<-- begin Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary - 1913 --> <-- p. 1 --> A (named ? in the English, and most commonly � in other languages). The first letter of the English and of many other alphabets. The capital A of the alphabets of Middle and Western Europe, as also the small letter (a), besides the forms in Italic, black letter, etc., are all descended from the old Latin A, which was borrowed from the Greek Alpha, of the same form; and this was made from the first letter (?) of the Phoenician alphabet, the equivalent of the Hebrew Aleph, and itself from the Egyptian origin. The Aleph was a consonant letter, with a guttural breath sound that was not an element of Greek articulation; and the Greeks took it to represent their vowel Alpha with the � sound, the Phoenician alphabet having no vowel symbols. This letter, in English, is used for several different vowel sounds. See Guide to pronunciation,  43�74. The regular long a, as in fate, etc., is a comparatively modern sound, and has taken the place of what, till about the early part of the 17th century, was a sound of the quality of � (as in far). 2. (Mus.) The name of the sixth tone in the model major scale (that in C), or the first tone of the minor scale, which is named after it the scale in A minor. The second string of the violin is tuned to the A in the treble staff. � A sharp (A#) is the name of a musical tone intermediate between A and B.� A flat (A?) is the name of a tone intermediate between A and G. A per se (L. per se by itself), one pre�minent; a nonesuch. [Obs.] O fair Creseide, the flower and A per se Of Troy and Greece. Chaucer. A (? emph. ?). 1. [Shortened form of an. AS. ? one. See One.] An adjective, commonly called the indefinite article, and signifying one or any, but less emphatically. �At a birth�; �In a word�; �At a blow�. Shak. It is placed before nouns of the singular number denoting an individual object, or a quality individualized, before collective nouns, and also before plural nouns when the adjective few or the phrase great many or good many is interposed; as, a dog, a house, a man; a color; a sweetness; a hundred, a fleet, a regiment; a few persons, a great many days. It is used for an, for the sake of euphony, before words beginning with a consonant sound [for exception of certain words beginning with h, see An]; as, a table, a woman, a year, a unit, a eulogy, a ewe, a oneness, such a one, etc. Formally an was used both before vowels and consonants. 2. [Originally the preposition a (an, on).] In each; to or for each; as, �twenty leagues a day�, �a hundred pounds a year�, �a dollar a yard�, etc. A (?), prep. [Abbreviated form of an (AS. on). See On.] 1. In; on; at; by. [Obs.] �A God's name.� �Torn a pieces.� �Stand a tiptoe.� �A Sundays� Shak. �Wit that men have now a days.� Chaucer. �Set them a work.� Robynson (More's Utopia) 2. In process of; in the act of; into; to; � used with verbal substantives in �ing which begin with a consonant. This is a shortened form of the preposition an which was used before the vowel sound); as in a hunting, a building, a begging. �Jacob, when he was a dying� Heb. xi. 21. �We'll a birding together.� � It was a doing.� Shak. �He burst out a laughing.� Macaulay. The hyphen may be used to connect a with the verbal substantive (as, a�hunting, a�bilding) or the words may be written separately. This form of expression is now for the most part obsolete, the a being omitted and the verbal substantive treated as a participle. A. [From AS. of off, from. See Of.] Of. [Obs.] �The name of John a Gaunt.� �What time a day is it ?� Shak. �It's six a clock.� B. Jonson. A. A barbarous corruption of have, of he, and sometimes of it and of they. �So would I a done� �A brushes his hat.� Shak. A. An expletive, void of sense, to fill up the meter A merry heart goes all the day, Your sad tires in a mile�a. Shak. A�. A, as a prefix to English words, is derived from various sources. (1) It frequently signifies on or in (from an, a forms of AS. on), denoting a state, as in afoot, on foot, abed, amiss, asleep, aground, aloft, away (AS. onweg), and analogically, ablaze, atremble, etc. (2) AS. of off, from, as in adown (AS. ofd�ne off the dun or hill). (3) AS. ? (Goth. us�, ur�, Ger. er�), usually giving an intensive force, and sometimes the sense of away, on, back, as in arise, abide, ago. (4) Old English y� or i� (corrupted from the AS. inseparable particle ge�, cognate with OHG. ga�, gi�, Goth. ga�), which, as a prefix, made no essential addition to the meaning, as in aware. (5) French � (L. ad to), as in abase, achieve. (6) L. a, ab, abs, from, as in avert. (7) Greek insep. prefix ? without, or privative, not, as in abyss, atheist; akin to E. un�. Besides these, there are other sources from which the prefix a takes its origin. A 1 (?). A registry mark given by underwriters (as at Lloyd's) to ships in first�class condition. Inferior grades are indicated by A 2 and A 3. A 1 is also applied colloquially to other things to imply superiority; prime; first�class; first�rate. �Aam (?), n. [D. aam, fr. LL. ama; cf. L hama a water bucket, Gr. ?] A Dutch and German measure of liquids, varying in different cities, being at Amsterdam about 41 wine gallons, at Antwerp 36�, at Hamburg 38�. [Written also Aum and Awm.] �Aard��vark� (?), n. [D., earth�pig.] (Zo�l.) An edentate mammal, of the genus Orycteropus, somewhat resembling a pig, common in some parts of Southern Africa. It burrows in the ground, and feeds entirely on ants, which it catches with its long, slimy tongue. �Aard��wolf� (?), n. [D, earth�wolf] (Zo�l.) A carnivorous quadruped (Proteles Lalandii), of South Africa, resembling the fox and hyena. See Proteles. Aa�ron�ic (?), Aa�ron�ic�al (?),} a. Pertaining to Aaron, the first high priest of the Jews. Aar�on's rod� (?). [See Exodus vii. 9 and Numbers xvii. 8] 1. (Arch.) A rod with one serpent twined around it, thus differing from the caduceus of Mercury, which has two. 2. (Bot.) A plant with a tall flowering stem; esp. the great mullein, or hag�taper, and the golden�rod. Ab� (?). [Latin prep., etymologically the same as E. of, off. See Of.] A prefix in many words of Latin origin. It signifies from, away , separating, or departure, as in abduct, abstract, abscond. See A�(6). �Ab (?), n. [Of Syriac origin.] The fifth month of the Jewish year according to the ecclesiastical reckoning, the eleventh by the civil computation, coinciding nearly with August. W.Smith. �Ab�a�ca (?), n. [The native name.] The Manila�hemp plant (Musa textilis); also, its fiber. See Manila hemp under Manila. A�bac�i�nate (?), v.t. [LL. abacinatus, p.p. of abacinare; ab off+bacinus a basin.] To blind by a red�hot metal plate held before the eyes. [R.] A�bac�i�na�tion (?), n. The act of abacinating. [R.] �Ab�a�cis�cus (?), n. [Gr.?, dim of ?. See Abacus.] (Arch.) One of the tiles or squares of a tessellated pavement; an abaculus. Ab�a�cist (?), n. [LL abacista, fr. abacus.] One who uses an abacus in casting accounts; a calculator. A�back� (?), adv. [Pref. a� + back; AS. on ? at, on, or toward the back. See Back.] 1. Toward the back or rear; backward. �Therewith aback she started.� Chaucer. 2. Behind; in the rear. Knolles. 3. (Naut.) Backward against the mast;�said of the sails when pressed by the wind. Totten. To be taken aback. (a) To be driven backward against the mast;�said of the sails, also of the ship when the are thus driven. (b) To be suddenly checked, baffled, or discomfited. Dickens. Ab�ack (?), n. An abacus. [Obs.] B.Jonson. Ab�ac�ti�nal (?), a. [L. ab + E. actinal.] (Zo�l.) Pertaining to the surface or end opposite to the mouth in a radiate animal;�opposed to actinal. �The aboral or abactinal area.� L.Agassiz. Ab�ac�tion (?), n. Stealing cattle on a large scale. [Obs.] Ab�ac�tor (?), n. [L., fr. abigere to drive away; ab+agere to drive.] (Law) One who steals and drives away cattle or beasts by herds or droves. [Obs.] �A�bac�u�lus (?), n. ; pl. Abaculi (?). [L., dim. of abacus.] (Arch.) A small tile of glass, marble, or other substance, of various colors, used in making ornamental patterns in mosaic pavements. Fairholt. Ab�a�cus (?), n.; E. pl. Abacuses ; L. pl. Abaci (?). [L. abacus, abax, ?] 1. A table or tray strewn with sand, anciently used for drawing, calculating, etc. [Obs.] 2. A calculating table or frame; an instrument for performing arithmetical calculations by balls sliding on wires, or counters in grooves, the lowest line representing units, the second line, tens, etc. It is still employed in China. 3. (Arch.) (a) The uppermost member or division of the capital of a column, immediately under the architrave. See Column. (b) A tablet, panel, or compartment in ornamented or mosaic work. 4. A board, tray, or table, divided into perforated compartments, for holding cups, bottles, or the like; a kind of cupboard, buffet, or sideboard. Abacus harmonicus (Mus.), an ancient diagram showing the structure and disposition of the keys of an instrument. Crabb. Ab�a�da (?), n. [Pg., the female rhinoceros.] The rhinoceros. [Obs.] Purchas. A�bad�don (?), n. [Heb. ? destruction, abyss, fr. ? to be lost, to perish.] 1. The destroyer, or angel of the bottomless pit; � the same as Apollyon and Asmodeus. 2. Hell; the bottomless pit. [Poetic] In all her gates, Abaddon rues Thy bold attempt. Milton. A�baft� (?), prep. [Pref. a�on + OE. baft, baften, biaften, AS.?; be by + ? behind. See After, Aft, By.] (Naut.) Behind; toward the stern from; as, abaft the wheelhouse. Abaft the beam. See under Beam. A�baft�, adv. (Naut.) Toward the stern; aft; as, to go abaft. A�bai�sance (?), n. [For obeisance; confused with F. abaisser, E. abase] Obeisance. [Obs.] Jonson. A�bai�ser (?), n. Ivory black or animal charcoal. Weale.  A�baist� (?), p.p. Abashed; confounded; discomfited. [Obs.] Chaucer. Ab�al�ien�ate (?), v.t. [L. abalienatus, p.p. of abalienare; ab + alienus foreign, alien. See Alien.] 1. (Civil Law) To transfer the title of from one to another; to alienate. 2. To estrange; to withdraw. [Obs.] 3. To cause alienation of (mind). Sandys. Ab�al�ien�a�tion (?), n. [L. abalienatio: cf. F. abalianation.] The act of abalienating; alienation; estrangement. [Obs.] �Ab�a�lo�ne (?), n. (Zo�l.) A univalve mollusk of the genus Haliotis. The shell is lined with mother�of�pearl, and used for ornamental purposes; the sea�ear. Several large species are found on the coast of California, clinging closely to the rocks. A�band� (?), v.t. [Contracted from abandon.] 1. To abandon. [Obs.] Enforced the kingdom to aband. Spenser. 2. To banish; to expel. [Obs.] Mir. for Mag. A�ban�don (?), v.t. [imp. & p.p. Abandoned (?); p.pr. & vb.n. Abandoning .] [OF. abandoner, F.abandonner; a (L. ad)+bandon permission, authority, LL. bandum, bannum, public proclamation, interdiction, bannire to proclaim, summon: of Germanic origin; cf. Goth. bandwjan to show by signs, to designate OHG. banproclamation. The word meant to proclaim, put under a ban, put under control; hence, as in OE., to compel, subject, or to leave in the control of another, and hence, to give up. See Ban.] 1. To cast or drive out; to banish; to expel; to reject. [Obs.] That he might ... abandon them from him. Udall. Being all this time abandoned from your bed. Shak. 2. To give up absolutely; to forsake entirely ; to renounce utterly; to relinquish all connection with or concern on; to desert, as a person to whom one owes allegiance or fidelity; to quit; to surrender. Hope was overthrown, yet could not be abandoned. I. Taylor. 3. Reflexively : To give (one's self) up without attempt at self�control ; to yield (one's self) unrestrainedly ; � often in a bad sense. He abandoned himself ... to his favorite vice. Macaulay. 4. (Mar. Law) To relinquish all claim to; � used when an insured person gives up to underwriters all claim to the property covered by a policy, which may remain after loss or damage by a peril insured against. Syn.� To give up; yield; forego; cede; surrender; resign; abdicate; quit; relinquish; renounce; desert; forsake; leave; retire; withdraw from. � To Abandon, Desert, Forsake. These words agree in representing a person as giving up or leaving some object, but differ as to the mode of doing it. The distinctive sense of abandon is that of giving up a thing absolutely and finally; as, to abandon one's friends, places, opinions, good or evil habits, a hopeless enterprise, a shipwrecked vessel. Abandon is more widely applicable than forsake or desert. The Latin original of desert appears to have been originally applied to the case of deserters from military service. Hence, the verb, when used of persons in the active voice, has usually or always a bad sense, implying some breach of fidelity, honor, etc., the leaving of something which the person should rightfully stand by and support; as, to desert one's colors, to desert one's post, to desert one's principles or duty. When used in the passive, the sense is not necessarily bad; as, the fields were deserted, a deserted village, deserted halls. Forsake implies the breaking off of previous habit, association, personal connection, or that the thing left had been familiar or frequented; as, to forsake old friends, to forsake the paths of rectitude, the blood forsook his cheeks. It may be used either in a good or in a bad sense. A�ban�don, n. [F. abandon. fr. abandonner. See Abandon, v.] Abandonment; relinquishment. [Obs.] �A�ban�don� (?), n. [F. See Abandon.] A complete giving up to natural impulses; freedom from artificial constraint; careless freedom or ease. A�ban�doned (?), a. 1. Forsaken, deserted. �Your abandoned streams.� Thomson. 2. Self�abandoned, or given up to vice; extremely wicked, or sinning without restraint; irreclaimably wicked ; as, an abandoned villain. Syn.� Profligate; dissolute; corrupt; vicious; depraved; reprobate; wicked; unprincipled; graceless; vile. � Abandoned, Profligate, Reprobate. These adjectives agree in expressing the idea of great personal depravity. Profligate has reference to open and shameless immoralities, either in private life or political conduct; as, a profligate court, a profligate ministry. Abandoned is stronger, and has reference to the searing of conscience and hardening of heart produced by a man's giving himself wholly up to iniquity; as, a man of abandoned character. Reprobate describes the condition of one who has become insensible to reproof, and who is morally abandoned and lost beyond hope of recovery. God gave them over to a reprobate mind. Rom. i. 28. A�ban�doned�ly, adv. Unrestrainedly. A�ban�don�ee� (?), n. (Law) One to whom anything is legally abandoned. A�ban�don�er (?), n. One who abandons. Beau. & Fl. A�ban�don�ment (?), n. [Cf. F. abandonnement.] 1. The act of abandoning, or the state of being abandoned; total desertion; relinquishment. The abandonment of the independence of Europe. Burke. 2. (Mar. Law) The relinquishment by the insured to the underwriters of what may remain of the property insured after a loss or damage by a peril insured against. 3. (Com. Law) (a) The relinquishment of a right, claim, or privilege, as to mill site, etc. (b) The voluntary leaving of a person to whom one is bound by a special relation, as a wife, husband, or child; desertion. 4. Careless freedom or ease; abandon. [R.] Carlyle. �A�ban��dum (?), n. [LL. See Abandon.] (Law) Anything forfeited or confiscated. Ab�a�net (?), n. See Abnet. �A�ban�ga (?), n. [Name given by the negroes in the island of St. Thomas.] A West Indian palm; also the fruit of this palm, the seeds of which are used as a remedy for diseases of the chest. Ab�an�na�tion (?), Ab�an�nition (?),} n. [LL. abannatio; ad + LL. bannire to banish.] (Old Law) Banishment. [Obs.] Bailey. Ab�ar�tic�u�la�tion (?), n. [L. ab + E. articulation : cf. F. abarticulation . See Article.] (Anat.) Articulation, usually that kind of articulation which admits of free motion in the joint; diarthrosis. Coxe. A�base� (?), v.t. [imp.&p.p. Abased (?); p.pr. & vb. n. Abasing.] [F. abaisser, LL. abassare, abbassare ; ad + bassare, fr. bassus low. See Base, a.] 1. To lower or depress; to throw or cast down; as, to abase the eye. [Archaic] Bacon. Saying so, he abased his lance. Shelton. 2. To cast down or reduce low or lower, as in rank, office, condition in life, or estimation of worthiness; to depress; to humble; to degrade. Whosoever exalteth himself shall be abased. Luke xiv.ll. Syn.� To Abase, Debase, Degrade. These words agree in the idea of bringing down from a higher to a lower state. Abase has reference to a bringing down in condition or feelings; as to abase one's self before God. Debase has reference to the bringing down of a thing in purity, or making it base. It is, therefore, always used in a bad sense, as, to debase the coin of the kingdom, to debase the mind by vicious indulgence, to debase one's style by coarse or vulgar expressions. Degrade has reference to a bringing down from some higher grade or from some standard. Thus, a priest is degraded from the clerical office. When used in a moral sense, it denotes a bringing down in character and just estimation; as, degraded by intemperance, a degrading employment, etc. �Art is degraded when it is regarded only as a trade.� A�based� (?), a. 1. Lowered; humbled. 2. (Her.) [F. abaiss�.] Borne lower than usual, as a fess; also, having the ends of the wings turned downward towards the point of the shield. A�bas�ed�ly (?), adv. Abjectly; downcastly. A�base�ment (?), n. [Cf. F. abaissement.] The act of abasing, humbling, or bringing low; the state of being abased or humbled; humiliation. A�bas�er (?), n. He who, or that which, abases. A�bash� (?), v.t. [imp. & p.p. Abashed (?); p.pr. & vb. n. Abashing.] [OE. abaissen, abaisshen, abashen, OF.esbahir, F. �bahir, to astonish, fr. L. ex + the interjection bah, expressing astonishment. In OE. somewhat confused with abase. Cf. Finish.] To destroy the self�possession of; to confuse or confound, as by exciting suddenly a consciousness of guilt, mistake, or inferiority; to put to shame; to disconcert; to discomfit. Abashed, the devil stood, And felt how awful goodness is. Milton. He was a man whom no check could abash. Macaulay. Syn.� To confuse; confound; disconcert; shame. � To Abash, Confuse, Confound. Abash is a stronger word than confuse, but not so strong as confound. We are abashed when struck either with sudden shame or with a humbling sense of inferiority; as, Peter was abashed in the presence of those who are greatly his superiors. We are confused when, from some unexpected or startling occurrence, we lose clearness of thought and self�possession. Thus, a witness is often confused by a severe cross�examination; a timid person is apt to be confused in entering a room full of strangers. We are confounded when our minds are overwhelmed, as it were, by something wholly unexpected, amazing, dreadful, etc., so that we have nothing to say. Thus, a criminal is usually confounded at the discovery of his guilt. Satan stood Awhile as mute, confounded what to say. Milton. A�bash�ed�ly (?), adv. In an abashed manner. A�bash�ment (?), n. [Cf. F. �bahissement.] The state of being abashed; confusion from shame. �A�bas�si (?), �A�bas�sis (?),} n. [Ar.& Per.?, belonging to Abas (a king of Persia).] A silver coin of Persia, worth about twenty cents. A�bat�a�ble (?), a. Capable of being abated; as, an abatable writ or nuisance. A�bate� (?), v.t. [imp.& p.p. Abated, p.pr.& vb.n. Abating.] [OF. abatre to beat down, F. abattre, LL. abatere; ab or ad + batere, battere (popular form for L. batuere to beat). Cf. Bate, Batter.] 1. To beat down; to overthrow. [Obs.] The King of Scots ... sore abated the walls. Edw.Hall. 2. To bring down or reduce from a higher to a lower state, number, or degree; to lessen; to diminish; to contract; to moderate; toto cut short; as, to abate a demand; to abate pride, zeal, hope. His eye was not dim, nor his natural force abated. Deut.xxxiv.7. 3. To deduct; to omit; as, to abate something from a price. Nine thousand parishes, abating the odd hundreds. Fuller. 4. To blunt. [Obs.] To abate the edge of envy. Bacon. 5. To reduce in estimation; to deprive. [Obs.] She hath abated me of half my train. Shak. 6. (Law) (a) To bring entirely down or put an end to; to do away with; as, to abate a nuisance, to abate a writ. (b) (Eng. Law) To diminish; to reduce. Legacies are liable to be abated entirely or in proportion, upon a deficiency of assets. To abate a tax, to remit it either wholly or in part. A�bate� (?), v.i. [See Abate, v.t.] 1. To decrease, or become less in strength or violence; as, pain abates, a storm abates. The fury of Glengarry ... rapidly abated. Macaulay. 2. To be defeated, or come to naught; to fall through; to fail; as, a writ abates. To abate into a freehold, To abate in lands (Law), to enter into a freehold after the death of the last possessor, and before the heir takes possession. See Abatement, 4. Syn.� To subside; decrease; intermit; decline; diminish; lessen. � To Abate, Subside. These words, as here compared, imply a coming down from some previously raised or exited state. Abate expresses this in respect to degrees, and implies a diminution of force or of intensity; as, the storm abates, the cold abates, the force of the wind abates; or, the wind abates, a fever abates. Subside (to settle down) has reference to a previous state of agitation or commotion; as, the waves subside after a storm, the wind subsides into a calm. When the words are used figuratively, the same distinction should be observed. If we conceive of a thing as having different degrees of intensity or strength, the word to be used is abate. Thus we say, a man's anger abates, the ardor of one's love abates, �Winter rage abates�. But if the image be that of a sinking down into quiet from preceding excitement or commotion, the word to be used is subside; as, the tumult of the people subsides, the public mind subsided into a calm. The same is the case with those emotions which are tumultuous in their nature; as, his passion subsides, his joy quickly subsided, his grief subsided into a pleasing melancholy. Yet if, in such cases, we were thinking of the degree of violence of the emotion, we might use abate; as, his joy will abate in the progress of time; and so in other instances. A�bate (?), n. Abatement. [Obs.] Sir T.Browne. A�bate�ment (?), n. [OF. abatement , F. abattement.] 1. The act of abating, or the state of being abated; a lessening, diminution, or reduction; removal or putting an end to; as, the abatement of a nuisance is the suppression thereof. 2. The amount abated; that which is taken away by way of reduction; deduction; decrease; a rebate or discount allowed. 3. (Her.) A mark of dishonor on an escutcheon. 4. (Law) The entry of a stranger, without right, into a freehold after the death of the last possessor, before the heir or devisee. Blackstone. Defense in abatement, Plea in abatement, (Law), plea to the effect that from some formal defect ( e.g. misnomer, want of jurisdiction) the proceedings should be abated. A�bat�er (?), n. One who, or that which, abates. Ab�a�tis, Aba�t�tis,} (?) n. [F. abatis, abattis, mass of things beaten or cut down, fr. abattre. See Abate.] (Fort.) A means of defense formed by felled trees, the ends of whose branches are sharpened and directed outwards, or against the enemy. Ab�a�tised (?), a. Provided with an abatis. A�ba�tor (?), n. (Law) (a) One who abates a nuisance. (b) A person who, without right, enters into a freehold on the death of the last possessor, before the heir or devisee. Blackstone. �A�bat�toir� (?), n.; pl. Abattoirs (?). [F., fr. abattre to beat down. See Abate.] A public slaughterhouse for cattle, sheep, etc. Ab�a�ture (?), n. [F. abatture, fr. abattre. See Abate.] Grass and sprigs beaten or trampled down by a stag passing through them. Crabb. �A�bat�voix� (?), n. [F. abattre to beat down + voix voice.] The sounding�board over a pulpit or rostrum. Ab�awed� (?), p.p. [Perh. p.p. of a verb fr. OF. abaubir to frighten, disconcert, fr. L. ad + balbus stammering.] Astonished; abashed. [Obs.] Chaucer. Ab�ax�i�al (?), Ab�ax�ile (?),} a. [L. ab + axis axle.] (Bot.) Away from the axis or central line; eccentric. Balfour. A�bay� (?), n. [OF. abay barking.] Barking; baying of dogs upon their prey. See Bay. [Obs.] Abb (?), n. [AS. ?; pref. a� + web. See Web.] Among weaves, yarn for the warp. Hence, abb wool is wool for the abb. Ab�ba (?), n. [Syriac ? father. See Abbot.] Father; religious superior; � in the Syriac, Coptic, and Ethiopic churches, a title given to the bishops, and by the bishops to the patriarch. Ab�ba�cy (?), n.; pl. Abbacies (?). [L. abbatia, fr. abbas, abbatis, abbot. See Abbey.] The dignity, estate, or jurisdiction of an abbot. Ab�ba�tial (?), a. [LL. abbatialis : cf. F. abbatial.] Belonging to an abbey; as, abbatial rights. Ab�bat�ic�al (?), a. Abbatial. [Obs.] �Ab�b�� (?), n.[F. abb�. See Abbot.] The French word answering to the English abbot, the head of an abbey; but commonly a title of respect given in France to every one vested with the ecclesiastical habit or dress. Littr�. � After the 16th century, the name was given, in social parlance, to candidates for some priory or abbey in the gift of the crown. Many of these aspirants became well known in literary and fashionable life. By further extension, the name came to be applied to unbeneficed secular ecclesiastics generally. Ab�bess (?), n. [OF.abaesse, abeesse, F. abbesse, L. abbatissa, fem. of abbas, abbatis, abbot. See Abbot.] A female superior or governess of a nunnery, or convent of nuns, having the same authority over the nuns which the abbots have over the monks. See Abbey. Ab�bey (?), n.; pl. Abbeys (?). [OF. aba�e, F. abbaye, L. abbatia, fr. abbas abbot. See Abbot.] 1. A monastery or society of persons of either sex, secluded from the world and devoted to religion and celibacy; also, the monastic building or buildings. � The men are called monks, and governed by an abbot; the women are called nuns, and governed by an abbess. 2. The church of a monastery. <-- p. 3 -->  In London, the Abbey means Westminster Abbey, and in Scotland, the precincts of the Abbey of Holyrood. The name is also retained for a private residence on the site of an abbey; as, Newstead Abbey, the residence of Lord Byron. Syn.� Monastery; convent; nunnery; priory; cloister. See Cloister. Ab�bot (?), n. [AS. abbod, abbad, L. abbas, abbatis, Gr. ?, fr. Syriac ? father. Cf. Abba, Abb�.] 1. The superior or head of an abbey. 2. One of a class of bishops whose sees were formerly abbeys. Encyc.Brit. Abbot of the people, a title formerly given to one of the chief magistrates in Genoa. � Abbot of Misrule (or Lord of Misrule), in medi�val times, the master of revels, as at Christmas; in Scotland called the Abbot of Unreason. Encyc.Brit. Ab�bot�ship (?), n. [Abbot + �ship.] The state or office of an abbot. Ab�bre�vi�ate (?), v.t. [imp. & p.p. Abbreviated (?); p.pr. & vb.n. Abbreviating.] [L. abbreviatus, p.p. of abbreviare; ad + breviare to shorten, fr. brevis short. See Abridge.] 1. To make briefer; to shorten; to abridge; to reduce by contraction or omission, especially of words written or spoken. It is one thing to abbreviate by contracting, another by cutting off. Bacon. 2. (Math.) To reduce to lower terms, as a fraction. Ab�bre�vi�ate (?), a. [L. abbreviatus, p.p.] 1. Abbreviated; abridged; shortened. [R.] �The abbreviate form.� Earle. 2. (Biol.) Having one part relatively shorter than another or than the ordinary type. Ab�bre�vi�ate, n. An abridgment. [Obs.] Elyot. Ab�bre�vi�a�ted (?), a. Shortened; relatively short; abbreviate. Ab�bre�vi�a�tion (?), n. [LL. abbreviatio: cf. F. abbr�viation.] 1. The act of shortening, or reducing. 2. The result of abbreviating; an abridgment. Tylor. 3. The form to which a word or phrase is reduced by contraction and omission; a letter or letters, standing for a word or phrase of which they are a part; as, Gen. for Genesis; U.S.A. for United States of America. 4. (Mus.) One dash, or more, through the stem of a note, dividing it respectively into quavers, semiquavers, or demi�semiquavers. Moore. Ab�bre�vi�a�tor (?), n. [LL.: cf. F. abbr�viateur.] 1. One who abbreviates or shortens. 2. One of a college of seventy�two officers of the papal court whose duty is to make a short minute of a decision on a petition, or reply of the pope to a letter, and afterwards expand the minute into official form. Ab�bre�vi�a�to�ry (?), a. Serving or tending to abbreviate; shortening; abridging. Ab�bre�vi�a�ture (?), n. 1. An abbreviation; an abbreviated state or form. [Obs.] 2. An abridgment; a compendium or abstract. This is an excellent abbreviature of the whole duty of a Christian. Jer. Taylor. Abb� wool (?). See Abb. A B C� (?). 1. The first three letters of the alphabet, used for the whole alphabet. 2. A primer for teaching the alphabet and first elements of reading. [Obs.] 3. The simplest rudiments of any subject; as, the A B C�of finance. A B C book, a primer. Shak. �Ab�dal (?), n. [Ar. bad�l, pl. abd�l, a substitute, a good, religious man, saint, fr. badala�to change, substitute.] A religious devotee or dervish in Persia. Ab�de�ri�an (?), a. [From Abdera, a town in Thrace, of which place Democritus, the Laughing Philosopher, was a native.] Given to laughter; inclined to foolish or incessant merriment. Ab�de�rite (?), n. [L. Abderita, Abderites, fr. Gr. '?.] An inhabitant of Abdera, in Thrace. The Abderite, Democritus, the Laughing Philosopher. Ab�dest (?), n. [Per. �bdast; ab water + dast hand.] Purification by washing the hands before prayer; � a Mohammedan rite. Heyse. Ab�di�ca�ble (?), a. Capable of being abdicated. Ab�di�cant (?), a. [L. abdicans, p.pr. of abdicare.] Abdicating; renouncing; � followed by of. Monks abdicant of their orders. Whitlock. Ab�di�cant, n. One who abdicates. Smart. Ab�di�cate (?), v.t. [imp. & p.p. Abdicated (?); p.pr. & vb.n. Abdicating.] [L. abdicatus, p.p. of abdicare; ab + dicare to proclaim, akin to dicere to say. See Diction.] 1. To surrender or relinquish, as sovereign power; to withdraw definitely from filling or exercising, as a high office, station, dignity; as, to abdicate the throne, the crown, the papacy. � The word abdicate was held to mean, in the case of James II., to abandon without a formal surrender. The cross�bearers abdicated their service. Gibbon. 2. To renounce; to relinquish; � said of authority, a trust, duty, right, etc. He abdicates all right to be his own governor. Burke. The understanding abdicates its functions. Froude. 3. To reject; to cast off. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. 4. (Civil Law) To disclaim and expel from the family, as a father his child; to disown; to disinherit. Syn. - To give up; quit; vacate; relinquish; forsake; abandon; resign; renounce; desert. � To Abdicate, Resign. Abdicate commonly expresses the act of a monarch in voluntary and formally yielding up sovereign authority; as, to abdicate the government. Resign is applied to the act of any person, high or low, who gives back an office or trust into the hands of him who conferred it. Thus, a minister resigns, a military officer resigns, a clerk resigns. The expression, �The king resigned his crown,� sometimes occurs in our later literature, implying that he held it from his people. � There are other senses of resign which are not here brought into view. Ab�di�cate (?), v.i. To relinquish or renounce a throne, or other high office or dignity. Though a king may abdicate for his own person, he cannot abdicate for the monarchy. Burke. Ab�di�ca�tion (?), n. [L. abdicatio: cf. F. abdication.] The act of abdicating; the renunciation of a high office, dignity, or trust, by its holder; commonly the voluntary renunciation of sovereign power; as, abdication of the throne, government, power, authority. Ab�di�ca�tive (?), a. [L. abdicativus.] Causing, or implying, abdication. [R.] Bailey. Ab�di�ca�tor (?), n. One who abdicates. Ab�di�tive (?), a. [L. abditivus, fr. abdere�to hide.] Having the quality of hiding. [R.] Bailey. Ab�di�to�ry (?), n. [L. abditorium.] A place for hiding or preserving articles of value. Cowell. Ab�do�men (?), n. [L. abdomen (a word of uncertain etymol.): cf. F. abdomen.] 1. (Anat.) The belly, or that part of the body between the thorax and the pelvis. Also, the cavity of the belly, which is lined by the peritoneum, and contains the stomach, bowels, and other viscera. In man, often restricted to the part between the diaphragm and the commencement of the pelvis, the remainder being called the pelvic cavity. 2. (Zo�l.) The posterior section of the body, behind the thorax, in insects, crustaceans, and other Arthropoda. Ab�dom�i�nal (?), a. [Cf. F. abdominal.] 1. Of or pertaining to the abdomen; ventral; as, the abdominal regions, muscles, cavity. 2. (Zo�l.) Having abdominal fins; belonging to the Abdominales; as, abdominal fishes. Abdominal ring (Anat.), a fancied ringlike opening on each side of the abdomen, external and superior to the pubes; � called also inguinal ring. Ab�dom�i�nal, n.; E. pl. Abdominals, L. pl. Abdominales. A fish of the group Abdominales. �Ab�dom�i�na�les (?), n. pl. [NL., masc. pl.] (Zo�l.) A group including the greater part of fresh�water fishes, and many marine ones, having the ventral fins under the abdomen behind the pectorals. �Ab�dom�i�na�li�a (?), n. pl. [NL., neut. pl.] (Zo�l.) A group of cirripeds having abdominal appendages. Ab�dom�i�nos�co�py (?), n. [L. abdomen + Gr. ? to examine.] (Med.) Examination of the abdomen to detect abdominal disease. Ab�dom�i�no�tho�rac�ic (?), a. Relating to the abdomen and the thorax, or chest. Ab�dom�i�nous (?), a. Having a protuberant belly; pot�bellied. Gorgonius sits, abdominous and wan, Like a fat squab upon a Chinese fan. Cowper. Ab�duce� (?), v.t. [imp. & p.p. Abduced (?); p.pr. & vb.n. Abducing.] [L. abducere�to lead away; ab + ducere to lead. See Duke, and cf. Abduct.] To draw or conduct away; to withdraw; to draw to a different part. [Obs. or Archaic] If we abduce the eye unto corner, the object will not duplicate. Sir T.Browne. Ab�du�cent (?), a. [L. abducens, p.pr. of abducere.] (Physiol.) Drawing away from a common center, or out of the median line; as, the abducent muscles. Opposed to adducent. Ab�duct� (?), v.t. [imp. & p.p. Abducted (?); p.pr. & vb.n. Abducting.] [L. abductus, p.p. of abducere. See Abduce.] 1. To take away surreptitiously by force; to carry away (a human being) wrongfully and usually by violence; to kidnap. 2. To draw away, as a limb or other part, from its ordinary position. Ab�duc�tion (?), n. [L. abductio: cf. F. abduction.] 1. The act of abducing or abducting; a drawing apart; a carrying away. Roget. 2. (Physiol.) The movement which separates a limb or other part from the axis, or middle line, of the body. 3. (Law) The wrongful, and usually the forcible, carrying off of a human being; as, the abduction of a child, the abduction of an heiress. 4. (Logic) A syllogism or form of argument in which the major is evident, but the minor is only probable. Ab�duc�tor (?), n. [NL.] 1. One who abducts. 2. (Anat.) A muscle which serves to draw a part out, or form the median line of the body; as, the abductor oculi, which draws the eye outward. A�beam� (?), adv. [Pref. a� + beam.] (Naut.) On the beam, that is, on a line which forms a right angle with the ship's keel; opposite to the center of the ship's side. A�bear� (?), v.t. [AS. �beran; pref. �� + beran to bear.] 1. To bear; to behave. [Obs.] So did the faery knight himself abear. Spenser. 2. To put up with; to endure. [Prov.] Dickens. A�bear�ance (?), n. Behavior. [Obs.] Blackstone. A�bear�ing, n. Behavior. [Obs.] Sir. T.More. A�be�ce�da�ri�an (?), n. [L. abecedarius. A word from the first four letters of the alphabet.] 1. One who is learning the alphabet; hence, a tyro. 2. One engaged in teaching the alphabet. Wood. A�be�ce�da�ri�an, A�be�ce�da�ry (?), } a. Pertaining to, or formed by, the letters of the alphabet; alphabetic; hence, rudimentary. Abecedarian psalms, hymns, etc., compositions in which (like the 119th psalm in Hebrew) distinct portions or verses commence with successive letters of the alphabet. Hook. A�be�ce�da�ry (?), n. A primer; the first principle or rudiment of anything. [R.] Fuller. A�bed� (?), adv. [Pref. a� in, on + bed.] 1. In bed, or on the bed. Not to be abed after midnight. Shak. 2. To childbed (in the phrase �brought abed,� that is, delivered of a child). Shak. A�beg�ge (?). Same as Aby. [Obs.] Chaucer. A�bele� (?), n. [D. abeel (abeel�boom), OF. abel, aubel, fr. a dim. of L. albus white.] The white polar (Populus alba). Six abeles i' the churchyard grow. Mrs. Browning. A�bel�i�an (?), A�bel�ite (?), A�bel�o�ni�an (?), } n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect in Africa (4th century), mentioned by St. Augustine, who states that they married, but lived in continence, after the manner, as they pretended, of Abel. A�bel�mosk� (?), n. [NL. abelmoschus, fr. Ar. abu�l�misk father of musk, i.e., producing musk. See Musk.] (Bot.) An evergreen shrub (Hibiscus � formerly Abelmoschus�moschatus), of the East and West Indies and Northern Africa, whose musky seeds are used in perfumery and to flavor coffee; � sometimes called musk mallow. Ab� er�de�vine� (?), n. (Zo�l.) The European siskin (Carduelis spinus), a small green and yellow finch, related to the goldfinch. Ab�err� (?), v.i. [L. aberrare. See Aberrate.] To wander; to stray. [Obs.] Sir T.Browne. Ab�er�rance (?), Ab�er�ran�cy (?), } n. State of being aberrant; a wandering from the right way; deviation from truth, rectitude, etc. Aberrancy of curvature (Geom.), the deviation of a curve from a circular form. Ab�er�rant (?), a. [L. aberrans, �rantis, p.pr. of aberrare.] See Aberr.] 1. Wandering; straying from the right way. 2. (Biol.) Deviating from the ordinary or natural type; exceptional; abnormal. The more aberrant any form is, the greater must have been the number of connecting forms which, on my theory, have been exterminated. Darwin. Ab�er�rate (?), v.i. [L. aberratus, p.pr. of aberrare; ab + errare to wander. See Err.] To go astray; to diverge. [R.] Their own defective and aberrating vision. De Quincey. Ab�er�ra�tion (?), n. [L. aberratio: cf. F. aberration. See Aberrate.] 1. The act of wandering; deviation, especially from truth or moral rectitude, from the natural state, or from a type. �The aberration of youth.� Hall. �Aberrations from theory.� Burke. 2. A partial alienation of reason. �Occasional aberrations of intellect.� Lingard. Whims, which at first are the aberrations of a single brain, pass with heat into epidemic form. I.Taylor. 3. (Astron.) A small periodical change of position in the stars and other heavenly bodies, due to the combined effect of the motion of light and the motion of the observer; called annual aberration, when the observer's motion is that of the earth in its orbit, and dairy or diurnal aberration, when of the earth on its axis; amounting when greatest, in the former case, to 20.4'', and in the latter, to 0.3''. Planetary�aberration is that due to the motion of light and the motion of the planet relative to the earth. 4. (Opt.) The convergence to different foci, by a lens or mirror, of rays of light emanating from one and the same point, or the deviation of such rays from a single focus; called spherical aberration, when due to the spherical form of the lens or mirror, such form giving different foci for central and marginal rays; and chromatic aberration, when due to different refrangibilities of the colored rays of the spectrum, those of each color having a distinct focus. 5. (Physiol.) The passage of blood or other fluid into parts not appropriate for it. 6. (Law) The producing of an unintended effect by the glancing of an instrument, as when a shot intended for A glances and strikes B. Syn. - Insanity; lunacy; madness; derangement; alienation; mania; dementia; hallucination; illusion; delusion. See Insanity. Ab�er�ra�tion�al (?), a. Characterized by aberration. Ab�e�run�cate (?), v.t. [L. aberuncare, for aberruncare. See Averruncate.] To weed out. [Obs.] Bailey. Ab�e�run�ca�tor (?), n. A weeding machine. A�bet� (?), v.t. [imp. & p.p. Abetted (?); p.pr. & vb.n. Abetting.] [OF. abeter; a (L. ad) + beter to bait (as a bear), fr. Icel. beita to set dogs on, to feed, originally, to cause to bite, fr. Icel. b�ta�to bite, hence to bait, to incite. See Bait, Bet.] 1. To instigate or encourage by aid or countenance; � used in a bad sense of persons and acts; as, to abet an ill�doer; to abet one in his wicked courses; to abet vice; to abet an insurrection. �The whole tribe abets the villany.� South. Would not the fool abet the stealth, Who rashly thus exposed his wealth? Gay. 2. To support, uphold, or aid; to maintain; � in a good sense. [Obs.]r duty is urged, and our confidence abetted. Jer. Taylor. 3. (Law)To contribute, as an assistant or instigator, to the commission of an offense. Syn. - To incite; instigate; set on; egg on; foment; advocate; countenance; encourage; second; uphold; aid; assist; support; sustain; back; connive at. A�bet� (?), n. [OF. abet, fr. abeter.] Act of abetting; aid. [Obs.] Chaucer. A�bet�ment (?), n. The act of abetting; as, an abetment of treason, crime, etc. A�bet�tal (?), n. Abetment. [R.] <-- p. 4 --> A�bet�ter, A�bet�tor } (#), n. One who abets; an instigator of an offense or an offender. � The form abettor is the legal term and also in general use. Syn. � Abettor, Accessory, Accomplice. These words denote different degrees of complicity in some deed or crime. An abettor is one who incites or encourages to the act, without sharing in its performance. An accessory supposes a principal offender. One who is neither the chief actor in an offense, nor present at its performance, but accedes to or becomes involved in its guilt, either by some previous or subsequent act, as of instigating, encouraging, aiding, or concealing, etc., is an accessory. An accomplice is one who participates in the commission of an offense, whether as principal or accessory. Thus in treason, there are no abettors or accessories, but all are held to be principals or accomplices. Ab�e�vac�u�a�tion (#), n. [Pref. ab� + evacuation.] (Med.) A partial evacuation. Mayne. A�bey�ance (#), n. [OF. abeance expectation, longing; a (L. ad) + baer, beer, to gape, to look with open mouth, to expect, F. bayer, LL. badare to gape.] 1. (Law) Expectancy; condition of being undetermined. � When there is no person in existence in whom an inheritance (or a dignity) can vest, it is said to be in abeyance, that is, in expectation; the law considering it as always potentially existing, and ready to vest whenever a proper owner appears. Blackstone. 2. Suspension; temporary suppression. Keeping the sympathies of love and admiration in a dormant state, or state of abeyance. De Quincey. A�bey�an�cy (#), n. Abeyance. [R.] Hawthorne. A�bey�ant (#), a. Being in a state of abeyance. � Ab�hal (#), n. The berries of a species of cypress in the East Indies. Ab�hom�i�na�ble (#), a. Abominable. [A false orthography anciently used; h was foisted into various words; hence abholish, for abolish, etc.] This is abhominable, which he [Don Armado] would call abominable. Shak. Love's Labor's Lost, v. 1. Ab�hom�i�nal (#), a. [L. ab away from + homo, hominis, man.] Inhuman. [Obs.] Fuller. Ab�hor� (#), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abhorred (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Abhorring.] [L. abhorrere; ab + horrere to bristle, shiver, shudder: cf. F. abhorrer. See Horrid.] 1. To shrink back with shuddering from; to regard with horror or detestation; to feel excessive repugnance toward; to detest to extremity; to loathe. Abhor that which is evil; cleave to that which is good. Rom. xii. 9. 2. To fill with horror or disgust. [Obs.] It doth abhor me now I speak the word. Shak. 3. (Canon Law) To protest against; to reject solemnly. [Obs.] I utterly abhor, yea, from my soul Refuse you for my judge. Shak. Syn. � To hate; detest; loathe; abominate. See Hate. Ab�hor�, v. i. To shrink back with horror, disgust, or dislike; to be contrary or averse; � with from. [Obs.] �To abhor from those vices.� Udall. Which is utterly abhorring from the end of all law. Milton. Ab�hor�rence (#), n. Extreme hatred or detestation; the feeling of utter dislike. Ab�hor�ren�cy (#), n. Abhorrence. [Obs.] Locke. Ab�hor�rent (#), a. [L. abhorens, �rentis, p. pr. of abhorrere.] 1. Abhorring; detesting; having or showing abhorrence; loathing; hence, strongly opposed to; as, abhorrent thoughts. The persons most abhorrent from blood and treason. Burke. The arts of pleasure in despotic courts I spurn abhorrent. Clover. 2. Contrary or repugnant; discordant; inconsistent; � followed by to. �Injudicious profanation, so abhorrent to our stricter principles.� Gibbon. 3. Detestable. �Pride, abhorrent as it is.� I. Taylor. Ab�hor�rent�ly, adv. With abhorrence. Ab�hor�rer (#), n. One who abhors. Hume. Ab�hor�ri�ble (#), a. Detestable. [R.] Ab�hor�ring (#), n. 1. Detestation. Milton. 2. Object of abhorrence. Isa. lxvi. 24. � A�bib (#), n. [Heb. ab�b, lit. an ear of corn. The month was so called from barley being at that time in ear.] The first month of the Jewish ecclesiastical year, corresponding nearly to our April. After the Babylonish captivity this month was called Nisan. Kitto. A�bid�ance (#), n. The state of abiding; abode; continuance; compliance (with). The Christians had no longer abidance in the holy hill of Palestine. Fuller. A judicious abidance by rules. Helps. A�bide� (#), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Abode (#), formerly Abid (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Abiding (#).] [AS. �b�dan; pref. ? (cf. Goth. us�, G. er�, orig. meaning out) + b�dan to bide. See Bide.] 1. To wait; to pause; to delay. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To stay; to continue in a place; to have one's abode; to dwell; to sojourn; � with with before a person, and commonly with at or in before a place. Let the damsel abide with us a few days. Gen. xxiv. 55. 