li (Hlai) 26.5% 34 M119 Malay (near Kuala Lumpur) 25.0% 12 M119 Han (East China) 24.0% 167 M119 Han Chinese (Taiwan) 23.1% 26 M119=6 Hlai (Ha) 23.0% 74 M119=17 Banjarmasin 22.7% 22 M119(xM50, M101)=3 M50=2 Java 22.6% 53 M119(xM110)=10 M110=2 Nusa Tenggara 22.6% 31 M119(xM110)=4 M110=3 Batak (Sumatra) 22.2% 18 M119(xM50, M110, M103)=4 China 22.2% 36 M119(xM110)=8 Balinese 21.1% 641 P203=73 M119(xP203, M110)=57 M110=5 Mandar (Sulawesi) 20.4% 54 M119(xP203, M110)=7 M110=4 Tujia 20% - - Han (Meixian) 20.0% 35 M119 Buka 20.0% 10 M119 CDX (Dai in Xishuangbanna) 19.2% 52 K644/Z23266=7 F656=2 Z23442=1 Zhuang (Napo County, Guangxi) 19.0% 63 M119=12 Malay 18.5% 27 M50/M110/M103=4 M119(xM50, M110, M103)=1 Thin Board Mien 18.2% 11 M119(xM110) Majuro (Marshall Islands) 18.2% 11 M50=2 Balinese 18.1% 551 M119=100 Sui 18.0% 50 M119(xM110, M50, M103)=9 Zhuang (Guangxi) 17.9% 28 M119(xM50, M110, M103)=5 Admiralty Islands 17.7% 147 M110=26 Malaysia 17.6% 17 M119(xM110)=3 Sumatra 17.5% 57 M119(xM110)=10 Malagasy 17.1% 35 M50 Han (South China) 16.9% 65 M119 Qiang 15.2% 33 M119 Borneo 15.0% 40 M119(xM110)=5 M110=1 Han Chinese 15% - - Dai (Dehong, Yunnan) 15.0% 20 M119=3 Java 14.8% 61 P203=6 M119(xP203, M110)=2 M110=1 She 14.7% 34 M119 Han (Chengdu) 14.7% 34 M119 Manus 14.3% 7 M119 Palyu 13.3% 30 M119 Batak Toba 13.2% 38 M119(xP203, M110)=4 P203=1 Sumba 12.6% 350 M110=22 M119(xP203, M110)=19 P203=3 Micronesia 12.5% 16 M119(xP203, M110)=2 Guizhou Miao 12.2% 49 M119(xM110) Lowland Kimmun 12.2% 41 M119(xM110) Thai (Northern Thailand) 11.8% 17 P203(xM101) Tai Yong (Northern Thailand) 11.5% 26 P203=2 M50=1 Bunu 11.1% 36 M119(xM110) Malaysia 11.1% 18 M119=2 Filipinos 10.4% 48 M110=4 P203=1 Zhuang 10% - - Mountain Straggler Mien 10.0% 20 M119(xM110) Northeast Thai 10.0% 20 M119(xM50, M110, M103)=1 M50/M110/M103=1 Vietnam 10% 10 M119=1 Tai Lue (Northern Thailand) 9.9% 91 P203=6 M50=3 Han (China & Taiwan) 9.7% 165 P203=15 M119(xP203, M110)=1 Flores 9.6% 394 P203=36 M119(xP203, M110)=2 Zhuang (Guangxi) 9.6% 166 - Han (Taiwan) 9.5% 21 M119 Han (Yili) 9.4% 32 M119 Borneo (Indonesia) 9.3% 86 M110=5 P203=2 M119(xP203, M110)=1 Bougainville 9.2% 65 M119 Top Board Mien 9.1% 11 M119(xM110) Northern Mien 9.1% 33 M119(xM110) Northern She 8.9% 56 M119(xM110) Thai (Chiang Mai & Khon Kaen) 8.8% 34 M119 Hui 8.6% 35 M119 Mosuo (Ninglang, Yunnan) 8.5% 47 M119(xM110) Miao (Wenshan, Yunnan) 8.3% 48 M119=4 Tonga 8.3% 12 M119(xP203, M110)=1 Tujia (Jishou, Hunan) 8.2% 49 P203=4 Hlai (Gei) 8.1% 62 M119=5 Hlai/Cun 8% - - Cambodian 7.7% 26 M119(xM50, M110, M103)=1 M50/M110/M103=1 Ewenki (China) 7.7% 26 M119 Xibe 7.3% 41 M119 Dai (Shuangjiang, Yunnan) 7.1% 28 M119=2 Hunan Miao 7.0% 100 M119(xM110) Tujia 7% - - Miao (China) 6.9% 58 P203=4 Bai (Dali, Yunnan) 6.7% 30 M119=2 Katu 6.7% 45 M119(xM110) Moluccas 6.7% 30 P203=1 M110=1 Han (Lanzhou) 6.7% 30 M119 Kinh 6.7% 15 M119(xM110) Kinh (Hanoi, Vietnam) 6.6% 76 P203(xM101) Southern Mien 6.5% 31 M119(xM110) Yao (Malipo, Yunnan) 6.4% 47 M119=3 Malaysia 6.3% 32 M119(xP203, M110)=1 