3. To remain stable or fixed in some state or condition; to continue; to remain. Let every man abide in the same calling. 1 Cor. vii. 20. Followed by by: To abide by. (a) To stand to; to adhere; to maintain. The poor fellow was obstinate enough to abide by what he said at first. Fielding. (b) To acquiesce; to conform to; as, to abide by a decision or an award. A�bide�, v. t. 1. To wait for; to be prepared for; to await; to watch for; as, I abide my time. �I will abide the coming of my lord.� Tennyson. [Obs., with a personal object.] Bonds and afflictions abide me. Acts xx. 23. 2. To endure; to sustain; to submit to. [Thou] shalt abide her judgment on it. Tennyson. 3. To bear patiently; to tolerate; to put up with. She could not abide Master Shallow. Shak. 4. [Confused with aby to pay for. See Aby.] To stand the consequences of; to answer for; to suffer for. Dearly I abide that boast so vain. Milton. A�bid�er (#), n. 1. One who abides, or continues. [Obs.] �Speedy goers and strong abiders.� Sidney. 2. One who dwells; a resident. Speed. A�bid�ing, a. Continuing; lasting. A�bid�ing�ly, adv. Permanently. Carlyle. � A�bi�es (#), n. [L., fir tree.] (Bot.) A genus of coniferous trees, properly called Fir, as the balsam fir and the silver fir. The spruces are sometimes also referred to this genus. Ab�i�e�tene (#), n. [L. abies, abietis, a fir tree.] A volatile oil distilled from the resin or balsam of the nut pine (Pinus sabiniana) of California. Ab�i�et�ic (#), a. Of or pertaining to the fir tree or its products; as, abietic acid, called also sylvic acid. Watts. Ab�i�e�tin, Ab�i�e�tine } (#), n. [See Abietene.] (Chem.) A resinous obtained from Strasburg turpentine or Canada balsam. It is without taste or smell, is insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol (especially at the boiling point), in strong acetic acid, and in ether. Watts. Ab�i�tin�ic (#), a. Of or pertaining to abietin; as, abietinic acid. Ab�i�tite (#), n. (Chem.) A substance resembling mannite, found in the needles of the common silver fir of Europe (Abies pectinata). Eng. Cyc. Ab�i�gail (#), n. [The proper name used as an appellative.] A lady's waiting�maid. Pepys. Her abigail reported that Mrs. Gutheridge had a set of night curls for sleeping in. Leslie. A�bil�i�ment (#), n. Habiliment. [Obs.] A�bil�i�ty (#), n.; pl. Abilities (#). [F. habilet�, earlier spelling habilit� (with silent h), L. habilitas aptitude, ability, fr. habilis apt. See Able.] The quality or state of being able; power to perform, whether physical, moral, intellectual, conventional, or legal; capacity; skill or competence in doing; sufficiency of strength, skill, resources, etc.; � in the plural, faculty, talent. Then the disciples, every man according to his ability, determined to send relief unto the brethren. Acts xi. 29. Natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study. Bacon. The public men of England, with much of a peculiar kind of ability. Macaulay. Syn. � Capacity; talent; cleverness; faculty; capability; efficiency; aptitude; aptness; address; dexterity; skill. Ability, Capacity. These words come into comparison when applied to the higher intellectual powers. Ability has reference to the active exercise of our faculties. It implies not only native vigor of mind, but that ease and promptitude of execution which arise from mental training. Thus, we speak of the ability with which a book is written, an argument maintained, a negotiation carried on, etc. It always something to be done, and the power of doing it. Capacity has reference to the receptive powers. In its higher exercises it supposes great quickness of apprehension and breadth of intellect, with an uncommon aptitude for acquiring and retaining knowledge. Hence it carries with it the idea of resources and undeveloped power. Thus we speak of the extraordinary capacity of such men as Lord Bacon, Blaise Pascal, and Edmund Burke. �Capacity,� says H. Taylor, �is requisite to devise, and ability to execute, a great enterprise.� The word abilities, in the plural, embraces both these qualities, and denotes high mental endowments. A�bime� or A�byme� (#), n. [F. ab�me. See Abysm.] A abyss. [Obs.] Ab�i�o�gen�e�sis (#), n. [Gr. ? priv. + ? life + ?, origin, birth.] (Biol.) The supposed origination of living organisms from lifeless matter; such genesis as does not involve the action of living parents; spontaneous generation; � called also abiogeny, and opposed to biogenesis. I shall call the... doctrine that living matter may be produced by not living matter, the hypothesis of abiogenesis. Huxley, 1870. Ab�i�o�ge�net�ic (#), a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to abiogenesis. � Ab�i�o�ge�net�ic�al�ly (#), adv. Ab�i�og�e�nist (#), n. (Biol.) One who believes that life can be produced independently of antecedent. Huxley. Ab�i�og�e�nous (#), a. (Biol.) Produced by spontaneous generation. Ab�i�og�e�ny (#), n. (Biol.) Same as Abiogenesis. Ab�i�o�log�ic�al (#), a. [Gr. ? priv. + E. biological.] Pertaining to the study of inanimate things. Ab�ir�ri�tant (#), n. (Med.) A medicine that diminishes irritation. Ab�ir�ri�tate (#), v. t. [Pref. ab� + irritate.] (Med.) To diminish the sensibility of; to debilitate. Ab�ir�ri�ta�tion (#), n. (Med.) A pathological condition opposite to that of irritation; debility; want of strength; asthenia. Ab�ir�ri�ta�tive (#), a. (Med.) Characterized by abirritation or debility. A�bit� (#), 3d sing. pres. of Abide. [Obs.] Chaucer. Ab�ject (#), a. [L. abjectus, p. p. of abjicere to throw away; ab + jacere to throw. See Jet a shooting forth.] 1. Cast down; low�lying. [Obs.] From the safe shore their floating carcasses And broken chariot wheels; so thick bestrown Abject and lost lay these, covering the flood. Milton. 2. Sunk to a law condition; down in spirit or hope; degraded; servile; groveling; despicable; as, abject posture, fortune, thoughts. �Base and abject flatterers.� Addison. �An abject liar.� Macaulay. And banish hence these abject, lowly dreams. Shak. Syn. � Mean; groveling; cringing; mean�spirited; slavish; ignoble; worthless; vile; beggarly; contemptible; degraded. Ab�ject� (#), v. t. [From Abject, a.] To cast off or down; hence, to abase; to degrade; to lower; to debase. [Obs.] Donne. Ab�ject (#), n. A person in the lowest and most despicable condition; a castaway. [Obs.] Shall these abjects, these victims, these outcasts, know any thing of pleasure? I. Taylor. Ab�ject�ed�ness (#), n. A very abject or low condition; abjectness. [R.] Boyle. Ab�jec�tion (#), n. [F. abjection, L. abjectio.] 1. The act of bringing down or humbling. �The abjection of the king and his realm.� Joe. 2. The state of being rejected or cast out. [R.] An adjection from the beatific regions where God, and his angels and saints, dwell forever. Jer. Taylor. 3. A low or downcast state; meanness of spirit; abasement; degradation. That this should be termed baseness, abjection of mind, or servility, is it credible? Hooker. Ab�ject�ly (#), adv. Meanly; servilely. Ab�ject�ness, n. The state of being abject; abasement; meanness; servility. Grew. Ab�judge� (#), v. t. [Pref. ab� + judge, v. Cf. Abjudicate.] To take away by judicial decision. [R.] Ab�ju�di�cate (#), v. t. [L. abjudicatus, p. p. of abjudicare; ab + judicare. See Judge, and cf. Abjudge.] To reject by judicial sentence; also, to abjudge. [Obs.] Ash. Ab�ju�di�ca�tion (#), n. Rejection by judicial sentence. [R.] Knowles. Ab�ju�gate (#), v. t. [L. abjugatus, p. p. of abjugare.] To unyoke. [Obs.] Bailey. Ab�junc�tive (#), a. [L. abjunctus, p. p. of abjungere; ab + jungere to join.] Exceptional. [R.] It is this power which leads on from the accidental and abjunctive to the universal. I. Taylor. Ab�ju�ra�tion (#), n. [L. abjuratio: cf. F. abjuration.] 1. The act of abjuring or forswearing; a renunciation upon oath; as, abjuration of the realm, a sworn banishment, an oath taken to leave the country and never to return. 2. A solemn recantation or renunciation; as, an abjuration of heresy. Oath of abjuration, an oath asserting the right of the present royal family to the crown of England, and expressly abjuring allegiance to the descendants of the Pretender. Brande & C. Ab�ju�ra�to�ry (#), a. Containing abjuration. Ab�jure� (#), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abjured (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Abjuring (#).] [L. abjurare to deny upon oath; ab + jurare to swear, fr. jus, juris, right, law; cf. F. abjurer. See Jury.] 1. To renounce upon oath; to forswear; to disavow; as, to abjure allegiance to a prince. To abjure the realm, is to swear to abandon it forever. 2. To renounce or reject with solemnity; to recant; to abandon forever; to reject; repudiate; as, to abjure errors. �Magic I here abjure.� Shak. Syn. � See Renounce. Ab�jure�, v. i. To renounce on oath. Bp. Burnet. Ab�jure�ment (#), n. Renunciation. [R.] Ab�jur�er (#), n. One who abjures. Ab�lac�tate (#), v. t. [L. ablactatus, p. p. of ablactare; ab + lactare to suckle, fr. lac milk.] To wean. [R.] Bailey. Ab�lac�ta�tion (#). n. 1. The weaning of a child from the breast, or of young beasts from their dam. Blount. 2. (Hort.) The process of grafting now called inarching, or grafting by approach. Ab�la�que�ate (#), v. t. [L. ablaqueatus, p. p. of. ablaqueare; fr. ab + laqueus a noose.] To lay bare, as the roots of a tree. [Obs.] Bailey. Ab�la�que�a�tion (#), n. [L. ablaqueatio.] The act or process of laying bare the roots of trees to expose them to the air and water. [Obs.] Evelyn. Ab�las�tem�ic (#), a. [Gr. ? priv. + ? growth.] (Biol.) Non�germinal. Ab�la�tion (#), n. [L. ablatio, fr. ablatus p. p. of auferre to carry away; ab + latus, p. p. of ferre carry: cf. F. ablation. See Tolerate.] 1. A carrying or taking away; removal. Jer. Taylor. 2. (Med.) Extirpation. Dunglison. 3. (Geol.) Wearing away; superficial waste. Tyndall. Ab�la�ti�tious (#), a. Diminishing; as, an ablatitious force. Sir J. Herschel. Ab�la�tive (#), a. [F. ablatif, ablative, L. ablativus fr. ablatus. See Ablation.] 1. Taking away or removing. [Obs.] Where the heart is forestalled with misopinion, ablatire directions are found needful to unteach error, ere we can learn truth. Bp. Hall. 2. (Gram.) Applied to one of the cases of the noun in Latin and some other languages, � the fundamental meaning of the case being removal, separation, or taking away. Ab�la�tive, (Gram.) The ablative case. ablative absolute, costruction in Latin, in which a noun in the ablative case has a participle (either expressed or implied), agreeing with it in gender, number, and case, both words forming a clause by themselves and being unconnected, grammatically, with the rest of the sentence; as, Tarquinio regnante, Pythagoras venit, i. e., Tarquinius reigning, Pythagoras came. � Ab�laut (#), n. [Ger., off�sound; ab off + laut sound.] (Philol.) The substitution of one root vowel for another, thus indicating a corresponding modification of use or meaning; vowel permutation; as, get, gat, got; sing, song; hang, hung. Earle. A�blaze� (#), adv. & a. [Pref. a� + blaze.] 1. On fire; in a blaze, gleaming. Milman. All ablaze with crimson and gold. Longfellow. 2. In a state of glowing excitement or ardent desire. The young Cambridge democrats were all ablaze to assist Torrijos. Carlyle. A�ble (#), a. [Comp. Abler (#); superl. Ablest (#).] [OF. habile, L. habilis that may be easily held or managed, apt, skillful, fr. habere to have, hold. Cf. Habile and see Habit.] 1. Fit; adapted; suitable. [Obs.] A many man, to ben an abbot able. Chaucer. 2. Having sufficient power, strength, force, skill, means, or resources of any kind to accomplish the object; possessed of qualifications rendering competent for some end; competent; qualified; capable; as, an able workman, soldier, seaman, a man able to work; a mind able to reason; a person able to be generous; able to endure pain; able to play on a piano. 3. Specially: Having intellectual qualifications, or strong mental powers; showing ability or skill; talented; clever; powerful; as, the ablest man in the senate; an able speech. No man wrote abler state papers. Macaulay. 4. (Law) Legally qualified; possessed of legal competence; as, able to inherit or devise property. Able for, is Scotticism. �Hardly able for such a march.� Robertson. Syn. � Competent; qualified; fitted; efficient; effective; capable; skillful; clever; vigorous; powerful. A�ble, v. t. [See Able, a.] [Obs.] 1. To make able; to enable; to strengthen. Chaucer. 2. To vouch for. �I 'll able them.� Shak. �a�ble (#). [F. �able, L. �abilis.] An adjective suffix now usually in a passive sense; able to be; fit to be; expressing capacity or worthiness in a passive sense; as, movable, able to be moved; amendable, able to be amended; blamable, fit to be blamed; salable. The form �ible is used in the same sense. � It is difficult to say when we are not to use �able instead of �ible. �Yet a rule may be laid down as to when we are to use it. To all verbs, then, from the Anglo�Saxon, to all based on the uncorrupted infinitival stems of Latin verbs of the first conjugation, and to all substantives, whencesoever sprung, we annex �able only.� Fitzed. Hall. A�ble�bod�ied (#), a. Having a sound, strong body; physically competent; robust. �Able�bodied vagrant.� Froude. � A�ble�bod�ied�ness, n. Ab�le�gate (#), v. t. [L. ablegatus, p. p. of ablegare; ab + legare to send with a commission. See Legate.] To send abroad. [Obs.] Bailey. Ab�le�gate (#), n. (R. C. Ch.) A representative of the pope charged with important commissions in foreign countries, one of his duties being to bring to a newly named cardinal his insignia of office. Ab�le�ga�tion (#), n. [L. ablegatio.] The act of sending abroad. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. A�ble�mind�ed (#), a. Having much intellectual power. � A�ble�mind�ed�ness, n. A�ble�ness (#), n. Ability of body or mind; force; vigor. [Obs. or R.] Ab�lep�sy (#), n. [Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? to see.] Blindness. [R.] Urquhart. A�bler (#), a., comp. of Able. � A�blest (#), a., superl. of Able. Ab�let (#), Ab�len ] [F. ablet, ablette, a dim. fr. LL. abula, for albula, dim. of albus white. Cf. Abele.] (Zo�l.) A small fresh�water fish (Leuciscus alburnus); the bleak. Ab�li�gate (#), v. t. [L. ab + ligatus, p. p. of ligare to tie.] To tie up so as to hinder from. [Obs.] Ab�lig�u�ri�tion (?), n. [L. abligurito, fr. abligurire to spend in luxurious indulgence; ab + ligurire to be lickerish, dainty, fr. lingere to lick.] Prodigal expense for food. [Obs.] Bailey. A�blins (#), adv. [See Able.] Perhaps. [Scot.] A�bloom� (#), adv. [Pref. a� + bloom.] In or into bloom; in a blooming state. Masson. Ab�lude� (#), v. t. [L. abludere; ab + ludere to play.] To be unlike; to differ. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. Ab�lu�ent (#), a. [L. abluens, p. pr. of. abluere to wash away; ab + luere (lavere, lavare). See Lave.] Washing away; carrying off impurities; detergent. � n. (Med.) A detergent. A�blush� (#), adv. & a. [Pref. a� + blush.] Blushing; ruddy. Ab�lu�tion (#), n. [L. ablutio, fr. abluere: cf. F. ablution. See Abluent.] 1. The act of washing or cleansing; specifically, the washing of the body, or some part of it, as a religious rite. 2. The water used in cleansing. �Cast the ablutions in the main.� Pope. 3. (R. C. Ch.) A small quantity of wine and water, which is used to wash the priest's thumb and index finger after the communion, and which then, as perhaps containing portions of the consecrated elements, is drunk by the priest. Ab�lu�tion�a�ry (#), a. Pertaining to ablution. Ab�lu�vi�on (#), n. [LL. abluvio. See Abluent.] That which is washed off. [R.] Dwight. A�bly (#), adv. In an able manner; with great ability; as, ably done, planned, said. �a�bly (#). A suffix composed of �able and the adverbial suffix �ly; as, favorably. Ab�ne�gate (#), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abnegated; p. pr. & vb. n. Abnegating.] [L. abnegatus,p. p. of abnegare; ab + negare to deny. See Deny.] To deny and reject; to abjure. Sir E. Sandys. Farrar. Ab�ne�ga�tion (#), n. [L. abnegatio: cf. F. abn�gation.] a denial; a renunciation. With abnegation of God, of his honor, and of religion, they may retain the friendship of the court. Knox. Ab�ne�ga�tive (#), a. [L. abnegativus.] Denying; renouncing; negative. [R.] Clarke. Ab�ne�ga�tor (#), n. [L.] One who abnegates, denies, or rejects anything. [R.] � Ab�net (#), n. [Heb.] The girdle of a Jewish priest or officer. Ab�no�date (#), v. t. [L. abnodatus, p. p. of abnodare; ab + nodus knot.] To clear (tress) from knots. [R.] Blount. Ab�no�da�tion (#), n. The act of cutting away the knots of trees. [R.] Crabb. Ab�nor�mal (#), a. [For earlier anormal.F. anormal, LL. anormalus for anomalus, Gr. ?. Confused with L. abnormis. See Anomalous, Abnormous, Anormal.] Not conformed to rule or system; deviating from the type; anomalous; irregular. �That deviating from the type; anomalous; irregular. � Froude. Ab�nor�mal�i�ty (#), n.; pl. Abnormalities (#). 1. The state or quality of being abnormal; variation; irregularity. Darwin. 2. Something abnormal. Ab�nor�mal�ly (#), adv. In an abnormal manner; irregularly. Darwin. Ab�nor�mi�ty (#), n.; pl. Abnormities (#). [LL. abnormitas. See Abnormous.] Departure from the ordinary type; irregularity; monstrosity. �An abnormity... like a calf born with two heads.� Mrs. Whitney. Ab�nor�mous (#), a. [L. abnormis; ab + norma rule. See Normal.] Abnormal; irregular. Hallam. A character of a more abnormous cast than his equally suspected coadjutor. State Trials. A�board� (#), adv. [Pref. a� on, in + board.] .. On board; into or within a ship or boat; hence, into or within a railway car. 2. Alongside; as, close aboard. Naut.: To fall aboard of, to strike a ship's side; to fall foul of. � To haul the tacks aboard, to set the courses. � To keep the land aboard, to hug the shore. � To lay (a ship) aboard, to place one's own ship close alongside of (a ship) for fighting. A�board�, prep. 1. On board of; as, to go aboard a ship. 2.Across; athwart. [Obs.] Nor iron bands aboard The Pontic Sea by their huge navy cast. Spenser. A�bod�ance (#), n. [See Bode.] An omen; a portending. [Obs.] A�bode� (#), pret. of Abide. A�bode�, n. [OE. abad, abood, fr. abiden to abide. See Abide. For the change of vowel, cf. abode, imp. of abide.] 1. Act of waiting; delay. [Obs.] Shak. And with her fled away without abode. Spenser. 2. Stay or continuance in a place; sojourn. He waxeth at your abode here. Fielding. 3. Place of continuance, or where one dwells; abiding place; residence; a dwelling; a habitation. Come, let me lead you to our poor abode. Wordsworth. A�bode�, n. [See Bode, v. t.] An omen. [Obs.] High�thundering Juno's husband stirs my spirit with true abodes. Chapman. A�bode�, v. t. To bode; to foreshow. [Obs.] Shak. A�bode�, v. i. To be ominous. [Obs.] Dryden. A�bode�ment (#), n. A foreboding; an omen. [Obs.] �Abodements must not now affright us.� Shak. A�bod�ing (#), n. A foreboding. [Obs.] A�bol�ish (#), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abolished (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Abolishing.] [F. abolir, L. abolere, aboletum; ab + olere to grow. Cf. Finish.] 1. To do away with wholly; to annul; to make void; � said of laws, customs, institutions, governments, etc.; as, to abolish slavery, to abolish folly. 2. To put an end to, or destroy, as a physical objects; to wipe out. [Archaic] And with thy blood abolish so reproachful blot. Spenser. His quick instinctive hand Caught at the hilt, as to abolish him. Tennyson. Syn. � To Abolish, Repeal, Abrogate, Revoke, Annul, Nullify, Cancel. These words have in common the idea of setting aside by some overruling act. Abolish applies particularly to things of a permanent nature, such as institutions, usages, customs, etc.; as, to abolish monopolies, serfdom, slavery. Repeal describes the act by which the legislature of a state sets aside a law which it had previously enacted. Abrogate was originally applied to the repeal of a law by the Roman people; and hence, when the power of making laws was usurped by the emperors, the term was applied to their act of setting aside the laws. Thus it came to express that act by which a sovereign or an executive government sets aside laws, ordinances, regulations, treaties, conventions, etc. Revoke denotes the act or recalling some previous grant which conferred, privilege, etc.; as, to revoke a decree, to revoke a power of attorney, a promise, etc. Thus, also, we speak of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. Annul is used in a more general sense, denoting simply to make void; as, to annul a contract, to annul an agreement. Nullify is an old word revived in this country, and applied to the setting of things aside either by force or by total disregard; as, to nullify an act of Congress. Cancel is to strike out or annul, by a deliberate exercise of power, something which has operative force. A�bol�ish�a�ble (#), a. [Cf. F. abolissable.] Capable of being abolished. A�bol�ish�er (#), n. One who abolishes. A�bol�ish�ment (#), n. [Cf. F. abolissement.] The act of abolishing; abolition; destruction. Hooker. Ab�o�li�tion (#), n. [L. abolitio, fr. abolere: cf. F. abolition. See Abolish.] The act of abolishing, or the state of being abolished; an annulling; abrogation; utter destruction; as, the abolition of slavery or the slave trade; the abolition of laws, decrees, ordinances, customs, taxes, debts, etc. � The application of this word to persons is now unusual or obsolete Ab�o�li�tion�ism (#), n. The principles or measures of abolitionists. Wilberforce. Ab�o�li�tion�ist, n. A person who favors the abolition of any institution, especially negro slavery. Ab�o�li�tion�ize (#), v. t. To imbue with the principles of abolitionism. [R.] Bartlett. � A�bo�ma (#), n. (Zo�l.) A large South American serpent (Boa aboma). � Ab�o�ma�sum (#), � Ab�o�ma�sus (#), } n. [NL., fr. L. ab + omasum (a Celtic word.) (Anat.) The fourth or digestive stomach of a ruminant, which leads from the third stomach omasum. See Ruminantia. A�boom�i�na�ble (#), a. [F. abominable. L. abominalis. See Abominate.] 1. Worthy of, or causing, abhorrence, as a thing of evil omen; odious in the utmost degree; very hateful; detestable; loathsome; execrable. 2. Excessive; large; � used as an intensive. [Obs.] � Juliana Berners... informs us that in her time [15th c.], �a bomynable syght of monkes� was elegant English for �a large company of friars.� G. P. Marsh. A�bom�i�na�ble�ness, n. The quality or state of being abominable; odiousness. Bentley. A�bom�i�na�bly (#), adv. In an abominable manner; very odiously; detestably. A�bom�i�nate (#), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abominated; p. pr. & vb. n. Abominating.] [L. abominatus, p. p. or abominari to deprecate as ominous, to abhor, to curse; ab + omen a foreboding. See Omen.] To turn from as ill�omened; to hate in the highest degree, as if with religious dread; loathe; as, to abominate all impiety. Syn. � To hate; abhor; loathe; detest. See Hate. A�bom�i�na�tion (#), n. [OE. abominacioun, �cion, F. abominatio. See Abominate.] 1. The feeling of extreme disgust and hatred; abhorrence; detestation; loathing; as, he holds tobacco in abomination. 2. That which is abominable; anything hateful, wicked, or shamefully vile; an object or state that excites disgust and hatred; a hateful or shameful vice; pollution. Antony, most large in his abominations. Shak. 3. A cause of pollution or wickedness. Syn. � Detestation; loathing; abhorrence; disgust; aversion; loathsomeness; odiousness. A�bom�i�na�tor (#), n. One who abominates. Sir W. Scott. A�boon� (#), prep. and adv. Above. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] Aboon the pass of Bally�Brough. Sir W. Scott. The ceiling fair that rose aboon. J. R. Drake. Ab�o�ral (#), a. [L. ab. + E. oral.] (Zo�l.) Situated opposite to, or away from, the mouth. � A�bord� (#), n. [F.] Manner of approaching or accosting; address. Chesterfield. A�bord� (#), v. t. [F. aborder, ? (L. ad) + bord rim, brim, or side of a vessel. See Border, Board.] To approach; to accost. [Obs.] Digby. Ab�o�rig�i�nal (#), a. [See Aborigines.] 1. First; original; indigenous; primitive; native; as, the aboriginal tribes of America. �Mantled o'er with aboriginal turf.� Wordsworth. 2. Of or pertaining to aborigines; as, a Hindoo of aboriginal blood. Ab�o�rig�i�nal, n. 1. An original inhabitant of any land; one of the aborigines. 2. An animal or a plant native to the region. It may well be doubted whether this frog is an aboriginal of these islands. Darwin. Ab�o�rig�i�nal�i�ty (#), n. The quality of being aboriginal. Westm. Rev. Ab�o�rig�i�nal�ly (#), adv. Primarily. Ab�o�rig�i�ness (#), n. pl. [L. Aborigines; ab + origo, especially the first inhabitants of Latium, those who originally (ab origine) inhabited Latium or Italy. See Origin.] 1. The earliest known inhabitants of a country; native races. 2. The original fauna and flora of a geographical area A�borse�ment (#), n. Abortment; abortion. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. A�bor�sive (#), a. Abortive. [Obs.] Fuller. A�bort� (#), v. i. [L. abortare, fr. abortus, p. p. of aboriri; ab + oriri to rise, to be born. See Orient.] 1. To miscarry; to bring forth young prematurely. 2. (Biol.) To become checked in normal development, so as either to remain rudimentary or shrink away wholly; to become sterile. A�bort�, n. [L. abortus, fr. aboriri.] 1. An untimely birth. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. 2. An aborted offspring. [Obs.] Holland. A�bort�ed, a. 1. Brought forth prematurely. 2. (Biol.) Rendered abortive or sterile; undeveloped; checked in normal development at a very early stage; as, spines are aborted branches. The eyes of the cirripeds are more or less aborted in their mature state. Owen. A�bor�ti�cide (#), n. [L. abortus + caedere to kill. See Abort.] (Med.) The act of destroying a fetus in the womb; feticide. A�bor�ti�fa�cient (#), a. [L. abortus (see Abort, v.) + faciens, p. pr. of facere to make.] Producing miscarriage. � n. A drug or an agent that causes premature delivery. A�bor�tion (#), n. [L. abortio, fr. aboriri. See Abort.] 1. The act of giving premature birth; particularly, the expulsion of the human fetus prematurely, or before it is capable of sustaining life; miscarriage. � Ii is sometimes used for the offense of procuring a premature delivery, but strictly the early delivery is the abortion, �causing or procuring abortion� is the full name of the offense. Abbott. p. 6 2. The immature product of an untimely birth. 3. (Biol.) Arrest of development of any organ, so that it remains an imperfect formation or is absorbed. 4. Any fruit or produce that does not come to maturity, or anything which in its progress, before it is matured or perfect; a complete failure; as, his attempt. proved an abortiori. A�bor�tion�al (#), a. Pertaining to abortion; miscarrying; abortive. Carlyle. A�bor�tion�ist, n. One who procures abortion or miscarriage. A�bor�tive (#), a. [L. abortivus, fr. aboriri. See Abort, v.] 1. Produced by abortion; born prematurely; as, an abortive child. [R.] 2. Made from the skin of a still�born animal; as, abortive vellum. [Obs.] 3. Rendering fruitless or ineffectual. [Obs.] �Plunged in that abortive gulf.� Milton. 4. Coming to naught; failing in its effect; miscarrying; fruitless; unsuccessful; as, an abortive attempt. �An abortive enterprise.� Prescott. 5. (Biol.) Imperfectly formed or developed; rudimentary; sterile; as, an abortive organ, stamen, ovule, etc. 6. (Med.) (a) Causing abortion; as, abortive medicines. Parr. (b) Cutting short; as, abortive treatment of typhoid fever. A�bor�tive, n. 1. That which is born or brought forth prematurely; an abortion. [Obs.] Shak. 2. A fruitless effort or issue. [Obs.] 3. A medicine to which is attributed the property of causing abortion. Dunglison. A�bor�tive�ly, adv. In an abortive or untimely manner; immaturely; fruitlessly. A�bor�tive�ness, n. The quality of being abortive. A�bort�ment (#), n. Abortion. [Obs.] A�bought� (#), imp. & p. p. of Aby. [Obs.] A�bound� (#), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Abounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Abounding.] [OE. abounden, F. abonder, fr. L. abundare to overflow, abound; ab + unda wave. Cf. Undulate.] 1. To be in great plenty; to be very prevalent; to be plentiful. The wild boar which abounds in some parts of the continent of Europe. Chambers. Where sin abounded grace did much more abound. Rom. v. 20. 2. To be copiously supplied; � followed by in or with. To abound in, to posses in such abundance as to be characterized by. � To abound with, to be filled with; to possess in great numbers. Men abounding in natural courage. Macaulay. A faithful man shall abound with blessings. Prov. xxviii. 20. It abounds with cabinets of curiosities. Addison. A�bout� (#), prep. [OE. aboute, abouten, abuten; AS. �butan, onbutan; on + butan, which is from be by + utan outward, from ut out. See But, Out.] 1. Around; all round; on every side of. �Look about you.� Shak. �Bind them about thy neck.� Prov. iii. 3. 2. In the immediate neighborhood of; in contiguity or proximity to; near, as to place; by or on (one's person). �Have you much money about you?� Bulwer. 3. Over or upon different parts of; through or over in various directions; here and there in; to and fro in; throughout. Lampoons... were handed about the coffeehouses. Macaulay. Roving still about the world. Milton. 4. Near; not far from; � determining approximately time, size, quantity. �To�morrow, about this time.� Exod. ix. 18. �About my stature.� Shak. He went out about the third hour. Matt. xx. 3. � This use passes into the adverbial sense. 5. In concern with; engaged in; intent on. I must be about my Father's business. Luke ii. 49. 6. Before a verbal noun or an infinitive: On the point or verge of; going; in act of. Paul was now aboutto open his mouth. Acts xviii. 14. 7. Concerning; with regard to; on account of; touching. �To treat about thy ransom.� Milton. She must have her way about Sarah. Trollope. A�bout�, adv. 1. On all sides; around. 'Tis time to look about. Shak. 2. In circuit; circularly; by a circuitous way; around the outside; as, a mile about, and a third of a mile across. 3. Here and there; around; in one place and another. Wandering about from house to house. 1 Tim. v. 13. 4. Nearly; approximately; with close correspondence, in quality, manner, degree, etc.; as, about as cold; about as high; � also of quantity, number, time. �There fell... about three thousand men.� Exod. xxii. 28. 5. To a reserved position; half round; in the opposite direction; on the opposite tack; as, to face about; to turn one's self about. To bring about, to cause to take place; to accomplish. � To come about, to occur; to take place. See under Come. � To go about, To set about, to undertake; to arrange; to prepare. �Shall we set about some revels? Shak. � Round about, in every direction around. A�bout��sledge� (#), n. The largest hammer used by smiths. Weale. A�bove� (#), prep. [OE. above, aboven, abuffe, AS. abufon; an (or on) on + be by + ufan upward; cf. Goth. uf under. ?199. See Over.] 1. In or to a higher place; higher than; on or over the upper surface; over; � opposed to below or beneath. Fowl that may fly above the earth. Gen. i. 20. 2. Figuratively, higher than; superior to in any respect; surpassing; beyond; higher in measure or degree than; as, things above comprehension; above mean actions; conduct above reproach. �Thy worth... is actions above my gifts.� Marlowe. I saw in the way a light from heaven above the brightness of the sun. Acts xxxvi. 13. 3. Surpassing in number or quantity; more than; as, above a hundred. (Passing into the adverbial sense. See Above, adv., 4.) above all, before every other consideration; chiefly; in preference to other things. Over and above, prep. or adv., besides; in addition to. A�bove� (#), adv. 1. In a higher place; overhead; into or from heaven; as, the clouds above. 2. Earlier in order; higher in the same page; hence, in a foregoing page. �That was said above.� Dryden. 3. Higher in rank or power; as, he appealed to the court above. 4. More than; as, above five hundred were present. Above is often used elliptically as an adjective by omitting the word mentioned, quoted, or the like; as, the above observations, the above reference, the above articles. � Above is also used substantively. �The waters that come down from above.� Josh. iii. 13. It is also used as the first part of a compound in the sense of before, previously; as, above�cited, above�described, above�mentioned, above�named, abovesaid, abovespecified, above�written, above�given. A�bove�board� (#), adv. Above the board or table. Hence: in open sight; without trick, concealment, or deception. �Fair and aboveboard.� Burke. � This expression is said by Johnson to have been borrowed from gamesters, who, when they change their cards, put their hands under the table. A�bove��cit�ed (#), a. Cited before, in the preceding part of a book or writing. A�bove�deck� (#), a. On deck; and hence, like aboveboard, without artifice. Smart. A�bove��men�tioned (#), A�bove��named� (#), a. A�bove��named� (#), a. Mentioned or named before; aforesaid. A�bove�said� (#), a. Mentioned or recited before. A�box� (#), adv. & a. (Naut.) Braced aback. Ab�ra�ca�dab�ra (#), n. [L. Of unknown origin.] A mystical word or collocation of letters written as in the figure. Worn on an amulet it was supposed to ward off fever. At present the word is used chiefly in jest to denote something without meaning; jargon. Ab�ra�dant (#), n. A material used for grinding, as emery, sand, powdered glass, etc. Ab�rade� (#), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abraded; p. pr. & vb. n. Abrading.] [L. abradere, abrasum, to scrape off; ab + radere to scrape. See Rase, Raze.] To rub or wear off; to waste or wear away by friction; as, to abrade rocks. Lyell. A�brade� (#), v. t. Same as Abraid. [Obs.] A�bra�ham�ic (#), a. Pertaining to Abraham, the patriarch; as, the Abrachamic covenant. A�bra�ham�it�ic, �ic�al (#), a. Relating to the patriarch Abraham. A�bra�ham�man� (#) or A�bram�man� (#), n. [Possibly in allusion to the parable of the beggar Lazarus in Luke xvi. Murray (New Eng. Dict.).] One of a set of vagabonds who formerly roamed through England, feigning lunacy for the sake of obtaining alms. Nares. To sham Abraham, to feign sickness. Goldsmith. A�braid� (#), v. t. & i. [OE. abraiden, to awake, draw (a sword), AS. �bredgan to shake, draw; pref. �� (cf. Goth. us�, Ger. er�, orig. meaning out) + bregdan to shake, throw. See Braid.] To awake; to arouse; to stir or start up; also, to shout out. [Obs.] Chaucer. A�bran�chi�al (#), a. (Zo�l.) Abranchiate. � A�bran�chi�a�ta (#), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. ? priv. + ?, pl., the gills of fishes.] (Zo�l.) A group of annelids, so called because the species composing it have no special organs of respiration. A�bran�chi�ate (#), a. (Zo�l.) Without gills. Ab�rase� (#), a. [L. abrasus, p. p. of abradere. See Abrade.] Rubbed smooth. [Obs.] �An abrase table.� B. Jonson. Ab�ra�sion (#), n. [L. abrasio, fr. abradere. See Abrade.] 1. The act of abrading, wearing, or rubbing off; the wearing away by friction; as, the abrasion of coins. 2. The substance rubbed off. Berkeley. 3. (Med.) A superficial excoriation, with loss of substance under the form of small shreds. Dunglison. Ab�ra�sive (#), a. Producing abrasion. Ure. A�braum� or A�braum� salts (#), n. [Ger., fr. abr�umen to remove.] A red ocher used to darken mahogany and for making chloride of potassium. � A�brax�as (#), n. [A name adopted by the Egyptian Gnostic Basilides, containing the Greek letters , , , , , , , which, as numerals, amounted to 365. It was used to signify the supreme deity as ruler of the 365 heavens of his system.] A mystical word used as a charm and engraved on gems among the ancients; also, a gem stone thus engraved. A�bray� (#), v. [A false form from the preterit abraid, abrayde.] See Abraid. [Obs.] Spenser. A�breast� (#), adv. [Pref. a� + breast.] 1. Side by side, with breasts in a line; as, �Two men could hardly walk abreast.� Macaulay. 2. (Naut.) Side by side; also, opposite; over against; on a line with the vessel's beam; � with of. 3. Up to a certain level or line; equally advanced; as, to keep abreast of [or with] the present state of science. 4. At the same time; simultaneously. [Obs.] Abreast therewith began a convocation. Fuller. A�breg�ge (#), v. t. See Abridge. [Obs.] Ab�re�nounce� (#), v. t. [L. abrenuntiare; ab + renuntiare. See Renounce.] To renounce. [Obs.] �They abrenounce and cast them off.� Latimer. Ab�re�nun�ci�a�tion (#), n. [LL. abrenuntiatio. See Abrenounce.] Absolute renunciation or repudiation. [Obs.] An abrenunciation of that truth which he so long had professed, and still believed. Fuller. Ab�rep�tion (#), n. [L. abreptus, p. p. of abripere to snatch away; ab + rapere to snatch.] A snatching away. [Obs.] � A�breu�voir� (#), n. [F., a watering place.] (Masonry) The joint or interstice between stones, to be filled with mortar. Gwilt. A�bri�cock (#), n. See Apricot. [Obs.] A�bridge� (#), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abridged (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Abridging.] [OE. abregen, OF. abregier, F. abr�ger, fr. L. abbreviare; ad + brevis short. See Brief and cf. Abbreviate.] 1. To make shorter; to shorten in duration; to lessen; to diminish; to curtail; as, to abridge labor; to abridge power or rights. �The bridegroom... abridged his visit.� Smollett. She retired herself to Sebaste, and abridged her train from state to necessity. Fuller. 2. To shorten or contract by using fewer words, yet retaining the sense; to epitomize; to condense; as, to abridge a history or dictionary. 3. To deprive; to cut off; � followed by of, and formerly by from; as, to abridge one of his rights. A�bridg�er (#), n. One who abridges. A�bridg�ment (#), n. [OE. abregement. See Abridge.] 1. The act abridging, or the state of being abridged; diminution; lessening; reduction or deprivation; as, an abridgment of pleasures or of expenses. 2. An epitome or compend, as of a book; a shortened or abridged form; an abbreviation. Ancient coins as abridgments of history. Addison. 3. That which abridges or cuts short; hence, an entertainment that makes the time pass quickly. [Obs.] What abridgment have you for this evening? What mask? What music? Shak. Syn. � Abridgment, Compendium, Epitome, Abstract, Synopsis. An abridgment is made by omitting the less important parts of some larger work; as, an abridgment of a dictionary. A compendium is a brief exhibition of a subject, or science, for common use; as, a compendium of American literature. An epitome corresponds to a compendium, and gives briefly the most material points of a subject; as, an epitome of history. An abstract is a brief statement of a thing in its main points. A synopsis is a bird's�eye view of a subject, or work, in its several parts. A�broach� (#), v. t. [OE. abrochen, OF. abrochier. See Broach.] To set abroach; to let out, as liquor; to broach; to tap. [Obs.] Chaucer. A�broach�, adv. [Pref. a� + broach.] 1. Broached; in a condition for letting out or yielding liquor, as a cask which is tapped. Hogsheads of ale were set abroach. Sir W. Scott. 2. Hence: In a state to be diffused or propagated; afoot; astir. �Mischiefs that I set abroach.� Shak. A�broad� (#), adv. [Pref. a� + broad.] 1. At large; widely; broadly; over a wide space; as, a tree spreads its branches abroad. The fox roams far abroad. Prior. 2. Without a certain confine; outside the house; away from one's abode; as, to walk abroad. I went to St. James', where another was preaching in the court abroad. Evelyn. 3. Beyond the bounds of a country; in foreign countries; as, we have broils at home and enemies abroad. �Another prince... was living abroad.� Macaulay. 4. Before the public at large; throughout society or the world; here and there; widely. He went out, and began to publish it much, and to blaze abroad the matter. Mark i. 45. To be abroad. (a) To be wide of the mark; to be at fault; as, you are all abroad in your guess. (b) To be at a loss or nonplused. Ab�ro�ga�ble (#), a. Capable of being abrogated. Ab�ro�gate (#), a. [L. abrogatus, p. p.] Abrogated; abolished. [Obs. or R.] Latimer. Ab�ro�gate (#), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abrogated; p. pr. & vb. n. Abrogating.] [L. abrogatus, p. p. of abrogare; ab + rogare to ask, require, propose. See Rogation.] 1. To annul by an authoritative act; to abolish by the authority of the maker or his successor; to repeal; � applied to the repeal of laws, decrees, ordinances, the abolition of customs, etc. Let us see whether the New Testament abrogates what we so frequently see in the Old. South. Whose laws, like those of the Medes and Persian, they can not alter or abrogate. Burke. 2. To put an end to; to do away with. Shak. Syn. � To abolish; annul; do away; set aside; revoke; repeal; cancel; annihilate. See Abolish. Ab�ro�ga�tion (#), n. [L. abrogatio, fr. abrogare: cf. F. abrogation.] The act of abrogating; repeal by authority. Hume. Ab�ro�ga�tive (#), a. Tending or designed to abrogate; as, an abrogative law. Ab�ro�ga�tor (#), n. One who repeals by authority. A�brood� (#), adv. [Pref. a� + brood.] In the act of brooding. [Obs.] Abp. Sancroft. A�brook� (#), v. t. [Pref. a� + brook, v.] To brook; to endure. [Obs.] Shak. Ab�rupt� (#), a. [L. abruptus, p. p. of abrumpere to break off; ab + rumpere to break. See Rupture.] 1. Broken off; very steep, or craggy, as rocks, precipices, banks; precipitous; steep; as, abrupt places. �Tumbling through ricks abrupt,� Thomson. 2. Without notice to prepare the mind for the event; sudden; hasty; unceremonious. �The cause of your abrupt departure.� Shak. 3. Having sudden transitions from one subject to another; unconnected. The abrupt style, which hath many breaches. B. Jonson. <�� end of search for ? marks 11�30�94 ��> 4. (Bot.) Suddenly terminating, as if cut off. Gray. Syn. � Sudden; unexpected; hasty; rough; curt; unceremonious; rugged; blunt; disconnected; broken. Ab�rupt� (#), n. [L. abruptum.] An abrupt place. [Poetic] �Over the vast abrupt.� Milton. Ab�rupt�, v. t. To tear off or asunder. [Obs.] �Till death abrupts them.� Sir T. Browne. Ab�rup�tion (#), n. [L. abruptio, fr. abrumpere: cf. F. abruption.] A sudden breaking off; a violent separation of bodies. Woodward. Ab�rupt�ly, adv. 1. In an abrupt manner; without giving notice, or without the usual forms; suddenly. 2. Precipitously. Abruptly pinnate (Bot.), pinnate without an odd leaflet, or other appendage, at the end. Gray. Ab�rupt�ness, n. 1. The state of being abrupt or broken; craggedness; ruggedness; steepness. 2. Suddenness; unceremonious haste or vehemence; as, abruptness of style or manner. Ab�scess (#), n.; pl. Abscesses (#). [L. abscessus a going away, gathering of humors, abscess, fr. abscessus, p. p. of absedere to go away; ab, abs + cedere to go off, retire. See Cede.] (Med.) A collection of pus or purulent matter in any tissue or organ of the body, the result of a morbid process. Cold abscess, an abscess of slow formation, unattended with the pain and heat characteristic of ordinary abscesses, and lasting for years without exhibiting any tendency towards healing; a chronic abscess. Ab�sces�sion (#), n. [L. abscessio a separation; fr. absedere. See Abscess.] A separating; removal; also, an abscess. [Obs.] Gauden. Barrough. Ab�scind� (#), v. t. [L. absindere; ab + scindere to rend, cut. See Schism.] To cut off. [R.] �Two syllables... abscinded from the rest.� Johnson. Ab�sci�sion (#), n. [L. abscisio.] See Abscission. Ab�sciss (#), n.; pl. Abscisses (#). See Abscissa. Ab�scis�sa (#), n.; E. pl. Abscissas, L. pl. Absciss�. [L., fem. of abscissus, p. p. of absindere to cut of. See Abscind.] (Geom.) One of the elements of reference by which a point, as of a curve, is referred to a system of fixed rectilineal co�rdinate axes. When referred to two intersecting axes, one of them called the axis of abscissas, or of X, and the other the axis of ordinates, or of Y, the abscissa of the point is the distance cut off from the axis of X by a line drawn through it and parallel to the axis of Y. When a point in space is referred to three axes having a common intersection, the abscissa may be the distance measured parallel to either of them, from the point to the plane of the other two axes. Abscissas and ordinates taken together are called co�rdinates. � OX or PY is the abscissa of the point P of the curve, OY or PX its ordinate, the intersecting lines OX and OY being the axes of abscissas and ordinates respectively, and the point O their origin. Ab�scis�sion (#), n. [L. abscissio. See Abscind.] 1. The act or process of cutting off. �Not to be cured without the abscission of a member.� Jer. Taylor. 2. The state of being cut off. Sir T. Browne. 3. (Rhet.) A figure of speech employed when a speaker having begun to say a thing stops abruptly: thus, �He is a man of so much honor and candor, and of such generosity � but I need say no more.� Ab�scond� (#), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Absconded; p. pr. & vb. n. Absconding.] [L. abscondere to hide; ab, abs + condere to lay up; con + d?re (only in comp.) to put. Cf. Do.] 1. To hide, withdraw, or be concealed. The marmot absconds all winter. Ray. 2. To depart clandestinely; to steal off and secrete one's self; � used especially of persons who withdraw to avoid a legal process; as, an absconding debtor. That very homesickness which, in regular armies, drives so many recruits to abscond. Macaulay. Ab�scond�, v. t. To hide; to conceal. [Obs.] Bentley. Ab�scond�ence (#), n. Fugitive concealment; secret retirement; hiding. [R.] Phillips. Ab�scond�er (#), n. One who absconds. Ab�sence (#), n. [F., fr. L. absentia. See Absent.] 1. A state of being absent or withdrawn from a place or from companionship; � opposed to presence. Not as in my presence only, but now much more in my absence. Phil. ii. 12. 2. Want; destitution; withdrawal. �In the absence of conventional law.� Kent. 3. Inattention to things present; abstraction (of mind); as, absence of mind. �Reflecting on the little absences and distractions of mankind.� Addison. To conquer that abstraction which is called absence. Landor. Ab�sent (#), a. [F., fr. absens, absentis, p. pr. of abesse to be away from; ab + esse to be. Cf. Sooth.] 1. Being away from a place; withdrawn from a place; not present. �Expecting absent friends.� Shak. 2. Not existing; lacking; as, the part was rudimental or absent. 3. Inattentive to what is passing; absent�minded; preoccupied; as, an absent air. What is commonly called an absent man is commonly either a very weak or a very affected man. Chesterfield. Syn. � Absent, Abstracted. These words both imply a want of attention to surrounding objects. We speak of a man as absent when his thoughts wander unconsciously from present scenes or topics of discourse; we speak of him as abstracted when his mind (usually for a brief period) is drawn off from present things by some weighty matter for reflection. Absence of mind is usually the result of loose habits of thought; abstraction commonly arises either from engrossing interests and cares, or from unfortunate habits of association. Ab�sent� (#), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Absented; p. pr. & vb. n. Absenting.] [Cf. F. absenter.] 1. To take or withdraw (one's self) to such a distance as to prevent intercourse; � used with the reflexive pronoun. If after due summons any member absents himself, he is to be fined. Addison. 2. To withhold from being present. [Obs.] �Go; for thy stay, not free, absents thee more.� Milton. Ab�sen�ta�ne�ous (#), a. [LL. absentaneus. See Absent.] Pertaining to absence. [Obs.] Ab�sen�ta�tion (#), n. The act of absenting one's self. Sir W. Hamilton. Ab�sen�tee� (#), n. One who absents himself from his country, office, post, or duty; especially, a landholder who lives in another country or district than that where his estate is situated; as, an Irish absentee. Macaulay. Ab�sen�tee�ism (#), n. The state or practice of an absentee; esp. the practice of absenting one's self from the country or district where one's estate is situated. Ab�sent�er (#), n. One who absents one's self. Ab�sent�ly (#), adv. In an absent or abstracted manner. Ab�sent�ment (#), n. The state of being absent; withdrawal. [R.] Barrow. Ab�sent�mind�ed (#), a. Absent in mind; abstracted; preoccupied. � Ab�sent�mind�ed�ness, n. � Ab�sent�mind�ed�ly, adv. Ab�sent�ness (#), n. The quality of being absent�minded. H. Miller. Ab�sey�book� (#), n. An A�B�C book; a primer. [Obs.] Shak. Ab�sin�thate (#), n. (Chem.) A combination of absinthic acid with a base or positive radical. Ab�sinth�, Ab�sinthe� } (#), n. [F. absinthe. See Absinthium.] 1. The plant absinthium or common wormwood. 2. A strong spirituous liqueur made from wormwood and brandy or alcohol. Ab�sin�thi�al (#), a. Of or pertaining to wormwood; absinthian. Ab�sin�thi�an (#), n. Of the nature of wormwood. �Absinthian bitterness.� T. Randolph. Ab�sin�thi�ate (#), v. t. [From L. absinthium: cf. L. absinthiatus, a.] To impregnate with wormwood. Ab�sin�thi�a�ted (#), a. Impregnated with wormwood; as, absinthiated wine. Ab�sin�thic (#), a. (Chem.) Relating to the common wormwood or to an acid obtained from it. Ab�sin�thin (#), n. (Chem.) The bitter principle of wormwood (Artemisia absinthium). Watts. Ab�sin�thism (#), n. The condition of being poisoned by the excessive use of absinth. Ab�sin�thi�um (#), n. [L., from Gr. ?.] (Bot.) The common wormwood (Artemisia absinthium), an intensely bitter plant, used as a tonic and for making the oil of wormwood. Ab�sis (#), n. See Apsis. Ab�sist� (#), v. i. [L. absistere, p. pr. absistens; ab + sistere to stand, causal of stare.] To stand apart from; top leave off; to desist. [Obs.] Raleigh. Ab�sist�ence (#), n. A standing aloof. [Obs.] Ab�so�lute (#), a. [L. absolutus, p. p. of absolvere: cf. F. absolu. See Absolve.] 1. Loosed from any limitation or condition; uncontrolled; unrestricted; unconditional; as, absolute authority, monarchy, sovereignty, an absolute promise or command; absolute power; an absolute monarch. 2. Complete in itself; perfect; consummate; faultless; as, absolute perfection; absolute beauty. So absolute she seems, And in herself complete. Milton. 3. Viewed apart from modifying influences or without comparison with other objects; actual; real; � opposed to relative and comparative; as, absolute motion; absolute time or space. Absolute rights and duties are such as pertain to man in a state of nature as contradistinguished from relative rights and duties, or such as pertain to him in his social relations. 4. Loosed from, or unconnected by, dependence on any other being; self�existent; self�sufficing. � In this sense God is called the Absolute by the Theist. The term is also applied by the Pantheist to the universe, or the total of all existence, as only capable of relations in its parts to each other and to the whole, and as dependent for its existence and its phenomena on its mutually depending forces and their laws. 5. Capable of being thought or conceived by itself alone; unconditioned; non�relative. � It is in dispute among philosopher whether the term, in this sense, is not applied to a mere logical fiction or abstraction, or whether the absolute, as thus defined, can be known, as a reality, by the human intellect. To Cusa we can indeed articulately trace, word and thing, the recent philosophy of the absolute. Sir W. Hamilton. 6. Positive; clear; certain; not doubtful. [R.] I am absolute 't was very Cloten. Shak. 7. Authoritative; peremptory. [R.] The peddler stopped, and tapped her on the head, With absolute forefinger, brown and ringed. Mrs. Browning. 8. (Chem.) Pure; unmixed; as, absolute alcohol. 9. (Gram.) Not immediately dependent on the other parts of the sentence in government; as, the case absolute. See Ablative absolute, under Ablative. Absolute curvature (Geom.), that curvature of a curve of double curvature, which is measured in the osculating plane of the curve. � Absolute equation (Astron.), the sum of the optic and eccentric equations. � Absolute space (Physics), space considered without relation to material limits or objects. � Absolute terms. (Alg.), such as are known, or which do not contain the unknown quantity. Davies & Peck. � Absolute temperature (Physics), the temperature as measured on a scale determined by certain general thermo�dynamic principles, and reckoned from the absolute zero. � Absolute zero (Physics), the be ginning, or zero point, in the scale of absolute temperature. It is equivalent to �2730 centigrade or �459,40 Fahrenheit. Syn. � Positive; peremptory; certain; unconditional; unlimited; unrestricted; unqualified; arbitrary; despotic; autocratic. Ab�so�lute (#), n. (Geom.) In a plane, the two imaginary circular points at infinity; in space of three dimensions, the imaginary circle at infinity. Ab�so�lute�ly, adv. In an absolute, independent, or unconditional manner; wholly; positively. Ab�so�lute�ness, n. The quality of being absolute; independence of everything extraneous; unlimitedness; absolute power; independent reality; positiveness. Ab�so�lu�tion (#), n. [F. absolution, L. absolutio, fr. absolvere to absolve. See Absolve.] 1. An absolving, or setting free from guilt, sin, or penalty; forgiveness of an offense. �Government... granting absolution to the nation.� Froude. 2. (Civil Law) An acquittal, or sentence of a judge declaring and accused person innocent. [Obs.] 3. (R. C. Ch.) The exercise of priestly jurisdiction in the sacrament of penance, by which Catholics believe the sins of the truly penitent are forgiven. � In the English and other Protestant churches, this act regarded as simply declaratory, not as imparting forgiveness. 4. (Eccl.) An absolving from ecclesiastical penalties, � for example, excommunication. P. Cyc. 5. The form of words by which a penitent is absolved. Shipley. 6. Delivery, in speech. [Obs.] B. Jonson. Absolution day (R. C. Ch.), Tuesday before Easter. Ab�so�lu�tism (#), n. 1. The state of being absolute; the system or doctrine of the absolute; the principles or practice of absolute or arbitrary government; despotism. The element of absolutism and prelacy was controlling. Palfrey. 2. (Theol.) Doctrine of absolute decrees. Ash. Ab�so�lu�tist (#), n. 1. One who is in favor of an absolute or autocratic government. 2. (Metaph.) One who believes that it is possible to realize a cognition or concept of the absolute. Sir. W. Hamilton. Ab�so�lu�tist, a. Of or pertaining to absolutism; arbitrary; despotic; as, absolutist principles. Ab�so�lu�tis�tic (#), a. Pertaining to absolutism; absolutist. Ab�sol�u�to�ry (#), a. [L. absolutorius, fr. absolvere to absolve.] Serving to absolve; absolving. �An absolutory sentence.� Ayliffe. Ab�solv�a�ble (#), a. That may be absolved. Ab�solv�a�to�ry (#), a. Conferring absolution; absolutory. Ab�solve� (#; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Absolved (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Absolving.] [L. absolvere to set free, to absolve; ab + solvere to loose. See Assoil, Solve.] 1. To set free, or release, as from some obligation, debt, or responsibility, or from the consequences of guilt or such ties as it would be sin or guilt to violate; to pronounce free; as, to absolve a subject from his allegiance; to absolve an offender, which amounts to an acquittal and remission of his punishment. Halifax was absolved by a majority of fourteen. Macaulay. 2. To free from a penalty; to pardon; to remit (a sin); � said of the sin or guilt. In his name I absolve your perjury. Gibbon. 3. To finish; to accomplish. [Obs.] The work begun, how soon absolved. Milton. 4. To resolve or explain. [Obs.] �We shall not absolve the doubt.� Sir T. Browne. Syn. � To Absolve, Exonerate, Acquit. We speak of a man as absolved from something that binds his conscience, or involves the charge of wrongdoing; as, to absolve from allegiance or from the obligation of an oath, or a promise. We speak of a person as exonerated, when he is released from some burden which had rested upon him; as, to exonerate from suspicion, to exonerate from blame or odium. It implies a purely moral acquittal. We speak of a person as acquitted, when a decision has been made in his favor with reference to a specific charge, either by a jury or by disinterested persons; as, he was acquitted of all participation in the crime. Ab�solv�ent (#), a. [L. absolvens, p. pr. of absolvere.] Absolving. [R.] Carlyle. Ab�solv�ent, n. An absolver. [R.] Hobbes. Ab�solv�er (#), n. One who absolves. Macaulay. Ab�so�nant (#), a. [L. ab + sonans, p. pr. of sonare to sound.] Discordant; contrary; � opposed to consonant. �Absonant to nature.� Quarles. Ab�so�nous (#), a. [L. absonus; ab + sonus sound.] Discordant; inharmonious; incongruous. [Obs.] �Absonous to our reason.� Glanvill. Ab�sorb� (#), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Absorbed (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Absorbing.] [L. absorbere; ab + sorbere to suck in, akin to Gr. ?: cf. F. absorber.] 1. To swallow up; to engulf; to overwhelm; to cause to disappear as if by swallowing up; to use up; to include. �Dark oblivion soon absorbs them all.� Cowper. The large cities absorb the wealth and fashion. W. Irving. 2. To suck up; to drink in; to imbibe; as a sponge or as the lacteals of the body. Bacon. 3. To engross or engage wholly; to occupy fully; as, absorbed in study or the pursuit of wealth. 4. To take up by cohesive, chemical, or any molecular action, as when charcoal absorbs gases. So heat, light, and electricity are absorbed or taken up in the substances into which they pass. Nichol. p. 8 Syn. � To Absorb, Engross, Swallow up, Engulf. These words agree in one general idea, that of completely taking up. They are chiefly used in a figurative sense and may be distinguished by a reference to their etymology. We speak of a person as absorbed (lit., drawn in, swallowed up) in study or some other employment of the highest interest. We speak of a person as ebgrossed (lit., seized upon in the gross, or wholly) by something which occupies his whole time and thoughts, as the acquisition of wealth, or the attainment of honor. We speak of a person (under a stronger image) as swallowed up and lost in that which completely occupies his thoughts and feelings, as in grief at the death of a friend, or in the multiplied cares of life. We speak of a person as engulfed in that which (like a gulf) takes in all his hopes and interests; as, engulfed in misery, ruin, etc. That grave question which had begun to absorb the Christian mind � the marriage of the clergy. Milman. Too long hath love engrossed Britannia's stage, And sunk to softness all our tragic rage. Tickell. Should not the sad occasion swallow up My other cares? Addison. And in destruction's river Engulf and swallow those. Sir P. Sidney. Ab�sorb�a�bil�i�ty (#), n. The state or quality of being absorbable. Graham (Chemistry). Ab�sorb�a�ble, a. [Cf. F. absorbable.] Capable of being absorbed or swallowed up. Kerr. Ab�sorb�ed�ly, adv. In a manner as if wholly engrossed or engaged. Ab�sorb�en�cy (#), n. Absorptiveness. Ab�sorb�ent (#), a. [L. absorbens, p. pr. of absorbere.] Absorbing; swallowing; absorptive. Absorbent ground (Paint.), a ground prepared for a picture, chiefly with distemper, or water colors, by which the oil is absorbed, and a brilliancy is imparted to the colors. Ab�sorb�ent, n. 1. Anything which absorbs. The ocean, itself a bad absorbent of heat. Darwin. 2. (Med.) Any substance which absorbs and neutralizes acid fluid in the stomach and bowels, as magnesia, chalk, etc.; also a substance (e. g., iodine) which acts on the absorbent vessels so as to reduce enlarged and indurated parts. 3. pl. (Physiol.) The vessels by which the processes of absorption are carried on, as the lymphatics in animals, the extremities of the roots in plants. Ab�sorb�er (#), n. One who, or that which, absorbs. Ab�sorb�ing, a. Swallowing, engrossing; as, an absorbing pursuit. � Ab�sorb�ing, adv. Ab�sor�bi�tion (#), n. Absorption. [Obs.] Ab�sorpt� (#), a. [L. absorptus, p. p.] Absorbed. [Archaic] �Absorpt in care.� Pope. Ab�sorp�tion (#), n. [L. absorptio, fr. absorbere. See Absorb.] 1. The act or process of absorbing or sucking in anything, or of being absorbed and made to disappear; as, the absorption of bodies in a whirlpool, the absorption of a smaller tribe into a larger. 2. (Chem. & Physics) An imbibing or reception by molecular or chemical action; as, the absorption of light, heat, electricity, etc. 3. (Physiol.) In living organisms, the process by which the materials of growth and nutrition are absorbed and conveyed to the tissues and organs. 4. Entire engrossment or occupation of the mind; as, absorption in some employment. Ab�sorp�tive (#), a. Having power, capacity, or tendency to absorb or imbibe. E. Darwin. Ab�sorp�tive�ness, n. The quality of being absorptive; absorptive power. Ab�sorp�tiv�i�ty (#), n. Absorptiveness. Ab�squat�u�late (#), v. i. To take one's self off; to decamp. [A jocular word. U. S.] � Abs�que hoc (#). [L., without this.] (Law) The technical words of denial used in traversing what has been alleged, and is repeated. Ab�stain� (#), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Abstained (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Abstaining.] [OE. absteynen, abstenen, OF. astenir, abstenir, F. abstenir, fr. L. abstinere, abstentum, v. t. & v. i., to keep from; ab, abs + tenere to hold. See Tenable.] To hold one's self aloof; to forbear or refrain voluntarily, and especially from an indulgence of the passions or appetites; � with from. Not a few abstained from voting. Macaulay. Who abstains from meat that is not gaunt? Shak. Syn. � To refrain; forbear; withhold; deny one's self; give up; relinquish. Ab�stain�, v. t. To hinder; to withhold. Whether he abstain men from marrying. Milton. Ab�stain�er (#), n. One who abstains; esp., one who abstains from the use of intoxicating liquors. Ab�ste�mi�ous (#), a. [L. abstemius; ab, abs + root of temetum intoxicating drink.] 1. Abstaining from wine. [Orig. Latin sense.] Under his special eye Abstemious I grew up and thrived amain. Milton. 2. Sparing in diet; refraining from a free use of food and strong drinks; temperate; abstinent; sparing in the indulgence of the appetite or passions. Instances of longevity are chiefly among the abstemious. Arbuthnot. 3. Sparingly used; used with temperance or moderation; as, an abstemious diet. Gibbon. 4. Marked by, or spent in, abstinence; as, an abstemious life. �One abstemious day.� Pope. 5. Promotive of abstemiousness. [R.] Such is the virtue of the abstemious well. Dryden. Ab�ste�mi�ous�ly, adv. In a abstemious manner; temperately; sparingly. Ab�ste�mi�ous�ness, n. The quality of being abstemious, temperate, or sparing in the use of food and strong drinks. It expresses a greater degree of abstinence than temperance. Ab�sten�tion (#), a. [F. See Abstain.] The act of abstaining; a holding aloof. Jer. Taylor. Ab�sten�tious (#), a. Characterized by abstinence; self�restraining. Farrar. Ab�sterge (#), v. t. [L. abstergere, abstersum; ab, abs + tergere to wipe. Cf. F absterger.] To make clean by wiping; to wipe away; to cleanse; hence, to purge. [R.] Quincy. Ab�ster�gent (#), a. [L. abstergens, p. pr. of abstergere.] Serving to cleanse, detergent. Ab�ster�gent, n. A substance used in cleansing; a detergent; as, soap is an abstergent. Ab�sterse� (#), v. t. To absterge; to cleanse; to purge away. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. Ab�ster�sion (#), n. [F. abstersion. See Absterge.] Act of wiping clean; a cleansing; a purging. The task of ablution and abstersion being performed. Sir W. Scott. Ab�ster�sive (#), a. [Cf. F. abstersif. See Absterge.] Cleansing; purging. Bacon. Ab�ster�sive, n. Something cleansing. The strong abstersive of some heroic magistrate. Milton. Ab�ster�sive�ness, n. The quality of being abstersive. Fuller. Ab�sti�nence (#), n. [F. abstinence, L. abstinentia, fr. abstinere. See Abstain.] 1. The act or practice of abstaining; voluntary forbearance of any action, especially the refraining from an indulgence of appetite, or from customary gratifications of animal or sensual propensities. Specifically, the practice of abstaining from intoxicating beverages, � called also total abstinence. The abstinence from a present pleasure that offers itself is a pain, nay, oftentimes, a very great one. Locke. 2. The practice of self�denial by depriving one's self of certain kinds of food or drink, especially of meat. Penance, fasts, and abstinence, To punish bodies for the soul's offense. Dryden. Ab�sti�nen�cy (#), n. Abstinence. [R.] Ab�sti�nent (#), a. [F. abstinent, L. abstinens, p. pr. of abstinere. See Abstain.] Refraining from indulgence, especially from the indulgence of appetite; abstemious; continent; temperate. Beau. & Fl. Ab�sti�nent, n. 1. One who abstains. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect who appeared in France and Spain in the 3d century. Ab�sti�nent�ly, adv. With abstinence. Ab�stort�ed (#), a. [As if fr. abstort, fr. L. ab, abs + tortus, p. p. of torquere to twist.] Wrested away. [Obs.] Bailey. Ab�stract� (#; 277), a. [L. abstractus, p. p. of abstrahere to draw from, separate; ab, abs + trahere to draw. See Trace.] 1. Withdraw; separate. [Obs.] The more abstract... we are from the body. Norris. 2. Considered apart from any application to a particular object; separated from matter; exiting in the mind only; as, abstract truth, abstract numbers. Hence: ideal; abstruse; difficult. 3. (Logic) (a) Expressing a particular property of an object viewed apart from the other properties which constitute it; � opposed to concrete; as, honesty is an abstract word. J. S. Mill. (b) Resulting from the mental faculty of abstraction; general as opposed to particular; as, �reptile� is an abstract or general name. Locke. A concrete name is a name which stands for a thing; an abstract name which stands for an attribute of a thing. A practice has grown up in more modern times, which, if not introduced by Locke, has gained currency from his example, of applying the expression �abstract name� to all names which are the result of abstraction and generalization, and consequently to all general names, instead of confining it to the names of attributes. J. S. Mill. 4. Abstracted; absent in mind. �Abstract, as in a trance.� Milton. An abstract idea (Metaph.), an idea separated from a complex object, or from other ideas which naturally accompany it; as the solidity of marble when contemplated apart from its color or figure. � Abstract terms, those which express abstract ideas, as beauty, whiteness, roundness, without regarding any object in which they exist; or abstract terms are the names of orders, genera or species of things, in which there is a combination of similar qualities. � Abstract numbers (Math.), numbers used without application to things, as 6, 8, 10; but when applied to any thing, as 6 feet, 10 men, they become concrete. � Abstract or Pure mathematics. See Mathematics. Ab�stract� (#), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abstracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Abstracting.] [See Abstract, a.] 1. To withdraw; to separate; to take away. He was incapable of forming any opinion or resolution abstracted from his own prejudices. Sir W. Scott. 2. To draw off in respect to interest or attention; as, his was wholly abstracted by other objects. The young stranger had been abstracted and silent. Blackw. Mag. 3. To separate, as ideas, by the operation of the mind; to consider by itself; to contemplate separately, as a quality or attribute. Whately. 4. To epitomize; to abridge. Franklin. 5. To take secretly or dishonestly; to purloin; as, to abstract goods from a parcel, or money from a till. Von Rosen had quietly abstracted the bearing�reins from the harness. W. Black. 6. (Chem.) To separate, as the more volatile or soluble parts of a substance, by distillation or other chemical processes. In this sense extract is now more generally used. Ab�stract�, v. t. To perform the process of abstraction. [R.] I own myself able to abstract in one sense. Berkeley. Ab�stract� (#), n. [See Abstract, a.] 1. That which comprises or concentrates in itself the essential qualities of a larger thing or of several things. Specifically: A summary or an epitome, as of a treatise or book, or of a statement; a brief. An abstract of every treatise he had read. Watts. Man, the abstract Of all perfection, which the workmanship Of Heaven hath modeled. Ford. 2. A state of separation from other things; as, to consider a subject in the abstract, or apart from other associated things. 3. An abstract term. The concretes �father� and �son� have, or might have, the abstracts �paternity� and �filiety.� J. S. Mill. 4. (Med.) A powdered solid extract of a vegetable substance mixed with sugar of milk in such proportion that one part of the abstract represents two parts of the original substance. Abstract of title (Law), an epitome of the evidences of ownership. Syn. � Abridgment; compendium; epitome; synopsis. See Abridgment. Ab�stract�ed (#), a. 1. Separated or disconnected; withdrawn; removed; apart. The evil abstracted stood from his own evil. Milton. 2. Separated from matter; abstract; ideal. [Obs.] 3. Abstract; abstruse; difficult. [Obs.] Johnson. 4. Inattentive to surrounding objects; absent in mind. �An abstracted scholar.� Johnson. Ab�stract�ed�ly, adv. In an abstracted manner; separately; with absence of mind. Ab�stract�ed�ness, n. The state of being abstracted; abstract character. Ab�stract�er (#), n. One who abstracts, or makes an abstract. Ab�strac�tion (#), n. [Cf. F. abstraction. See Abstract, a.] 1. The act of abstracting, separating, or withdrawing, or the state of being withdrawn; withdrawal. A wrongful abstraction of wealth from certain members of the community. J. S. Mill. 2. (Metaph.) The act process of leaving out of consideration one or more properties of a complex object so as to attend to others; analysis. Thus, when the mind considers the form of a tree by itself, or the color of the leaves as separate from their size or figure, the act is called abstraction. So, also, when it considers whiteness, softness, virtue, existence, as separate from any particular objects. � Abstraction is necessary to classification, by which things are arranged in genera and species. We separate in idea the qualities of certain objects, which are of the same kind, from others which are different, in each, and arrange the objects having the same properties in a class, or collected body. Abstraction is no positive act: it is simply the negative of attention. Sir W. Hamilton. 3. An idea or notion of an abstract, or theoretical nature; as, to fight for mere abstractions. 4. A separation from worldly objects; a recluse life; as, a hermit's abstraction. 5. Absence or absorption of mind; inattention to present objects. 6. The taking surreptitiously for one's own use part of the property of another; purloining. [Modern] 7. (Chem.) A separation of volatile parts by the act of distillation. Nicholson. Ab�strac�tion�al (#), a. Pertaining to abstraction. Ab�strac�tion�ist, n. An idealist. Emerson. Ab�strac�ti�tious (#), a. Obtained from plants by distillation. [Obs.] Crabb. Ab�strac�tive (#), a. [Cf. F. abstractif.] Having the power of abstracting; of an abstracting nature. �The abstractive faculty.� I. Taylor. Ab�strac�tive�ly, adv. In a abstract manner; separately; in or by itself. Feltham. Ab�strac�tive�ness, n. The quality of being abstractive; abstractive property. Ab�stract�ly (#; 277), adv. In an abstract state or manner; separately; absolutely; by itself; as, matter abstractly considered. Ab�stract�ness, n. The quality of being abstract. �The abstractness of the ideas.� Locke. Ab�stringe� (#), v. t. [L ab + stringere, strictum, to press together.] To unbind. [Obs.] Bailey. Ab�strude� (#), v. t. [L. abstrudere. See Abstruse.] To thrust away. [Obs.] Johnson. Ab�struse� (#), a. [L. abstrusus, p. p. of abstrudere to thrust away, conceal; ab, abs + trudere to thrust; cf. F. abstrus. See Threat.] 1. Concealed or hidden out of the way. [Obs.] The eternal eye whose sight discerns Abstrusest thoughts. Milton. 2. Remote from apprehension; difficult to be comprehended or understood; recondite; as, abstruse learning. Profound and abstruse topics. Milman. Ab�struse�ly, adv. In an abstruse manner. Ab�struse�ness, n. The quality of being abstruse; difficulty of apprehension. Boyle. Ab�stru�sion (#), n. [L. abstrusio. See Abstruse.] The act of thrusting away. [R.] Ogilvie. Ab�stru�si�ty (#), n. Abstruseness; that which is abstruse. [R.] Sir T. Browne. Ab�sume� (#), v. t. [L. absumere, absumptum; ab + sumere to take.] To consume gradually; to waste away. [Obs.] Boyle. Ab�sump�tion (#; 215), n. [L. absumptio. See Absume.] Act of wasting away; a consuming; extinction. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. Ab�surd� (#), a. [L. absurdus harsh�sounding; ab + (prob) a derivative fr. a root svar to sound; not connected with surd: cf. F. absurde. See Syringe.] Contrary to reason or propriety; obviously and fiatly opposed to manifest truth; inconsistent with the plain dictates of common sense; logically contradictory; nonsensical; ridiculous; as, an absurd person, an absurd opinion; an absurd dream. This proffer is absurd and reasonless. Shak. 'This phrase absurd to call a villain great. Pope. p. 9 Syn. � Foolish; irrational; ridiculous; preposterous; inconsistent; incongruous. � Absurd, Irrational, Foolish, Preposterous. Of these terms, irrational is the weakest, denoting that which is plainly inconsistent with the dictates of sound reason; as, an irrational course of life. Foolish rises higher, and implies either a perversion of that faculty, or an absolute weakness or fatuity of mind; as, foolish enterprises. Absurd rises still higher, denoting that which is plainly opposed to received notions of propriety and truth; as, an absurd man, project, opinion, story, argument, etc. Preposterous rises still higher, and supposes an absolute inversion in the order of things; or, in plain terms, a �putting of the cart before the horse;� as, a preposterous suggestion, preposterous conduct, a preposterous regulation or law. Ab�surd� (#), n. An absurdity. [Obs.] Pope. Ab�surd�i�ty (#), n.; pl. Absurdities (#). [L. absurditas: cf. F. absurdite.] 1. The quality of being absurd or inconsistent with obvious truth, reason, or sound judgment. �The absurdity of the actual idea of an infinite number.� Locke. 2. That which is absurd; an absurd action; a logical contradiction. His travels were full of absurdities. Johnson. Ab�surd�ly, adv. In an absurd manner. Ab�surd�ness, n. Absurdity. [R.] � A�bu�na (#), n. [Eth. and Ar., our father.] The Patriarch, or head of the Abyssinian Church. A�bun�dance (#), n. [OE. (h)abudaunce, abundance, F. abundance, F. abondance, L. abundantia, fr. abundare. See Abound.] An overflowing fullness; ample sufficiency; great plenty; profusion; copious supply; superfluity; wealth: � strictly applicable to quantity only, but sometimes used of number. It is lamentable to remember what abundance of noble blood hath been shed with small benefit to the Christian state. Raleigh. Syn. � Exuberance; plenteousness; plenty; copiousness; overflow; riches; affluence; wealth. � Abundance, Plenty, Exuberance. These words rise upon each other in expressing the idea of fullness. Plenty denotes a sufficiency to supply every want; as, plenty of food, plenty of money, etc. Abundance express more, and gives the idea of superfluity or excess; as, abundance of riches, an abundance of wit and humor; often, however, it only denotes plenty in a high degree. Exuberance rises still higher, and implies a bursting forth on every side, producing great superfluity or redundance; as, an exuberance of mirth, an exuberance of animal spirits, etc. A�bun�dant (#), a. [OE. (h)abundant, aboundant, F. abondant, fr. L. abudans, p. pr. of abundare. See Abound.] Fully sufficient; plentiful; in copious supply; � followed by in, rarely by with. �Abundant in goodness and truth.� Exod. xxxiv. 6. Abundant number (Math.), a number, the sum of whose aliquot parts exceeds the number itself. Thus, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, the aliquot parts of 12, make the number 16. This is opposed to a deficient number, as 14, whose aliquot parts are 1, 2, 7, the sum of which is 10; and to a perfect number, which is equal to the sum of its aliquot parts, as 6, whose aliquot parts are 1, 2., 3. Syn. � Ample; plentiful; copious; plenteous; exuberant; overflowing; rich; teeming; profuse; bountiful; liberal. See Ample. A�bun�dant�ly, adv. In a sufficient degree; fully; amply; plentifully; in large measure. A�burst� (#), adv. [Pref. a� + burst.] In a bursting condition. A�bus�a�ble (#), a. That may be abused. A�bus�age (#), n. Abuse. [Obs.] Whately (1634). A�buse� (#), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abused (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Abusing.] [F. abuser; L. abusus, p. p. of abuti to abuse, misuse; ab + uti to use. See Use.] 1. To put to a wrong use; to misapply; to misuse; to put to a bad use; to use for a wrong purpose or end; to pervert; as, to abuse inherited gold; to make an excessive use of; as, to abuse one's authority. This principle (if one may so abuse the word) shoots rapidly into popularity. Froude. 2. To use ill; to maltreat; to act injuriously to; to punish or to tax excessively; to hurt; as, to abuse prisoners, to abuse one's powers, one's patience. 3. To revile; to reproach coarsely; to disparage. The... tellers of news abused the general. Macaulay. 4. To dishonor. �Shall flight abuse your name?� Shak. 5. To violate; to ravish. Spenser. 6. To deceive; to impose on. [Obs.] Their eyes red and staring, cozened with a moist cloud, and abused by a double object. Jer. Taylor. Syn. � To maltreat; injure; revile; reproach; vilify; vituperate; asperse; traduce; malign. A�buse� (#), n. [F. abus, L. abusus, fr. abuti. See Abuse, v. t.] 1. Improper treatment or use; application to a wrong or bad purpose; misuse; as, an abuse of our natural powers; an abuse of civil rights, or of privileges or advantages; an abuse of language. Liberty may be endangered by the abuses of liberty, as well as by the abuses of power. Madison. 2. Physical ill treatment; injury. �Rejoice... at the abuse of Falstaff.� Shak. 3. A corrupt practice or custom; offense; crime; fault; as, the abuses in the civil service. Abuse after disappeared without a struggle.. Macaulay. 4. Vituperative words; coarse, insulting speech; abusive language; virulent condemnation; reviling. The two parties, after exchanging a good deal of abuse, came to blows. Macaulay. 5. Violation; rape; as, abuse of a female child. [Obs.] Or is it some abuse, and no such thing? Shak. Abuse of distress (Law), a wrongful using of an animal or chattel distrained, by the distrainer. Syn. � Invective; contumely; reproach; scurrility; insult; opprobrium. � Abuse, Invective. Abuse is generally prompted by anger, and vented in harsh and unseemly words. It is more personal and coarse than invective. Abuse generally takes place in private quarrels; invective in writing or public discussions. Invective may be conveyed in refined language and dictated by indignation against what is blameworthy. C. J. Smith. A�buse�ful (#), a. Full of abuse; abusive. [R.] �Abuseful names.� Bp. Barlow. A�bus�er (#), n. One who abuses [ in the various senses of the verb]. A�bu�sion (#), n. [OE. abusion, abusioun, OF. abusion, fr. L. abusio misuse of words, f. abuti. See Abuse, v. t.] Evil or corrupt usage; abuse; wrong; reproach; deception; cheat. Chaucer. A�bu�sive (#), a. [Cf. F. abusif, fr. L. abusivus.] 1. Wrongly used; perverted; misapplied. I am... necessitated to use the word Parliament improperly, according to the abusive acceptation thereof. Fuller. 2. Given to misusing; also, full of abuses. [Archaic] �The abusive prerogatives of his see.� Hallam. 3. Practicing abuse; prone to ill treat by coarse, insulting words or by other ill usage; as, an abusive author; an abusive fellow. 4. Containing abuse, or serving as the instrument of abuse; vituperative; reproachful; scurrilous. �An abusive lampoon.� Johnson. 5. Tending to deceive; fraudulent; cheating. [Obs.] �An abusive treaty.� Bacon. Syn. � Reproachful; scurrilous; opprobrious; insolent; insulting; injurious; offensive; reviling. A�bu�sive�ly, adv. In an abusive manner; rudely; with abusive language. A�bu�sive�ness, n. The quality of being abusive; rudeness of language, or violence to the person. Pick out mirth, like stones out of thy ground, Profaneness, filthiness, abusiveness. Herbert. A�but� (#), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Abutted; p. pr. & vb. n. Abutting.] [OF. abouter, aboter; cf. F. aboutir, and also abuter; a (L. ad) + OF. boter, buter, to push: cf. F. bout end, and but end, purpose.] To project; to terminate or border; to be contiguous; to meet; � with on, upon, or against; as, his land abuts on the road. A�bu�ti�lon (#), n. [Ar. aub?t�l?n.] (Bot.) A genus of malvaceous plants of many species, found in the torrid and temperate zones of both continents; � called also Indian mallow. A�but�ment (#), n. 1. State of abutting. 2. That on or against which a body abuts or presses; as (a) (Arch.) The solid part of a pier or wall, etc., which receives the thrust or lateral pressure of an arch, vault, or strut. Gwilt. (b) (mech.) A fixed point or surface from which resistance or reaction is obtained, as the cylinder head of a steam engine, the fulcrum of a lever, etc. (c) In breech�loading firearms, the block behind the barrel which receives the pressure due to recoil. A�but�tal (#), n. The butting or boundary of land, particularly at the end; a headland. Spelman. A�but�ter (#), n. One who, or that which, abuts. Specifically, the owner of a contiguous estate; as, the abutters on a street or a river. A�buzz� (#), a. [Pref. a� + buzz.] In a buzz; buzzing. [Colloq.] Dickens. A�by�, A�bye� } (#), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Abought (#).] [AS. �bycgan to pay for; pref. �� (cf. Goth. us�, Ger. er�, orig. meaning out) + bycgan to buy. See Buy, and cf. Abide.] 1. To pay for; to suffer for; to atone for; to make amends for; to give satisfaction. [Obs.] Lest to thy peril thou aby it dear. Shak. 2. To endure; to abide. [Obs.] But nought that wanteth rest can long aby. Spenser. A�bysm� (#), n. [OF. abisme; F. abime, LL. abyssimus, a superl. of L. abyssus; Gr. ?. See Abyss.] An abyss; a gulf. �The abysm of hell.� Shak. A�bys�mal (#), a. Pertaining to, or resembling, an abyss; bottomless; unending; profound. Geology gives one the same abysmal extent of time that astronomy does of space. Carlyle. A�bys�mal�ly, adv. To a fathomless depth; profoundly. �Abysmally ignorant.� G. Eliot. A�byss� (#), n. [L. abyssus a bottomless gulf, fr. Gr. ? bottomless; ? priv. + ? depth, bottom.] 1. A bottomless or unfathomed depth, gulf, or chasm; hence, any deep, immeasurable, and, specifically, hell, or the bottomless pit. Ye powers and spirits of this nethermost abyss. Milton. The throne is darkness, in the abyss of light. Dryden. 2. Infinite time; a vast intellectual or moral depth. The abysses of metaphysical theology. Macaulay. In unfathomable abysses of disgrace. Burke. 3. (Her.) The center of an escutcheon. � This word, in its leading uses, is associated with the cosmological notions of the Hebrews, having reference to a supposed illimitable mass of waters from which our earth sprung, and beneath whose profound depths the wicked were punished. Encyc. Brit. A�byss�al (#), a. [Cf. Abysmal.] Belonging to, or resembling, an abyss; unfathomable. Abyssal zone (Phys. Geog.), one of the belts or zones into which Sir E. Forbes divides the bottom of the sea in describing its plants, animals, etc. It is the one furthest from the shore, embracing all beyond one hundred fathoms deep. Hence, abyssal animals, plants, etc. Ab�ys�sin�i�an (#), a. Of or pertaining to Abyssinia. Abyssinian gold, an alloy of 90.74 parts of copper and 8.33 parts of zink. Ure. Ab�ys�sin�i�an, n. 1. A native of Abyssinia. 2. A member of the Abyssinian Church. A�ca�ci�a (#), n. (Antiq.) A roll or bag, filled with dust, borne by Byzantine emperors, as a memento of mortality. It is represented on medals. A�ca�cia (#), n.; pl. E. Acacias (#), L. Acaci� (#). [L. from Gr. ?; orig. the name of a thorny tree found in Egypt; prob. fr. the root ak to be sharp. See Acute.] 1. A genus of leguminous trees and shrubs. Nearly 300 species are Australian or Polynesian, and have terete or vertically compressed leaf stalks, instead of the bipinnate leaves of the much fewer species of America, Africa, etc. Very few are found in temperate climates. 2. (Med.) The inspissated juice of several species of acacia; � called also gum acacia, and gum arabic. Ac�a�cin, Ac�a�cine (#), n. Gum arabic. Ac�a�deme� (#), n. [L. academia. See Academy.] An academy. [Poetic] Shak. Ac�a�de�mi�al (#), a. Academic. [R.] Ac�a�de�mi�an (#), n. A member of an academy, university, or college. { Ac�a�dem�ic (#), Ac�a�dem�ic�al (#), } a. [L. academicus: cf. F. acad�migue. See Academy.] 1. Belonging to the school or philosophy of Plato; as, the Academic sect or philosophy. 2. Belonging to an academy or other higher institution of learning; scholarly; literary or classical, in distinction from scientific. �Academic courses.� Warburton. �Academical study.� Berkeley. Ac�a�dem�ic, n. 1. One holding the philosophy of Socrates and Plato; a Platonist. Hume. 2. A member of an academy, college, or university; an academician. Ac�a�dem�ic�al�ly, adv. In an academical manner. Ac�a�dem�ic�als (#), n. pl. The articles of dress prescribed and worn at some colleges and universities. Ac�a�de�mi�cian (#; 277), n. [F. acad�micien. See Academy.] 1. A member of an academy, or society for promoting science, art, or literature, as of the French Academy, or the Royal Academy of arts. 2. A collegian. [R.] Chesterfield. Ac�a�dem�i�cism (#), n. 1. A tenet of the Academic philosophy. 2. A mannerism or mode peculiar to an academy. A�cad�e�mism (#), n. The doctrines of the Academic philosophy. [Obs.] Baxter. A�cad�e�mist (#), n. [F. academiste.] 1. An Academic philosopher. 2. An academician. [Obs. or R.] Ray. A�cad�e�my (#), n.; pl. Academies (#). [F. acad�mie, L. academia. Cf. Academe.] 1. A garden or grove near Athens (so named from the hero Academus), where Plato and his followers held their philosophical conferences; hence, the school of philosophy of which Plato was head. 2. An institution for the study of higher learning; a college or a university. Popularly, a school, or seminary of learning, holding a rank between a college and a common school. 3. A place of training; a school. �Academies of fanaticism.� Hume. 4. A society of learned men united for the advancement of the arts and sciences, and literature, or some particular art or science; as, the French Academy; the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; academies of literature and philology. 5. A school or place of training in which some special art is taught; as, the military academy at West Point; a riding academy; the Academy of Music. Academy figure (Paint.), a drawing usually half life�size, in crayon or pencil, after a nude model. A�ca�di�an (#), a. Of or pertaining to Acadie, or Nova Scotia. �Acadian farmers.� Longfellow. � n. A native of Acadie. Acadian epoch (Geol.), an epoch at the beginning of the American paleozoic time, and including the oldest American rocks known to be fossiliferous. See Geology. � Acadian owl (Zo�l.), a small North American owl (Nyctule Acadica); the saw�whet. � Ac�a�jou (#), n. [F. See Cashew.] (Bot.) (a) The cashew tree; also, its fruit. See Cashew. � (b) The mahogany tree; also, its timber. Ac�a�leph (#), Ac�a�le�phan (#) } n.; pl. Acalephs (#), Acalephans (#). [See Acaleph�.] (Zo�l.) One of the Acaleph�. � Ac�a�le�ph� (#), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. ?, a nettle.] A group of Coelenterata, including the Medus� or jellyfishes, and hydroids; � so called from the stinging power they possess. Sometimes called sea nettles. Ac�ale�phoid (#), a. [Acaleph + �oid.] (Zo�l.) Belonging to or resembling the Acaleph� or jellyfishes. A�cal�y�cine (#), Ac�a�lys�i�nous (#), a. [Gr. ? priv. + ? calyx.] (Bot.) Without a calyx, or outer floral envelope. A�canth� (#), n. Same as Acanthus. � A�can�tha (#), n. [Gr. ? thorn, fr. ? point. See Acute.] 1. (Bot.) A prickle. 2. (Zo�l.) A spine or prickly fin. 3. (Anat.) The vertebral column; the spinous process of a vertebra. Dunglison. Ac�an�tha�ceous (#), a. 1. Armed with prickles, as a plant. 2. (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the family of plants of which the acanthus is the type. p. 10 A�can�thine (#), a. [L. acanthinus, Gr. ?, thorny, fr. ?. See Acanthus.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the plant acanthus. A�can�tho�car�pous (#), a. [Gr. ? thorn + ? fruit.] (Bot.) Having the fruit covered with spines. � A�can�tho�ceph�a�la (#), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. ? a spine, thorn + ? head.] (Zo�l.) A group of intestinal worms, having the proboscis armed with recurved spines. A�can�tho�ceph�a�lous (#), a. (Zo�l.) Having a spiny head, as one of the Acanthocephala. Ac�an�thoph�o�rous (#), a. [Gr. ?, fr. ? spine + ? to bear.] Spine�bearing. Gray. A�can�tho�po�di�ous (#), a. [Gr. ? thorn + ?, ?, foot.] (Bot.) Having spinous petioles. � Ac�an�thop�ter�i (#), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. ? thorn + ? wing, fin.] (Zo�l.) A group of teleostean fishes having spiny fins. See Acanthopterygh. Ac�an�thop�ter�ous (#), a. [Gr. ? spine + ? wing.] 1. (Zo�l.) Spiny�winged. 2. (Zo�l.) Acanthopterygious. Ac�an�thop�ter�yg�i�an (#), a. (Zo�l.) Belonging to the order of fishes having spinose fins, as the perch. � n. A spiny�finned fish. � Ac�an�thop�ter�yg�i�i (#), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. ? thorn + ? fin, dim. fr. ? wing.] (Zo�l.) An order of fishes having some of the rays of the dorsal, ventral, and anal fins unarticulated and spinelike, as the perch. Ac�an�thop�ter�yg�i�ous (#), a. (Zo�l.) Having fins in which the rays are hard and spinelike; spiny�finned. A�can�thus (#), n.; pl. E. Acanthuses (#), L. Acanthi (#). [L., from Gr. ?. Cf. Acantha.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of herbaceous prickly plants, found in the south of Europe, Asia Minor, and India; bear's�breech. 