P203=1 Dai (Xinping, Yunnan) 6.1% 49 M119=3 Lisu (Nujiang, Yunnan) 6.1% 49 M119=3 Yunnan Miao 6.1% 49 M119(xM110) Northern Han 6.1% 49 M119 Comorians 6.0% 381 M50=22 MSY2.2(xM50)=1 Bai (Dali, Yunnan) 6.0% 50 M119(xM110) Bai (Eryuan, Yunnan) 6.0% 50 M119=3 Moluccas 5.9% 34 M119(xM110)=1 M110=1 Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan) 5.8% 52 M119 Vietnam 5.7% 70 P203=4 Yao (Liannan, Guangdong) 5.7% 35 M119 Fiji 5.6% 107 M119=6 Mon (Northern Thailand) 5.6% 18 P203=1 Samoa 5.6% 18 P203=1 Thailand 5.3% 75 P203=2 M119(xP203, M50)=2 Daur 5.1% 39 M119 Cham (Binh Thuan, Vietnam) 5.1% 59 M119(xM50) Dungan (Kyrgyzstan) 5.0% 40 M119 Shan (Northern Thailand) 5.0% 20 P203=1 Manchu (Baoshan, Yunnan) 4.9% 41 M119=2 Han (NE China) 4.8% 42 M119 Maewo (Vanuatu) 4.5% 44 M119(xP203, M110)=1 M110=1 Bouyei 4.4% 45 M119(xM110, M50, M103)=2 Jino (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 4.4% 45 M119=2 Korean 4.4% 45 M119 KHV (Kinh in Ho Chi Minh City) 4.3% 46 Z23392(xZ23442)=1 Z23442=1 Han (Yuxi, Yunnan) 4.3% 47 M119=2 Western Mien 4.3% 47 M119(xM110) Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan) 4.3% 47 M119(xM110) Zhuang (Wenshan, Yunnan) 4.3% 47 M119=2 Buyi (Luoping, Yunnan) 4.2% 48 M119=2 Mongolian 4.2% 24 M119 Tai Khün (Northern Thailand) 4.2% 24 P203=1 Korea 4.0% 25 M119=1 Western Samoa 4.0% 25 M119(xM101, M50)=1 Khon Mueang (Northern Thailand) 3.9% 205 P203=6 M50=2 Manchu 3.8% 52 M119 Koreans (Daejeon) 3.8% 133 P203=3 M119(xP203, M110)=2 New Ireland 3.7% 109 M119 Bo 3.6% 28 M119(xM110) Tai Yuan (Thailand) 3.5% 85 P203=3 Japanese 3.4% 263 M119(xM101, M50) Lembata 3.3% 92 M119(xP203, M110)=2 P203=1 Korean 3.2% 216 M119 Samoa 3.2% 62 M119(xM110)=2 Han (North China) 3.1% 129 M119(xM110) Papua New Guinea (Highlands) 3.0% 33 P203=1 Manchu (NE China) 3.0% 101 M119 Koreans (Seoul) 3.0% 573 P203=16 M119(xP203, M110)=1 Dai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan) 2.9% 35 M119=1 Manchu 2.9% 35 M119 Han (Harbin) 2.9% 35 M119 Buyi 2.9% 35 M119 Yao (Bama, Guangxi) 2.9% 35 M119 West New Britain 2.8% 249 M119 Koreans 2.7% 300 M119 Koreans 2.7% 75 M119 Japanese (Kantō) 2.6% 117 M119 Koreans (Seoul) 2.4% 85 M119 Lavongai 2.3% 43 M119 Koreans (South Korea) 2.2% 506 M119 Laven 2.0% 50 M119(xM110) Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan) 2.0% 50 M119(xM110) Hmong Daw (Laos) 2.0% 51 M119(xM110) She 2.0% 51 P203=1 Japanese (Kyushu) 1.9% 104 M119 Vanuatu 1.9% 52 M50=1 Yao (Guangxi) 1.7% 60 P203=1 Uygur 1.4% 70 M119 East New Britain 1.4% 145 M119 Japanese 1.2% 2390 M119 Tuvalu 1.0% 100 M110=1 Mongolia (mostly Khalkh) 0.7% 149 M119 Mongols (Mongolia) 0.6% 160 M119 Lawa (Northern Thailand) 0.0% 50 M119=0 Works cited ============= * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Websites * License ========= All content on Gopherpedia comes from Wikipedia, and is licensed under CC-BY-SA License URL: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Original Article: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_O-M119 .