2. (Arch.) An ornament resembling the foliage or leaves of the acanthus (Acanthus spinosus); � used in the capitals of the Corinthian and Composite orders. � A cap�pel�la (#). [It. See Chapel.] (Mus.) (a) In church or chapel style; � said of compositions sung in the old church style, without instrumental accompaniment; as, a mass a capella, i. e., a mass purely vocal. (b) A time indication, equivalent to alla breve. A�cap�su�lar (#), a. [Pref. a� not + capsular.] (Bot.) Having no capsule. A�car�di�ac (#), a. [Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? heart.] Without a heart; as, an acardiac fetus. A�car�i�dan (#), n. [See Acarus.] (Zo�l.) One of a group of arachnids, including the mites and ticks. � Ac�a�ri�na (#), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. ? a mite.] (Zo�l.) The group of Arachnida which includes the mites and ticks. Many species are parasitic, and cause diseases like the itch and mange. Ac�a�rine (#), a. (Med.) Of or caused by acari or mites; as, acarine diseases. Ac�a�roid (#), a. [NL., acarus a mite + �oid.] (Zo�l.) Shaped like or resembling a mite. Ac�ar�pel�lous (#), a. [Pref. a� not + carpel.] (Bot.) Having no carpels. A�car�pous (#), a. [Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? fruit.] (Bot.) Not producing fruit; unfruitful. � Ac�a�rus (#), n.; pl. Acari (#). [NL., from Gr. ? the cheese mite, tick.] (Zo�l.) A genus including many species of small mites. A�cat�a�lec�tic (#), a. [L. acatalecticus, Gr. ?, not defective at the end; ? priv. + ? to cease.] (Pros.) Not defective; complete; as, an acatalectic verse. � n. A verse which has the complete number of feet and syllables. A�cat�a�lep�sy (#), n. [Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? to seize, comprehend.] Incomprehensibility of things; the doctrine held by the ancient Skeptic philosophers, that human knowledge never amounts to certainty, but only to probability. A�cat�a�lep�tic (#), a. [Gr. ?.] Incapable of being comprehended; incomprehensible. A�ca�ter (#), n. See Caterer. [Obs.] A�cates� (#), n. pl. See Cates. [Obs.] A�cau�date (#), a. [Pref. a� not + eaudate.] Tailless. Ac�au�les�cent (#), a. [Pref. a� not + caulescent.] (Bot.) Having no stem or caulis, or only a very short one concealed in the ground. Gray. A�cau�line (#), a. [Pref. a� not + cauline.] (Bot.) Same as Acaulescent. A�cau�lose (#), A�cau�lous (#),} a. [Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? stalk or L. caulis stalk. See Cole.] (Bot.) Same as Acaulescent. Ac�ca�di�an (#), a. [From the city Accad. See Gen. x. 10.] Pertaining to a race supposed to have lived in Babylonia before the Assyrian conquest. � Ac�ca�di�an, n., Ac�cad (#), n. Sayce. Ac�cede� (#), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Acceded; p. pr. & vb. n. Acceding.] [L. accedere to approach, accede; ad + cedere to move, yield: cf. F. acc�dere. See Cede.] 1. To approach; to come forward; � opposed to recede. [Obs. or R.] T. Gale. 2. To enter upon an office or dignity; to attain. Edward IV., who had acceded to the throne in the year 1461. T. Warton. If Frederick had acceded to the supreme power. Morley. 3. To become a party by associating one's self with others; to give one's adhesion. Hence, to agree or assent to a proposal or a view; as, he acceded to my request. The treaty of Hanover in 1725 . . . to which the Dutch afterwards acceded. Chesterfield. Syn. � To agree; assent; consent; comply; acquiesce; concur. Ac�ced�ence (#), n. The act of acceding. Ac�ced�er (#), n. One who accedes. � Ac�cel�er�an�do (#), a. [It.] (Mus.) Gradually accelerating the movement. Ac�cel�er�ate (#), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accelerated (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Accelerating.] [L. acceleratus, p. p. of accelerare; ad + celerare to hasten; celer quick. See Celerity.] 1. To cause to move faster; to quicken the motion of; to add to the speed of; � opposed to retard. 2. To quicken the natural or ordinary progression or process of; as, to accelerate the growth of a plant, the increase of wealth, etc. 3. To hasten, as the occurence of an event; as, to accelerate our departure. Accelerated motion (Mech.), motion with a continually increasing velocity. � Accelerating force, the force which causes accelerated motion. Nichol. Syn. � To hasten; expedite; quicken; dispatch; forward; advance; further. Ac�cel�er�a�tion (#), n. [L. acceleratio: cf. F. acc�l�ration.] The act of accelerating, or the state of being accelerated; increase of motion or action; as, a falling body moves toward the earth with an acceleration of velocity; � opposed to retardation. A period of social improvement, or of intellectual advancement, contains within itself a principle of acceleration. I. Taylor. (Astr. & Physics.) Acceleration of the moon, the increase of the moon's mean motion in its orbit, in consequence of which its period of revolution is now shorter than in ancient times. � Acceleration and retardation of the tides. See Priming of the tides, under Priming. � Diurnal acceleration of the fixed stars, the amount by which their apparent diurnal motion exceeds that of the sun, in consequence of which they daily come to the meridian of any place about three minutes fifty�six seconds of solar time earlier than on the day preceding. � Acceleration of the planets, the increasing velocity of their motion, in proceeding from the apogee to the perigee of their orbits. Ac�cel�er�a�tive (#), a. Relating to acceleration; adding to velocity; quickening. Reid. Ac�cel�er�a�tor (#), n. One who, or that which, accelerates. Also as an adj.; as, accelerator nerves. Ac�cel�er�a�to�ry (#), a. Accelerative. Ac�cel�er�o�graph (#), n. [Accelerate + �graph.] (Mil.) An apparatus for studying the combustion of powder in guns, etc. Ac�cel�er�om�e�ter (#), n. [Accelerate + �meter.] An apparatus for measuring the velocity imparted by gunpowder. Ac�cend� (#), v. t. [L. accendere, accensum, to kindle; ad + cand?re to kindle (only in compounds); rel. to cand�re to be white, to gleam. See Candle.] To set on fire; to kindle. [Obs.] Fotherby. Ac�cend�i�bil�i�ty (#), n. Capacity of being kindled, or of becoming inflamed; inflammability. Ac�cend�i�ble (#), a. Capable of being inflamed or kindled; combustible; inflammable. Ure. Ac�cen�sion (#), n. The act of kindling or the state of being kindled; ignition. Locke. Ac�cen�sor (#), n. [LL., from p. p. accensus. See Accend.] (R. C. Ch.) One of the functionaries who light and trim the tapers. Ac�cent� (#), n. [F. accent, L. accentus; ad + cantus a singing, canere to sing. See Cant.] 1. A superior force of voice or of articulative effort upon some particular syllable of a word or a phrase, distinguishing it from the others. � Many English words have two accents, the primary and the secondary; the primary being uttered with a greater stress of voice than the secondary; as in as�pira�tion, where the chief stress is on the third syllable, and a slighter stress on the first. Some words, as an�tiap�o�plec�tic, in�com�pre�hen�si�bil�i�ty, have two secondary accents. See Guide to Pron., ?? 30�46. 2. A mark or character used in writing, and serving to regulate the pronunciation; esp.: (a) a mark to indicate the nature and place of the spoken accent; (b) a mark to indicate the quality of sound of the vowel marked; as, the French accents. � In the ancient Greek the acute accent (�) meant a raised tone or pitch, the grave (?), the level tone or simply the negation of accent, the circumflex ( ? or ?) a tone raised and then depressed. In works on elocution, the first is often used to denote the rising inflection of the voice; the second, the falling inflection; and the third (^), the compound or waving inflection. In dictionaries, spelling books, and the like, the acute accent is used to designate the syllable which receives the chief stress of voice. 3. Modulation of the voice in speaking; manner of speaking or pronouncing; peculiar or characteristic modification of the voice; tone; as, a foreign accent; a French or a German accent. �Beguiled you in a plain accent.� Shak. �A perfect accent.� Thackeray. The tender accent of a woman's cry. Prior. 4. A word; a significant tone; (pl.) expressions in general; speech. Winds! on your wings to Heaven her accents bear, Such words as Heaven alone is fit to hear. Dryden. 5. (Pros.) Stress laid on certain syllables of a verse. 6. (Mus.) (a) A regularly recurring stress upon the tone to mark the beginning, and, more feebly, the third part of the measure. (b) A special emphasis of a tone, even in the weaker part of the measure. (c) The rythmical accent, which marks phrases and sections of a period. (d) The expressive emphasis and shading of a passage. J. S. Dwight. 7. (Math.) (a) A mark placed at the right hand of a letter, and a little above it, to distinguish magnitudes of a similar kind expressed by the same letter, but differing in value, as y�,y��. (b) (Trigon.) A mark at the right hand of a number, indicating minutes of a degree, seconds, etc.; as, 12�27��, i. e., twelve minutes twenty seven seconds. (c) (Engin.) A mark used to denote feet and inches; as, 6�10�� is six feet ten inches. Ac�cent� (#), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accented; p. pr. & vb. n. Accenting.] [OF. accenter, F. accentuer.] 1. To express the accent of (either by the voice or by a mark); to utter or to mark with accent. 2. To mark emphatically; to emphasize. Ac�cent�less (#), a. Without accent. Ac�cen�tor (#), n. [L. ad. + cantor singer, canere to sing.] 1. (Mus.) One who sings the leading part; the director or leader. [Obs.] 2. (Zo�l.) A genus of European birds (so named from their sweet notes), including the hedge warbler. In America sometimes applied to the water thrushes. Ac�cen�tu�a�ble (#), a. Capable of being accented. Ac�cen�tu�al (#), a. Of or pertaining to accent; characterized or formed by accent. Ac�cen�tu�al�i�ty (#), n. The quality of being accentual. Ac�cen�tu�al�ly (#), adv. In an accentual manner; in accordance with accent. Ac�cen�tu�ate (#), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accentuated (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Accentuating.] [LL. accentuatus, p. p. of accentuare, fr. L. accentus: cf. F. accentuer.] 1. To pronounce with an accent or with accents. 2. To bring out distinctly; to make prominent; to emphasize. In Bosnia, the struggle between East and West was even more accentuated. London Times. 3. To mark with the written accent. Ac�cen�tu�a�tion (#), n. [LL. accentuatio: cf. F. accentuation.] Act of accentuating; applications of accent. Specifically (Eccles. Mus.), pitch or modulation of the voice in reciting portions of the liturgy. Ac�cept� (#), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accepted; p. pr. & vb. n. Accepting.] [F. accepter, L. acceptare, freq. of accipere; ad + capere to take; akin to E. heave.] 1. To receive with a consenting mind (something offered); as, to accept a gift; � often followed by of. If you accept them, then their worth is great. Shak. To accept of ransom for my son. Milton. She accepted of a treat. Addison. 2. To receive with favor; to approve. The Lord accept thy burnt sacrifice. Ps. xx. 3. Peradventure he will accept of me. Gen. xxxii. 20. 3. To receive or admit and agree to; to assent to; as, I accept your proposal, amendment, or excuse. 4. To take by the mind; to understand; as, How are these words to be accepted? 5. (Com.) To receive as obligatory and promise to pay; as, to accept a bill of exchange. Bouvier. 6. In a deliberate body, to receive in acquittance of a duty imposed; as, to accept the report of a committee. [This makes it the property of the body, and the question is then on its adoption.] To accept a bill (Law), to agree (on the part of the drawee) to pay it when due. � To accept service (Law), to agree that a writ or process shall be considered as regularly served, when it has not been. � To accept the person (Eccl.), to show favoritism. �God accepteth no man's person.� Gal.ii.6. Syn. � To receive; take; admit. See Receive. Ac�cept�, a. Accepted. [Obs.] Shak. Ac�cept�a�bil�i�ty (#), n. [LL. acceptabilitas.] The quality of being acceptable; acceptableness. �Acceptability of repentance.� Jer. Taylor. Ac�cept�a�ble (#), a. [F. acceptable, L. acceptabilis, fr. acceptare.] Capable, worthy, or sure of being accepted or received with pleasure; pleasing to a receiver; gratifying; agreeable; welcome; as, an acceptable present, one acceptable to us. Ac�cept�a�ble�ness (#), n. The quality of being acceptable, or suitable to be favorably received; acceptability. Ac�cept�a�bly, adv. In an acceptable manner; in a manner to please or give satisfaction. Ac�cept�ance (#), n. 1. The act of accepting; a receiving what is offered, with approbation, satisfaction, or acquiescence; esp., favorable reception; approval; as, the acceptance of a gift, office, doctrine, etc. They shall come up with acceptance on mine altar. Isa. lx. i. 2. State of being accepted; acceptableness. �Makes it assured of acceptance.� Shak. 3. (Com.) (a) An assent and engagement by the person on whom a bill of exchange is drawn, to pay it when due according to the terms of the acceptance. (b) The bill itself when accepted. 4. An agreeing to terms or proposals by which a bargain is concluded and the parties are bound; the reception or taking of a thing bought as that for which it was bought, or as that agreed to be delivered, or the taking possession as owner. 5. (Law) An agreeing to the action of another, by some act which binds the person in law. � What acts shall amount to such an acceptance is often a question of great nicety and difficulty. Mozley & W. p. 11 � In modern law, proposal and acceptance are the constituent elements into which all contracts are resolved. Acceptance of a bill of exchange, check, draft, or order, is an engagement to pay it according, to the terms. This engagement is usually made by writing the word �accepted� across the face of the bill. Acceptance of goods, under the statute of frauds, is an intelligent acceptance by a party knowing the nature of the transaction. 6. Meaning; acceptation. [Obs.] Acceptance of persons, partiality, favoritism. See under Accept. Ac�cept�an�cy (#), n. Acceptance. [R.] Here's a proof of gift, But here's no proof, sir, of acceptancy. Mrs. Browning. Ac�cept�ant (#), a. Accepting; receiving. Ac�cept�ant, n. An accepter. Chapman. Ac�cep�ta�tion (#), n. 1. Acceptance; reception; favorable reception or regard; state of being acceptable. [Obs. or Archaic] This is saying worthy of all acceptation. 1 Tim. i. 15. Some things... are notwithstanding of so great dignity and acceptation with God. Hooker. 2. The meaning in which a word or expression is understood, or generally received; as, term is to be used according to its usual acceptation. My words, in common acceptation, Could never give this provocation. Gay. Ac�cept�ed�ly (#), adv. In a accepted manner; admittedly. Ac�cept�er (#), n. 1. A person who accepts; a taker. 2. A respecter; a viewer with partiality. [Obs.] God is no accepter of persons. Chillingworth. 3. (Law) An acceptor. Ac�cep�ti�la�tion (#), n. [L. acceptilatio entry of a debt collected, acquittance, fr. p. p. of accipere (cf. Accept) + latio a carrying, fr. latus, p. p. of ferre to carry: cf. F. acceptilation.] (Civil Law) Gratuitous discharge; a release from debt or obligation without payment; free remission. Ac�cep�tion (#), n. [L. acceptio a receiving, accepting: cf. F. acception.] Acceptation; the received meaning. [Obs.] Here the word �baron� is not to be taken in that restrictive sense to which the modern acception hath confined it. Fuller. Acceptation of persons or faces (Eccl.), favoritism; partiality. [Obs.] Wyclif. Ac�cept�ive (#), a. 1. Fit for acceptance. 2. Ready to accept. [Obs.] B. Jonson. Ac�cept�or (#; 277), n. [L.] One who accepts; specifically (Law & Com.), one who accepts an order or a bill of exchange; a drawee after he has accepted. Ac�cess� (#; 277), n. [F. acc�s, L. accessus, fr. accedere. See Accede.] 1. A coming to, or near approach; admittance; admission; accessibility; as, to gain access to a prince. I did repel his letters, and denied His access to me. Shak. 2. The means, place, or way by which a thing may be approached; passage way; as, the access is by a neck of land. �All access was thronged.� Milton. 3. Admission to sexual intercourse. During coverture, access of the husband shall be presumed, unless the contrary be shown. Blackstone. 4. Increase by something added; addition; as, an access of territory. [In this sense accession is more generally used.] I, from the influence of thy looks, receive Access in every virtue. Milton. 5. An onset, attack, or fit of disease. The first access looked like an apoplexy. Burnet. 6. A paroxysm; a fit of passion; an outburst; as, an access of fury. [A Gallicism] Ac�ces�sa�ri�ly (#), adv. In the manner of an accessary. Ac�ces�sa�ri�ness, n. The state of being accessary. Ac�ces�sa�ry (#; 277), a. Accompanying, as a subordinate; additional; accessory; esp., uniting in, or contributing to, a crime, but not as chief actor. See Accessory. To both their deaths thou shalt be accessary. Shak. Amongst many secondary and accessary causes that support monarchy, these are not of least reckoning. Milton. Ac�ces�sa�ry (277), n.; pl. Accessaries (#). [Cf. Accessory and LL. accessarius.] (Law) One who, not being present, contributes as an assistant or instigator to the commission of an offense. Accessary before the fact (Law), one who commands or counsels an offense, not being present at its commission. � Accessary after the fact, one who, after an offense, assists or shelters the offender, not being present at the commission of the offense. � This word, as used in law, is spelt accessory by Blackstone and many others; but in this sense is spelt accessary by Bouvier, Burrill, Burns, Whishaw, Dane, and the Penny Cyclopedia; while in other senses it is spelt accessory. In recent text�books on criminal law the distinction is not preserved, the spelling being either accessary or accessory. Ac�cess�i�bil�i�ty (#), n. [L. accessibilitas: cf. F. accessibilit�.] The quality of being accessible, or of admitting approach; receptibility. Langhorne. Ac�cess�i�ble (#), a. [L. accessibilis, fr. accedere: cf. F. accessible. See Accede.] 1. Easy of access or approach; approachable; as, an accessible town or mountain, an accessible person. 2. Open to the influence of; � with to. �Minds accessible to reason.� Macaulay. 3. Obtainable; to be got at. The best information... at present accessible. Macaulay. Ac�cess�i�bly (#), adv. In an accessible manner. As�ces�sion (#), n. [L. accessio, fr. accedere: cf. F. accession. See Accede.] 1. A coming to; the act of acceding and becoming joined; as, a king's accession to a confederacy. 2. Increase by something added; that which is added; augmentation from without; as, an accession of wealth or territory. The only accession which the Roman empire received was the province of Britain. Gibbon. 3. (Law) (a) A mode of acquiring property, by which the owner of a corporeal substance which receives an addition by growth, or by labor, has a right to the part or thing added, or the improvement (provided the thing is not changed into a different species). Thus, the owner of a cow becomes the owner of her calf. (b) The act by which one power becomes party to engagements already in force between other powers. Kent. 4. The act of coming to or reaching a throne, an office, or dignity; as, the accession of the house of Stuart; � applied especially to the epoch of a new dynasty. 5. (Med.) The invasion, approach, or commencement of a disease; a fit or paroxysm. Syn. � Increase; addition; augmentation; enlargement. Ac�ces�sion�al (#), a. Pertaining to accession; additional. [R.] Sir T. Browne. Ac�ces�sive (#), a. Additional. Ac�ces�so�ri�al (#), a. Of or pertaining to an accessory; as, accessorial agency, accessorial guilt. Ac�ces�so�ri�ly (#), adv. In the manner of an accessory; auxiliary. Ac�ces�so�ri�ness, n. The state of being accessory, or connected subordinately. Ac�ces�so�ry (#; 277), a. [L. accessorius. See Access, and cf. Accessary.] Accompanying as a subordinate; aiding in a secondary way; additional; connected as an incident or subordinate to a principal; contributing or contributory; said of persons and things, and, when of persons, usually in a bad sense; as, he was accessory to the riot; accessory sounds in music. � Ash accents the antepenult; and this is not only more regular, but preferable, on account of easiness of pronunciation. Most orho�pists place the accent on the first syllable. Syn. � Accompanying; contributory; auxiliary; subsidiary; subservient; additional; acceding. Ac�ces�so�ry, n.; pl. Accessories (#). 1. That which belongs to something else deemed the principal; something additional and subordinate. �The aspect and accessories of a den of banditti.� Carlyle. 2. (Law) Same as Accessary, n. 3. (Fine Arts) Anything that enters into a work of art without being indispensably necessary, as mere ornamental parts. Elmes. Syn. � Abettor; accomplice; ally; coadjutor. See Abettor. � Ac�ciac�ca�tu�ra (#), n. [It., from acciaccare to crush.] (Mus.) A short grace note, one semitone below the note to which it is prefixed; � used especially in organ music. Now used as equivalent to the short appoggiatura. Ac�ci�dence (#), n. [A corruption of Eng. accidents, pl. of accident. See Accident, 2.] 1. The accidents, of inflections of words; the rudiments of grammar. Milton. 2. The rudiments of any subject. Lowell. Ac�ci�dent (#), n. [F. accident, fr. L. accidens, �dentis, p. pr. of accidere to happen; ad + cadere to fall. See Cadence, Case.] 1. Literally, a befalling; an event that takes place without one's foresight or expectation; an undesigned, sudden, and unexpected event; chance; contingency; often, an undesigned and unforeseen occurrence of an afflictive or unfortunate character; a casualty; a mishap; as, to die by an accident. Of moving accidents by flood and field. Shak. Thou cam'st not to thy place by accident: It is the very place God meant for thee. Trench. 2. (Gram.) A property attached to a word, but not essential to it, as gender, number, case. 3. (Her.) A point or mark which may be retained or omitted in a coat of arms. 4. (Log.) (a) A property or quality of a thing which is not essential to it, as whiteness in paper; an attribute. (b) A quality or attribute in distinction from the substance, as sweetness, softness. 5. Any accidental property, fact, or relation; an accidental or nonessential; as, beauty is an accident. This accident, as I call it, of Athens being situated some miles from the sea. J. P. Mahaffy. 6. Unusual appearance or effect. [Obs.] Chaucer. � Accident, in Law, is equivalent to casus, or such unforeseen, extraordinary, extraneous interference as is out of the range of ordinary calculation. Ac�ci�den�tal (#), a. [Cf. F. accidentel, earlier accidental.] 1. Happening by chance, or unexpectedly; taking place not according to the usual course of things; casual; fortuitous; as, an accidental visit. 2. Nonessential; not necessary belonging; incidental; as, are accidental to a play. Accidental chords (Mus.), those which contain one or more tones foreign to their proper harmony. � Accidental colors (Opt.), colors depending on the hypersensibility of the retina of the eye for complementary colors. They are purely subjective sensations of color which often result from the contemplation of actually colored bodies. � Accidental point (Persp.), the point in which a right line, drawn from the eye, parallel to a given right line, cuts the perspective plane; so called to distinguish it from the principal point, or point of view, where a line drawn from the eye perpendicular to the perspective plane meets this plane. � Accidental lights (Paint.), secondary lights; effects of light other than ordinary daylight, such as the rays of the sun darting through a cloud, or between the leaves of trees; the effect of moonlight, candlelight, or burning bodies. Fairholt. Syn. � Casual; fortuitous; contingent; occasional; adventitious. � Accidental, Incidental, Casual, Fortuitous, Contingent. We speak of a thing as accidental when it falls out as by chance, and not in the regular course of things; as, an accidental meeting, an accidental advantage, etc. We call a thing incidental when it falls, as it were, into some regular course of things, but is secondary, and forms no essential part thereof; as, an incremental remark, an incidental evil, an incidental benefit. We speak of a thing as casual, when it falls out or happens, as it were, by mere chance, without being prearranged or premeditated; as, a casual remark or encounter; a casual observer. An idea of the unimportant is attached to what is casual. Fortuitous is applied to what occurs without any known cause, and in opposition to what has been foreseen; as, a fortuitous concourse of atoms. We call a thing contingent when it is such that, considered in itself, it may or may not happen, but is dependent for its existence on something else; as, the time of my coming will be contingent on intelligence yet to be received. Ac�ci�den�tal (#), n. 1. A property which is not essential; a nonessential; anything happening accidentally. He conceived it just that accidentals... should sink with the substance of the accusation. Fuller. 2. pl. (Paint.) Those fortuitous effects produced by luminous rays falling on certain objects so that some parts stand forth in abnormal brightness and other parts are cast into a deep shadow. 3. (Mus.) A sharp, flat, or natural, occurring not at the commencement of a piece of music as the signature, but before a particular note. Ac�ci�den�tal�ism (#), n. Accidental character or effect. Ruskin. Ac�ci�den�tal�i�ty (#), n. The quality of being accidental; accidentalness. [R.] Coleridge. Ac�ci�den�tal�ly (#), adv. In an accidental manner; unexpectedly; by chance; unintentionally; casually; fortuitously; not essentially. Ac�ci�den�tal�ness, n. The quality of being accidental; casualness. Ac�ci�die (#), n. [OF. accide, accidie, LL. accidia, acedia, fr. Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? care.] Sloth; torpor. [Obs.] �The sin of accidie.� Chaucer. Ac�ci�pen�ser (#), n. See Acipenser. Ac�cip�i�ent (#), n. [L. accipiens, p. pr. of accipere. See Accept.] A receiver. [R.] Bailey � Ac�cip�i�ter (#), n.; pl. E. Accipiters (#). L. Accipitres (#). [L., hawk.] 1. (Zo�l.) A genus of rapacious birds; one of the Accipitres or Raptores. 2. (Surg.) A bandage applied over the nose, resembling the claw of a hawk. Ac�cip�i�tral (#), n. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, a falcon or hawk; hawklike. Lowell. � Ac�cip�i�tres (#), n. pl. [L., hawks.] (Zo�l.) The order that includes rapacious birds. They have a hooked bill, and sharp, strongly curved talons. There are three families, represented by the vultures, the falcons or hawks, and the owls. Ac�cip�i�trine (#; 277), a. [Cf. F. accipitrin.] (Zo�l.) Like or belonging to the Accipitres; raptorial; hawklike. � Ac�cis�mus (#), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ?.] (Rhet.) Affected refusal; coyness. Ac�cite� (#), v. t. [L. accitus, p. p. of accire, accere, to call for; ad + ciere to move, call. See Cite.] To cite; to summon. [Obs.] Our heralds now accited all that were Endamaged by the Elians. Chapman. Ac�claim� (#), v. t. [L. acclamare; ad + clamare to cry out. See Claim, Clamor.] [R.] 1. To applaud. �A glad acclaming train.� Thomson. 2. To declare by acclamations. While the shouting crowd Acclaims thee king of traitors. Smollett. 3. To shout; as, to acclaim my joy. Ac�claim�, v. i. To shout applause. Ac�claim�, n. Acclamation. [Poetic] Milton. Ac�claim�er (#), n. One who acclaims. Ac�cla�ma�tion (#), n. [L. acclamatio: cf. F. acclamation.] 1. A shout of approbation, favor, or assent; eager expression of approval; loud applause. On such a day, a holiday having been voted by acclamation, an ordinary walk would not satisfy the children. Southey. 2. (Antiq.) A representation, in sculpture or on medals, of people expressing joy. Acclamation medals are those on which laudatory acclamations are recorded. Elmes. Ac�clam�a�to�ry (#), a. Pertaining to, or expressing approval by, acclamation. Ac�cli�ma�ta�ble (#), a. Capable of being acclimated. Ac�cli�ma�ta�tion (#), n. [Cf. F. acclimation. See Acclimate.] Acclimatization. Ac�cli�mat? (#; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acclimated (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Acclimating.] [F. acclimater; ? (l. ad) + climat climate. See Climate.] To habituate to a climate not native; to acclimatize. J. H. Newman. Ac�cli�mate�ment (#), n. Acclimation. [R.] Ac�cli�ma�tion (#), n. The process of becoming, or the state of being, acclimated, or habituated to a new climate; acclimatization. Ac�cli�ma�ti�za�ble (#), a. Capable of being acclimatized. p. 12 Ac�cli�ma�ti�za�tion (#), n. The act of acclimatizing; the process of inuring to a new climate, or the state of being so inured. Darwin. Ac�cli�ma�tize (#), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acclimatized (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Acclimatizing (#).] To inure or habituate a climate different from that which is natural; to adapt to the peculiarities of a foreign or strange climate; said of man, the inferior animals, or plants. Ac�cli�ma�ture (#; 135), n. The act of acclimating, or the state of being acclimated. [R.] Caldwell. Ac�clive� (#), a. Acclivous. [Obs.] Ac�cliff�i�tous (#), a. Acclivous. I. Taylor. Ac�cliv�i�ty, n.; pl. Acclivities (#). [L. acclivitas, fr. acclivis, acclivus, ascending; ad + clivus a hill, slope, fr. root kli to lean. See Lean.] A slope or inclination of the earth, as the side of a hill, considered as ascending, in opposition to declivity, or descending; an upward slope; ascent. Ac�cli�vous (#; 277), a. [L. acclivis and acclivus.] Sloping upward; rising as a hillside; � opposed to declivous. Ac�cloy� (#), v. t. [OF. encloyer, encloer, F. enclouer, to drive in a nail, fr. L. in + clavus nail.] To fill to satiety; to stuff full; to clog; to overload; to burden. See Cloy. [Obs.] Chaucer. Ac�coast� (#), v. t. & i. [See Accost, Coast.] To lie or sail along the coast or side of; to accost. [Obs.] Whether high towering or accosting low. Spenser. Ac�coil� (#), v. t. [OE. acoillir to receive, F. accueillir; L. ad + colligere to collect. See Coil.] 1. To gather together; to collect. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. (Naut.) To coil together. Ham. Nav. Encyc. Ac�co�lade� (#; 277), n. [F. accolade, It. accolata, fr. accollare to embrace; L. ad + collum neck.] 1. A ceremony formerly used in conferring knighthood, consisting am embrace, and a slight blow on the shoulders with the flat blade of a sword. 2. (Mus.) A brace used to join two or more staves. Ac�com�bi�na�tion (#), n. [L. ad + E. combination.] A combining together. [R.] Ac�com�mo�da�ble (#), a. [Cf. F. accommodable.] That may be accommodated, fitted, or made to agree. [R.] I. Watts. Ac�com�mo�dable�ness, n. The quality or condition of being accommodable. [R.] Todd. Ac�com�mo�date (#), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accommodated (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Accommodating (#).] [L. accommodatus, p. p. of accommodare; ad + commodare to make fit, help; con� + modus measure, proportion. See Mode.] 1. To render fit, suitable, or correspondent; to adapt; to conform; as, to accommodate ourselves to circumstances. �They accomodate their counsels to his inclination.� Addison. 2. To bring into agreement or harmony; to reconcile; to compose; to adjust; to settle; as, to accommodate differences, a dispute, etc. 3. To furnish with something desired, needed, or convenient; to favor; to oblige; as, to accommodate a friend with a loan or with lodgings. 4. To show the correspondence of; to apply or make suit by analogy; to adapt or fit, as teachings to accidental circumstances, statements to facts, etc.; as, to accommodate prophecy to events. Syn. � To suit; adapt; conform; adjust; arrange. Ac�com�mo�date, v. i. To adapt one's self; to be conformable or adapted. [R.] Boyle. Ac�com�mo�date (#), a. [L. accommodatus, p.p. of accommodare.] Suitable; fit; adapted; as, means accommodate to end. [Archaic] Tillotson. Ac�com�mo�date�ly, adv. Suitably; fitly. [R.] Ac�com�mo�date�ness, n. Fitness. [R.] Ac�com�mo�da�ting (#), a. Affording, or disposed to afford, accommodation; obliging; as an accommodating man, spirit, arrangement. Ac�com�mo�da�tion (#), n. [L. accommodatio, fr. accommodare: cf. F. accommodation.] 1. The act of fitting or adapting, or the state of being fitted or adapted; adaptation; adjustment; � followed by to. �The organization of the body with accommodation to its functions.� Sir M. Hale. 2. Willingness to accommodate; obligingness. 3. Whatever supplies a want or affords ease, refreshment, or convenience; anything furnished which is desired or needful; � often in the plural; as, the accomodations � that is, lodgings and food � at an inn. A volume of Shakespeare in each pocket, a small bundle with a change of linen slung across his shoulders, an oaken cudgel in his hand, complete our pedestrian's accommodations. Sir W. Scott. 4. An adjustment of differences; state of agreement; reconciliation; settlement. �To come to terms of accommodation.� Macaulay. 5. The application of a writer's language, on the ground of analogy, to something not originally referred to or intended. Many of those quotations from the Old Testament were probably intended as nothing more than accommodations. Paley. 6. (Com.) (a) A loan of money. (b) An accommodation bill or note. Accommodation bill, or note (Com.), a bill of exchange which a person accepts, or a note which a person makes and delivers to another, not upon a consideration received, but for the purpose of raising money on credit. � Accommodation coach, or train, one running at moderate speed and stopping at all or nearly all stations. � Accommodation ladder (Naut.), a light ladder hung over the side of a ship at the gangway, useful in ascending from, or descending to, small boats. Ac�com�mo�da�tor (#), n. He who, or that which, accommodates. Warburton. Ac�com�pa�na�ble (#), a. Sociable. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. Ac�com�pa�ni�er (#), n. He who, or that which, accompanies. Lamb. Ac�com�pa�ni�ment (#), n. [F. accompagnement.] That which accompanies; something that attends as a circumstance, or which is added to give greater completeness to the principal thing, or by way of ornament, or for the sake of symmetry. Specifically: (Mus.) A part performed by instruments, accompanying another part or parts performed by voices; the subordinate part, or parts, accompanying the voice or a principal instrument; also, the harmony of a figured bass. P. Cyc. Ac�com�pa�nist (#), n. The performer in music who takes the accompanying part. Busby. Ac�com�pa�ny (#), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accompanied (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Accompanying (#)] [OF. aacompaignier, F. accompagner, to associate with, fr. OF. compaign, compain, companion. See Company.] 1. To go with or attend as a companion or associate; to keep company with; to go along with; � followed by with or by;as, he accompanied his speech with a bow. The Persian dames,... In sumptuous cars, accompanied his march. Glover. The are never alone that are accompanied with noble thoughts. Sir P. Sidney. He was accompanied by two carts filled wounded rebels. Macaulay. 2. To cohabit with. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert. Syn. � To attend; escort; go with. � To Accompany, Attend, Escort. We accompany those with whom we go as companions. The word imports an equality of station. We attend those whom we wait upon or follow. The word conveys an idea of subornation. We escort those whom we attend with a view to guard and protect. A gentleman accompanies a friend to some public place; he attends or escorts a lady. Ac�com�pa�ny, v. i. 1. To associate in a company; to keep company. [Obs.] Bacon. Men say that they will drive away one another,... and not accompany together. Holland. 2. To cohabit (with). [Obs.] Milton. 3. (Mus.) To perform an accompanying part or parts in a composition. Ac�com�ple�tive (#), a. [L. ad + complere, completum, to fill up.] Tending to accomplish. [R.] Ac�com�plice (#), n. [Ac� (perh. for the article a or for L. ad) + E. complice. See Complice.] 1. A cooperator. [R.] Success unto our valiant general, And happiness to his accomplices! Shak. 2. (Law) An associate in the commission of a crime; a participator in an offense, whether a principal or an accessory. �And thou, the cursed accomplice of his treason.� Johnson. It is followed by with or of before a person and by in (or sometimes of) before the crime; as, A was an accomplice with B in the murder of C. Dryden uses it with to before a thing. �Suspected for accomplice to the fire.� Dryden. Syn. � Abettor; accessory; assistant; associate; confederate; coadjutor; ally; promoter. See Abettor. Ac�com�plice�ship (#), n. The state of being an accomplice. [R.] Sir H. Taylor. Ac�com�plic�i�ty (#), n. The act or state of being an accomplice. [R.] Ac�com�plish (#), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accomplished (#), p. pr. & vb. n. Accomplishing.] [OE. acomplissen, OF. accomplir, F. accomplir; L. ad + complere to fill up, complete. See Complete, Finish.] 1. To complete, as time or distance. That He would accomplish seventy years in the desolations of Jerusalem. Dan. ix. 2. He had accomplished half a league or more. Prescott. 2. To bring to an issue of full success; to effect; to perform; to execute fully; to fulfill; as, to accomplish a design, an object, a promise. This that is written must yet be accomplished in me. Luke xxii. 37. 3. To equip or furnish thoroughly; hence, to complete in acquirements; to render accomplished; to polish. The armorers accomplishing the knights. Shak. It [the moon] is fully accomplished for all those ends to which Providence did appoint it. Wilkins. These qualities... go to accomplish a perfect woman. Cowden Clarke. 4. To gain; to obtain. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. � To do; perform; fulfill; realize; effect; effectuate; complete; consummate; execute; achieve; perfect; equip; furnish. � To Accomplish, Effect, Execute, Achieve, Perform. These words agree in the general idea of carrying out to some end proposed. To accomplish (to fill up to the measure of the intention) generally implies perseverance and skill; as, to accomplish a plan proposed by one's self, an object, a design, an undertaking. �Thou shalt accomplish my desire.� 1 Kings v. 9. He... expressed his desire to see a union accomplished between England and Scotland. Macaulay. To effect (to work out) is much like accomplish. It usually implies some degree of difficulty contended with; as, he effected or accomplished what he intended, his purpose, but little. �What he decreed, he effected.� Milton. To work in close design by fraud or guile What force effected not. Milton. To execute (to follow out to the end, to carry out, or into effect) implies a set mode of operation; as, to execute the laws or the orders of another; to execute a work, a purpose, design, plan, project. To perform is much like to do, though less generally applied. It conveys a notion of protracted and methodical effort; as, to perform a mission, a part, a task, a work. �Thou canst best perform that office.� Milton. The Saints, like stars, around his seat Perform their courses still. Keble. To achieve (to come to the end or arrive at one's purpose) usually implies some enterprise or undertaking of importance, difficulty, and excellence. Ac�com�plish�a�ble (#), a. Capable of being accomplished; practicable. Carlyle. Ac�com�plished (#), a. 1. Completed; effected; established; as, an accomplished fact. 2. Complete in acquirements as the result usually of training; � commonly in a good sense; as, an accomplished scholar, an accomplished scholar, an accomplished villain. They... show themselves accomplished bees. Holland. Daughter of God and man, accomplished Eve. Milton. Ac�com�plish�er (#), n. One who accomplishes. Ac�com�plish�ment (#), n. [F. accomplissement, fr. accomplir.] 1. The act of accomplishing; entire performance; completion; fulfillment; as, the accomplishment of an enterprise, of a prophecy, etc. 2. That which completes, perfects, or equips thoroughly; acquirement; attainment; that which constitutes excellence of mind, or elegance of manners, acquired by education or training. �My new accomplishment of dancing.� Churchill. �Accomplishments befitting a station.� Thackeray. Accomplishments have taken virtue's place, And wisdom falls before exterior grace. Cowper. Ac�compt� (#; formerly #), n. See Account. � Accompt, accomptant, etc., are archaic forms. Ac�comp�a�ble (#), a. See Accountable. Ac�compt�ant (#), n. See Accountant. Ac�cord� (#), n. [OE. acord, accord, OF. acort, acorde, F. accord, fr. OF. acorder, F. accorder. See Accord, v. t.] 1. Agreement or concurrence of opinion, will, or action; harmony of mind; consent; assent. A mediator of an accord and peace between them. Bacon. These all continued with one accord in prayer. Acts i. 14. 2. Harmony of sounds; agreement in pitch and tone; concord; as, the accord of tones. Those sweet accords are even the angels' lays. Sir J. Davies. 3. Agreement, harmony, or just correspondence of things; as, the accord of light and shade in painting. 4. Voluntary or spontaneous motion or impulse to act; � preceded by own; as, of one's own accord. That which groweth of its own accord of thy harvest thou shalt not reap. Lev. xxv. 5. Of his own accord he went unto you. 2 Cor. vii. 17. 5. (Law) An agreement between parties in controversy, by which satisfaction for an injury is stipulated, and which, when executed, bars a suit. Blackstone. With one accord, with unanimity. They rushed one accord into the theater. Acts xix. 29. Ac�cord�, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accorded; p. pr. & vb. n. According.] [OE. acorden, accorden, OF. acorder, F. accorder, fr. LL. accordare; L. ad + cor, cordis, heart. Cf. Concord, Discord, and see Heart.] 1. To make to agree or correspond; to suit one thing to another; to adjust; � followed by to. [R.] Her hands accorded the lute's music to the voice. Sidney. 2. To bring to an agreement, as persons; to reconcile; to settle, adjust, harmonize, or compose, as things; as, to accord suits or controversies. When they were accorded from the fray. Spenser. All which particulars, being confessedly knotty and difficult can never be accorded but by a competent stock of critica learning. South. 3. To grant as suitable or proper; to concede; to award; as, to accord to one due praise. �According his desire.� Spenser. Ac�cord�, v. i. 1. To agree; to correspond; to be in harmony; � followed by with, formerly also by to; as, his disposition accords with his looks. My heart accordeth with my tongue. Shak. Thy actions to thy words accord. Milton. 2. To agree in pitch and tone. Ac�cord�a�ble (#), a. [OF. acordable, F. accordable.] 1. Agreeing. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. Reconcilable; in accordance. Ac�cord�ance (#), n. [OF. acordance.] Agreement; harmony; conformity. �In strict accordance with the law.� Macaulay. Syn. � Harmony; unison; coincidence. Ac�cord�an�cy (#), n. Accordance. [R.] Paley. Ac�cord�ant (#), a. [OF. acordant, F. accordant.] Agreeing; consonant; harmonious; corresponding; conformable; � followed by with or to. Strictly accordant with true morality. Darwin. And now his voice accordant to the string. Coldsmith. Ac�cord�ant�ly, adv. In accordance or agreement; agreeably; conformably; � followed by with or to. Ac�cord�er (#), n. One who accords, assents, or concedes. [R.] Ac�cord�ing, p. a. Agreeing; in agreement or harmony; harmonious. �This according voice of national wisdom.� Burke. �Mind and soul according well.� Tennyson. According to, agreeably to; in accordance or conformity with; consistent with. According to him, every person was to be bought. Macaulay. Our zeal should be according to knowledge. Sprat. � According to has been called a prepositional phrase, but strictly speaking, according is a participle in the sense of agreeing, acceding, and to alone is the preposition. According as, precisely as; the same as; corresponding to the way in which. According as is an adverbial phrase, of which the propriety has been doubted; but good usage sanctions it. See According, adv. Is all things well, According as I gave directions? Shak. The land which the Lord will give you according as he hath promised. Ex. xii. 25. p. 13 Ac�cord�ing (#), adv. Accordingly; correspondingly. [Obs.] Shak. Ac�cord�ing�ly, adv. 1. Agreeably; correspondingly; suitably; in a manner conformable. Behold, and so proceed accordingly. Shak. 2. In natural sequence; consequently; so. Syn. � Consequently; therefore; wherefore; hence; so. � Accordingly, Consequently, indicate a connection between two things, the latter of which is done on account of the former. Accordingly marks the connection as one of simple accordance or congruity, leading naturally to the result which followed; as, he was absent when I called, and I accordingly left my card; our preparations were all finished, and we accordingly set sail. Consequently all finished, and we accordingly set sail. Consequently marks a closer connection, that of logical or causal sequence; as, the papers were not ready, and consequently could not be signed. Ac�cor�di�on (#), n. [See Accord.] (Mus.) A small, portable, keyed wind instrument, whose tones are generated by play of the wind upon free metallic reeds. Ac�cor�di�on�ist, n. A player on the accordion. Ac�cord�ment (#), n. [OF. acordement. See Accord, v.] Agreement; reconcilement. [Obs.] Gower. Ac�cor�po�rate (#), v. t. [L. accorporare; ad + corpus, corporis, body.] To unite; to attach; to incorporate. [Obs.] Milton. Ac�cost� (#; 115), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accosted; p. pr. & vb. n. Accosting.] [F. accoster, LL. accostare to bring side by side; L. ad + costa rib, side. See Coast, and cf. Accoast.] 1. To join side to side; to border; hence, to sail along the coast or side of. [Obs.] �So much [of Lapland] as accosts the sea.� Fuller. 2. To approach; to make up to. [Archaic] Shak. 3. To speak to first; to address; to greet. �Him, Satan thus accosts.� Milton. Ac�cost�, v. i. To adjoin; to lie alongside. [Obs.] �The shores which to the sea accost.� Spenser. Ac�cost�, n. Address; greeting. [R.] J. Morley. Ac�cost�a�ble (#), a. [Cf. F. accostable.] Approachable; affable. [R.] Hawthorne. Ac�cost�ed, a. (Her.) Supported on both sides by other charges; also, side by side. � Ac�couche�ment (#; 277), n. [F., fr. accoucher to be delivered of a child, to aid in delivery, OF. acouchier orig. to lay down, put to bed, go to bed; L. ad + collocare to lay, put, place. See Collate.] Delivery in childbed � Ac�cou�cheur� (#), n. [F., fr. accoucher. See Accouchement.] A man who assists women in childbirth; a man midwife; an obstetrician. � Ac�cou�cheuse� (#), n. [F.., fem. of accoucher.] A midwife. [Recent] Dunglison. Ac�count� (#), n. [OE. acount, account, accompt, OF. acont, fr. aconter. See Account, v. t., Count, n., 1.] 1. A reckoning; computation; calculation; enumeration; a record of some reckoning; as, the Julian account of time. A beggarly account of empty boxes. Shak. 2. A registry of pecuniary transactions; a written or printed statement of business dealings or debts and credits, and also of other things subjected to a reckoning or review; as, to keep one's account at the bank. 3. A statement in general of reasons, causes, grounds, etc., explanatory of some event; as, no satisfactory account has been given of these phenomena. Hence, the word is often used simply for reason, ground, consideration, motive, etc.; as, on no account, on every account, on all accounts. 4. A statement of facts or occurrences; recital of transactions; a relation or narrative; a report; a description; as, an account of a battle. �A laudable account of the city of London.� Howell. 5. A statement and explanation or vindication of one's conduct with reference to judgment thereon. Give an account of thy stewardship. Luke xvi. 2. 6. An estimate or estimation; valuation; judgment. �To stand high in your account.� Shak. 7. Importance; worth; value; advantage; profit. �Men of account.� Pope. �To turn to account.� Shak. Account current, a running or continued account between two or more parties, or a statement of the particulars of such an account. � In account with, in a relation requiring an account to be kept. � On account of, for the sake of; by reason of; because of. � On one's own account, for one's own interest or behalf. � To make account, to have an opinion or expectation; to reckon. [Obs.] s other part... makes account to find no slender arguments for this assertion out of those very scriptures which are commonly urged against it. Milton. � To make account of, to hold in estimation; to esteem; as, he makes small account of beauty. � To take account of, or to take into account, to take into consideration; to notice. �Of their doings, God takes no account.� Milton. � A writ of account (Law), a writ which the plaintiff brings demanding that the defendant shall render his just account, or show good cause to the contrary; � called also an action of account. Cowell. Syn. � Narrative; narration; relation; recital; description; explanation; rehearsal. � Account, Narrative, Narration, Recital. These words are applied to different modes of rehearsing a series of events. Account turns attention not so much to the speaker as to the fact related, and more properly applies to the report of some single event, or a group of incidents taken as whole; as, an account of a battle, of a shipwreck, etc. A narrative is a continuous story of connected incidents, such as one friend might tell to another; as, a narrative of the events of a siege, a narrative of one's life, etc. Narration is usually the same as narrative, but is sometimes used to describe the mode of relating events; as, his powers of narration are uncommonly great. Recital denotes a series of events drawn out into minute particulars, usually expressing something which peculiarly interests the feelings of the speaker; as, the recital of one's wrongs, disappointments, sufferings, etc. Ac�count� (#), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accounted; p. pr. & vb. n. Accounting.] [OE. acounten, accompten, OF. aconter; � (L. ad) + conter to tell, compter to count, L. computare. See Count, v. t.] 1. To reckon; to compute; to count. [Obs.] The motion of... the sun whereby years are accounted. Sir T. Browne. 2. To place to one's account; to put to the credit of; to assign; � with to. [R.] Clarendon. 3. To value, estimate, or hold in opinion; to judge or consider; to deem. Accounting that God was able to raise him up. Heb. xi. 19. 4. To recount; to relate. [Obs.] Chaucer. Ac�count�, v. i. 1. To render or receive an account or relation of particulars; as, an officer must account with or to the treasurer for money received. 2. To render an account; to answer in judgment; � with for; as, we must account for the use of our opportunities. 3. To give a satisfactory reason; to tell the cause of; to explain; � with for; as, idleness accounts for poverty. To account of, to esteem; to prize; to value. Now used only in the passive. �I account of her beauty.� Shak. Newer was preaching more accounted of than in the sixteenth century. Canon Robinson. Ac�count�a�bil�a�bil�i�ty (#), n. The state of being accountable; liability to be called on to render an account; accountableness. �The awful idea of accountability.� R. Hall. Ac�count�a�ble (#), a. 1. Liable to be called on to render an account; answerable; as, every man is accountable to God for his conduct. 2. Capable of being accounted for; explicable. [R.] True religion... intelligible, rational, and accountable, � not a burden but a privilege. B. Whichcote. Syn. � Amenable; responsible; liable; answerable. Ac�count�a�ble ness, n. The quality or state of being accountable; accountability. Ac�count�a�bly, adv. In an accountable manner. Ac�count�an�cy (#), n. The art or employment of an accountant. Ac�count�ant (#), n. [Cf. F. accomptant, OF. acontant, p. pr.] 1. One who renders account; one accountable. 2. A reckoner. 3. One who is skilled in, keeps, or adjusts, accounts; an officer in a public office, who has charge of the accounts. Accountatn general, the head or superintending accountant in certain public offices. Also, formerly, an officer in the English court of chancery who received the moneys paid into the court, and deposited them in the Bank of England. Ac�count�ant, a. Accountable. [Obs.] Shak. Ac�count�ant�ship (#), n. [Accountant + �ship.] The office or employment of an accountant. Ac�count� book� (#). A book in which accounts are kept. Swift. Ac�co�ple (#), v. t. [OF. acopler, F. accoupler. See Couple.] To join; to couple. [R.] The Englishmen accoupled themselves with the Frenchmen. Hall. Ac�cou�ple�ment (#), n. [Cf. F. accouplement.] 1. The act of coupling, or the state of being coupled; union. [R.] Caxton. 2. That which couples, as a tie or brace. [R.] Ac�cour�age (#), v. t. [OF. acoragier; � (L. ad) + corage. See Courage.] To encourage. [Obs.] Ac�court� (#), v. t. [Ac�, for L. ad. See Court.] To treat courteously; to court. [Obs.] Spenser. Ac�cou�ter, Ac�cou�tre } (#), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accoutered or Accoutred (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Accoutering or Accoutring.] [F. accouter, OF. accoutrer, accoustrer; � (L. ad) + perh. LL. custor, for custos guardian, sacristan (cf. Custody), or perh. akin to E. guilt.] To furnish with dress, or equipments, esp. those for military service; to equip; to attire; to array. Bot accoutered like young men. Shak. For this, in rags accoutered are they seen. Dryden. Accoutered with his burden and his staff. Wordsworth. Ac�cou�ter�ments, Ac�cou�tre�ments } (#), n. pl. [F. accoutrement, earlier also accoustrement, earlier also accoustrement. See Accouter.] Dress; trappings; equipment; specifically, the devices and equipments worn by soldiers. How gay with all the accouterments of war! A. Philips. Ac�coy� (#), v. t. [OF. acoyer; ac�, for L. ad. See Coy.] 1. To render quiet; to soothe. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To subdue; to tame; to daunt. [Obs.] Then is your careless courage accoyed. Spenser. Ac�cred�it (#), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accredited; p. pr. & vb. n. Accrediting.] [F. accr�diter; � (L. ad) + cr�dit credit. See Credit.] 1. To put or bring into credit; to invest with credit or authority; to sanction. His censure will... accredit his praises. Cowper. These reasons... which accredit and fortify mine opinion. Shelton. 2. To send with letters credential, as an ambassador, envoy, or diplomatic agent; to authorize, as a messenger or delegate. Beton... was accredited to the Court of France. Froude. 3. To believe; to credit; to put trust in. The version of early Roman history which was accredited in the fifth century. Sir G. C. Lewis. He accredited and repeated stories of apparitions and witchcraft. Southey. 4. To credit; to vouch for or consider (some one) as doing something, or (something) as belonging to some one. To accredit (one) with (something), to attribute something to him; as, Mr. Clay was accredited with these views; they accredit him with a wise saying. Ac�cred�i�ta�tion (#), n. The act of accrediting; as, letters of accreditation. Ac�cre�men�ti�tial (#), a. (Physiol.) Pertaining to accremention. Ac�cre�men�ti�tion (#), n. [See Accresce, Increment.] (Physiol.) The process of generation by development of blastema, or fission of cells, in which the new formation is in all respect like the individual from which it proceeds. Ac�cresce� (#), v. i. [L. accrescere. See Accrue.] 1. To accrue. [R.] 2. To increase; to grow. [Obs.] Gillespie. Ac�cres�cence (#), n. [LL. accrescentia.] Continuous growth; an accretion. [R.] The silent accrescence of belief from the unwatched depositions of a general, never contradicted hearsy. Coleridge. Ac�cres�cent (#), a. [L. accrescens, �entis, p. pr. of accrescere; ad + crescere to grow. See Crescent.] 1. Growing; increasing. Shuckford. 2. (Bot.) Growing larger after flowering. Gray. Ac�crete� (#), v. i. [From L. accretus, p. p. of accrescere to increase.] 1. To grow together. 2. To adhere; to grow (to); to be added; � with to. Ac�crete�, v. t. To make adhere; to add. Earle. Ac�crete�, a. 1. Characterized by accretion; made up; as, accrete matter. 2. (Bot.) Grown together. Gray. Ac�cre�tion (#), n. [L. accretio, fr. accrescere to increase. Cf. Crescent, Increase, Accrue.] 1. The act of increasing by natural growth; esp. the increase of organic bodies by the internal accession of parts; organic growth. Arbuthnot. 2. The act of increasing, or the matter added, by an accession of parts externally; an extraneous addition; as, an accretion of earth. A mineral... augments not by grown, but by accretion. Owen. To strip off all the subordinate parts of his as a later accretion. Sir G. C. Lewis. 3. Concretion; coherence of separate particles; as, the accretion of particles so as to form a solid mass. 4. A growing together of parts naturally separate, as of the fingers toes. Dana. 5. (Law) (a) The adhering of property to something else, by which the owner of one thing becomes possessed of a right to another; generally, gain of land by the washing up of sand or sail from the sea or a river, or by a gradual recession of the water from the usual watermark. (b) Gain to an heir or legatee, failure of a coheir to the same succession, or a co�legatee of the same thing, to take his share. Wharton. Kent. Ac�cre�tive (#), a. Relating to accretion; increasing, or adding to, by growth. Glanvill. Ac�crim�i�nate (#), v. t. [L. ac� (for ad to) + criminari.] To accuse of a crime. [Obs.] � Ac�crim�i�na�tion (#), n. [Obs.] Ac�croach� (#), v. t. [OE. acrochen, accrochen, to obtain, OF. acrochier, F. accrocher; � (L. ad) + croc hook (E. crook).] 1. To hook, or draw to one's self as with a hook. [Obs.] 2. To usurp, as jurisdiction or royal prerogatives. They had attempted to accroach to themselves royal power. Stubbs. Ac�croach�ment (#), n. [Cf. F. accrochement.] An encroachment; usurpation. [Obs.] Bailey. Ac�cru�al (#), n. Accrument. [R.] Ac�crue� (#), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Accrued (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Accruing.] [See Accrue, n., and cf. Accresce, Accrete.] 1. To increase; to augment. And though power failed, her courage did accrue. Spenser. 2. To come to by way of increase; to arise or spring as a growth or result; to be added as increase, profit, or damage, especially as the produce of money lent. �Interest accrues to principal.� Abbott. The great and essential advantages accruing to society from the freedom of the press. Junius. Ac�crue�, n. [F. accr�, OF. acr??, p. p. of accro?tre, OF. acroistre to increase; L. ad + crescere to increase. Cf. Accretion, Crew. See Crescent.] Something that accrues; advantage accruing. [Obs.] Ac�cru�er (#), n. (Law) The act of accruing; accretion; as, title by accruer. Ac�cru�ment (#), n. The process of accruing, or that which has accrued; increase. Jer. Taylor. Ac�cu�ba�tion (#), n. [L. accubatio, for accubatio, fr. accubare to recline; ad + cubare to lie down. See Accumb.] The act or posture of reclining on a couch, as practiced by the ancients at meals. Ac�cumb� (#), v. i. [L. accumbere; ad + cumbere (only in compounds) to lie down.] To recline, as at table. [Obs.] Bailey. Ac�cum�ben�cy (#), n. The state of being accumbent or reclining. [R.] Ac�cum�bent (#), a. 1. Leaning or reclining, as the ancient? did at their meals. The Roman.. accumbent posture in eating. Arbuthnot. 2. (Bot.) Lying against anything, as one part of a leaf against another leaf. Gray. Accumbent cotyledons have their edges placed against the caulicle. Eaton. Ac�cum�bent, n. One who reclines at table. Ac�cum�ber (#), v. t. To encumber. [Obs.] Chaucer. Ac�cu�mu�late (#), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accumulated (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Accumulating.] [L. accumulatus, p. p. of accumulare; ad + cumulare to heap. See Cumulate.] To heap up in a mass; to pile up; to collect or bring together; to amass; as, to accumulate a sum of money. Syn. � To collect; pile up; store; amass; gather; aggregate; heap together; hoard. p. 14 Ac�cu�mu�late (#), v. i. To grow or increase in quantity or number; to increase greatly. Ill fares the land, to hastening ills a prey, Where wealth accumulates, and men decay. Goldsmith. Ac�cu�mu�late (#), a. [L. accumulatus, p. p. of accumulare.] Collected; accumulated. Bacon. Ac�cu�mu�la�tion (#), n. [L. accumulatio; cf. F. accumulation.] 1. The act of accumulating, the state of being accumulated, or that which is accumulated; as, an accumulation of earth, of sand, of evils, of wealth, of honors. 2. (Law) The concurrence of several titles to the same proof. Accumulation of energy or power, the storing of energy by means of weights lifted or masses put in motion; electricity stored. � An accumulation of degrees (Eng. Univ.), the taking of several together, or at smaller intervals than usual or than is allowed by the rules. Ac�cu�mu�la�tive (#), a. Characterized by accumulation; serving to collect or amass; cumulative; additional. � Ac�cu�mu�la�tive�ly, adv. � Ac�cu�mu�la�tive�ness, n. Ac�cu�mu�la�tor (#), n. [L.] 1. One who, or that which, accumulates, collects, or amasses. 2. (Mech.) An apparatus by means of which energy or power can be stored, such as the cylinder or tank for storing water for hydraulic elevators, the secondary or storage battery used for accumulating the energy of electrical charges, etc. 3. A system of elastic springs for relieving the strain upon a rope, as in deep�sea dredging. Ac�cu�ra�cy (#; 277), n. [See Accurate.] The state of being accurate; freedom from mistakes, this exemption arising from carefulness; exact conformity to truth, or to a rule or model; precision; exactness; nicety; correctness; as, the value of testimony depends on its accuracy. The professed end [of logic] is to teach men to think, to judge, and to reason, with precision and accuracy. Reid. The accuracy with which the piston fits the sides. Lardner. Ac�cu�rate (#), a. [L. accuratus, p. p. and a., fr. accurare to take care of; ad + curare to take care, cura care. See Cure.] 1. In exact or careful conformity to truth, or to some standard of requirement, the result of care or pains; free from failure, error, or defect; exact; as, an accurate calculator; an accurate measure; accurate expression, knowledge, etc. 2. Precisely fixed; executed with care; careful. [Obs.] Those conceive the celestial bodies have more accurate influences upon these things below. Bacon. Syn. � Correct; exact; just; nice; particular. � Accurate, Correct, Exact, Precise. We speak of a thing as correct with reference to some rule or standard of comparison; as, a correct account, a correct likeness, a man of correct deportment. We speak of a thing as accurate with reference to the care bestowed upon its execution, and the increased correctness to be expected therefrom; as, an accurate statement, an accurate detail of particulars. We speak of a thing as exact with reference to that perfected state of a thing in which there is no defect and no redundance; as, an exact coincidence, the exact truth, an exact likeness. We speak of a thing as precise when we think of it as strictly conformed to some rule or model, as if cut down thereto; as a precise conformity instructions; precisely right; he was very precise in giving his directions. Ac�cu�rate�ly, adv. In an accurate manner; exactly; precisely; without error or defect. Ac�cu�rate�ness, n. The state or quality of being accurate ; accuracy; exactness; nicety; precision. Ac�curse� (#), v. t. [OE. acursien, acorsien; pref. a + cursien to curse. See Curse.] To devote to destruction; to imprecate misery or evil upon; to curse; to execrate; to anathematize. And the city shall be accursed. Josh. vi. 17. Thro' you, my life will be accurst. Tennyson. Ac�cursed� (#), Ac�curst� (#), } p. p. & a. Doomed to destruction or misery; cursed; hence, bad enough to be under the curse; execrable; detestable; exceedingly hateful; � as, an accursed deed. Shak. � Ac�curs�ed�ly, adv. � Ac�curs�ed�ness, n. Ac�cus�a�ble (#), a. [L. accusabilis: cf. F. accusable.] Liable to be accused or censured; chargeable with a crime or fault; blamable; � with of. Ac�cus�al (#), n. Accusation. [R.] Byron. Ac�cus�ant (#), n. [L. accusans, p. pr. of accusare: cf. F. accusant.] An accuser. Bp. Hall. Ac�cu�sa�tion (#), n. [OF. acusation, F. accusation, L. accusatio, fr. accusare. See Accuse.] 1. The act of accusing or charging with a crime or with a lighter offense. We come not by the way of accusation To taint that honor every good tongue blesses. Shak. 2. That of which one is accused; the charge of an offense or crime, or the declaration containing the charge. [They] set up over his head his accusation. Matt. xxvii. 37. Syn. � Impeachment; crimination; censure; charge. Ac�cu�sa�ti�val (#), a. Pertaining to the accusative case. Ac�cu�sa�tive (#), a. [F. accusatif, L. accusativus (in sense 2), fr. accusare. See Accuse.] 1. Producing accusations; accusatory. �This hath been a very accusative age.� Sir E. Dering. 2. (Gram.) Applied to the case (as the fourth case of Latin and Greek nouns) which expresses the immediate object on which the action or influence of a transitive verb terminates, or the immediate object of motion or tendency to, expressed by a preposition. It corresponds to the objective case in English. Ac�cu�sa�tive, n. (Gram.) The accusative case. Ax�cu�sa�tive�ly, adv. 1. In an accusative manner. 2. In relation to the accusative case in grammar. Ac�cu�sa�to�ri�al (#), a. Accusatory. Ac�cu�sa�to�ri�al�ly, adv. By way accusation. Ac�cu�sa�to�ry (#), a. [L. accusatorius, fr. accusare.] Pertaining to, or containing, an accusation; as, an accusatory libel. Grote. Ac�cuse� (#), n. Accusation. [Obs.] Shak. Ac�cuse�, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accused (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Accusing.] [OF. acuser, F. accuser, L. accusare, to call to account, accuse; ad + causa cause, lawsuit. Cf. Cause.] 1. To charge with, or declare to have committed, a crime or offense; (Law) to charge with an offense, judicially or by a public process; � with of; as, to accuse one of a high crime or misdemeanor. Neither can they prove the things whereof they now accuse me. Acts xxiv. 13. We are accused of having persuaded Austria and Sardinia to lay down their arms. Macaulay. 2. To charge with a fault; to blame; to censure. Their thoughts the meanwhile accusing or else excusing one another. Rom. ii. 15. 3. To betray; to show. [L.] Sir P. Sidney. Syn. � To charge; blame; censure; reproach; criminate; indict; impeach; arraign. � To Accuse, Charge, Impeach, Arraign. These words agree in bringing home to a person the imputation of wrongdoing. To accuse is a somewhat formal act, and is applied usually (though not exclusively) to crimes; as, to accuse of treason. Charge is the most generic. It may refer to a crime, a dereliction of duty, a fault, etc.; more commonly it refers to moral delinquencies; as, to charge with dishonesty or falsehood. To arraign is to bring (a person) before a tribunal for trial; as, to arraign one before a court or at the bar public opinion. To impeach is officially to charge with misbehavior in office; as, to impeach a minister of high crimes. Both impeach and arraign convey the idea of peculiar dignity or impressiveness. Ac�cused� (#), a. Charged with offense; as, an accused person. Commonly used substantively; as, the accused, one charged with an offense; the defendant in a criminal case. Ac�cuse�ment (#), n. [OF. acusement. See Accuse.] Accusation. [Obs.] Chaucer. Ac�cus�er (#), n. [OE. acuser, accusour; cf. OF. acuseor, fr. L. accusator, fr. accusare.] One who accuses; one who brings a charge of crime or fault. Ac�cus�ing�ly, adv. In an accusing manner. Ac�cus�tom (#), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Accustomed (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Accustoming.] [OF. acostumer, acustumer, F. accoutumer; ? (L. ad) + OF. costume, F. coutume, custom. See Custom.] To make familiar by use; to habituate, familiarize, or inure; � with to. I shall always fear that he who accustoms himself to fraud in little things, wants only opportunity to practice it in greater. Adventurer. Syn. � To habituate; inure; exercise; train. Ac�cus�tom, v. i. 1. To be wont. [Obs.] Carew. 2. To cohabit. [Obs.] We with the best men accustom openly; you with the basest commit private adulteries. Milton. Ac�cus�tom, n. Custom. [Obs.] Milton. Ac�cus�tom�a�ble (#), a. Habitual; customary; wonted. �Accustomable goodness.� Latimer. Ac�cus�tom�a�bly, adv. According to custom; ordinarily; customarily. Latimer. Ac�cus�tom�ance (#), n. [OF. accoustumance, F. accoutumance.] Custom; habitual use. [Obs.] Boyle. Ac�cust�tom�a�ri�ly (#), adv. Customarily. [Obs.] Ac�cus�tom�a�ry (#), a. Usual; customary. [Archaic] Featley. Ac�cus�tomed (#), a. 1. Familiar through use; usual; customary. �An accustomed action.� Shak. 2. Frequented by customers. [Obs.] �A well accustomed shop.� Smollett. Ac�cus�tomed�ness, n. Habituation. Accustomedness to sin hardens the heart. Bp. Pearce. Ace (#), n.; pl. Aces (#). [OE. as, F. as, fr. L. as, assis, unity, copper coin, the unit of coinage. Cf. As.] 1. A unit; a single point or spot on a card or die; the card or die so marked; as, the ace of diamonds. 2. Hence: A very small quantity or degree; a particle; an atom; a jot. I 'll not wag an ace further. Dryden. To bate an ace, to make the least abatement. [Obs.] � Within an ace of, very near; on the point of. W. Irving. A�cel�da�ma (#), n. [Gr. ?, fr. Syr. ?k?l dam? the field of blood.] The potter's field, said to have lain south of Jerusalem, purchased with the bribe which Judas took for betraying his Master, and therefore called the field of blood. Fig.: A field of bloodshed. The system of warfare... which had already converted immense tracts into one universal aceldama. De Quincey. A�cen�tric (#), a. [Gr. ? priv. + ? a point, a center.] Not centered; without a center. Ac�e�phal (#), n. [Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? head: cf. F. ac�phale, LL. acephalus.] (Zo�l.) One of the Acephala. � A�ceph�a�la (#), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ?, adj. neut. pl., headless. See Acephal.] (Zo�l.) That division of the Mollusca which includes the bivalve shells, like the clams and oysters; � so called because they have no evident head. Formerly the group included the Tunicata, Brachiopoda, and sometimes the Bryozoa. See Mollusca. A�ceph�a�lan (#), n. Same as Acephal. A�ceph�a�lan, a. (Zo�l.) Belonging to the Acephala. � A�ceph�a�li (#), n. pl. [LL., pl. of acephalus. See Acephal.] 1. A fabulous people reported by ancient writers to have heads. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) (a) A Christian sect without a leader. (b) Bishops and certain clergymen not under regular diocesan control. 3. A class of levelers in the time of K. Henry I. A�ceph�a�list (#), n. One who acknowledges no head or superior. Dr. Gauden. A�ceph�a�lo�cyst (#), n. [Gr. ? without a head + ? bladder.] (Zo�l.) A larval entozo�n in the form of a subglobular or oval vesicle, or hy datid, filled with fluid, sometimes found in the tissues of man and the lower animals; � so called from the absence of a head or visible organs on the vesicle. These cysts are the immature stages of certain tapeworms. Also applied to similar cysts of different origin. A�ceph�a�lo�cys�tic (#), a. Pertaining to, or resembling, the acephalocysts. A�ceph�a�lous (#), a. [See Acephal.] 1. Headless. 2. (Zo�l.) Without a distinct head; � a term applied to bivalve mollusks. 3. (Bot.) Having the style spring from the base, instead of from the apex, as is the case in certain ovaries. 4. Without a leader or chief. 5. Wanting the beginning. A false or acephalous structure of sentence. De Quincey. 6. (Pros.) Deficient and the beginning, as a line of poetry. Brande. Ac�er�ate (#), n. [See Aceric.] (Chem.) A combination of aceric acid with a salifiable base. Ac�er�ate, a. Acerose; needle�shaped. A�cerb� (#), a. [L. acerbus, fr. acer sharp: cf. F. acerbe. See Acrid.] Sour, bitter, and harsh to the taste, as unripe fruit; sharp and harsh. A�cerb�ate (#), v. t. [L. acerbatus, p. p. of acerbare, fr. acerbus.] To sour; to imbitter; to irritate. A�cerb�ic (#), a. Sour or severe. A�cerb�i�tude (#), n. [L. acerbitudo, fr. acerbus.] Sourness and harshness. [Obs.] Bailey. A�cerb�i�ty (#), n. [F. acerbit�, L. acerbitas, fr. acerbus. See Acerb.] 1. Sourness of taste, with bitterness and astringency, like that of unripe fruit. 2. Harshness, bitterness, or severity; as, acerbity of temper, of language, of pain. Barrow. A�cer�ic (#), a. [L. acer maple.] Pertaining to, or obtained from, the maple; as, aceric acid. Ure. Ac�er�ose� (#), a. [(a) L. acerosus chaffy, fr. acus, gen. aceris, chaff; (b) as if fr. L. acus needle: cf. F. ac�reux.] (Bot.) (a) Having the nature of chaff; chaffy. (b) Needle�shaped, having a sharp, rigid point, as the leaf of the pine. Ac�er�ous (#), a. Same as Acerose. Ac�er�ous, a. [Gr. priv. + a horn.] (Zo�l.) (a) Destitute of tentacles, as certain mollusks. (b) Without antenn�, as some insects. A�cer�val (#), a. [L. acervalis, fr. acervus heap.] Pertaining to a heap. [Obs.] A�cer�vate (#), v. t. [L. acervatus, p. p. of acervare to heap up, fr. acervus heap.] To heap up. [Obs.] A�cer�vate (#), a. Heaped, or growing in heaps, or closely compacted clusters. Ac�er�va�tion (#), n. [L. acervatio.] A heaping up; accumulation. [R.] Johnson. A�cer�va�tive (#), a. Heaped up; tending to heap up. A�cer�vose (#), a. Full of heaps. [R.] Bailey. A�cer�vu�line (#), a. Resembling little heaps. A�ces�cence (#), A�ces�cen�cy (#), } n. [Cf. F. acescence. See Acescent.] The quality of being acescent; the process of acetous fermentation; a moderate degree of sourness. Johnson. A�ces�cent (#), a. [L. acescens, �entis, p. pr. of acescere to turn sour; inchoative of acere to be sour: cf. F. acescent. See Acid.] Turning sour; readily becoming tart or acid; slightly sour. Faraday. A�ces�cent, n. A substance liable to become sour. Ac�e�ta�ble (#), n. An acetabulum; or about one eighth of a pint. [Obs.] Holland. Ac�e�tab�u�lar (#), a. Cup�shaped; saucer�shaped; acetabuliform. � Ac�e�tab�u�lif�e�ra (#), n. pl. [NL. See Acetabuliferous.] (Zo�l.) The division of Cephalopoda in which the arms are furnished with cup�shaped suckers, as the cuttlefishes, squids, and octopus; the Dibranchiata. See Cephalopoda. Ac�e�tab�u�lif�er�ous (#), a. [L. acetablum a little cup + �ferous.] Furnished with fleshy cups for adhering to bodies, as cuttlefish, etc. Ac�e�tab�u�li�form (#), a. [L. acetabulum + �form.] (Bot.) Shaped like a shallow; saucer�shaped; as, an acetabuliform calyx. Gray. � Ac�e�tab�u�lum (#), n. [L., a little saucer for vinegar, fr. acetum vinegar, fr. acere to be sour.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A vinegar cup; socket of the hip bone; a measure of about one eighth of a pint, etc. 2. (Anat.) (a) The bony cup which receives the head of the thigh bone. (b) The cavity in which the leg of an insect is inserted at its articulation with the body. (c) A sucker of the sepia or cuttlefish and related animals. (d) The large posterior sucker of the leeches. (e) One of the lobes of the placenta in ruminating animals. Ac�e�tal (#), n. [Aceic + alcohol.] (Chem.) A limpid, colorless, inflammable liquid from the slow oxidation of alcohol under the influence of platinum black. Ac�et�al�de�hyde (#), n. Acetic aldehyde. See Aldehyde. Ac�et�am�ide (#), n. [Acetyl + amide.] (Chem.) A white crystalline solid, from ammonia by replacement of an equivalent of hydrogen by acetyl. Ac�et�an�i�lide (#), n. [Acetyl + anilide.] (Med.) A compound of aniline with acetyl, used to allay fever or pain; � called also antifebrine. Ac�e�ta�ri�ous (#), a. [L. acetaria, n. pl., salad, fr. acetum vinegar, fr. acere to be sour.] Used in salads; as, acetarious plants. p. 15 Ac�e�ta�ry (#), n. [L. acetaria salad plants.] An acid pulp in certain fruits, as the pear. Grew. Ac�e�tate (#), n. [L. acetum vinegar, fr. acere to be sour.] (Chem.) A salt formed by the union of acetic acid with a base or positive radical; as, acetate of lead, acetate of potash. Ac�e�ta�ted (#), a. Combined with acetic acid. A�ce�tic (#; 277), a. [L. acetum vinegar, fr. acere to be sour.] (Chem.) (a) Of a pertaining to vinegar; producing vinegar; producing vinegar; as, acetic fermentation. (b) Pertaining to, containing, or derived from, acetyl, as acetic ether, acetic acid. The latter is the acid to which the sour taste of vinegar is due. A�cet�i�fi�ca�tion (#), n. The act of making acetous or sour; the process of converting, or of becoming converted, into vinegar. A�cet�i�fi�er (#), n. An apparatus for hastening acetification. Knight. A�cet�i�fy (#), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acetified (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Acetifying (#).] [L. acetum vinegar + �fly.] To convert into acid or vinegar. A�cet�i�fy, v. i. To turn acid. Encyc. Dom. Econ. Ac�e�tim�e�ter (#), n. [L. acetum vinegar + �meter: cf. F. ac�tim�tre.] An instrument for estimating the amount of acetic acid in vinegar or in any liquid containing acetic acid. Ac�e�tim�e�try (#), n. The act or method of ascertaining the strength of vinegar, or the proportion of acetic acid contained in it. Ure. Ac�e�tin (#), n. (Chem.) A combination of acetic acid with glycerin. Brande & C. Ac�e�tize (#), v. i. To acetify. [R.] Ac�e�tom�e�ter (#), n. Same as Acetimeter. Brande & C. Ac�e�tone (#), n. [See Acetic.] (Chem.) A volatile liquid consisting of three parts of carbon, six of hydrogen, and one of oxygen; pyroacetic spirit, � obtained by the distillation of certain acetates, or by the destructive distillation of citric acid, starch, sugar, or gum, with quicklime. � The term in also applied to a number of bodies of similar constitution, more frequently called ketones. See Ketone. Ac�e�ton�ic (#), a. Of or pertaining to acetone; as, acetonic bodies. Ac�e�tose (#), a. Sour like vinegar; acetous. Ac�e�tos�i�ty (#), n. [LL. acetositas. See Acetous.] The quality of being acetous; sourness. A�ce�tous (#; 277), a. [L. acetum vinegar, fr. acere to be sour.] 1. Having a sour taste; sour; acid. �An acetous spirit.� Boyle. �A liquid of an acetous kind.� Bp. Lowth. 2. Causing, or connected with, acetification; as, acetous fermentation. Acetous acid, a name formerly given to vinegar<-- which contains acetic acid -->. Ac�e�tyl (#), n. [L. acetum vinegar + Gr. ? substance. See �yl.] (Chem.) A complex, hypothetical radical, composed of two parts of carbon to three of hydrogen and one of oxygen. Its hydroxide is acetic acid. A�cet�y�lene (#), n. (Chem.) A gaseous compound of carbon and hydrogen, in the proportion of two atoms of the former to two of the latter. It is a colorless gas, with a peculiar, unpleasant odor, and is produced for use as an illuminating gas in a number of ways, but chiefly by the action of water on calcium carbide. Its light is very brilliant. Watts. Ach, Ache } (#), n. [F. ache, L. apium parsley.] A name given to several species of plants; as, smallage, wild celery, parsley. [Obs.] Holland. A�ch��an (#), A�cha�ian (#) } a. [L. Achaeus, Achaius; Gr. ?.] Of or pertaining to Achaia in Greece; also, Grecian. � n. A native of Achaia; a Greek. � A�char�ne�ment (#), n. [F.] Savage fierceness; ferocity. Ach�ate (#), n. An agate. [Obs.] Evelyn. A�chate� (#), n. [F. achat purchase. See Cates.] 1. Purchase; bargaining. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. pl. Provisions. Same as Cates. [Obs.] Spenser. � Ach�a�ti�na (#), n. [NL., from Gr. ? agate.] (Zo�l.) A genus of land snails, often large, common in the warm parts of America and Africa. A�cha�tour� (#), n. [See Cater.] Purveyor; acater. [Obs.] Chaucer. Ache (#), n. [OE. ache, AS. �ce, ece, fr. acan to ache. See Ache, v. i.] Continued pain, as distinguished from sudden twinges, or spasmodic pain. �Such an ache in my bones.� Shak. � Often used in composition, as, a headache, an earache, a toothache. Ache (#), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ached (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Aching (#).] [OE. aken, AS. acan, both strong verbs, AS. acan, imp. ?c, p. p. acen, to ache; perh. orig. to drive, and akin to agent.] To suffer pain; to have, or be in, pain, or in continued pain; to be distressed. �My old bones ache.� Shak. The sins that in your conscience ache. Keble. A�che�an (#), a & n. See Ach�an, Achaian. A�chene� (#), A�che�ni�um (#) } n. [Gr. ? priv. + ? to gape.] (Bot.) A small, dry, indehiscent fruit, containing a single seed, as in the buttercup; � called a naked seed by the earlier botanists. [Written also akene and ach�nium.] A�che�ni�al (#), a. Pertaining to an achene. Ach�e�ron (#), n. [L., fr. Gr. ?.] (Myth.) A river in the Nether World or infernal regions; also, the infernal regions themselves. By some of the English poets it was supposed to be a flaming lake or gulf. Shak. Ach�e�ron�tic (#), a. Of or pertaining to Acheron; infernal; hence, dismal, gloomy; moribund. A�chiev�a�ble (#), a. Capable of being achieved. Barrow. A�chiev�ance (#), n. [Cf. OF. achevance.] Achievement. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot. A�chieve� (#), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Achieved (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Achieving (#).] [OE. acheven, OF. achever, achiever, F. achever, to finish; ? (L. ad) + OF. chief, F. chef, end, head, fr. L. caput head. See Chief.] 1. To carry on to a final close; to bring out into a perfected state; to accomplish; to perform; � as, to achieve a feat, an exploit, an enterprise. Supposing faculties and powers to be the same, far more may be achieved in any line by the aid of a capital, invigorating motive than without it. I. Taylor. 2. To obtain, or gain, as the result of exertion; to succeed in gaining; to win. Some are born great, some achieve greatness. Shak. Thou hast achieved our liberty. Milton. [Obs., with a material thing as the aim.] Show all the spoils by valiant kings achieved. Prior. He hath achieved a maid That paragons description. Shak. 3. To finish; to kill. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. � To accomplish; effect; fulfill; complete; execute; perform; realize; obtain. See Accomplish. A�chieve�ment (#), n. [Cf. F. ach�vement, E. Hatchment.] 1. The act of achieving or performing; an obtaining by exertion; successful performance; accomplishment; as, the achievement of his object. 2. A great or heroic deed; something accomplished by valor, boldness, or praiseworthy exertion; a feat. [The exploits] of the ancient saints... do far surpass the most famous achievements of pagan heroes. Barrow. The highest achievements of the human intellect. Macaulay. 3. (Her.) An escutcheon or ensign armorial; now generally applied to the funeral shield commonly called hatchment. Cussans. A�chiev�er (#), n. One who achieves; a winner. Ach�il�le�an (#), a. Resembling Achilles, the hero of the Iliad; invincible. A�chil�les' ten�don (#), n. [L. Achillis tendo.] (Anat.) The strong tendon formed of the united tendons of the large muscles in the calf of the leg, an inserted into the bone of the heel; � so called from the mythological account of Achilles being held by the heel when dipped in the River Styx. A�chi�lous (#), a. [Gr. ? priv. + ? lip.] (Bot.) Without a lip. Ach�ing (#), a. That aches; continuously painful. See Ache. � Ach�ing�ly, adv. The aching heart, the aching head. Longfellow. � A�chi�o�te (#), n. [Sp. achiote, fr. Indian achiotl.] Seeds of the annotto tree; also, the coloring matter, annotto. A�chlam�y�date (#), a. [Gr. ? priv. + ?. ?. a short cloak.] (Zo�l.) Not possessing a mantle; � said of certain gastropods. Ach�la�myd�e�ous (#), a. (Bot.) Naked; having no floral envelope, neither calyx nor corolla. � A�cho�li�a (#), n. [NL., from Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? bile.] (Med.) Deficiency or want of bile. Ach�o�lous (#), a. (Med.) Lacking bile. Ach�ro�mat�ic (#), a. [Gr. ? colorless; ? priv. + ?, ?, color: cf. F. achromatique.] 1. (Opt.) Free from color; transmitting light without decomposing it into its primary colors. 2. (Biol.) Uncolored; not absorbing color from a fluid; � said of tissue. Achromatic lens (Opt.), a lens composed usually of two separate lenses, a convex and concave, of substances having different refractive and dispersive powers, as crown and flint glass, with the curvatures so adjusted that the chromatic aberration produced by the one is corrected by other, and light emerges from the compound lens undecomposed. � Achromatic prism. See Prism, � Achromatic telescope, or microscope, one in which the chromatic aberration is corrected, usually by means of a compound or achromatic object glass, and which gives images free from extraneous color. Ach�ro�mat�ic�al�ly (#), adv. In an achromatic manner. Ach�ro�ma�tic�i�ty (#), n. Achromatism. A�chro�ma�tin (#), n. (Biol.) Tissue which is not stained by fluid dyes. W. Flemming. A�chro�ma�tism (#), n. [Cf. F. achromatisme.] The state or quality of being achromatic; as, the achromatism of a lens; achromaticity. Nichol. A�chro�ma�ti�za�tion (#), n. [Cf. F. achromatisation.] The act or process of achromatizing. A�chro�ma�tize (#), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Achromatized (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Achromatizing (#).] [Gr. ? priv. + ? color.] To deprive of color; to make achromatic. A�chro�ma�top�sy (#), n. [Gr. ? priv. + ? color + ? sight.] Color blindness; inability to distinguish colors; Daltonism. A�chron�ic (#), a. See Acronyc. Ach�roϔ�dex�trin (#), n. [Gr. ? colorless + E. dextrin.] (Physiol. Chem.) Dextrin not colorable by iodine. See Dextrin. Ach�ro�ous (#), a. [Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? color.] Colorless; achromatic. A�chy�lous (#), a. [Gr. ? without juice.] (Physiol.) Without chyle. A�chy�mous (#), a. [Gr. ? without juice.] (Physiol.) Without chyme. � A�cic�u�la (#), n.; pl. Acicul� (#). [L., a small needle, dimin. of acus needle.] (Nat. Hist.) One of the needlelike or bristlelike spines or prickles of some animals and plants; also, a needlelike crystal. A�cic�u�lar (#), a. Needle�shaped; slender like a needle or bristle, as some leaves or crystals; also, having sharp points like needless. � A�cic�u�lar�ly, adv. A�cic�u�late (#), A�cic�u�la�ted (#) } a. (Nat. Hist.) (a) Furnished with acicul�. (b) Acicular. (c) Marked with fine irregular streaks as if scratched by a needle. Lindley. A�cic�u�li�form (#), a. [L. acicula needle + �form.] Needle�shaped; acicular. A�cic�u�lite (#), n. (Min.) Needle ore. Brande & C. Ac�id (#), a. [L. acidus sour, fr. the root ak to be sharp: cf. F. acide. Cf. Acute.] 1. Sour, sharp, or biting to the taste; tart; having the taste of vinegar: as, acid fruits or liquors. Also fig.: Sour�tempered. He was stern and his face as acid as ever. A. Trollope. 2. Of or pertaining to an acid; as, acid reaction. Ac�id, n. 1. A sour substance. 2. (Chem.) One of a class of compounds, generally but not always distinguished by their sour taste, solubility in water, and reddening of vegetable blue or violet colors. They are also characterized by the power of destroying the distinctive properties of alkalies or bases, combining with them to form salts, at the same time losing their own peculiar properties. They all contain hydrogen, united with a more negative element or radical, either alone, or more generally with oxygen, and take their names from this negative element or radical. Those which contain no oxygen are sometimes called hydracids in distinction from the others which are called oxygen acids or oxacids. � In certain cases, sulphur, selenium, or tellurium may take the place of oxygen, and the corresponding compounds are called respectively sulphur acids or sulphacids, selenium acids, or tellurium acids. When the hydrogen of an acid is replaced by a positive element or radical, a salt is formed, and hence acids are sometimes named as salts of hydrogen; as hydrogen nitrate for nitric acid, hydrogen sulphate for sulphuric acid, etc. In the old chemistry the name acid was applied to the oxides of the negative or nonmetallic elements, now sometimes called anhydrides. A�cid�ic (#), a. (Min.) Containing a high percentage of silica; � opposed to basic. <�� 2. of or relating to acid; having the character of an acid, as an acidic solution. ��> Ac�id�if�er�ous (#), a. [L. acidus sour + �ferous.] Containing or yielding an acid. A�cid�i�fi�a�ble (#), a. Capable of being acidified, or converted into an acid. Ac�id�if�ic (#), a. Producing acidity; converting into an acid. Dana. A�cid�i�fi�ca�tion (#), n. [Cf. F. acidification.] The act or process of acidifying, or changing into an acid. A�cid�i�fi�er (#), n. (Chem.) A simple or compound principle, whose presence is necessary to produce acidity, as oxygen, chlorine, bromine, iodine, etc. A�cid�i�fy (#), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acidified (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Acidifying (#). [L. acidus sour, acid + �fly: cf. F. acidifier.] 1. To make acid; to convert into an acid; as, to acidify sugar. 2. To sour; to imbitter. His thin existence all acidified into rage. Carlyle. Ac�id�im�e�ter (#), n. [L. acidus acid + �meter.] (Chem.) An instrument for ascertaining the strength of acids. Ure. Ac�id�im�e�try (#), n. [L. acidus acid + �metry.] (Chem.) The measurement of the strength of acids, especially by a chemical process based on the law of chemical combinations, or the fact that, to produce a complete reaction, a certain definite weight of reagent is required. � Ac�id�i�met�ric�al (#), a. A�cid�i�ty (#), n. [L. acidites, fr. acidus: cf. F. acidit�. See Acid.] The quality of being sour; sourness; tartness; sharpness to the taste; as, the acidity of lemon juice. Ac�id�ly (#), adv. Sourly; tartly. Ac�id�ness (#), n. Acidity; sourness. A�cid�u�late (#), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acidulated (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Acidulating (#).] [Cf. F. aciduler. See Acidulous.] To make sour or acid in a moderate degree; to sour somewhat. Arbuthnot. A�cid�u�lent (#), a. Having an acid quality; sour; acidulous. �With anxious, acidulent face.� Carlyle. A�cid�u�lous (#), a. [L. acidulus, dim. of acidus. See Acid.] Slightly sour; sub�acid; sourish; as, an acidulous tincture. E. Burke. Acidulous mineral waters, such as contain carbonic anhydride. Ac�i�er�age (#), n. [F. aci�rage, fr. acier steel.] The process of coating the surface of a metal plate (as a stereotype plate) with steellike iron by means of voltaic electricity; steeling. Ac�i�form (#), a. [L. acus needle + �form.] Shaped like a needle. Ac�i�na�ceous (#), a. [L. acinus a grape, grapestone.] (Bot.) Containing seeds or stones of grapes, or grains like them. � A�cin�a�ces (#), n. [L., from Gr. ?.] (Anc. Hist.) A short sword or saber. Ac�i�nac�i�form (#), a. [L. acinaces a short sword + �form: cf. F. acinaciforme.] (Bot.) Scimeter�shaped; as, an acinaciform leaf. � Ac�i�ne�si�a (#), n. (Med.) Same as Akinesia. � Ac�i�ne�t� (#), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? immovable.] (Zo�l.) A group of suctorial Infusoria, which in the adult stage are stationary. See Suctoria. Ac�i�net�i�form (#), a. [Acinet� + �form.] (Zo�l.) Resembling the Acinet�. A�cin�i�form (#), a. [L. acinus a grape, grapestone + �form: cf. F. acinoforme.] 1. Having the form of a cluster of grapes; clustered like grapes. 2. Full of small kernels like a grape. Ac�i�nose� (#), Ac�i�nous (#) } a. [L. acinosus, fr. acinus grapestone.] Consisting of acini, or minute granular concretions; as, acinose or acinous glands. Kirwan. p. 16 � Ac�i�nus (#), n.; pl. Acini (#). [L., grape, grapestone.] 1. (Bot.) (a) One of the small grains or drupelets which make up some kinds of fruit, as the blackberry, raspberry, etc. (b) A grapestone. 2. (Anat.) One of the granular masses which constitute a racemose or compound gland, as the pancreas; also, one of the saccular recesses in the lobules of a racemose gland. Quain. � Ac�i�pen�ser (#), n. [L., the name of a fish.] (Zo�l.) A genus of ganoid fishes, including the sturgeons, having the body armed with bony scales, and the mouth on the under side of the head. See Sturgeon. Ac�i�ur�gy (#), n. [Gr. ? a point + ? work.] Operative surgery. Ac�know� (#), v. t. [Pref. a� + know; AS. oncn�wan.] 1. To recognize. [Obs.] �You will not be acknown, sir.� B. Jonson. 2. To acknowledge; to confess. [Obs.] Chaucer. To be acknown (often with of or on), to acknowledge; to confess. [Obs.] We say of a stubborn body that standeth still in the denying of his fault. This man will now acknowledge his fault, or, He will not be acknown of his fault. Sir T. More. Ac�knowl�edge (#), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acknowledged (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Acknowledging (#).] [Prob. fr. pref. a� + the verb knowledge. See Knowledge, and ci. Acknow.] 1. To of or admit the knowledge of; to recognize as a fact or truth; to declare one's belief in; as, to acknowledge the being of a God. I acknowledge my transgressions. Ps. li. 3. For ends generally acknowledged to be good. Macaulay. 2. To own or recognize in a particular character or relationship; to admit the claims or authority of; to give recognition to. In all thy ways acknowledge Him. Prov. iii. 6. By my soul, I'll ne'er acknowledge thee. Shak. 3. To own with gratitude or as a benefit or an obligation; as, to acknowledge a favor, the receipt of a letter. They his gifts acknowledged none. Milton. 4. To own as genuine; to assent to, as a legal instrument, to give it validity; to avow or admit in legal form; as, to acknowledgea deed. Syn. � To avow; proclaim; recognize; own; admit; allow; concede; confess. � Acknowledge, Recognize. Acknowledge is opposed to keep back, or conceal, and supposes that something had been previously known to us (though perhaps not to others) which we now feel bound to lay open or make public. Thus, a man acknowledges a secret marriage; one who has done wrong acknowledges his fault; and author acknowledge his obligation to those who have aided him; we acknowledge our ignorance. Recognize supposes that we have either forgotten or not had the evidence of a thing distinctly before our minds, but that now we know it (as it were) anew, or receive and admit in on the ground of the evidence it brings. Thus, we recognize a friend after a long absence. We recognize facts, principles, truths, etc., when their evidence is brought up fresh to the mind; as, bad men usually recognize the providence of God in seasons of danger. A foreign minister, consul, or agent, of any kind, is recognized on the ground of his producing satisfactory credentials. See also Confess. Ac�knowl�edged�ly (#), adv. Confessedly. Ac�knowl�edg�er (#), n. One who acknowledges. Ac�knowl�edg�ment (#), n. 1. The act of acknowledging; admission; avowal; owning; confession. �An acknowledgment of fault.� Froude. 2. The act of owning or recognized in a particular character or relationship; recognition as regards the existence, authority, truth, or genuineness. Immediately upon the acknowledgment of the Christian faith, the eunuch was baptized by Philip. Hooker. 3. The owning of a benefit received; courteous recognition; expression of thanks. Shak. 4. Something given or done in return for a favor, message, etc. Smollett. 5. A declaration or avowal of one's own act, to give it legal validity; as, the acknowledgment of a deed before a proper officer. Also, the certificate of the officer attesting such declaration. Acknowledgment money, in some parts of England, a sum paid by copyhold tenants, on the death of their landlords, as an acknowledgment of their new lords. Cowell. Syn. � Confession; concession; recognition; admission; avowal; recognizance. A�clin�ic (#), a. [Gr. ? priv. + ? to incline.] (Physics.) Without inclination or dipping; � said the magnetic needle balances itself horizontally, having no dip. The aclinic line is also termed the magnetic equator. Prof. August. Ac�me (#), n. [Gr. ? point, top.] 1. The top or highest point; the culmination. The very acme and pitch of life for epic poetry. Pope. The moment when a certain power reaches the acme of its supremacy. I. Taylor. 2. (Med.) The crisis or height of a disease. 3. Mature age; full bloom of life. B. Jonson. Ac�ne (#), n. [NL., prob. a corruption of Gr. ?] (Med.) A pustular affection of the skin, due to changes in the sebaceous glands. Ac�no�dal (#), a. Pertaining to acnodes. Ac�node (#), n. [L. acus needle + E. node.] (Geom.) An isolated point not upon a curve, but whose co�rdinates satisfy the equation of the curve so that it is considered as belonging to the curve. A�cock� (#), adv. [Pref. a� + cock.] In a cocked or turned up fashion. A�cock�bill� (#), adv. [Prefix a� + cock + bill: with bills cocked up.] (Naut.) (a) Hanging at the cathead, ready to let go, as an anchor. (b) Topped up; having one yardarm higher than the other. A�cold� (#), a. [Prob. p. p. of OE. acolen to grow cold or cool, AS. �c?lian to grow cold; pref. a� (cf. Goth. er�, orig. meaning out) + c?lian to cool. See Cool.] Cold. [Obs.] �Poor Tom's acold.� Shak. Ac�o�log�ic (#), a. Pertaining to acology. A�col�o�gy (#), n. [Gr. ? remedy + �logy.] Materia medica; the science of remedies. A�col�o�thist (#), n. See Acolythist. Ac�o�lyc�tine (#), n. [From the name of the plant.] (Chem.) An organic base, in the form of a white powder, obtained from Aconitum lycoctonum. Eng. Cyc. Ac�o�lyte (#), n. [LL. acolythus, acoluthus, Gr. ? following, attending: cf. F. acolyte.] 1. (Eccl.) One who has received the highest of the four minor orders in the Catholic church, being ordained to carry the wine and water and the lights at the Mass. 2. One who attends; an assistant. �With such chiefs, and with James and John as acolytes.� Motley. Ac�o�lyth (#), n. Same as Acolyte. A�col�y�thist (#), n. An acolyte. [Obs.] A�cond�dy�lose� (#), A�con�dy�lous (#), } a. [Gr. ? priv. + ? joint.] (Nat. Hist.) Being without joints; jointless. Ac�o�ni�tal (#), a. Of the nature of aconite. Ac�o�nite (#), n. [L. aconitum, Gr. ?: cf. F. aconit.] 1. (Bot.) The herb wolfsbane, or monkshood; � applied to any plant of the genus Aconitum (tribe Hellebore), all the species of which are poisonous. 2. An extract or tincture obtained from Aconitum napellus, used as a poison and medicinally. Winter aconite, a plant (Eranthis hyemalis) allied to the aconites. � Ac�o�ni�ti�a (#), n. (Chem.) Same as Aconitine. Ac�o�nit�ic (#), a. Of or pertaining to aconite. A�con�i�tine (#), n. (Chem.) An intensely poisonous alkaloid, extracted from aconite. � Ac�o�ni�tum (#), n. [L. See Aconite.] The poisonous herb aconite; also, an extract from it. Strong As aconitum or rash gunpowder. Shak. � A�con�ti�a (#), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. ? a little dart.] (Zo�l.) Threadlike defensive organs, composed largely of nettling cells (cnid�), thrown out of the mouth or special pores of certain Actini� when irritated. � A�con�ti�as (#), n. [NL., from Gr. ?, fr. ?, dim. ? dart.] (Zo�l.) Anciently, a snake, called dart snake; now, one of a genus of reptiles closely allied to the lizards. A�cop�ic (#), a. [Gr. ? priv. + ? striking. weariness, ? to strike.] (Med.) Relieving weariness; restorative. Buchanan. A�corn (#), n. [AS. �cern, fr. �cer field, acre; akin to D. aker acorn, Ger. ecker, Icel. akarn, Dan. agern, Goth. akran fruit, akrs field; � orig. fruit of the field. See Acre.] 1. The fruit of the oak, being an oval nut growing in a woody cup or cupule. 2. (Naut.) A cone�shaped piece of wood on the point of the spindle above the vane, on the mast�head. 3. (Zo�l.) See Acorn�shell. A�corn cup (#). The involucre or cup in which the acorn is fixed. A�corned (#), a. 1. Furnished or loaded with acorns. 2. Fed or filled with acorns. [R.] Shak. A�corn�shell� (#), n. (Zo�l.) One of the sessile cirripeds; a barnacle of the genus Balanus. See Barnacle. A�cos�mism (#), n. [Gr. ? priv. + ? world.] A denial of the existence of the universe as distinct from God. A�cos�mist (#), n. [See Acosmism.] One who denies the existence of the universe, or of a universe as distinct from God. G. H. Lewes. A�cot�y�le�don (#; 277), n. [Gr. ? priv. + ? anything cup�shaped. See Cotyledon.] (Bot.) A plant which has no cotyledons, as the dodder and all flowerless plants. A�cot�y�led�on�ous (#; 277), a. Having no seed lobes, as the dodder; also applied to plants which have no true seeds, as ferns, mosses, etc. A�cou�chy (#), n. [F. acouchi, from the native name Guiana.] (Zo�l.) A small species of agouti (Dasyprocta acouchy). A�cou�me�ter (#), n. [Gr. ? to hear + �meter.] (Physics.) An instrument for measuring the acuteness of the sense of hearing. Itard. A�cou�me�try (#), n. [Gr. ? to hear + �metry.] The measuring of the power or extent of hearing. A�cous�tic (#; 277), a. [F. acoustique, Gr. ? relating to hearing, fr. ? to hear.] Pertaining to the sense of hearing, the organs of hearing, or the science of sounds; auditory. Acoustic duct, the auditory duct, or external passage of the ear. � Acoustic telegraph, a telegraph making audible signals; a telephone. � Acoustic vessels, brazen tubes or vessels, shaped like a bell, used in ancient theaters to propel the voices of the actors, so as to render them audible to a great distance. A�cous�tic, n. A medicine or agent to assist hearing. A�cous�tic�al (#), a. Of or pertaining to acoustics. A�cous�tic�al�ly (#), adv. In relation to sound or to hearing. Tyndall. Ac�ous�ti�cian (#), n. One versed in acoustics. Tyndall. A�cous�tics (#; 277), n. [Names of sciences in �ics, as, acoustics, mathematics, etc., are usually treated as singular. See �ics.] (Physics.) The science of sounds, teaching their nature, phenomena, and laws. Acoustics, then, or the science of sound, is a very considerable branch of physics. Sir J. Herschel. � The science is, by some writers, divided, into diacoustics, which explains the properties of sounds coming directly from the ear; and catacoustica, which treats of reflected sounds or echoes. Ac�quaint� (#), a. [OF. acoint. See Acquaint, v. t.] Acquainted. [Obs. or Archaic] Ac�quaint�, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acquainted; p. pr. & vb. n. Acquainting.] [OE. aqueinten, acointen, OF. acointier, LL. adcognitare, fr. L. ad + cognitus, p. p. of cognoscere to know; con� + noscere to know. See Quaint, Know.] 1. To furnish or give experimental knowledge of; to make (one) to know; to make familiar; � followed by with. Before a man can speak on any subject, it is necessary to be acquainted with it. Locke. A man of sorrows and acquainted with grief. Isa. liii. 3. 2. To communicate notice to; to inform; to make cognizant; � followed by with (formerly, also, by of), or by that, introducing the intelligence; as, to acquaint a friend with the particulars of an act. Acquaint her here of my son Paris' love. Shak. I must acquaint you that I have received New dated letters from Northumberland. Shak. 3. To familiarize; to accustom. [Obs.] Evelyn. To be acquainted with, to be possessed of personal knowledge of; to be cognizant of; to be more or less familiar with; to be on terms of social intercourse with. Syn. � To inform; apprise; communicate; advise. Ac�quaint�a�ble (#), a. [Cf. OF. acointable. Easy to be acquainted with; affable. [Obs.] Rom. of R. Ac�quaint�ance (#), n. [OE. aqueintance, OF. acointance, fr. acointier. See Acquaint.] 1. A state of being acquainted, or of having intimate, or more than slight or superficial, knowledge; personal knowledge gained by intercourse short of that of friendship or intimacy; as, I know the man; but have no acquaintance with him. Contract no friendship, or even acquaintance, with a guileful man. Sir W. Jones. 2. A person or persons with whom one is acquainted. Montgomery was an old acquaintance of Ferguson. Macaulay. � In this sense the collective term acquaintance was formerly both singular and plural, but it is now commonly singular, and has the regular plural acquaintances. To be of acquaintance, to be intimate. � To take acquaintance of or with, to make the acquaintance of. [Obs.] Syn. � Familiarity; intimacy; fellowship; knowledge. � Acquaintance, Familiarity, Intimacy. These words mark different degrees of closeness in social intercourse. Acquaintance arises from occasional intercourse; as, our acquaintance has been a brief one. We can speak of a slight or an intimate acquaintance. Familiarity is the result of continued acquaintance. It springs from persons being frequently together, so as to wear off all restraint and reserve; as, the familiarity of old companions. Intimacy is the result of close connection, and the freest interchange of thought; as, the intimacy of established friendship. Our admiration of a famous man lessens upon our nearer acquaintance with him. Addison. We contract at last such a familiarity with them as makes it difficult and irksome for us to call off our minds. Atterbury. It is in our power to confine our friendships and intimacies to men of virtue. Rogers. Ac�quaint�ance�ship, n. A state of being acquainted; acquaintance. Southey. Ac�quaint�ant (#), n. [Cf. F. acointant, p. pr.] An acquaintance. [R.] Swift. Ac�quaint�ed, a. Personally known; familiar. See To be acquainted with, under Acquaint, v. t. Ac�quaint�ed�ness, n. State of being acquainted; degree of acquaintance. [R.] Boyle. Ac�quest� (#), n. [OF. aquest, F. acqu�t, fr. LL. acquestum, acquis�tum, for L. acquis�tum, p. p. (used substantively) of acquirere to acquire. See Acquire.] 1. Acquisition; the thing gained. [R.] Bacon. 2. (Law) Property acquired by purchase, gift, or otherwise than by inheritance. Bouvier. Ac�qui�esce� (#), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Acquiesced (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Acquiescing (#)] [ L. acquiescere; ad + quiescere to be quiet, fr. quies rest: cf. F. acquiescer. See Quiet.] 1. To rest satisfied, or apparently satisfied, or to rest without opposition and discontent (usually implying previous opposition or discontent); to accept or consent by silence or by omitting to object; � followed by in, formerly also by with and to. They were compelled to acquiesce in a government which they did not regard as just. De Quincey. 2. To concur upon conviction; as, to acquiesce in an opinion; to assent to; usually, to concur, not heartily but so far as to forbear opposition. Syn. � To submit; comply; yield; assent; agree; consent; accede; concur; conform; accept tacitly. Ac�qui�es�cence (#), n. [Cf. F. acquiescence.] 1. A silent or passive assent or submission, or a submission with apparent content; � distinguished from avowed consent on the one hand, and on the other, from opposition or open discontent; quiet satisfaction. 2. (Crim. Law) (a) Submission to an injury by the party injured. (b) Tacit concurrence in the action of another. Wharton. p. 17 Ac�qui�es�cen�cy (#), n. The quality of being acquiescent; acquiescence. Ac� qui�es�cent (#), a. [L. acquiescens, �?entis; p. pr.] Resting satisfied or submissive; disposed tacitly to submit; assentive; as, an acquiescent policy. Ac�qui�es�cent�ly, adv. In an acquiescent manner. Ac�qui�et (#), v. t. [LL. acquietare; L. ad + quies rest. See Quiet and cf. Acquit.] To quiet. [Obs.] Acquiet his mind from stirring you against your own peace. Sir A. Sherley. Ac�quir�a�bil�i�ty (#), n. The quality of being acquirable; attainableness. [R.] Paley. Ac�quir�a�ble (#), a. Capable of being acquired. Ac�quire� (#), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acquired (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Acquiring (#).] [L. acquirere, acquisitum; ad + quarere to seek for. In OE. was a verb aqueren, fr. the same, through OF. aquerre. See Quest..] To gain, usually by one's own exertions; to get as one's own; as, to acquire a title, riches, knowledge, skill, good or bad habits. No virtue is acquired in an instant, but step by step. Barrow. Descent is the title whereby a man, on the death of his ancestor, acquires his estate, by right of representation, as his heir at law. Blackstone. Syn. � To obtain; gain; attain; procure; win; earn; secure. See Obtain. Ac�quire�ment (#), n. The act of acquiring, or that which is acquired; attainment. �Rules for the acquirement of a taste.� Addison. His acquirements by industry were... enriched and enlarged by many excellent endowments of nature. Hayward. Syn. � Acquisition, Acquirement. Acquirement is used in opposition to a natural gift or talent; as, eloquence, and skill in music and painting, are acquirements; genius is the gift or endowment of nature. It denotes especially personal attainments, in opposition to material or external things gained, which are more usually called acquisitions; but this distinction is not always observed. Ac�quir�er (#), n. A person who acquires. Ac�quir�y (#), n. Acquirement. [Obs.] Barrow. Ac�qui�site (#), a. [L. acquisitus, p. p. of acquirere. See Acquire.] Acquired. [Obs.] Burton. Ac�qui�si�tion (#), n. [L. acquisitio, fr. acquirere: cf. F. acquisition. See Acquire.] 1. The act or process of acquiring. The acquisition or loss of a province. Macaulay. 2. The thing acquired or gained; an acquirement; a gain; as, learning is an acquisition. Syn. � See Acquirement. Ac�quis�i�tive (#), a. 1. Acquired. [Obs.] He died not in his acquisitive, but in his native soil. Wotton. 2. Able or disposed to make acquisitions; acquiring; as, an acquisitive person or disposition. Ac�quis�i�tive�ly, adv. In the way of acquisition. Ac�quis�i�tive�ness, n. 1. The quality of being acquisitive; propensity to acquire property; desire of possession. 2. (Phren.) The faculty to which the phrenologists attribute the desire of acquiring and possessing. Combe. Ac�quis�i�tor (#), n. One who acquires. Ac�quist� (#), n. [Cf. Acquest.] Acquisition; gain. Milton. Ac�quit� (#), p. p. Acquitted; set free; rid of. [Archaic] Shak. Ac�quit�, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acquitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Acquitting.] [OE. aquiten, OF. aquiter, F. acquitter; ? (L. ad) + OF. quiter, F. quitter, to quit. See Quit, and cf. Acquiet.] 1. To discharge, as a claim or debt; to clear off; to pay off; to requite. A responsibility that can never be absolutely acquitted. I. Taylor. 2. To pay for; to atone for. [Obs.] Shak. 3. To set free, release or discharge from an obligation, duty, liability, burden, or from an accusation or charge; � now followed by of before the charge, formerly by from; as, the jury acquitted the prisoner; we acquit a man of evil intentions. 4. Reflexively: (a) To clear one's self.k. (b) To bear or conduct one's self; to perform one's part; as, the soldier acquitted himself well in battle; the orator acquitted himself very poorly. Syn. � To absolve; clear; exonerate; exonerate; exculpate; release; discharge. See Absolve. Ac�quit�ment (#), n. [Cf. OF. aquitement.] Acquittal. [Obs.] Milton. Ac�quit�tal (#), n. 1. The act of acquitting; discharge from debt or obligation; acquittance. 2. (Law) A setting free, or deliverance from the charge of an offense, by verdict of a jury or sentence of a court. Bouvier. Ac�quit�tance (#), n. [OF. aquitance, fr. aquiter. See Acquit.] 1. The clearing off of debt or obligation; a release or discharge from debt or other liability. 2. A writing which is evidence of a discharge; a receipt in full, which bars a further demand. You can produce acquittances For such a sum, from special officers. Shak. Ac�quit�tance, v. t. To acquit. [Obs.] Shak. Ac�quit�ter (#), n. One who acquits or releases. � A�cra�ni�a (#), n. [NL., from Gr. ? priv. + ? skull.] 1. (Physiol.) Partial or total absence of the skull. 2. pl. (Zo�l.) The lowest group of Vertebrata, including the amphioxus, in which no skull exists. A�cra�ni�al (#), a. Wanting a skull. A�crase�, A�craze� } (#), v. t. [Pref. a� + crase; or cf. F. �craser to crush. See Crase, Craze.] 1. To craze. [Obs.] Grafton. 2. To impair; to destroy. [Obs.] Hacket. � A�cra�si�a (#), Ac�ra�sy (#) } n. [Gr. ?.] Excess; intemperance. [Obs. except in Med.] Farindon. � A�cras�pe�da (#), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? priv. + ? border.] (Zo�l.) A group of acalephs, including most of the larger jellyfishes; the Discophora. A�cre (#), n. [OE. aker, AS. �cer; akin to OS. accar, OHG. achar, Ger. acker, Icel. akr, Sw. �ker, Dan. ager, Goth. akrs, L. ager, Gr. ?, Skr. ajra. ?.] 1. Any field of arable or pasture land. [Obs.] 2. A piece of land, containing 160 square rods, or 4,840 square yards, or 43,560 square feet. This is the English statute acre. That of the United States is the same. The Scotch acre was about 1.26 of the English, and the Irish 1.62 of the English. � The acre was limited to its present definite quantity by statutes of Edward I., Edward III., and Henry VIII. Broad acres, many acres, much landed estate. [Rhetorical] � God's acre, God's field; the churchyard. I like that ancient Saxon phrase, which calls The burial ground, God's acre. Longfellow. A�cre�a�ble (#), a. Of an acre; per acre; as, the acreable produce. A�cre�age (#), n. Acres collectively; as, the acreage of a farm or a country. A�cred (#), a. Possessing acres or landed property; � used in composition; as, large�acred men. Ac�rid (#), a. [L. acer sharp; prob. assimilated in form to acid. See Eager.] 1. Sharp and harsh, or bitter and not, to the taste; pungent; as, acrid salts. 2. Causing heat and irritation; corrosive; as, acrid secretions. 3. Caustic; bitter; bitterly irritating; as, acrid temper, mind, writing. Acrid poison, a poison which irritates, corrodes, or burns the parts to which it is applied. A�crid�i�ty (#), Ac�rid�ness (#) } n. The quality of being acrid or pungent; irritant bitterness; acrimony; as, the acridity of a plant, of a speech. Ac�rid�ly (#), adv. In an acid manner. Ac�ri�mo�ni�ous (#), a. [Cf. LL. acrimonious, F. acrimonieux.] 1. Acrid; corrosive; as, acrimonious gall. [Archaic] Harvey. 2. Caustic; bitter�tempered' sarcastic; as, acrimonious dispute, language, temper. Ac�ri�mo�ni�ous�ly, adv. In an acrimonious manner. Ac�ri�mo�ni�ous�ness, n. The quality of being acrimonious; asperity; acrimony. Ac�ri�mo�ny (#), n.; pl. Acrimonies (#). [L. acrimonia, fr. acer, sharp: cf. F. acrimonie.] 1. A quality of bodies which corrodes or destroys others; also, a harsh or biting sharpness; as, the acrimony of the juices of certain plants. [Archaic] Bacon. 2. Sharpness or severity, as of language or temper; irritating bitterness of disposition or manners. John the Baptist set himself with much acrimony and indignation to baffle this senseless arrogant conceit of theirs. South. Syn. � Acrimony, Asperity, Harshness, Tartness. These words express different degrees of angry feeling or language. Asperity and harshness arise from angry feelings, connected with a disregard for the feelings of others. Harshness usually denotes needless severity or an undue measure of severity. Acrimony is a biting sharpness produced by an imbittered spirit. Tartness denotes slight asperity and implies some degree of intellectual readiness. Tartness of reply; harshness of accusation; acrimony of invective. In his official letters he expressed, with great acrimony, his contempt for the king's character. Macaulay. It is no very cynical asperity not to confess obligations where no benefit has been received. Johnson. A just reverence of mankind prevents the growth of harshness and brutality. Shaftesbury. � A�cris�i�a (#), Ac�ri�sy (#), } n. [LL. acrisia, Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? to separate, to decide.] 1. Inability to judge. 2. (Med.) Undecided character of a disease. [Obs.] � Ac�ri�ta (#), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. ? indiscernible; ? priv. + ? to distinguish.] (Zo�l.) The lowest groups of animals, in which no nervous system has been observed. Ac�ri�tan (#), a. (Zo�l.) Of or pertaining to the Acrita. � n. An individual of the Acrita. Ac�rite (#), a. (Zo�l.) Acritan. Owen. A�crit�ic�al (#), a. [Gr. ? priv. + ? critical.] (Med.) Having no crisis; giving no indications of a crisis; as, acritical symptoms, an acritical abscess. Ac�ri�to�chro�ma�cy (#), n. [Gr. ? undistinguishable; ? priv. + ? to separate, distinguish + ? color.] Color blindness; achromatopsy. Ac�ri�tude (#), n. [L. acritudo, from acer sharp.] Acridity; pungency joined with heat. [Obs.] Ac�ri�ty (#), n. [L. acritas, fr. acer sharp: cf. F. �cret�.] Sharpness; keenness. [Obs.] Ac�ro�a�mat�ic (#), Ac�ro�a�mat�ic�al (#), } a. [Gr. ?, fr. ? to hear.] Communicated orally; oral; � applied to the esoteric teachings of Aristotle, those intended for his genuine disciples, in distinction from his exoteric doctrines, which were adapted to outsiders or the public generally. Hence: Abstruse; profound. Ac�ro�at�ic (#), a. [Gr. ?, fr. ? to hear.] Same as Acroamatic. Ac�ro�bat (#), n. [F. acrobate, fr. Gr. ? walking on tiptoe, climbing aloft; ? high + ? to go.] One who practices rope dancing, high vaulting, or other daring gymnastic feats. Ac�ro�bat�ic (#), a. [Cf. F. acrobatique.] Pertaining to an acrobat. � Ac�ro�bat�ic�al�ly, adv. Ac�ro�bat�ism (#), n. Feats of the acrobat; daring gymnastic feats; high vaulting. Ac�ro�car�pous (#), a. [Gr. ? extreme, highest + ? fruit.] (Bot.) (a) Having a terminal fructification; having the fruit at the end of the stalk. (b) Having the fruit stalks at the end of a leafy stem, as in certain mosses. Ac�ro�ce�phal�ic (#), a. [Gr. ? highest + ?. See Cephalic.] Characterized by a high skull. Ac�ro�cerph�a�ly (#), n. Loftiness of skull. Ac�ro�ce�rau�ni�an (#), a. [L. acroceraunius, fr. Gr. ? high, n. pl. ? heights + ? thunderbolt.] Of or pertaining to the high mountain range of �thunder�smitten� peaks (now Kimara), between Epirus and Macedonia. Shelley. � Ac�ro�dac�tyl�um (#), n. [NL., from Gr. ? topmost + ? finger.] (Zo�l.) The upper surface of the toes, individually. Ac�ro�dont (#), n. [Gr. ? summit + ?, ?, a tooth.] (Zo�l.) One of a group of lizards having the teeth immovably united to the top of the alveolar ridge. � a. Of or pertaining to the acrodonts. Ac�ro�gen (#), n. [Gr. ? extreme, high + �gen.] Ac�ro�gen (#), n. [Gr. ? extreme, high + �gen.] (Bot.) A plant of the highest class of cryptograms, including the ferns, etc. See Cryptogamia. The Age of Acrogens (Geol.), the age of coal plants, or the carboniferous era. Ac�rog�e�nous (#), a. (Bot.) Increasing by growth from the extremity; as, an acrogenous plant. A�cro�le�in (#), n. [L. acer sharp + ol?re to smell.] (Chem.) A limpid, colorless, highly volatile liquid, obtained by the dehydration of glycerin, or the destructive distillation of neutral fats containing glycerin. Its vapors are intensely irritating. Watts. Ac�ro�lith (#), n. [L. acrolthus, Gr. ? with the ends made of stone; ? extreme + ? stone.] (Arch. & Sculp.) A statue whose extremities are of stone, the trunk being generally of wood. Elmes. A�crol�i�than (#), Ac�ro�lith�ic (#), } a. Pertaining to, or like, an acrolith. Ac�ro�meg�a�ly (#), n. [NL. acromegalia, fr. Gr. ? point, peak + ?, ?, big.] (Med.) Chronic enlargement of the extreinities and face. A�cro�mi�al (#), a. [Cf. F. acromial.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the acromion. Dunglison. � A�cro�mi�on (#), n. [Gr. ?; ? extreme + ? shoulder: cf. F. acromion.] (Anat.) The outer extremity of the shoulder blade. Ac�ro�mon�o�gram�mat�ic (#), a. [Gr. ? extreme + ? alone + ? a letter.] Having each verse begin with the same letter as that with which the preceding verse ends. A�cron�yc (#), A�cron�ych�al (#), } a. [Gr. ? at nightfall; ? + ? night.] (Astron.) Rising at sunset and setting at sunrise, as a star; � opposed to cosmical. � The word is sometimes incorrectly written acronical, achronychal, acronichal, and acronical. A�cron�yc�al�ly, adv. In an acronycal manner as rising at the setting of the sun, and vise vers�. Ac�ro�nyc�tous (#), a. [Gr. ?; ? + ?, ?, night.] (Astron.) Acronycal. A�crook� (#), adv. Crookedly. [R.] Udall. A�crope�e�tal (#), a. [Gr. ? summit + L. petere to seek.] (Bot.) Developing from below towards the apex, or from the circumference towards the center; centripetal; � said of certain inflorescence. A�chroph�o�ny (#), n. [Gr. ? extreme + ? sound.] The use of a picture symbol of an object to represent phonetically the initial sound of the name of the object. � Ac�ro�po�di�um (#), n. [Gr. ? topmost + ?, ?, foot.] (Zo�l.) The entire upper surface of the foot. A�crop�o�lis (#), n. [Gr. ?; ? extreme + ? city.] The upper part, or the citadel, of a Grecian city; especially, the citadel of Athens. Ac�ro�pol�i�tan (#), a. Pertaining to an acropolis. Ac�ro�spire (#), n. [Gr. ? + ? anything twisted.] (Bot.) The sprout at the end of a seed when it begins to germinate; the plumule in germination; � so called from its spiral form. Ac�ro�spire, v. i. To put forth the first sprout. Ac�ro�spore (#), n. [Gr. ? + ? fruit.] (Bot.) A spore borne at the extremity of the cells of fructification in fungi. Ac�ro�spor�ous (#), a. Having acrospores. A�cross� (#; 115), prep. [Pref. a� + cross: cf. F. en croix. See Cross, n.] From side to side; athwart; crosswise, or in a direction opposed to the length; quite over; as, a bridge laid across a river. Dryden. To come across, to come upon or meet incidentally. Freeman. � To go across the country, to go by a direct course across a region without following the roads. A�cross�, adv. 1. From side to side; crosswise; as, with arms folded across. Shak. 2. Obliquely; athwart; amiss; awry. [Obs.] The squint�eyed Pharisees look across at all the actions of Christ. Bp. Hall. A�cros�tic (#)(#), n. [Gr. ?; ? extreme + ? order, line, verse.] 1. A composition, usually in verse, in which the first or the last letters of the lines, or certain other letters, taken in order, form a name, word, phrase, or motto. 2. A Hebrew poem in which the lines or stanzas begin with the letters of the alphabet in regular order (as Psalm cxix.). See Abecedarian. Double acrostic, a species of enigma<-- crossword puzzle -->, in which words are to be guessed whose initial and final letters form other words. A�cros�tic (#), A�cros�ti�al (#), } n. Pertaining to, or characterized by, acrostics. A�cros�tic�al�ly, adv. After the manner of an acrostic. � Ac�ro�tar�si�um (#), n. [NL., from Gr. ? topmost + ? tarsus.] (Zo�l.) The instep or front of the tarsus. p. 18 Ac�ro�te�leu�tic (#), n. [Gr. ? extreme + ? end.] (Eccles.) The end of a verse or psalm, or something added thereto, to be sung by the people, by way of a response. Ac�ro�ter (#), n. [F. acrot�re. See Acroterium.] (Arch.) Same as Acroterium. Ac�ro�te�ri�al (#), a. Pertaining to an acroterium; as, ornaments. P. Cyc. � Ac�ro�te�ri�um (#), n.; pl. Acroteria (#). [L., fr. Gr. ? summit, fr. ? topmost.] (Arch.) (a) One of the small pedestals, for statues or other ornaments, placed on the apex and at the basal angles of a pediment. Acroteria are also sometimes placed upon the gables in Gothic architecture. J. H. Parker. (b) One of the pedestals, for vases or statues, forming a part roof balustrade. A�crot�ic (#), a. [Gr. ? an extreme, fr. ?.] (Med.) Pertaining to or affecting the surface. Ac�ro�tism (#), n. [Gr. ? priv. + ? a rattling, beating.] (Med.) Lack or defect of pulsation. A�crot�o�mous (#), a. [Gr. ? cut off sharp; ? extreme + ? to cut.] (Min.) Having a cleavage parallel with the base. A�cryl�ic (#), a. (Chem.) Of or containing acryl, the hypothetical radical of which acrolein is the hydride; as, acrylic acid. Act (#), n. [L. actus, fr. agere to drive, do: cf. F. acte. See Agent.] 1. That which is done or doing; the exercise of power, or the effect, of which power exerted is the cause; a performance; a deed. That best portion of a good man's life, His little, nameless, unremembered acts Of kindness and of love. Wordsworth. Hence, in specific uses: (a) The result of public deliberation; the decision or determination of a legislative body, council, court of justice, etc.; a decree, edit, law, judgment, resolve, award; as, an act of Parliament, or of Congress. (b) A formal solemn writing, expressing that something has been done. Abbott. (c) A performance of part of a play; one of the principal divisions of a play or dramatic work in which a certain definite part of the action is completed. (d) A thesis maintained in public, in some English universities, by a candidate for a degree, or to show the proficiency of a student. 2. A state of reality or real existence as opposed to a possibility or possible existence. [Obs.] The seeds of plants are not at first in act, but in possibility, what they afterward grow to be. Hooker. 3. Process of doing; action. In act, in the very doing; on the point of (doing). �In act to shoot.� Dryden. This woman was taken... in the very act. John viii. 4. Act of attainder. (Law) See Attainder. � Act of bankruptcy (Law), an act of a debtor which renders him liable to be adjudged a bankrupt. � Act of faith. (Ch. Hist.) See Auto�da�F?. � Act of God (Law), an inevitable accident; such extraordinary interruption of the usual course of events as is no to be looked for in advance, and against which ordinary prudence could not guard. - Act of grace, an expression often used to designate an act declaring pardon amnesty to numerous offenders, as at the beginning, of a new reign. - Act of indemnity, a statute passed for the protection of those who have committed some illegal act subjecting them to penalties. Abbott. - Act in pais, a thing done out of court (anciently, in the country), and not a matter of record. Syn. � See Action. Act, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Acted; p. pr. & vb. n. Acting.] [L. actus, p. p. of agere to drive, lead, do; but influenced by E. act, n.] 1. To move to action; to actuate; to animate. [Obs.] Self�love, the spring of motion, acts the soul. Pope. 2. To perform; to execute; to do. [Archaic] That we act our temporal affairs with a desire no greater than our necessity. Jer. Taylor. Industry doth beget by producing good habits, and facility of acting things expedient for us to do. Barrow. Uplifted hands that at convenient times Could act extortion and the worst of crimes. Cowper. 3. To perform, as an actor; to represent dramatically on the stage. 4. To assume the office or character of; to play; to personate; as, to act the hero. 5. To feign or counterfeit; to simulate. With acted fear the villain thus pursued. Dryden. To act a part, to sustain the part of one of the characters in a play; hence, to simulate; to dissemble. - To act the part of, to take the character of; to fulfill the duties of. Act, v. i. 1.To exert power; to produce an effect; as, the stomach acts upon food. 2. To perform actions; to fulfill functions; to put forth energy; to move, as opposed to remaining at rest; to carry into effect a determination of the will. He hangs between, in doubt to act or rest. Pope. 3. To behave or conduct, as in morals, private duties, or public offices; to bear or deport one's self; as, we know not why he has acted so. 4. To perform on the stage; to represent a character. To show the world how Garrick did not act. Cowper. To act as or for, to do the work of; to serve as. - To act on, to regulate one's conduct according to. - To act up to, to equal in action; to fulfill in practice; as, he has acted up to his engagement or his advantages.<-- to act up, to misbehave --> Act�a�ble (#), a. Capable of being acted. Tennyson. Ac�ti�nal (#), a. [Gr. ?, ?, ray.] (Zo�l.) Pertaining to the part of a radiate animal which contains the mouth. L. Agassiz. � Ac�ti�na�ri�a (#), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. ?, ?, ray.] (Zo�l.) A large division of Anthozoa, including those which have simple tentacles and do not form stony corals. Sometimes, in a wider sense, applied to all the Anthozoa, expert the Alcyonaria, whether forming corals or not. Act�ing (#), a. 1. Operating in any way. 2. Doing duty for another; officiating; as, an superintendent. � Ac�tin�i�a (#), n.; pl. L. Actini� (#), E. Actinias (#). [Latinized fr. Gr. ?, ?, ray.] (Zo�l.) (a) An animal of the class Anthozoa, and family Actinid�. From a resemblance to flowers in form and color, they are often called animal flowers and sea anemones. [See Polyp.]. (b) A genus in the family Actinid�. Ac�tin�ic (#), a. Of or pertaining to actinism; as, actinic rays. Ac�tin�i�form (#), a. [Gr. ?, ?, ray + �form.] Having a radiated form, like a sea anemone. Ac�tin�ism (#), n. [Gr. ?, ? ray.] The property of radiant energy (found chiefly in solar or electric light) by which chemical changes are produced, as in photography. Ac�tin�i�um (#), n. [Gr. ?, ?, ray.] (Chem.) A supposed metal, said by Phipson to be contained in commercial zinc; - so called because certain of its compounds are darkened by exposure to light. Ac�ti�no�chem�is�try (#), n. Chemistry in its relations to actinism. Draper. Ac�tin�o�graph (#), n. [Gr. ?, ?, ray + �graph.] An instrument for measuring and recording the variations in the actinic or chemical force of rays of light. Nichol. Ac�tin�oid (#), a. [Gr. ?, ?, ray + �oid.] Having the form of rays; radiated, as an actinia. Ac�tin�o�lite (#), n. [Gr. ?, ?, ray + �lite.] (Min.) A bright green variety of amphibole occurring usually in fibrous or columnar masses. Ac�tin�o�lit�ic (#), a. (Min.) Of the nature of, or containing, actinolite. Ac�ti�nol�o�gy (#), n. [Gr. ?, ?, ray + �logy.] The science which treats of rays of light, especially of the actinic or chemical rays. Ac�tin�o�mere (#), n. [Gr. ?, ?, ray + ? part.] (Zo�l.) One of the radial segments composing the body of one of the Coelenterata. Ac�ti�nom�e�ter (#), n. [Gr. ?, ?, ray + �meter] (a) An instrument for measuring the direct heating power of the sun's rays. (b) An instrument for measuring the actinic effect of rays of light. Ac�ti�no�met�ric (#), a. Pertaining to the measurement of the intensity of the solar rays, either (a) heating, or (b) actinic. Ac�ti�nom�e�try (#), n. 1. The measurement of the force of solar radiation. Maury. 2. The measurement of the chemical or actinic energy of light. Abney. Ac�ti�noph�o�rous (#), a. [Gr. ?, ?, ray + ? to bear.] Having straight projecting spines. Ac�tin�o�some (#), n. [Gr. ? ray + ? body.] (Zo�l.) The entire body of a coelenterate. Ac�tin�ost (#), n. [Gr. ?, ?, ray + ? bone.] (Anat.) One of the bones at the base of a paired fin of a fish. Ac�tin�o�stome (#), n. [Gr. ?, ?, a ray + ? mouth.] (Zo�l.) The mouth or anterior opening of a c lenterate animal. � Ac�ti�not�ro�cha (#), n. pl. [NL.; Gr. ?, ?, a ray + ? a ring.] (Zo�l.) A peculiar larval form of Phoronis, a genus of marine worms, having a circle of ciliated tentacles. � Ac�ti�no�zo�a (#), n. pl. [Gr. ?, ?, ray + ? animal.] (Zo�l.) A group of Coelenterata, comprising the Anthozoa Ctenophora. The sea anemone, or actinia, is a familiar example. Ac�ti�no�zo�al (#), a. (Zo�l.) Of or pertaining to the Actinozoa. � Ac�ti�no�zo��n (#), n. (Zo�l.) One of the Actinozoa. � Ac�tin�u�la (#), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ?, ?, a ray.] (Zo�l.) A kind of embryo of certain hydroids (Tubularia), having a stellate form. Ac�tion (#), n. [OF. action, L. actio, fr. agere to do. See Act.] 1. A process or condition of acting or moving, as opposed to rest; the doing of something; exertion of power or force, as when one body acts on another; the effect of power exerted on one body by another; agency; activity; operation; as, the action of heat; a man of action. One wise in council, one in action brave. Pope. 2. An act; a thing done; a deed; an enterprise. (pl.): Habitual deeds; hence, conduct; behavior; demeanor. The Lord is a Good of knowledge, and by him actions are weighed. 1 Sam. ii. 3. 3. The event or connected series of events, either real or imaginary, forming the subject of a play, poem, or other composition; the unfolding of the drama of events. 4. Movement; as, the horse has a spirited action. 5. (Mech.) Effective motion; also, mechanism; as, the breech action of a gun. 6. (Physiol.) Any one of the active processes going on in an organism; the performance of a function; as, the action of the heart, the muscles, or the gastric juice. 7. (Orat.) Gesticulation; the external deportment of the speaker, or the suiting of his attitude, voice, gestures, and countenance, to the subject, or to the feelings. 8. (Paint. & Sculp.) The attitude or position of the several parts of the body as expressive of the sentiment or passion depicted. 9. (Law) (a) A suit or process, by which a demand is made of a right in a court of justice; in a broad sense, a judicial proceeding for the enforcement or protection of a right, the redress or prevention of a wrong, or the punishment of a public offense. (b) A right of action; as, the law gives an action for every claim. 10. (Com.)A share in the capital stock of a joint-stock company, or in the public funds; hence, in the plural, equivalent to stocks. [A Gallicism] [Obs.] The Euripus of funds and actions. Burke. 11. An engagement between troops in war, whether on land or water; a battle; a fight; as, a general action, a partial action. 12. (Music) The mechanical contrivance by means of which the impulse of the player's finger is transmitted to the strings of a pianoforte or to the valve of an organ pipe. Grove. Chose in action. (Law) See Chose. - Quantity of action (Physics), the product of the mass of a body by the space it runs through, and its velocity. Syn. � Action, Act. In many cases action and act are synonymous; but some distinction is observable. Action involves the mode or process of acting, and is usually viewed as occupying some time in doing. Act has more reference to the effect, or the operation as complete. To poke the fire is an act, to reconcile friends who have quarreled is a praiseworthy action. C. J. Smith. Ac�tion�a�ble (#), a. [Cf. LL. actionabilis. See Action.] That may be the subject of an action or suit at law; as, to call a man a thief is actionable. Ac�tion�a�bly, adv. In an actionable manner. Ac�tion�a�ry (#), Ac�tion�ist (#), } n. [Cf. F. actionnaire.] (Com.) A shareholder in joint-stock company. [Obs.] Ac�tion�less, a. Void of action. Ac�ti�vate (#), v. t. To make active. [Obs.] Ac�tive (#), a. [F. actif, L. activus, fr. agere to act.] 1. Having the power or quality of acting; causing change; communicating action or motion; acting; - opposed to passive, that receives; as, certain active principles; the powers of the mind. Quick in physical movement; of an agile and vigorous body; nimble; as an active child or animal. Active and nervous was his gait. Wordsworth. 3. In action; actually proceeding; working; in force; - opposed to quiescent, dormant, or extinct; as, active laws; active hostilities; an active volcano. 4. Given to action; constantly engaged in action; energetic; diligent; busy; - opposed to dull, sluggish, indolent, or inert; as, an active man of business; active mind; active zeal. 5. Requiring or implying action or exertion; - opposed to sedentary or to tranquil; as, active employment or service; active scenes. 6. Given to action rather than contemplation; practical; operative; - opposed to speculative or theoretical; as, an active rather than a speculative statesman. 7. Brisk; lively; as, an active demand for corn. 8. Implying or producing rapid action; as, an active disease; an active remedy. 9. (Gram.) (a) Applied to a form of the verb; - opposed to passive. See Active voice, under Voice. (b) Applied to verbs which assert that the subject acts upon or affects something else; transitive. (c) Applied to all verbs that express action as distinct from mere existence or state. Active capital, Active wealth, money, or property that may readily be converted into money. Syn. - Agile; alert; brisk; vigorous; nimble; lively; quick; sprightly; prompt; energetic. Ac�tive�ly, adv. 1. In an active manner; nimbly; briskly; energetically; also, by one's own action; voluntarily, not passively. 2. (Gram.) In an active signification; as, a word used actively. Ac�tive�ness, n. The quality of being active; nimbleness; quickness of motion; activity. Ac�tiv�i�ty (#), n.; pl. Activities (#). [Cf. F. activit�, LL. activitas.] The state or quality of being active; nimbleness; agility; vigorous action or operation; energy; active force; as, an increasing variety of human activities. �The activity of toil.� Palfrey. Syn. - Liveliness; briskness; quickness. Act�less (#), a. Without action or spirit. [R.] Ac�ton (#), n. [OF. aketon, auqueton, F. hoqueton, a quilted jacket, fr. Sp. alcoton, algodon, cotton. Cf. Cotton.] A stuffed jacket worn under the mail, or (later) a jacket plated with mail. [Spelled also hacqueton.] [Obs.] Halliwell. Sir W. Scott. Ac�tor (#), n. [L. actor, fr. agere to act.] 1. One who acts, or takes part in any affair; a doer. 2. A theatrical performer; a stageplayer. After a well graced actor leaves the stage. Shak. 3. (Law) (a) An advocate or proctor in civil courts or causes. Jacobs. (b) One who institutes a suit; plaintiff or complainant. Ac�tress (#), n. [Cf. F. actrice.] 1. A female actor or doer. [Obs.] Cockeram. 2. A female stageplayer; a woman who acts a part. Ac�tu�al (#; 135), a. [OE. actuel, F. actuel, L. actualis, fr. agere to do, act.] 1. Involving or comprising action; active. [Obs.] Her walking and other actual performances. Shak. Let your holy and pious intention be actual; that is... by a special prayer or action,... given to God. Jer. Taylor. 2. Existing in act or reality; really acted or acting; in fact; real; - opposed to potential, possible, virtual, speculative, coceivable, theoretical, or nominal; as, the actual cost of goods; the actual case under discussion. 3. In action at the time being; now exiting; present; as the actual situation of the country. Actual cautery. See under Cautery. - Actual sin (Theol.), that kind of sin which is done by ourselves in contradistinction to �original sin.� Syn. - Real; genuine; positive; certain. See Real. p. 19 Ac�tu�al (#), n. (Finance) Something actually received; real, as distinct from estimated, receipts. [Cant] The accounts of revenues supplied . . . were not real receipts: not, in financial language, �actuals,� but only Egyptian budget estimates. Fortnightly Review. Ac�tu�al�ist, n. One who deals with or considers actually existing facts and conditions, rather than fancies or theories; � opposed to idealist. J. Grote. Ac�tu�al�i�ty (#), n.; pl. Actualities (#). The state of being actual; reality; as, the actuality of God's nature. South. Ac�tu�al�i�za�tion (#), n. A making actual or really existent. [R.] Emerson. Ac�tu�al�ize (#), v. t. To make actual; to realize in action. [R.] Coleridge. Ac�tu�al�ly, adv. 1. Actively. [Obs.] �Neither actually . . . nor passively.� Fuller. 2. In act or in fact; really; in truth; positively. Ac�tu�al�ness, n. Quality of being actual; actuality. Ac�tu�a�ri�al (#), a. Of or pertaining to actuaries; as, the actuarial value of an annuity. Ac�tu�a�ry (#), n.; pl. Actuaries (#). [L. actuarius copyist, clerk, fr. actus, p. p. of agere to do, act.] 1. (Law) A registar or clerk; � used originally in courts of civil law jurisdiction, but in Europe used for a clerk or registar generally. 2. The computing official of an insurance company; one whose profession it is to calculate for insurance companies the risks and premiums for life, fire, and other insurances. Ac�tu�ate (#), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Actuated (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Actuating (#).] [LL. actuatus, p. p. of actuare, fr. L. actus act.] 1. To put into action or motion; to move or incite to action; to influence actively; to move as motives do; � more commonly used of persons. Wings, which others were contriving to actuate by the perpetual motion. Johnson. Men of the greatest abilities are most fired with ambition; and, on the contrary, mean and narrow minds are the least actuated by it. Addison. 2. To carry out in practice; to perform. [Obs.] �To actuate what you command.� Jer. Taylor. Syn. � To move; impel; incite; rouse; instigate; animate. Ac�tu�ate (#), a. [LL. actuatus, p. p. of actuare.] Put in action; actuated. [Obs.] South. Ac�tu�a�tion (#), n. [Cf. LL. actuatio.] A bringing into action; movement. Bp. Pearson. Ac�tu�a�tor (#), n. One who actuates, or puts into action. [R.] Melville. Ac�tu�ose� (#), a. [L. actuosus.] Very active. [Obs.] Ac�tu�os�i�ty (#), n. Abundant activity. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. Ac�ture (#), n. Action. [Obs.] Shak. Ac�tu�ri�ence (#), n. [A desid. of L. agere, actum, to act.] Tendency or impulse to act. [R.] Acturience, or desire of action, in one form or another, whether as restlessness, ennui, dissatisfaction, or the imagination of something desirable. J. Grote. Ac�u�ate (#), v. t. [L. acus needle.] To sharpen; to make pungent; to quicken. [Obs.] �[To] acuate the blood.� Harvey. Ac�u�ate (#), a. Sharpened; sharp�pointed. Ac�u�a�tion (#), n. Act of sharpening. [R.] Ac�u�i�tion (#), n. [L. acutus, as if acuitus, p. p. of acuere to sharpen.] The act of sharpening. [Obs.] A�cu�i�ty (#), n. [LL. acuitas: cf. F. acuit�.] Sharpness or acuteness, as of a needle, wit, etc. A�cu�le�ate (#), a. [L. aculeatus, fr. aculeus, dim. of acus needle.] 1. (Zo�l.) Having a sting; covered with prickles; sharp like a prickle. 2. (Bot.) Having prickles, or sharp points; beset with prickles. 3. Severe or stinging; incisive. [R.] Bacon. A�cu�le�a�ted (#), a. Having a sharp point; armed with prickles; prickly; aculeate. A�cu�le�i�form (#), a. Like a prickle. A�cu�le�o�late (#), a. [L. aculeolus little needle.] (Bot.) Having small prickles or sharp points. Gray. A�cu�le�ous (#), a. Aculeate. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. � A�cu�le�us (#), n.; pl. Aculei (#). [L., dim. of acus needle.] 1. (Bot.) A prickle growing on the bark, as in some brambles and roses. Lindley. 2. (Zo�l.) A sting. A�cu�men (#), n. [L. acumen, fr. acuere to sharpen. Cf. Acute.] Quickness of perception or discernment; penetration of mind; the faculty of nice discrimination. Selden. Syn. � Sharpness; sagacity; keenness; shrewdness; acuteness. A�cu�mi�nate (#), a. [L. acuminatus, p. p. of acuminare to sharpen, fr. acumen. See Acumen.] Tapering to a point; pointed; as, acuminate leaves, teeth, etc. A�cu�mi�nate (#), v. t. To render sharp or keen. [R.] �To acuminate even despair.� Cowper. A�cu�mi�nate, v. i. To end in, or come to, a sharp point. �Acuminating in a cone of prelacy.� Milton. A�cu�mi�na�tion (#), n. A sharpening; termination in a sharp point; a tapering point. Bp. Pearson. A�cu�mi�nose� (#), a. Terminating in a flat, narrow end. Lindley. A�cu�mi�nous (#), a. Characterized by acumen; keen. Highmore. Ac�u�pres�sure (#), n. [L. acus needle + premere, pressum, to press.] (Surg.) A mode of arresting hemorrhage resulting from wounds or surgical operations, by passing under the divided vessel a needle, the ends of which are left exposed externally on the cutaneous surface. Simpson. Ac�u�punc�tu�ra�tion (#), n. See Acupuncture. Ac�u�punc�ture (#), n. [L. acus needle + punctura a pricking, fr. pungere to prick: cf. F. acuponcture.] Pricking with a needle; a needle prick. Specifically (Med.): The insertion of needles into the living tissues for remedial purposes. Ac�u�punc�ture (#), v. t. To treat with acupuncture. A�cus�tum�aunce (#), n. See Accustomance. [Obs.] A�cut�an�gu�lar (#), a. Acute�angled. A�cute� (#), a. [L. acutus, p. p. of acuere to sharpen, fr. a root ak to be sharp. Cf. Ague, Cute, Edge.] 1. Sharp at the end; ending in a sharp point; pointed; � opposed to blunt or obtuse; as, an acute angle; an acute leaf. 2. Having nice discernment; perceiving or using minute distinctions; penetrating; clever; shrewd; � opposed to dull or stupid; as, an acute observer; acute remarks, or reasoning. 3. Having nice or quick sensibility; susceptible to slight impressions; acting keenly on the senses; sharp; keen; intense; as, a man of acute eyesight, hearing, or feeling; acute pain or pleasure. 4. High, or shrill, in respect to some other sound; � opposed to grave or low; as, an acute tone or accent. 5. (Med.) Attended with symptoms of some degree of severity, and coming speedily to a crisis; � opposed to chronic; as, an acute disease. Acute angle (Geom.), an angle less than a right angle. Syn. � Subtile; ingenious; sharp; keen; penetrating; sagacious; sharp � witted; shrewd; discerning; discriminating. See Subtile. A�cute�, v. t. To give an acute sound to; as, he acutes his rising inflection too much. [R.] Walker. A�cute��an�gled (#), a. Having acute angles; as, an acute�angled triangle, a triangle with every one of its angles less than a right angle. A�cute�ly, adv. In an acute manner; sharply; keenly; with nice discrimination. A�cute�ness, n. 1. The quality of being acute or pointed; sharpness; as, the acuteness of an angle. 2. The faculty of nice discernment or perception; acumen; keenness; sharpness; sensitiveness; � applied to the senses, or the understanding. By acuteness of feeling, we perceive small objects or slight impressions: by acuteness of intellect, we discern nice distinctions. Perhaps, also, he felt his professional acuteness interested in bringing it to a successful close. Sir W. Scott. 3. Shrillness; high pitch; � said of sounds. 4. (Med.) Violence of a disease, which brings it speedily to a crisis. Syn. � Penetration; sagacity; keenness; ingenuity; shrewdness; subtlety; sharp�wittedness. A�cu�ti�fo�li�ate (#), a. [L. acutus sharp + folium leaf.] (Bot.) Having sharp�pointed leaves. A�cu�ti�lo�bate (#), a. [L. acutus sharp + E. lobe.] (Bot.) Having acute lobes, as some leaves. � Ad�(#). [A Latin preposition, signifying to. See At.] As a prefix ad� assumes the forms ac�, af�, ag�, al�, an�, ap�, ar�, as�, at�, assimilating the d with the first letter of the word to which ad� is prefixed. It remains unchanged before vowels, and before d, h, j, m, v. Examples: adduce, adhere, adjacent, admit, advent, accord, affect, aggregate, allude, annex, appear, etc. It becomes ac� before qu, as in acquiesce. Ad�act� (#), v. t. [L. adactus, p. p. of adigere.] To compel; to drive. [Obs.] Fotherby. A�dac�tyl (#), A�dac�tyl�ous (#),} a. [Gr. ? priv. + ? finger.] (Zo�l.) (a) Without fingers or without toes. (b) Without claws on the feet (of crustaceous animals). Ad�age (#), n. [F. adage, fr. L. adagium; ad + the root of L. aio I say.] An old saying, which has obtained credit by long use; a proverb. Letting �I dare not� wait upon �I would,� Like the poor cat i' the adage. Shak. Syn. � Axiom; maxim; aphorism; proverb; saying; saw; apothegm. See Axiom. A�da�gi�al (#), a. Pertaining to an adage; proverbial. �Adagial verse.� Barrow. � A�da�gio (#), a. & adv. [It. adagio; ad (L. ad) at + agio convenience, leisure, ease. See Agio.] (Mus.) Slow; slowly, leisurely, and gracefully. When repeated, adagio, adagio, it directs the movement to be very slow. � A�da�gio, n. A piece of music in adagio time; a slow movement; as, an adagio of Haydn. Ad�am (#), n. 1. The name given in the Bible to the first man, the progenitor of the human race. 2. (As a symbol) �Original sin;� human frailty. And whipped the offending Adam out of him. Shak. Adam's ale, water. [Colloq.] � Adam's apple. 1. (Bot.) (a) A species of banana (Musa paradisiaca). It attains a height of twenty feet or more. Paxton. (b) A species of lime (Citris limetta). 2. The projection formed by the thyroid cartilage in the neck. It is particularly prominent in males, and is so called from a notion that it was caused by the forbidden fruit (an apple) sticking in the throat of our first parent. � Adam's flannel (Bot.), the mullein (Verbascum thapsus). � Adam's needle (Bot.), the popular name of a genus (Yucca) of liliaceous plants. Ad�a�mant (#), n. [OE. adamaunt, adamant, diamond, magnet, OF. adamant, L. adamas, adamantis, the hardest metal, fr. Gr. ?, ?; ? priv. + ? to tame, subdue. In OE., from confusion with L. adamare to love, be attached to, the word meant also magnet, as in OF. and LL. See Diamond, Tame.] 1. A stone imagined by some to be of impenetrable hardness; a name given to the diamond and other substance of extreme hardness; but in modern mineralogy it has no technical signification. It is now a rhetorical or poetical name for the embodiment of impenetrable hardness. Opposed the rocky orb Of tenfold adamant, his ample shield. Milton. 2. Lodestone; magnet. [Obs.] �A great adamant of acquaintance.� Bacon. As true to thee as steel to adamant. Greene. Ad�a�man�te�an (#), a. [L. adamant?us.] Of adamant; hard as adamant. Milton. Ad�a�man�tine (#), a. [L. adamantinus, Gr. ?.] 1. Made of adamant, or having the qualities of adamant; incapable of being broken, dissolved, or penetrated; as, adamantine bonds or chains. 2. (Min.) Like the diamond in hardness or luster. Ad�am�bu�la�cral (#), a. [L. ad + E. ambulacral.] (Zo�l.) Next to the ambulacra; as, the adambulacral ossicles of the starfish. A�dam�ic (#), A�dam�ic�al (#),} a. Of or pertaining to Adam, or resembling him. Adamic earth, a name given to common red clay, from a notion that Adam means red earth. Ad�am�ite (#), n. [From Adam.] 1. A descendant of Adam; a human being. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect of visionaries, who, professing to imitate the state of Adam, discarded the use of dress in their assemblies. Ad�am's ap�ple (#). See under Adam. A�dance� (#), adv. Dancing. Lowell. A�dan�gle (#), adv. Dangling. Browning. � Ad�an�so�ni�a (#), n. [From Adanson, a French botanist.] (Bot.) A genus of great trees related to the Bombax. There are two species, A. digitata, the baobab or monkey�bread of Africa and India, and A. Gregorii, the sour gourd or cream�of�tartar tree of Australia. Both have a trunk of moderate height, but of enormous diameter, and a wide�spreading head. The fruit is oblong, and filled with pleasantly acid pulp. The wood is very soft, and the bark is used by the natives for making ropes and cloth. D. C. Eaton. A�dapt� (#), a. Fitted; suited. [Obs.] Swift. A�dapt�, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adapted; p. pr. & vb. n. Adapting.] [L. adaptare; ad + aptare to fit; cf. F. adapter. See Apt, Adept.] To make suitable; to fit, or suit; to adjust; to alter so as to fit for a new use; � sometimes followed by to or for.] For nature, always in the right, To your decays adapts my sight. Swift. Appeals adapted to his [man's] whole nature. Angus. Streets ill adapted for the residence of wealthy persons. Macaulay. A�dapt�a�bil�i�ty (#), A�dapt�a�ble�ness (#),} n. The quality of being adaptable; suitableness. �General adaptability for every purpose.� Farrar. A�dapt�a�ble (#), a. Capable of being adapted. Ad�ap�ta�tion (#), n. [Cf. F. adaptation, LL. adaptatio.] 1. The act or process of adapting, or fitting; or the state of being adapted or fitted; fitness. �Adaptation of the means to the end.� Erskine. 2. The result of adapting; an adapted form. A�dapt�a�tive (#), a. Adaptive. Stubbs. A�dapt�ed�ness (#), n. The state or quality of being adapted; suitableness; special fitness. A�dapt�er (#), n. 1. One who adapts. 2. (Chem.) A connecting tube; an adopter. <�� 2. any device connecting two parts of an apparatus (e.g. tubes of different diameters, or electric cords with different plug types); a device allowing an apparatus to be used for purposes other than originally intended ��> A�dap�tion (#), n. Adaptation. Cheyne. A�dapt�ive (#), a. Suited, given, or tending, to adaptation; characterized by adaptation; capable of adapting. Coleridge. � A�dapt�ive�ly, adv. A�dapt�ive�ness, n. The quality of being adaptive; capacity to adapt. A�dapt�ly, adv. In a suitable manner. [R.] Prior. A�dapt�ness, n. Adaptedness. [R.] Ad�ap�to�ri�al (#), a. Adaptive. [R.] � A�dar (#), n. [Heb. ad�r.] The twelfth month of the Hebrew ecclesiastical year, and the sixth of the civil. It corresponded nearly with March. � A�dar�ce (#), n. [L. adarce, adarca, Gr. ?.] A saltish concretion on reeds and grass in marshy grounds in Galatia. It is soft and porous, and was formerly used for cleansing the skin from freckles and tetters, and also in leprosy. Dana. � Ad�a�tis (#), n. A fine cotton cloth of India. A�daunt� (#), v. t. [OE. adaunten to overpower, OF. adonter; � (L. ad) + donter, F. dompter. See Daunt.] To daunt; to subdue; to mitigate. [Obs.] Skelton. A�daw� (#), v. t. [Cf. OE. adawe of dawe, AS. of dagum from days, i. e., from life, out of life.] To subdue; to daunt. [Obs.] The sight whereof did greatly him adaw. Spenser. A�daw�, v. t. & i. [OE. adawen to wake; pref. a� (cf. Goth. us�, Ger. er�) + dawen, dagon, to dawn. See Daw.] To awaken; to arouse. [Obs.] A man that waketh of his sleep He may not suddenly well taken keep Upon a thing, he seen it parfitly Till that he be adawed verify. Chaucer. A�days� (#), adv. [Pref. a� (for on) + day; the final s was orig. a genitive ending, afterwards forming adverbs.] By day, or every day; in the daytime. [Obs., except in the compound nowadays.] Fielding. � Ad cap�tan�dum (#). [L., for catching.] A phrase used adjectively sometimes of meretricious attempts to catch or win popular favor. Add (#), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Added; p. pr. & vb. n. Adding.] [L. addere; ad + dare to give, put. Cf. Date, Do.] 1. To give by way of increased possession (to any one); to bestow (on). The Lord shall add to me another son. Gen. xxx. 24. p. 20 2. To join or unite, as one thing to another, or as several particulars, so as to increase the number, augment the quantity, enlarge the magnitude, or so as to form into one aggregate. Hence: To sum up; to put together mentally; as, to add numbers; to add up a column. Back to thy punishment, False fugitive, and to thy speed add wings. Milton. As easily as he can add together the ideas of two days or two years. Locke. 3. To append, as a statement; to say further. He added that he would willingly consent to the entire abolition of the tax. Macaulay. Syn. � To Add, Join, Annex, Unite, Coalesce. We add by bringing things together so as to form a whole. We join by putting one thing to another in close or continuos connection. We annex by attaching some adjunct to a larger body. We unite by bringing things together so that their parts adhere or intermingle. Things coalesce by coming together or mingling so as to form one organization. To add quantities; to join houses; to annex territory; to unite kingdoms; to make parties coalesce. Add (#), v. i. 1. To make an addition. To add to, to augment; to increase; as, it adds to our anxiety. �I will add to your yoke.� 1 Kings xii. 14. 2. To perform the arithmetical operation of addition; as, he adds rapidly. Add�a�ble (#), a. [Add, v. + �able.] Addible. Ad�dax (#), n. [Native name.](Zo�l.) One of the largest African antelopes (Hippotragus, or Oryx, nasomaculatus). � It is now believed to be the Strepsiceros (twisted horn) of the ancients. By some it is thought to be the pygarg of the Bible. Ad�deem� (#), v. t. [Pref. a� + deem.] To award; to adjudge. [Obs.] �Unto him they did addeem the prise.� Spenser. � Ad�den�dum (#), n.; pl. Addenda (#). [L., fr. addere to add.] A thing to be added; an appendix or addition. Addendum circle (Mech.), the circle which may be described around a circular spur wheel or gear wheel, touching the crests or tips of the teeth. Rankine. Add�er (#), n. [See Add.] One who, or that which, adds; esp., a machine for adding numbers. Ad�der, n. [OE. addere, naddere, eddre, AS. n�dre, adder, snake; akin to OS. nadra, OHG. natra, natara, Ger. natter, Goth. nadrs, Icel. na?r, masc., na?ra, fem.: cf. W. neidr, Gorn. naddyr, Ir. nathair, L. natrix, water snake. An adder is for a nadder.] 1. A serpent. [Obs.] �The eddre seide to the woman.� Wyclif. (Gen. iii. 4.) 2. (Zo�l.) (a) A small venomous serpent of the genus Vipera. The common European adder is the Vipera (or Pelias) berus. The puff adders of Africa are species of Clotho. (b) In America, the term is commonly applied to several harmless snakes, as the milk adder, puffing adder, etc. (c) Same as Sea Adder. � In the sculptures the appellation is given to several venomous serpents, � sometimes to the horned viper (Cerastles). Ad�der fly/ (#). A dragon fly. Ad�der's�tongue� (#), n. (Bot.) (a) A genus of ferns (Ophioglossum), whose seeds are produced on a spike resembling a serpent's tongue. (b) The yellow dogtooth violet. Gray. Ad�der�wort� (#), n. (Bot.) The common bistort or snakeweed (Polygonum bistorta). Add�i�bil�i�ty (#), n. The quantity of being addible; capability of addition. Locke. Add�i�ble (#), a. Capable of being added. �Addible numbers.� Locke. Ad�dice (#), n. See Adze. [Obs.] Moxon. Ad�dict� (#), p. p. Addicted; devoted. [Obs.] Ad�dict�, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Addicted; p. pr. & vb. n. Addicting.] [L. addictus, p. p. of addicere to adjudge, devote; ad + dicere to say. See Diction.] 1. To apply habitually; to devote; to habituate; � with to. �They addict themselves to the civil law.� Evelyn. He is addicted to his study. Beau. & Fl. That part of mankind that addict their minds to speculations. Adventurer. His genius addicted him to the study of antiquity. Fuller. A man gross . . . and addicted to low company. Macaulay. 2. To adapt; to make suitable; to fit. [Obs.] The land about is exceedingly addicted to wood, but the coldness of the place hinders the growth. Evelyn. Syn. � Addict, Devote, Consecrate, Dedicate. Addict was formerly used in a good sense; as, addicted to letters; but is now mostly employed in a bad sense or an indifferent one; as, addicted to vice; addicted to sensual indulgence. �Addicted to staying at home.� J. S. Mill. Devote is always taken in a good sense, expressing habitual earnestness in the pursuit of some favorite object; as, devoted to science. Consecrate and dedicate express devotion of a higher kind, involving religious sentiment; as, consecrated to the service of the church; dedicated to God. Ad�dict�ed�ness, n. The quality or state of being addicted; attachment. Ad�dic�tion (#), n. [Cf. L. addictio an adjudging.] The state of being addicted; devotion; inclination. �His addiction was to courses vain.� Shak. Ad�di�son's dis�ease� (#). [Named from Thomas Addison, M. D., of London, who first described it.] (Med.) A morbid condition causing a peculiar brownish discoloration of the skin, and thought, at one time, to be due to disease of the suprarenal capsules (two flat triangular bodies covering the upper part of the kidneys), but now known not to be dependent upon this causes exclusively. It is usually fatal. Ad�dit�a�ment (#), n. [L. additamentum, fr. additus, p. p. of addere to add.] An addition, or a thing added. Fuller. My persuasion that the latter verses of the chapter were an additament of a later age. Coleridge. Ad�di�tion (#), n. [F. addition, L. additio, fr. addere to add.] 1. The act of adding two or more things together; � opposed to subtraction or diminution. �This endless addition or addibility of numbers.� Locke. 2. Anything added; increase; augmentation; as, a piazza is an addition to a building. 3. (Math.) That part of arithmetic which treats of adding numbers. 4. (Mus.) A dot at the right side of a note as an indication that its sound is to be lengthened one half. [R.] 5. (Law) A title annexed to a man's name, to identify him more precisely; as, John Doe, Esq.; Richard Roe, Gent.; Robert Dale, Mason; Thomas Way, of New York; a mark of distinction; a title. 6. (Her.) Something added to a coat of arms, as a mark of honor; � opposed to abatement. Vector addition (Geom.), that kind of addition of two lines, or vectors, AB and BC, by which their sum is regarded as the line, or vector, AC. Syn. � Increase; accession; augmentation; appendage; adjunct. Ad�di�tion�al (#), a. Added; supplemental; in the way of an addition. Ad�di�tion�al, n. Something added. [R.] Bacon. Ad�di�tion�al�ly, adv. By way of addition. Ad�di�tion�a�ry (#), a. Additional. [R.] Herbert. Ad�di�ti�tious (#), a. [L. addititius, fr. addere.] Additive. [R.] Sir J. Herschel. Ad�di�tive (#), a. [L. additivus.] (Math.) Proper to be added; positive; � opposed to subtractive. Ad�di�to�ry (#), a. Tending to add; making some addition. [R.] Arbuthnot. Ad�dle (#), n. [OE. adel, AS. adela, mud.] 1. Liquid filth; mire. [Obs.] 2. Lees; dregs. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. Ad�dle, a. Having lost the power of development, and become rotten, as eggs; putrid. Hence: Unfruitful or confused, as brains; muddled. Dryden. Ad�dle, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Addled (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Addling (#).] To make addle; to grow addle; to muddle; as, he addled his brain. �Their eggs were addled.� Cowper. Ad�dle, v. t. & i. [OE. adlen, adilen, to gain, acquire; prob. fr. Icel. �?lask to acquire property, akin to o?al property. Cf. Allodial.] 1. To earn by labor. [Prov. Eng.] Forby. 2. To thrive or grow; to ripen. [Prov. Eng.] Kill ivy, else tree will addle no more. Tusser. Ad�dle�brain� (#), Ad�dle�head� (#), Ad�dle�pate (#),} n. A foolish or dull�witted fellow. [Colloq.] Ad�dle�brained� (#), Ad�dle�head�ed (#), Ad�dle�pa�ted (#),} a. Dull�witted; stupid. �The addle�brained Oberstein.� Motley. Dull and addle�pated. Dryden. Ad�dle�pa�ted�ness (#), n. Stupidity. Ad�dlings (#), n. pl. [See Addle, to earn.] Earnings. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. Ad�doom� (#), v. t. [Pref. a� + doom.] To adjudge. [Obs.] Spenser. Ad�dorsed� (#), a. [L. ad + dorsum, back: cf. F. adoss�.] (Her.) Set or turned back to back. Ad�dress� (#), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Addressed (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Addressing.] [OE. adressen to raise erect, adorn, OF. adrecier, to straighten, address, F. adresser, fr. � (L. ad) + OF. drecier, F. dresser, to straighten, arrange. See Dress, v.] 1. To aim; to direct. [Obs.] Chaucer. And this good knight his way with me addrest. Spenser. 2. To prepare or make ready. [Obs.] His foe was soon addressed. Spenser. Turnus addressed his men to single fight. Dryden. The five foolish virgins addressed themselves at the noise of the bridegroom's coming. Jer. Taylor. 3. Reflexively: To prepare one's self; to apply one's skill or energies (to some object); to betake. These men addressed themselves to the task. Macaulay. 4. To clothe or array; to dress. [Archaic] Tecla . . . addressed herself in man's apparel. Jewel. 5. To direct, as words (to any one or any thing); to make, as a speech, petition, etc. (to any one, an audience). The young hero had addressed his players to him for his assistance. Dryden. 6. To direct speech to; to make a communication to, whether spoken or written; to apply to by words, as by a speech, petition, etc., to speak to; to accost. Are not your orders to address the senate? Addison. The representatives of the nation addressed the king. Swift. 7. To direct in writing, as a letter; to superscribe, or to direct and transmit; as, he addressed a letter. 8. To make suit to as a lover; to court; to woo. 9. (Com.) To consign or intrust to the care of another, as agent or factor; as, the ship was addressed to a merchant in Baltimore. To address one's self to. (a) To prepare one's self for; to apply one's self to. (b) To direct one's speech or discourse to. Ad�dress� (#), v. i. 1. To prepare one's self. [Obs.] �Let us address to tend on Hector's heels.� Shak. 2. To direct speech. [Obs.] Young Turnus to the beauteous maid addrest. Dryden. � The intransitive uses come from the dropping out of the reflexive pronoun. Ad�dress, n. [Cf. F. adresse. See Address, v. t.] 1. Act of preparing one's self. [Obs.] Jer Taylor. 2. Act of addressing one's self to a person; verbal application. 3. A formal communication, either written or spoken; a discourse; a speech; a formal application to any one; a petition; a formal statement on some subject or special occasion; as, an address of thanks, an address to the voters. 4. Direction or superscription of a letter, or the name, title, and place of residence of the person addressed. 5. Manner of speaking to another; delivery; as, a man of pleasing or insinuating address. 6. Attention in the way one's addresses to a lady. Addison. 7. Skill; skillful management; dexterity; adroitness. Syn. � Speech; discourse; harangue; oration; petition; lecture; readiness; ingenuity; tact; adroitness. Ad�dress�ee� (#), n. One to whom anything is addressed. Ad�dres�sion (#), n. The act of addressing or directing one's course. [Rare & Obs.] Chapman. Ad�duce� (#), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adduced (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Adducing (#).] [L. adducere, adductum, to lead or bring to; ad + ducere to lead. See Duke, and cf. Adduct.] To bring forward or offer, as an argument, passage, or consideration which bears on a statement or case; to cite; to allege. Reasons . . . were adduced on both sides. Macaulay. Enough could not be adduced to satisfy the purpose of illustration. De Quincey. Syn. � To present; allege; advance; cite; quote; assign; urge; name; mention. Ad�du�cent (#), a. [L. addunces, p. pr. of adducere.] (Physiol.) Bringing together or towards a given point; � a word applied to those muscles of the body which pull one part towards another. Opposed to abducent. Ad�du�cer (#), n. One who adduces. Ad�du�ci�ble (#), a. Capable of being adduced. Proofs innumerable, and in every imaginable manner diversified, are adducible. I. Taylor. Ad�duct� (#), v. t. [L. adductus, p. p. of adducere. See Adduce.] (Physiol.) To draw towards a common center or a middle line. Huxley. Ad�duc�tion (#), n. [Cf. F. adduction. See Adduce.] 1. The act of adducing or bringing forward. An adduction of facts gathered from various quarters. I. Taylor. 2. (Physiol.) The action by which the parts of the body are drawn towards its axis; � opposed to abduction. Dunglison. Ad�duc�tive (#), a. Adducing, or bringing towards or to something. Ad�duc�tor (#), n. [L., fr. adducere.] (Anat.) A muscle which draws a limb or part of the body toward the middle line of the body, or closes extended parts of the body; � opposed to abductor; as, the adductor of the eye, which turns the eye toward the nose. In the bivalve shells, the muscles which close the values of the shell are called adductor muscles. Verrill. Ad�dulce� (#), v. t. [Like F. adoucir; fr. L. ad. + dulcis sweet.] To sweeten; to soothe. [Obs.] Bacon. A�deem� (#), v. t. [L. adimere. See Ademption.] (Law) To revoke, as a legacy, grant, etc., or to satisfy it by some other gift. � A�de�lan�ta�dil�lo (#), n. [Sp.] A Spanish red wine made of the first ripe grapes. � A�de�lan�ta�do (#), n. [Sp., prop. p. of adelantar to advance, to promote.] A governor of a province; a commander. Prescott. � Ad�e�las�ter (#), n. [Gr. ? not manifest + ? a star.] (Bot.) A provisional name for a plant which has not had its flowers botanically examined, and therefore has not been referred to its proper genus. Ad�el�ing (#), n. Same as Atheling. A�del�o�co�don�ic (#), a. [Gr. ? invisible + ? a bell.] (Zo�l.) Applied to sexual zooids of hydroids, that have a saclike form and do not become free; � opposed to phanerocodonic. A�del�o�pod (#), n. [Gr. ? invisible + ?, ?, foot.] (Zo�l.) An animal having feet that are not apparent. � A�del�phi�a (#), n. [Gr. ? brother.] (Bot.) A �brotherhood,� or collection of stamens in a bundle; � used in composition, as in the class names, Monadelphia, Diadelphia, etc. A�del�phous (#), a. [Gr. ? brother.] (Bot.) Having coalescent or clustered filaments; � said of stamens; as, adelphous stamens. Usually in composition; as, monadelphous. Gray. A�dempt� (#), p. p. [L. ademptus, p. p. of adimere to take away.] Takes away. [Obs.] Without any sinister suspicion of anything being added or adempt. Latimn. <-- p. 21 --> A�demp�tion (?), n. [L. ademptio, fr. adimere, ademptum, to take away; ad + emere to buy, orig. to take.] (Law) The revocation or taking away of a grant donation, legacy, or the like. Bouvier. Aden� or Adeno�. [Gr. ?, ?, gland.] Combining forms of the Greek word for gland; - used in words relating to the structure, diseases, etc., of the glands. � Ad�e�nal�gi�a (?), Ad�e�nal�gy (?), } n. [Gr. ? + ? pain.] (Med.) Pain in a gland. A�den�i�form (?), a. [Aden� + �form.] Shaped like a gland; adenoid. Dunglison. � Ad�e�ni�tis (?), n. [Aden� + �itis.] (Med.) Glandular inflammation. Dunglison. Ad�e�no�graph�ic (?), a. Pertaining to adenography. Ad�e�nog�ra�phy (?), n. [Adeno� + �graphy.] That part of anatomy which describes the glands. Ad�e�noid (?), Ad�e�noid�al (?) } a. Glandlike; glandular. Ad�e�no�log�ic�al (?), a. Pertaining to adenology. Ad�e�nol�o�gy (?), n. [Adeno� + �logy.] The part of physiology that treats of the glands. Ad�e�noph�o�rous (?), a. [Adeno� + Gr. ? bearing.] (Bot.) Producing glands. Ad�e�noph�yl�lous (?), a. [Adeno� + Gr. ? leaf.] (Bot.) Having glands on the leaves. Ad�e�nose� (?; 277), a. Like a gland; full of glands; glandulous; adenous. Ad�e�no�tom�ic (?), a. Pertaining to adenotomy. Ad�e�not�o�my (?), n. [Adeno� + Gr. ? a cutting, ? to cut.] (Anat.) Dissection of, or incision into, a gland or glands. Ad�e�nous (?), a. Same as Adenose. � Ad�eps (?), n. [L.] Animal fat; lard. A�dept� (?), n. [L. adeptus obtained (sc. artem), ?he who has obtained an art, p. p. of adipsci to arrive ?at, to obtain; ad + apisci to pursue. See Apt, and cf. Adapt.] One fully skilled or well versed in anything; a proficient; as, adepts in philosophy. A�dept�, a. Well skilled; completely versed; thoroughly proficient. Beaus adept in everything profound. Cowper. A�dep�tion (?), n. [L. adeptio. See Adept, a.] An obtaining; attainment. [Obs.] In the wit and policy of the capitain consisteth the chief adeption of the victory. Grafton. A�dept�ist, n. A skilled alchemist. [Obs.] A�dept�ness, n. The quality of being adept; skill. Ad�e�qua�cy (?), n. [See Adequate.] The state or quality of being adequate, proportionate, or sufficient; a sufficiency for a particular purpose; as, the adequacy of supply to the expenditure. Ad�e�quate (?), a. [L. adaequatus, p. p. of adaequare to make equal to; ad + aequare to make equal, aequus equal. See Equal.] Equal to some requirement; proportionate, or correspondent; fully sufficient; as, powers adequate to a great work; an adequate definition. Ireland had no adequate champion. De Quincey. Syn. � Proportionate; commensurate; sufficient; suitable; competent; capable. Ad�e�quate (?), v. t. [See Adequate, a.] 1. To equalize; to make adequate. [R.] Fotherby. 2. To equal. [Obs.] It [is] an impossibility for any creature to adequate God in his eternity. Shelford. Ad�e�quate�ly (?), adv. In an adequate manner. Ad�e�quate�ness, n. The quality of being adequate; suitableness; sufficiency; adequacy. Ad�e�qua�tion (?), n. [L. adaequatio.] The act of equalizing; act or result of making adequate; an equivalent. [Obs.] Bp. Barlow. A�des�my (?), n. [Gr. ? unfettered; ? priv. + ? a fetter.] (Bot.) The division or defective coherence of an organ that is usually entire. Ad�es�se�na�ri�an (?), n. [Formed fr. L. adesse to be present; ad + esse to be.] (Eccl. Hist.) One who held the real presence of Christ's body in the eucharist, but not by transubstantiation. Ad�fect�ed (?), a. [L. adfectus or affectus. See Affect, v.] (Alg.) See Affected, 5. Ad�fil�i�a�ted (?), a. See Affiliated. [Obs.] Ad�fil�i�a�tion (?), n. See Affiliation. [Obs.] Ad�flux�ion (?), n. See Affluxion. Ad�ha�mant (?), a. [From L. adhamare to catch; ad + hamus hook.] Clinging, as by hooks. Ad�here� (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Adhered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Adhering (?).] [L. adhaerere, adhaesum; ad + haerere to stick: cf. F. adh�rer. See Aghast.] 1. To stick fast or cleave, as a glutinous substance does; to become joined or united; as, wax to the finger; the lungs sometimes adhere to the pleura. 2. To hold, be attached, or devoted; to remain fixed, either by personal union or conformity of faith, principle, or opinion; as, men adhere to a party, a cause, a leader, a church. 3. To be consistent or coherent; to be in accordance; to agree. �Nor time nor place did then adhere.� Every thing adheres together.� Shak. Syn. � To attach; stick; cleave; cling; hold Ad�her�ence (?), n. [Cf. F. adh�rence, LL. adhaerentia.] 1. The quality or state of adhering. 2. The state of being fixed in attachment; fidelity; steady attachment; adhesion; as, adherence to a party or to opinions. Syn. � Adherence, Adhesion. These words, which were once freely interchanged, are now almost entirely separated. Adherence is no longer used to denote physical union, but is applied, to mental states or habits; as, a strict adherence to one's duty; close adherence to the argument, etc. Adhesion is now confined chiefly to the physical sense, except in the phrase �To give in one's adhesion to a cause or a party.� Ad�her�en�cy (?), n. 1. The state or quality of being adherent; adherence. [R.] 2. That which adheres. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. Ad�her�ent (?), a. [L. adhaerens, �entis, p. pr.: cf. F. adh�rent.] 1. Sticking; clinging; adhering. Pope. 2. Attached as an attribute or circumstance. 3. (Bot.) Congenitally united with an organ of another kind, as calyx with ovary, or stamens with petals. Ad�her�ent, n. 1. One who adheres; one who adheres; one who follows a leader, party, or profession; a follower, or partisan; a believer in a particular faith or church. 2. That which adheres; an appendage. [R.] Milton. Syn. � Follower; partisan; upholder; disciple; supporter; dependent; ally; backer. Ad�her�ent�ly, adv. In an adherent manner. Ad�her�er (?), n. One who adheres; an adherent. Ad�he�sion (?), n. [L. adhaesio, fr. adhaerere: cf. F. adh�sion.] 1. The action of sticking; the state of being attached; intimate union; as the adhesion of glue, or of parts united by growth, cement, or the like. 2. Adherence; steady or firm attachment; fidelity; as, to error, to a policy. His adhesion to the Tories was bounded by his approbation of their foreign policy. De Quincey. 3. Agreement to adhere; concurrence; assent. To that treaty Spain and England gave in their adhesion. Macaulay. 4. (Physics) The molecular attraction exerted between bodies in contact. See Cohesion. 5. (Med.) Union of surface, normally separate, by the formation of new tissue resulting from an inflammatory process. 6. (Bot.) The union of parts which are separate in other plants, or in younger states of the same plant. Syn. � Adherence; union. See Adherence. Ad�he�sive (?), a. [Cf. F. adh�sif.] 1. Sticky; tenacious, as glutinous substances. 2. Apt or tending to adhere; clinging. Thomson. Adhesive attraction. (Physics) See Attraction. � Adhesive inflammation (Surg.), that kind of inflammation which terminates in the reunion of divided parts without suppuration. - Adhesive plaster, a sticking; a plaster containing resin, wax, litharge, and olive oil. Ad�he�sive�ly, adv. In an adhesive manner. Ad�he�sive�ness, n. 1. The quality of sticking or adhering; stickiness; tenacity of union. 2. (Phren.) Propensity to form and maintain attachments to persons, and to promote social intercourse. Ad�hib�it (?), v. t. [L. adhibitus, p. p. of adhibere to hold to; ad + habere to have.] 1. To admit, as a person or thing; to take in. Muirhead. 2. To use or apply; to administer. Camden. 3. To attach; to affix. Alison. Ad�hi�bi�tion (?), n. [L. adhibitio.] The act of adhibiting; application; use. Whitaker. � Ad hom�i�nem (?). [L., to the man.] A phrase applied to an appeal or argument addressed to the principles, interests, or passions of a man. Ad�hort� (?), v. t. [L. adhortari. See Adhortation.] To exhort; to advise. [Obs.] Feltham. Ad�hor�ta�tion (?), n. [L. adhortatio, fr. adhortari to advise; ad + hortari to exhort.] Advice; exhortation. [Obs.] Peacham. Ad�hor�ta�to�ry (?), a. Containing counsel or warning; hortatory; advisory. [Obs.] Potter. Ad�i�a�bat�ic (?), a. [Gr. ? not passable; ? priv. + ? through + ? to go.] (Physics) Not giving out or receiving heat. - Ad�i�a�bat�ic�al�ly, adv. � line or curve, a curve exhibiting the variations of pressure and volume of a fluid when it expands without either receiving or giving out heat. Rankine. Ad�i�ac�tin�ic (?), a. [Pref. a� not + diactinic.] (Chem.) Not transmitting the actinic rays. � Ad�i�an�tum (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. ?, maidenhair; ? priv. + ? to wet.] (Bot.) A genus of ferns, the leaves of which shed water; maidenhair. Also, the black maidenhair, a species of spleenwort. Ad�i�aph�o�rism (?), n. Religious indifference. Ad�i�aph�o�rist (?), n. [See Adiaphorous.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of the German Protestants who, with Melanchthon, held some opinions and ceremonies to be indifferent or nonessential, which Luther condemned as sinful or heretical. Murdock. Ad�i�aph�o�ris�tic (?), a. Pertaining to matters indifferent in faith and practice. Shipley. Ad�i�aph�o�rite (?), n. Same as Adiaphorist. Ad�i�aph�o�rous (?), a. [Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? different; ? through + ? to bear.] 1. Indifferent or neutral. Jer. Taylor. 2. (Med.) Incapable of doing either harm or good, as some medicines. Dunglison. Ad�i�aph�o�ry, n. [Gr. ?.] Indifference. [Obs.] Ad�i�a�ther�mic (?), a. [Gr. ? priv. + ? through + ?heat.] Not pervious to heat. A�dieu� (?), interj. & adv. [OE. also adew, adewe, adue, F. ? dieu, fr. L. ad to + deus God.] Good-by; farewell; an expression of kind wishes at parting. A�dieu�, n.; pl. Adieus (?). A farewell; commendation to the care of God at parting. Shak. A�dight� (?), v. t. [p. p. Adight.] [Pref. a� (intensive) + OE. dihten. See Dight.] To set in order; to array; to attire; to deck, to dress. [Obs.] � Ad in�fi�ni�tum (?).[L., to infinity.] Without limit; endlessly. � Ad in�ter�im (?)[L.] Meanwhile; temporary. Ad�e�pes�cent (?), a. [L. adeps, adipis, fat + �escent.] Becoming fatty. A�dip�ic (?), a. [L. adeps, adipis, fat.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, fatty or oily substances; - applied to certain acids obtained from fats by the action of nitric acid. <�� 2. adipic acid. a dicarboxylic acid containing six carbon atoms in a linear chain ��> Ad�i�poc�er�ate (?), v. t. To convert adipocere. Ad�i�poc�er�a�tion (?), n. The act or process of changing into adipocere. Ad�i�po�cere� (?), n. [L. adeps, adipis, fat + cera wax: cf. F. adipocere.] A soft, unctuous, or waxy substance, of a light brown color, into which the fat and muscle tissue of dead bodies sometimes are converted, by long immersion in water or by burial in moist places. It is a result of fatty degeneration. Ad�i�po�cer�i�form (?), a. [Adipocere + �form.] Having the form or appearance of adipocere; as, an adipoceriform tumor. Ad�i�poc�er�ous (?), a. Like adipocere. Ad�i�pose� (?; 277), a. [L. adeps, adipis, fat, grease.] Of or pertaining to animal fat; fatty. Adipose fin (Zo�l.), a soft boneless fin. � Adipose tissue (Anat.), that form of animal tissue which forms or contains fat. Ad�i�pose�ness (?), Ad�i�pos�i�ty (?), } n. The state of being fat; fatness. Ad�i�pous (?), a. Fatty; adipose. [R.] A�dip�sous (?), a. [Gr. ?; ? priv. + ?, thirst.] Quenching thirst, as certain fruits. Ad�ip�sy (?), n. [Gr. ? not thirsty; ? priv. + ? thirst.] (Med.) Absence of thirst. Ad�it (?), n. [L. aditus, fr. adire, ?aitum, to go to; ad + ire to go.] 1. An entrance or passage. Specifically: The nearly horizontal opening by which a mine is entered, or by which water and ores are carried away; - called also drift and tunnel. 2. Admission; approach; access. [R.] Yourself and yours shall have Free adit. Tennyson. Ad�ja�cence (?), Ad�ja�cen�cy (?), } [Cf. LL. adjacentia.] 1. The state of being adjacent or contiguous; contiguity; as, the adjacency of lands or buildings. 2. That which is adjacent.[R.] Sir T. Browne. Ad�ja�cent (?), a. [L. adjacens, �centis, p. pr. of adjacere to lie near; ad + jac?re to lie: cf. F. adjacent.] Lying near, close, or contiguous; neighboring; bordering on; as, a field adjacent to the highway. �The adjacent forest.� B. Jonson. Adjacent or contiguous angle. (Geom.) See Angle. Syn. - Adjoining; contiguous; near. - Adjacent, Adjoining, Contiguous. Things are adjacent when they lie close each other, not necessary in actual contact; as, adjacent fields, adjacent villages, etc. I find that all Europe with her adjacent isles is peopled with Christians. Howell. Things are adjoining when they meet at some line or point of junction; as, adjoining farms, an adjoining highway. What is spoken of as contiguous should touch with some extent of one side or the whole of it; as, a row of contiguous buildings; a wood contiguous to a plain. Ad�ja�cent, n. That which is adjacent. [R.] Locke. Ad�ja�cent�ly, adv. So as to be adjacent. Ad�ject� (?), v. t. [L. adjectus, p. p. of adjicere to throw to, to add to; ad + ac?re to throw. See Jet a shooting forth.] To add or annex; to join. Leland. Ad�jec�tion (?), n. [L. adjectio, fr. adjicere: cf. F. adjection. See Adject.] The act or mode of adding; also, the thing added. [R.] B. Jonson. Ad�jec�tion�al (?), a. Pertaining to adjection; that is, or may be, annexed. [R.] Earle. Ad�jec�ti�tious (?), [L. adjectitius.] Added; additional. Parkhurst. Ad�jec�ti�val (?), a. Of or relating to the relating to the adjective; of the nature of an adjective; adjective. W. Taylor (1797) Ad�jec�ti�val�ly, adv. As, or in the manner of, an adjective; adjectively. Ad�jec�tive (?), a. [See Adjective, n.] 1. Added to a substantive as an attribute; of the nature of an adjunct; as, an word sentence. 2. Not standing by itself; dependent. Adjective color, a color which requires to be fixed by some mordant or base to give it permanency. 3. Relating to procedure. �The whole English law, substantive and adjective.� Macaulay. Ad�jec�tive, n. [L. adjectivum (sc. nomen), neut. of adjectivus that is added, fr. adjicere: cf. F. adjectif. See Adject.] 1. (Gram.) A word used with a noun, or substantive, to express a quality of the thing named, or something attributed to it, or to limit or define it, or to specify or describe a thing, as distinct from something else. Thus, in phrase, �a wise ruler,� wise is the adjective, expressing a property of ruler. 2. A dependent; an accessory. Fuller. Ad�jec�tive, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adjectived (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Adjectiving (?).] To make an adjective of; to form or change into an adjective. [R.] Language has as much occasion to adjective the distinct signification of the verb, and to adjective also the mood, as it has to adjective time. It has... adjectived all three. Tooke. Ad�jec�tive�ly, adv. In the manner of an adjective; as, a word used adjectively. Ad�join� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adjoined (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Adjoining.] [OE. ajoinen, OF. ajoindre, F. adjoindre, fr. L. adjungere; ad + jungere to join. See Join, and cf. Adjunct.] To join or unite to; to lie contiguous to; to be in contact with; to attach; to append. Corrections... should be, as remarks, adjoined by way of note. Watts. Ad�join� (?), v. i. 1. To lie or be next, or in contact; to be contiguous; as, the houses adjoin. When one man's land adjoins to another's. Blackstone. � The construction with to, on, or with is obsolete or obsolescent. 2. To join one's self. [Obs.] She lightly unto him adjoined side to side. Spenser. Ad�join�ant (?), a. Contiguous. [Obs.] Carew. Ad�join�ing, a. Joining to; contiguous; adjacent; as, an adjoining room. �The adjoining fane.� Dryden. Upon the hills adjoining to the city. Shak. Syn. � Adjacent; contiguous; near; neighboring; abutting; bordering. See Adjacent. Ad�joint (?), n. An adjunct; a helper. [Obs.] Ad�journ (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adjourned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Adjourning (?).] [OE. ajornen, OF. ajoiner, ajurner, F. ajourner; OF. a (L. ad) + jor, jur, jorn, F. jour, day, fr. L. diurnus belonging to the day, fr. dies day. Cf. Journal, Journey.] To put off or defer to another day, or indefinitely; to postpone; to close or suspend for the day; - commonly said of the meeting, or the action, of convened body; as, to adjourn the meeting; to adjourn a debate. It is a common practice to adjourn the reformation of their lives to a further time. Barrow. 'Tis a needful fitness That we adjourn this court till further day. Shak. Syn. - To delay; defer; postpone; put off; suspend. - To Adjourn, Prorogue, Dissolve. These words are used in respect to public bodies when they lay aside business and separate. Adjourn, both in Great Britain and this country, is applied to all cases in which such bodies separate for a brief period, with a view to meet again. Prorogue is applied in Great Britain to that act of the executive government, as the sovereign, which brings a session of Parliament to a close. The word is not used in this country, but a legislative body is said, in such a case, to adjourn sine die. To dissolve is to annul the corporate existence of a body. In order to exist again the body must be reconstituted. Ad�journ�, v. i.To suspend business for a time, as from one day to another, or for a longer period, or indefinitely; usually, to suspend public business, as of legislatures and courts, or other convened bodies; as, congress adjourned at four o'clock; the court adjourned without day. Ad�journ�al (?), n. Adjournment; postponement. [R.] �An adjournal of the Diet.� Sir W. Scott. Ad�journ�ment (?), n. [Cf. f. adjournement, OF. ajornement. See Adjourn.] 1. The act of adjourning; the putting off till another day or time specified, or without day. 2.The time or interval during which a public body adjourns its sittings or postpones business. Ad�judge� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adjudged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Adjudging (?).] [OE. ajugen, OF. ajugier, fr. L. adjudicare; ad + judicare to judge. See Judge, and cf. Adjudicate.] 1. To award judicially in the case of a controverted question; as, the prize was adjudged to the victor. 2. To determine in the exercise of judicial power; to decide or award judicially; to adjudicate; as, the case was adjudged in the November term. 3. To sentence; to condemn. Without reprieve, adjudged to death For want of well pronouncing Shibboleth. Milton. 4. To regard or hold; to judge; to deem. He adjudged him unworthy of his friendship. Knolles. Syn. - To decree; award; determine; adjudicate; ordain; assign. Ad�judg�er (?), n. One who adjudges. Ad�judg�ment (?), n. The act of adjudging; judicial decision; adjudication. Sir W. Temple. Ad�ju�di�cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adjudicated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Adjudicating (?)] [L. adjudicatus, p. p. of adjudicare. See Adjudge.] To adjudge; to try and determine, as a court; to settle by judicial decree. Ad�ju�di�cate, v. i. To come to a judicial decision; as, the court adjudicated upon the case. Ad�ju�di�ca�tion (?), n. [L. adjudicatio: cf. F. adjudication.] 1. The act of adjudicating; the act or process of trying and determining judicially. 2. A deliberate determination by the judicial power; a judicial decision or sentence. �An adjudication in favor of natural rights.� Burke. 3. (Bankruptcy practice) The decision upon the question whether the debtor is a bankrupt. Abbott. 4. (Scots Law) A process by which land is attached security or in satisfaction of a debt. Ad�ju�di�ca�tive (?), a. Adjudicating. Ad�ju�di�ca�tor (?), n. One who adjudicates. Ad�ju�di�ca�ture (?), n. Adjudication. Ad�ju�gate (?), v. t. [L. adjugatus, p. p. of adjugare; ad + jugum a yoke.] To yoke to. [Obs.] Ad�ju�ment (?), n. [L. adjumentum, for adjuvamentum, fr. adjuvare to help; ad + juvare to help.] Help; support; also, a helper. [Obs.] Waterhouse. Ad�junct� (?), a. [L. adjunctus, p. p. of adjungere. See Adjoin.] Conjoined; attending; consequent. Though that my death were adjunct to my act. Shak. � notes (Mus.), short notes between those essential to the harmony; auxiliary notes; passing notes. Ad�junct�, n. 1. Something joined or added to another thing, but not essentially a part of it. Learning is but an adjunct to our self. Shak. 2. A person joined to another in some duty or service; a colleague; an associate. Wotton. 3. (Gram.) A word or words added to quality or amplify the force of other words; as, the History of the American Revolution, where the words in italics are the adjunct or adjuncts of �History.� 4. (Metaph.) A quality or property of the body or the mind, whether natural or acquired; as, color, in the body, judgment in the mind. 5. (Mus.) A key or scale closely related to another as principal; a relative or attendant key. [R.] See Attendant keys, under Attendant, a. Ad�junc�tion (?), n. [L. adjunctio, fr. adjungere: cf. F. adjonction, and see Adjunct.] The act of joining; the thing joined or added. Ad�junc�tive (?), a. [L. adjunctivus, fr. adjungere. See Adjunct.] Joining; having the quality of joining; forming an adjunct. Ad�junc�tive, n. One who, or that which, is joined. Ad�junc�tive�ly, adv. In an adjunctive manner. Ad�junct�ly (?), adv. By way of addition or adjunct; in connection with. Ad�ju�ra�tion (?), n. [L. adjuratio, fr. adjurare: cf. F. adjuration. See Adjure.] 1. The act of adjuring; a solemn charging on oath, or under the penalty of a curse; an earnest appeal. What an accusation could not effect, an adjuration shall. Bp. Hall. 2. The form of oath or appeal. Persons who... made use of prayer and adjurations. Addison. Ad�ju�ra�to�ry (?), a. [L. adjuratorius.] Containing an adjuration. Ad�jure� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adjured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Adjuring (?). [L. adjurare, adjurdium, to swear to; later, to adjure: cf. F. adjurer. See Jury.] To charge, bind, or command, solemnly, as if under oath, or under the penalty of a curse; to appeal to in the most solemn or impressive manner; to entreat earnestly. Joshua adjured them at that time, saying, Cursed be the man before the Lord, that riseth up and buildeth this city Jericho. Josh. vi. 26. The high priest... said... I adjure thee by the living God, that tell us whether thou be the Christ. Matt. xxvi. 63. The commissioners adjured them not to let pass so favorable an opportunity of securing their liberties. Marshall. Ad�jur�er (?), n. One who adjures. Ad�just� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adjusted; p. pr. & vb. n. Adjusting.] [OF. ajuster, ajoster (whence F. ajouter to add), LL. adjuxtare to fit; fr. L. ad + juxta near; confused later with L. ad and justus just, right, whence F. ajuster to adjust. See Just, v. t. and cf. Adjute.] 1. To make exact; to fit; to make correspondent or conformable; to bring into proper relations; as, to adjust a garment to the body, or things to a standard. 2. To put in order; to regulate, or reduce to system. Adjusting the orthography. Johnson. 3. To settle or bring to a satisfactory state, so that parties are agreed in the result; as, to adjust accounts; the differences are adjusted. 4. To bring to a true relative position, as the parts of an instrument; to regulate for use; as, to adjust a telescope or microscope. Syn. - To adapt; suit; arrange; regulate; accommodate; set right; rectify; settle. Ad�just�a�ble (?), a. Capable of being adjusted. Ad�just�age (?), n. [Cf. Ajutage.] Adjustment. [R.] Ad�just�er (?), n. One who, or that which, adjusts. Ad�just�ive (?), a. Tending to adjust. [R.] Ad�just�ment (?), n. [Cf. F. ajustement. See Adjust.] 1. The act of adjusting, or condition of being adjusted; act of bringing into proper relations; regulation. Success depends on the nicest and minutest adjustment of the parts concerned. Paley. 2. (Law) Settlement of claims; an equitable arrangement of conflicting claims, as in set-off, contribution, exoneration, subrogation, and marshaling. Bispham. 3. The operation of bringing all the parts of an instrument, as a microscope or telescope, into their proper relative position for use; the condition of being thus adjusted; as, to get a good adjustment; to be in or out of adjustment. Syn. - Suiting; fitting; arrangement; regulation; settlement; adaptation; disposition. Ad�ju�tage (?), n. Same as Ajutage. Ad�ju�tan�cy (?), n. [See Adjutant.] 1. The office of an adjutant. 2. Skillful arrangement in aid; assistance. It was, no doubt, disposed with all the adjutancy of definition and division. Burke. Ad�ju�tant (?), n. [L. adjutans, p. pr. of adjutare to help. See Aid.] 1. A helper; an assistant. 2. (Mil.) A regimental staff officer, who assists the colonel, or commanding officer of a garrison or regiment, in the details of regimental and garrison duty. � general (a) (Mil.), the principal staff officer of an army, through whom the commanding general receives communications and issues military orders. In the U. S. army he is brigadier general. (b) (Among the Jesuits), one of a select number of fathers, who resided with the general of the order, each of whom had a province or country assigned to his care. 3. (Zo�l.) A species of very large stork (Ciconia argala), a native of India; - called also the gigantic crane, and by the native name argala. It is noted for its serpent-destroying habits. Ad�ju�ta�tor (?), n. (Eng. Hist.) A corruption of Agitator. Ad�jute� (?), v. t. [F. ajouter; confused with L. adjutare.] To add. [Obs.] Ad�ju�tor (?), n. [L., fr. adjuvare. See Aid.] A helper or assistant. [Archaic] Drayton. Ad�ju�to�ry (?), a. [L. adjutorius.] Serving to help or assist; helping. [Obs.] Ad�ju�trix (?), n. [L. See Adjutor.] A female helper or assistant. [R.] Ad�ju�vant (?), a. [L. adjuvans, p. pr. of adjuvare to aid: cf. F. adjuvant. See Aid.] Helping; helpful; assisting. [R.] �Adjuvant causes.� Howell. Ad�ju�vant, n. 1. An assistant. [R.] Yelverton. 2. (Med.) An ingredient, in a prescription, which aids or modifies the action of the principal ingredient. Ad�le�ga�tion (?), n. [L. adlegatio, allegatio, a sending away; fr. adlegare, allegare, to send away with a commission; ad in addition + legare to send as ambassador. Cf. Allegation.] A right formerly claimed by the states of the German Empire of joining their own ministers with those of the emperor in public treaties and negotiations to the common interest of the empire. Encyc. Brit. � Ad lib�i�tum (?). At one's pleasure; as one wishes. Ad�lo�cu�tion (?), n. See Allocution. [Obs.] Ad�mar�gin�ate (?), v. t. [Pref. ad� + margin.] To write in the margin. [R.] Coleridge. Ad�max�il�la�ry (?), a. [Pref. ad� + maxillary.] (Anat.) Near to the maxilla or jawbone. Ad�meas�ure (?; 135), v. t. [Cf. OF. amesurer, LL. admensurare. See Measure.] 1. To measure. 2. (Law) To determine the proper share of, or the proper apportionment; as, to admeasure dower; to admeasure common of pasture. Blackstone. Ad�meas�ure�ment (?), n. [Cf. OF. amesurement, and E. Measure.] 1. The act or process of ascertaining the dimensions of anything; mensuration; measurement; as, the admeasurement of a ship or of a cask. � Admeasurement by acre.� 2. The measure of a thing; dimensions; size. 3. (Law) Formerly, the adjustment of proportion, or ascertainment of shares, as of dower or pasture held in common. This was by writ of admeasurement, directed to the sheriff. Ad�meas�ur�er (?), n. One who admeasures. Ad�men�su�ra�tion (?), n. [LL. admensuratio; L. ad + mensurare to measure. See Mensuration.] Same as Admeasurement. Ad�min�i�cle (?), n. [L. adminculum support, orig., that on which the hand rests; ad + manus hand + dim. ending �culym.] 1. Help or support; an auxiliary. Grote. 2. (Law) Corroborative or explanatory proof. In Scots law, any writing tending to establish the existence or terms of a lost deed. Bell. Ad�mi�nic�u�lar (?), a. Supplying help; auxiliary; corroborative; explanatory; as, adminicular evidence. H. Spencer. Ad�mi�nic�u�la�ry (?), a. Adminicular. Ad�min�is�ter (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Administered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Administering.] [OE. aministren, OF. aministrer, F. administer, fr. L. administrare; ad + ministrare to serve. See Minister.] 1.To manage or conduct, as public affairs; to direct or superintend the execution, application, or conduct of; as, to administer the government or the state. For forms of government let fools contest: Whate'er is best administered is best. Pope. 2. To dispense; to serve out; to supply; execute; as, to administer relief, to administer the sacrament. [Let zephyrs] administer their tepid, genial airs. Philips. Justice was administered with an exactness and purity not before known. Macaulay. 3. To apply, as medicine or a remedy; to give, as a dose or something beneficial or suitable. Extended to a blow, a reproof, etc. A noxious drug had been administered to him. Macaulay. 4. To tender, as an oath. Swear... to keep the oath that we administer. Shak. 5. (Law) To settle, as the estate of one who dies without a will, or whose will fails of an executor. Syn. - To manage; conduct; minister; supply; dispense; give out; distribute; furnish. Ad�min�is�ter, v. i. 1. To contribute; to bring aid or supplies; to conduce; to minister. A fountain... administers to the pleasure as well as the plenty of the place. Spectator. 2. (Law) To perform the office of administrator; to act officially; as, A administers upon the estate of B. Ad�min�is�ter, n. Administrator. [Obs.] Bacon. Ad�min�is�te�ri�al (?), a. Pertaining to administration, or to the executive part of government. Ad�min�is�tra�ble (?), a. Capable of being administered; as, an administrable law. Ad�min�is�trant (?), a. [F., p. pr. of administrer. See Administer.] Executive; acting; managing affairs. - n. One who administers. Ad�min�is�trate (?), v. t. [L. administratus, p. p. of administrare.] To administer. [R.] Milman. Ad�min�is�tra�tion (?; 277), n. [OE. administracioun, L. administratio: cf. F. administration.] 1. The act of administering; government of public affairs; the service rendered, or duties assumed, in conducting affairs; the conducting of any office or employment; direction; management. His financial administration was of a piece with his military administration. Macaulay. 2. The executive part of government; the persons collectively who are intrusted with the execution of laws and the superintendence of public affairs; the chief magistrate and his cabinet or council; or the council, or ministry, alone, as in Great Britain. A mild and popular administration. Macaulay. The administration has been opposed in parliament. Johnson. 3. The act of administering, or tendering something to another; dispensation; as, the administration of a medicine, of an oath, of justice, or of the sacrament. 4. (Law) (a) The management and disposal, under legal authority, of the estate of an intestate, or of a testator having no competent executor. (b) The management of an estate of a deceased person by an executor, the strictly corresponding term execution not being in use. � with the will annexed, administration granted where the testator has appointed no executor, or where his appointment of an executor for any cause has failed, as by death, incompetency, refusal to act, etc. Syn. - Conduct; management; direction; regulation; execution; dispensation; distribution. Ad�min�is�tra�tive (?), a. [L. administrativus: cf. F. administratif.] Pertaining to administration; administering; executive; as, an administrative body, ability, or energy. - Ad�min�is�tra�tive�ly, adv. Ad�min�is�tra�tor (?), n. [L.] 1. One who administers affairs; one who directs, manages, executes, or dispenses, whether in civil, judicial, political, or ecclesiastical affairs; a manager. 2. (Law) A man who manages or settles the estate of an intestate, or of a testator when there is no competent executor; one to whom the right of administration has been committed by competent authority. Ad�min�is�tra�tor�ship, n. The position or office of an administrator. Ad�min�is�tra�trix (?), n. [NL.] A woman who administers; esp., one who administers the estate of an intestate, or to whom letters of administration have been granted; a female administrator. Ad�mi�ra�bil�i�ty (?), n. [L. admirabilitac.] Admirableness. [R.] Johnson. Ad�mi�ra�ble (?), a. [L. admirabilis: cf. F. admirable.] 1. Fitted to excite wonder; wonderful; marvelous. [Obs.] In man there is nothing admirable but his ignorance and weakness. Jer. Taylor. 2. Having qualities to excite wonder united with approbation; deserving the highest praise; most excellent; - used of persons or things. �An admirable machine.� �Admirable fortitude.� Macaulay. Syn. - Wonderful; marvelous; surprising; excellent; delightful; praiseworthy. Ad�mi�ra�ble�ness, n. The quality of being admirable; wonderful excellence. Ad�mi�ra�bly, adv. In an admirable manner. Ad�mi�ral (?), n. [OE. amiral, admiral, OF. amiral, ultimately fr. Ar. am�r�al�bahr commander of the sea; Ar. am�r is commander, al is the Ar. article, and am�r�al, heard in different titles, was taken as one word. Early forms of the word show confusion with L. admirabilis admirable, fr. admirari to admire. It is said to have been introduced into Europe by the Genoese or Venetians, in the 12th or 13th century. Cf. Ameer, Emir.] 1. A naval officer of the highest rank; a naval officer of high rank, of which there are different grades. The chief gradations in rank are admiral, vice admiral, and rear admiral. The admiral is the commander in chief of a fleet or of fleets. 2.The ship which carries the admiral; also, the most considerable ship of a fleet. Like some mighty admiral, dark and terrible, bearing down upon his antagonist with all his canvas straining to the wind, and all his thunders roaring from his broadsides. E. Everett. 3. (Zo�l.) A handsome butterfly (Pyrameis Atalanta) of Europe and America. The larva feeds on nettles. � shell (Zo�l.), the popular name of an ornamental cone shell (Conus admiralis). Lord High �, a great officer of state, who (when this rare dignity is conferred) is at the head of the naval administration of Great Britain. Ad�mi�ral�ship, n. The office or position oaf an admiral; also, the naval skill of an admiral. Ad�mi�ral�ty (?), n.; pl. Admiralties (?). [F. amiraut�, for an older amiralt�, office of admiral, fr. LL. admiralitas. See Admiral.] 1. The office or jurisdiction of an admiral. Prescott. 2. The department or officers having authority over naval affairs generally. 3.The court which has jurisdiction of maritime questions and offenses. � In England, admiralty jurisdiction was formerly vested in the High Court of Admiralty, which was held before the Lord High Admiral, or his deputy, styled the Judge of the Admiralty; but admiralty jurisdiction is now vested in the probate, divorce, and admiralty division of the High Justice. In America, there are no admiralty courts distinct from others, but admiralty jurisdiction is vested in the district courts of the United States, subject to revision by the circuit courts and the Supreme Court of the United States. Admiralty jurisprudence has cognizance of maritime contracts and torts, collisions at sea, cases of prize in war, etc., and in America, admiralty jurisdiction is extended to such matters, arising out of the navigation of any of the public waters, as the Great Lakes and rivers. 4. The system of jurisprudence of admiralty courts. 5. The building in which the lords of the admiralty, in England, transact business. Ad�mir�ance (?), n. [Cf. OF. admirance.] Admiration. [Obs.] Spenser. Ad�mi�ra�tion (?), n. [F., fr. L. admiratio. See Admire.] 1. Wonder; astonishment. [Obs.] Season your admiration for a while. Shak. 2.Wonder mingled with approbation or delight; an emotion excited by a person or thing possessed of wonderful or high excellence; as, admiration of a beautiful woman, of a landscape, of virtue. 3. Cause of admiration; something to excite wonder, or pleased surprise; a prodigy. Now, good Lafeu, bring in the admiration. Shak. Note of ~, the mark (!), called also exclamation point. Syn. - Wonder; approval; appreciation; adoration; reverence; worship. Ad�mi�a�tive (?), a. Relating to or expressing admiration or wonder. [R.] Earle. Ad�mire� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Admired (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Admiring (?).] [F. admirer, fr. L. admirari; ad + mirari to wonder, for smirari, akin to Gr. ? to smile, Skr. smi, and E. smile.] 1. To regard with wonder or astonishment; to view with surprise; to marvel at. [Archaic] Examples rather to be admired than imitated. Fuller. 2. To regard with wonder and delight; to look upon with an elevated feeling of pleasure, as something which calls out approbation, esteem, love, or reverence; to estimate or prize highly; as, to admire a person of high moral worth, to admire a landscape. Admired as heroes and as gods obeyed. Pope. � Admire followed by the infinitive is obsolete or colloquial; as, I admire to see a man consistent in his conduct. Syn. - To esteem; approve; delight in. Ad�mire�, v. i.To wonder; to marvel; to be affected with surprise; - sometimes with at. To wonder at Pharaoh, and even admire at myself. Fuller. Ad�mired� (?), a. 1. Regarded with wonder and delight; highly prized; as, an admired poem. 2. Wonderful; also, admirable. [Obs.] �Admired disorder.� � Admired Miranda.� Shak. Ad�mir�er (?), n. One who admires; one who esteems or loves greatly. Cowper. Ad�mir�ing, a. Expressing admiration; as, an admiring glance. - Ad�mir�ing�ly, adv. Shak. Ad�mis�si�bil�i�ty (?), n. [Cf. F. admissibilit�.] The quality of being admissible; admissibleness; as, the admissibility of evidence. Ad�mis�si�ble (?), a. [F. admissible, LL. admissibilis. See Admit.] Entitled to be admitted, or worthy of being admitted; that may be allowed or conceded; allowable; as, the supposition is hardly admissible. - Ad�mis�si�ble�ness, n. � Ad�mis�si�bly, adv. Ad�mis�sion (?), n. [L. admissio: cf. F. admission. See Admit.] 1. The act or practice of admitting. 2. Power or permission to enter; admittance; entrance; access; power to approach. What numbers groan for sad admission there! Young. 3. The granting of an argument or position not fully proved; the act of acknowledging something ?serted; acknowledgment; concession. The too easy admission of doctrines. Macaulay. 4. (Law) Acquiescence or concurrence in a statement made by another, and distinguishable from a confession in that an admission presupposes prior inquiry by another, but a confession may be made without such inquiry. 5. A fact, point, or statement admitted; as, admission made out of court are received in evidence. 6. (Eng. Eccl. Law) Declaration of the bishop that he approves of the presentee as a fit person to serve the cure of the church to which he is presented. Shipley. Syn. - Admittance; concession; acknowledgment; concurrence; allowance. See Admittance. Ad�mis�sive (?), a.Implying an admission; tending to admit. [R.] Lamb. Ad�mis�so�ry (?), a. Pertaining to admission. Ad�mit� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Admitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Admitting.] [OE. amitten, L. admittere, admissum; ad + mittere to send: cf. F. admettre, OF. admettre, OF. ametre. See Missile.] 1. To suffer to enter; to grant entrance, whether into a place, or into the mind, or consideration; to receive; to take; as, they were into his house; to admit a serious thought into the mind; to admit evidence in the trial of a cause. 2. To give a right of entrance; as, a ticket one into a playhouse. 3. To allow (one) to enter on an office or to enjoy a privilege; to recognize as qualified for a franchise; as, to admit an attorney to practice law; the prisoner was admitted to bail. 4. To concede as true; to acknowledge or assent to, as an allegation which it is impossible to deny; to own or confess; as, the argument or fact is admitted; he admitted his guilt. 5. To be capable of; to permit; as, the words do not admit such a construction. In this sense, of may be used after the verb, or may be omitted. Both Houses declared that they could admit of no treaty with the king. Hume. Ad�mit�ta�ble (?), a. Admissible. Sir T. Browne. Ad�mit�tance (?), n. 1. The act of admitting. 2. Permission to enter; the power or right of entrance; also, actual entrance; reception. To gain admittance into the house. South. He desires admittance to the king. Dryden. To give admittance to a thought of fear. Shak. 3. Concession; admission; allowance; as, the admittance of an argument. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 4. Admissibility. [Obs. & R.] Shak. 5. (Eng. Law) The act of giving possession of a copyhold estate. Bouvier. Syn. - Admission; access; entrance; initiation. - Admittance, Admission. These words are, to some extent, in a state of transition and change. Admittance is now chiefly confined to its primary sense of access into some locality or building. Thus we see on the doors of factories, shops, etc. �No admittance.� Its secondary or moral sense, as �admittance to the church,� is almost entirely laid aside. Admission has taken to itself the secondary or figurative senses; as, admission to the rights of citizenship; admission to the church; the admissions made by one of the parties in a dispute. And even when used in its primary sense, it is not identical with admittance. Thus, we speak of admission into a country, territory, and other larger localities, etc., where admittance could not be used. So, when we speak of admission to a concert or other public assembly, the meaning is not perhaps exactly that of admittance, viz., access within the walls of the building, but rather a reception into the audience, or access to the performances. But the lines of distinction on this subject are one definitely drawn. � Ad�mit�ta�tur (?), n. [L., let him be admitted.] The certificate of admission given in some American colleges. Ad�mit�ted (?), a. Received as true or valid; acknowledged. - Ad�mit�ted�ly, adv. Confessedly. Ad�mit�ter (?), n. One who admits. Ad�mix� (?), v. t. [Pref. ad� + mix: cf. L. admixtus, p. p. of admiscere. See Mix.] To mingle with something else; to mix. [R.] Ad�mix�tion (?; 106), n. [L. admixtio.] A mingling of different things; admixture. Glanvill. Ad�mix�ture (?; 135), n. [L. admiscere, admixtum, to admix; ad + miscere to mix. See Mix.] 1. The act of mixing; mixture. 2. The compound formed by mixing different substances together. 3. That which is mixed with anything. Ad�mon�ish (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Admonished (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Admonishing.] [OE. amonesten, OF. amonester, F. admonester, fr. a supposed LL. admonesstrare, fr. L. admonere to remind, warn; ad + monere to warn. See Monition.] 1. To warn or notify of a fault; to reprove gently or kindly, but seriously; to exhort. �Admonish him as a brother.� 2 Thess. iii. 15. 2. To counsel against wrong practices; to cation or advise; to warn against danger or an offense; - followed by of, against, or a subordinate clause. Admonishing one another in psalms and hymns. Col. iii. 16. I warned thee, I admonished thee, foretold The danger, and the lurking enemy. Milton. 3. To instruct or direct; to inform; to notify. Moses was admonished of God, when he was about to make the tabernacle. Heb. viii. 5. Ad�mon�ish�er (?), n. One who admonishes. Ad�mon�ish�ment (?), n. [Cf. OF. amonestement, admonestement.] Admonition. [R.] Shak. Ad�mo�ni�tion (?), n. [OE. amonicioun, OF. amonition, F. admonition, fr. L. admonitio, fr. admonere. See Admonish.] Gentle or friendly reproof; counseling against a fault or error; expression of authoritative advice; friendly caution or warning. Syn. - Admonition, Reprehension, Reproof. Admonition is prospective, and relates to moral delinquencies; its object is to prevent further transgression. Reprehension and reproof are retrospective, the former being milder than the latter. A person of any age or station may be liable to reprehension in case of wrong conduct; but reproof is the act of a superior. It is authoritative fault-finding or censure addressed to children or to inferiors. Ad�mo�ni�tion�er (?), n. Admonisher. [Obs.] Ad�mon�i�tive (?), a. Admonitory. [R.] Barrow. � Ad�mon�i�tive�ly, adv. Ad�mon�i�tor (?), n. [L.] Admonisher; monitor. Conscience is at most times a very faithful and prudent admonitor. Shenstone. Ad�mon�i�to�ri�al (?), a. Admonitory. [R.] �An admonitorial tone.� Dickens. Ad�mon�i�to�ry (?), a. [LL. admonitorius.] That conveys admonition; warning or reproving; as, an admonitory glance. - Ad�mon�i�to�ri�ly (?), adv. Ad�mon�i�trix (?), n. [L.] A female admonitor. Ad�mor�ti�za�tion (?), n. [LL. admortizatio. Cf. Amortization.] (Law) The reducing or lands or tenements to mortmain. See Mortmain. Ad�move� (?), v. t. [L. admovere. See Move.] To move or conduct to or toward. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. Ad�nas�cent (?), a. [L. adnascens, p. pr. of adnasci to be born, grow.] Growing to or on something else. �An adnascent plant.� Evelyn. Ad�nate (?), a. [L. adnatus, p. p. of adnasci. See Adnascent, and cf. Agnate.] 1. (Physiol.) Grown to congenitally. 2. (Bot.) Growing together; - said only of organic cohesion of unlike parts. An anther is adnate when fixed by its whole length to the filament. Gray. 3. (Zo�l.) Growing with one side adherent to a stem; - a term applied to the lateral zooids of corals and other compound animals. Ad�na�tion (?), n. (Bot.) The adhesion or cohesion of different floral verticils or sets of organs. Ad�nom�i�nal (?), a. [L. ad + nomen noun.] (Gram.) Pertaining to an adnoun; adjectival; attached to a noun. Gibbs. � Ad�nom�i�nal�ly, adv. Ad�noun� (?), n. [Pref. ad� + noun.] (Gram.) An adjective, or attribute. [R.] Coleridge. Ad�nu�bi�la�ted (?), a. [L. adnubilatus, p. p. of adnubilare.] Clouded; obscured. [R.] A�do� (?), (1) v. inf., (2) n. [OE. at do, northern form for to do. Cf. Affair.] 1. To do; in doing; as, there is nothing . �What is here ado?� J. Newton. 2. Doing; trouble; difficulty; troublesome business; fuss; bustle; as, to make a great ado about trifles. With much ado, he partly kept awake. Dryden. Let's follow to see the end of this ado. Shak. � A�do�be (?), n. [Sp.] An unburnt brick dried in the sun; also used as an adjective, as, an adobe house, in Texas or New Mexico. Ad�o�les�cence (?), n. [Fr., fr. L. adolescentia.] The state of growing up from childhood to manhood or womanhood; youth, or the period of life between puberty and maturity, generally considered to be, in the male sex, from fourteen to twenty-one. Sometimes used with reference to the lower animals. Ad�o�les�cen�cy (?), n. The quality of being adolescent; youthfulness. Ad�o�les�cent (?), a. [L. adolescens, p. pr. of adolescere to grow up to; ad + the inchoative olescere to grow: cf. F. adolescent. See Adult.] Growing; advancing from childhood to maturity. Schools, unless discipline were doubly strong, Detain their adolescent charge too long. Cowper. Ad�o�les�cent, n. A youth. Ad�o�ne�an (?), a. [L. Adon?us.] Pertaining to Adonis; Adonic. �Fair Adonean Venus.� Faber. A�don�ic (?), a. [F. adonique: cf. L. Adonius.] Relating to Adonis, famed for his beauty. - n. An Adonic verse. � verse, a verse consisting of a dactyl and spondee (?). � A�do�nis (?), n. [L., gr. Gr. ?.] 1. (Gr. Myth.) A youth beloved by Venus for his beauty. He was killed in the chase by a wild boar. 2. A pre�minently beautiful young man; a dandy. 3. (Bot.) A genus of plants of the family Ranunculace?, containing the pheasaut's eye (Adonis autumnalis); - named from Adonis, whose blood was fabled to have stained the flower. A�do�nist (?), n. [Heb. ?d?n�i my Lords.] One who maintains that points of the Hebrew word translated �Jehovah� are really the vowel points of the word �Adonai.� See Jehovist. Ad�o�nize (?), v. t. [Cf. F. adoniser, fr. Adonis.] To beautify; to dandify. I employed three good hours at least in adjusting and adonozing myself. Smollett. A�door (?), A�doors (?), } At the door; of the door; as, out adoors. Shak. I took him in adoors. Vicar's Virgil (1630). A�dopt� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adopted; p. pr. & vb. n. Adopting.] [L. adoptare; ad + optare to choose, desire: cf. F. adopter. See Option.] 1. To take by choice into relationship, as, child, heir, friend, citizen, etc.; esp. to take voluntarily (a child of other parents) to be in the place of, or as, one's own child. 2. To take or receive as one's own what is not so naturally; to select and take or approve; as, to adopt the view or policy of another; these resolutions were adopted. A�dopt�a�ble (?), a. Capable of being adopted. A�dopt�ed (?), a. Taken by adoption; taken up as one's own; as, an adopted son, citizen, country, word. - A�dopt�ed�ly, adv. A�dopt�er (?), n. 1. One who adopts. 2. (Chem.) A receiver, with two necks, opposite to each other, one of which admits the neck of a retort, and the other is joined to another receiver. It is used in distillations, to give more space to elastic vapors, to increase the length of the neck of a retort, or to unite two vessels whose openings have different diameters. [Written also adapter.] A�dop�tion (?), n. [L. adoptio, allied to adoptare to adopt: cf. F. adoption.] 1. The act of adopting, or state of being adopted; voluntary acceptance of a child of other parents to be the same as one's own child. 2. Admission to a more intimate relation; reception; as, the adoption of persons into hospitals or monasteries, or of one society into another. 3. The choosing and making that to be one's own which originally was not so; acceptance; as, the adoption of opinions. Jer. Taylor. A�dop�tion�ist, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect which maintained that Christ was the Son of God not by nature but by adoption. A�dop�tious (?), a. Adopted. [Obs.] A�dopt�ive (?), a. [L. adoptivus: cf. F. adoptif.] Pertaining to adoption; made or acquired by adoption; fitted to adopt; as, an adoptive father, an child; an adoptive language. - A�dopt�ive�ly, adv. A�dor�a�bil�i�ty (?), n. Adorableness. A�dor�a�ble (?), a. [L. adorabilis, fr. adorare: cf. F. adorable.] 1. Deserving to be adored; worthy of divine honors. The adorable Author of Christianity. Cheyne. 2. Worthy of the utmost love or respect. A�dor�a�ble�ness, n. The quality of being adorable, or worthy of adoration. Johnson. A�dor�a�bly, adv. In an adorable manner. Ad�o�ra�tion (?), n. [L. adoratio, fr. adorare: cf. F. adoration.] 1. The act of playing honor to a divine being; the worship paid to God; the act of addressing as a god. The more immediate objects of popular adoration amongst the heathens were deified human beings. Farmer. 2. Homage paid to one in high esteem; profound veneration; intense regard and love; fervent devotion. 3. A method of electing a pope by the expression of homage from two thirds of the conclave. [Pole] might have been chosen on the spot by adoration. Froude. A�dore� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adored (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Adoring (?).] [OE. aouren, anouren, adoren, OF. aorer, adorer, F. adorer, fr. L. adorare; ad + orare to speak, pray, os, oris, mouth. In OE. confused with honor, the French prefix a� being confused with OE. a, an, on. See Oral.] 1. To worship with profound reverence; to pay divine honors to; to honor as deity or as divine. Bishops and priests, ... bearing the host, which he [James ?.] publicly adored. Smollett. 2. To love in the highest degree; to regard with the utmost esteem and affection; to idolize. The great mass of the population abhorred Popery and adored Montouth. Macaulay. A�dore�, v. t. To adorn. [Obs.] Congealed little drops which do the morn adore. Spenser. A�dore�ment (?), n. The act of adoring; adoration. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. A�dor�er (?), n. One who adores; a worshiper; one who admires or loves greatly; an ardent admirer. �An adorer of truth.� Clarendon. I profess myself her adorer, not her friend. Shak. A�dor�ing�ly, adv. With adoration. A�dorn� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adorned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Adorning.] [OE. aournen, anournen, adornen, OF. aorner, fr. L. aaornare; ad + ornare to furnish, embellish. See Adore, Ornate.] To deck or dress with ornaments; to embellish; to set off to advantage; to render pleasing or attractive. As a bride adorneth herself with her jewels. Isa. lxi. 10. At church, with meek and unaffected grace, His looks adorned the venerable place. Goldsmith. Syn. - To deck; decorate; embellish; ornament; beautify; grace; dignify; exalt; honor. - To Adorn, Ornament, Decorate, Embellish. We decorate and ornament by putting on some adjunct which is attractive or beautiful, and which serves to heighten the general effect. Thus, a lady's head-dress may be ornament or decorated with flowers or jewelry; a hall may be decorated or ornament with carving or gilding, with wreaths of flowers, or with hangings. Ornament is used in a wider sense than decorate. To embellish is to beautify or ornament richly, not so much by mere additions or details as by modifying the thing itself as a whole. It sometimes means gaudy and artificial decoration. We embellish a book with rich engravings; a style is embellished with rich and beautiful imagery; a shopkeeper embellishes his front window to attract attention. Adorn is sometimes identical with decorate, as when we say, a lady was adorned with jewels. In other cases, it seems to imply something more. Thus, we speak of a gallery of paintings as adorned with the works of some of the great masters, or adorned with noble statuary and columns. Here decorated and ornamented would hardly be appropriate. There is a value in these works of genius beyond mere show and ornament. Adorn may be used of what is purely moral; as, a character adorned with every Christian grace. Here neither decorate, nor ornament, nor embellish is proper. A�dorn�, n. Adornment. [Obs.] Spenser. A�dorn�, a. Adorned; decorated. [Obs.] Milton. Ad�or�na�tion (?), n. Adornment. [Obs.] A�dorn�er (?), n. He who, or that which, adorns; a beautifier. A�dorn�ing�ly, adv. By adorning; decoratively. A�dorn�ment (?), n. [Cf. OF. adornement. See Adorn.] An adorning; an ornament; a decoration. Ad�os�cu�la�tion (?), n. [L. adosculari, adosculatum, to kiss. See Osculate.] (Biol.) Impregnation by external contact, without intromission. A�down� (?), adv. [OE. adun, adoun, adune. AS. of d?ne off the hill. See Down.] From a higher to a lower situation; downward; down, to or on the ground. [Archaic] �Thrice did she sink adown.� Spenser. A�down�, prep. Down. [Archaic & Poetic] Her hair adown her shoulders loosely lay displayed. Prior. Ad�press� (?), v. t. [L. adpressus, p. p. of adprimere.] See Appressed. - Ad�pressed� (?), a. A�drad� (?), p. a. [P. p. of adread.] Put in dread; afraid. [Obs.] Chaucer. Ad�ra�gant (?), n. [F., a corruption of tragacanth.] Gum tragacanth. Brande & C. A�dread� (?), v. t. & i. [AS. andr�dan, ondr�; pref. a� (for and against) + dr�den to dread. See Dread.] To dread. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. A�dreamed� (?), p. p. Visited by a dream; - used in the phrase, To be adreamed, to dream. [Obs.] Ad�re�nal (?), a. [Pref. ad� + renal.] (Anat.) Suprarenal. A�dri�an (?), a. [L. Hadrianus.] Pertaining to the Adriatic Sea; as, Adrian billows. A�dri�at�ic (?), a. [L. Adriaticus, Hadriaticus, fr. Adria or Hadria, a town of the Veneti.] Of or pertaining to a sea so named, the northwestern part of which is known as the Gulf of Venice. A�drift� (?), adv. & a. [Pref. a� (for on) + drift.] Floating at random; in a drifting condition; at the mercy of wind and waves. Also fig. So on the sea shall be set adrift. Dryden. Were from their daily labor turned adrift. Wordsworth. A�drip� (?), adv. & a. [Pref. a� in + drip.] In a dripping state; as, leaves all adrip. D. G. Mitchell. Ad�ro�gate (?), v. t. [See Arrogate.] (Rom. L?w) To adopt (a person who is his own master). Ad�ro�ga�tion (?), n. [L. adrogatio, arrogatio, fr. adrogare. See Arrogate.] (Rom. Law) A kind of adoption in ancient Rome. See Arrogation. A�droit� (?), a. [F. adroit; � (L. ad) = droit straight, right, fr. L. directus, p. p. of dirigere. See Direct.] Dexterous in the use of the hands or in the exercise of the mental faculties; exhibiting skill and readiness in avoiding danger or escaping difficulty; ready in invention or execution; - applied to persons and to acts; as, an adroit mechanic, an adroit reply. �Adroit in the application of the telescope and quadrant.� Horsley. �He was adroit in intrigue.� Macaulay. Syn. - Dexterous; skillful; expert; ready; clever; deft; ingenious; cunning; ready-witted. A�droit�ly, adv. In an adroit manner. A�droit�ness, n. The quality of being adroit; skill and readiness; dexterity. Adroitness was as requisite as courage. Motley. Syn. - See Skill. A�dry� (?), a. [Pref. a� (for on) + dry.] In a dry or thirsty condition. �A man that is adry.� Burton. Ad�sci�ti�tious (?), a. [L. adscitus, p. p. of adsciscere, asciscere, to take knowingly; ad + sciscere to seek to know, approve, scire to know.] Supplemental; additional; adventitious; ascititious. �Adscititious evidence.� Bowring. � Ad�sci�ti�tious�ly, adv. Ad�script (?), a. [L. adscriptus, p. p. of adscribere to enroll. See Ascribe.] Held to service as attached to the soil; - said of feudal serfs. Ad�script (?), n. One held to service as attached to the glebe or estate; a feudal serf. Bancroft. Ad�scrip�tive (?), a.[L. adscriptivus. See Adscript.] Attached or annexed to the glebe or estate and transferable with it. Brougham. Ad�sig�ni�fi�ca�tion (?), n. Additional signification. [R.] Tooke. Ad�sig�ni�fy (?), v. t. [L. adsignificare to show.] To denote additionally. [R.] Tooke. Ad�strict� (?), v. t. � Ad�stric�tion (?), n. See Astrict, and Astriction. Ad�stric�to�ry (?), a. See Astrictory. Ad�strin�gent (?), a. See Astringent. � Ad�u�la�ri�a (?), n. [From Adula, a mountain peak in Switzerland, where fine specimens are found.] (Min.) A transparent or translucent variety of common feldspar, or orthoclase, which often shows pearly opalescent reflections; - called by lapidaries moonstone. Ad�u�late (?), v. t. [L. adulatus, p. p. of adulari.] To flatter in a servile way. Byron. Ad�u�la�tion (?), n. [F. adulation, fr. L. adulatio, fr. adulari, adulatum, to flatter.] Servile flattery; praise in excess, or beyond what is merited. Think'st thou the fiery fever will go out With titles blown from adulation? Shak. Syn. - Sycophancy; cringing; fawning; obsequiousness; blandishment. - Adulation, Flattery, Compliment. Men deal in compliments from a desire to please; they use flattery either from undue admiration, or a wish to gratify vanity; they practice adulation from sordid motives, and with a mingled spirit of falsehood and hypocrisy. Compliment may be a sincere expression of due respect and esteem, or it may be unmeaning; flattery is apt to become gross; adulation is always servile, and usually fulsome. Ad�u�la�tor (?), n.b [L., fr. adulari: cf. F. adulateur.] A servile or hypocritical flatterer. Carlyle. Ad�u�la�to�ry (?), a. [L. adulatorius, fr. adulari: cf. OF. adulatoire.] Containing excessive praise or compliment; servilely praising; flattering; as, an adulatory address. A mere rant of adulatory freedom. Burke. Ad�u�la�tress (?), n. A woman who flatters with servility. A�dult� (?), a. [L. adultus, p. p. of adolescere, akin to alere to nourish: cf. F. adulte. See Adolescent, Old.] Having arrived at maturity, or to full size and strength; matured; as, an adult person or plant; an adult ape; an adult age. A�dult�, n. A person, animal, or plant grown to full size and strength; one who has reached maturity. � In the common law, the term is applied to a person who has attained full age or legal majority; in the civil law, to males after the age of fourteen, and to females after twelve. Bouvier. Burrill. A�dul�ter (?), v. i. [L. adulterare.] To commit adultery; to pollute. [Obs.] B. Jonson. A�dul�ter�ant (?), n. [L. adulterans, p. pr. of adulterare.] That which is used to adulterate anything. - a. Adulterating; as, adulterant agents and processes. A�dul�ter�ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adulterated (?); p. pr. & vb. n Adulterating (?).] [L. adulteratus, p. p. of adulterare, fr. adulter adulterer, prob. fr. ad + alter other, properly one who approaches another on account of unlawful love. Cf. Advoutry.] 1. To defile by adultery. [Obs.] Milton. 2. To corrupt, debase, or make impure by an admixture of a foreign or a baser substance; as, to adulterate food, drink, drugs, coin, etc. The present war has... adulterated our tongue with strange words. Spectator. Syn. - To corrupt; defile; debase; contaminate; vitiate; sophisticate. A�dul�ter�ate, v. i. To commit adultery. [Obs.] A�dul�ter�ate (?), a. 1. Tainted with adultery. 2. Debased by the admixture of a foreign substance; adulterated; spurious. - A�dul�ter�ate�ly, adv. � A�dul�ter�ate�ness, n. A�dul�ter�a�tion (?), n. [L. adulteratio.] 1. The act of adulterating; corruption, or debasement (esp. of food or drink) by foreign mixture. The shameless adulteration of the coin. Prescott. 2. An adulterated state or product. A�dul�ter�a�tor (?), n. [L.] One who adulterates or corrupts. [R.] Cudworth. A�dul�ter�er (?), n. [Formed fr. the verb adulter, with the E. ending �er. See Advoutrer.] 1. A man who commits adultery; a married man who has sexual intercourse with a woman not his wife. 2. (Script.) A man who violates his religious covenant. Jer. ix. 2. A�dul�ter�ess (?), n. [Fem. from L. adulter. Cf. Advoutress.] 1. A woman who commits adultery. 2. (Script.) A woman who violates her religious engagements. James iv. 4. A�dul�ter�ine (?), a.[L. adulterinus, fr. adulter.] Proceeding from adulterous intercourse. Hence: Spurious; without the support of law; illegal. When any particular class of artificers or traders thought proper to act as a corporation without a charter, such were called adulterine guilds. Adam Smith. A�dul�ter�ine, n. An illegitimate child. [R.] A�dul�ter�ize (?), v. i. To commit adultery. Milton. A�dul�ter�ous (?), a. 1. Guilty of, or given to, adultery; pertaining to adultery; illicit. Dryden. 2. Characterized by adulteration; spurious. �An adulterous mixture.� [Obs.] Smollett. A�dul�ter�ous�ly, adv. In an adulterous manner. A�dul�ter�y (?), n.; pl. Adulteries (?). [L. adulterium. See Advoutry.] 1. The unfaithfulness of a married person to the marriage bed; sexual intercourse by a married man with another than his wife, or voluntary sexual intercourse by a married woman with another than her husband. � It is adultery on the part of the married wrongdoer. The word has also been used to characterize the act of an unmarried participator, the other being married. In the United States the definition varies with the local statutes. Unlawful intercourse between two married persons is sometimes called double adultery; between a married and an unmarried person, single adultery. 2. Adulteration; corruption. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 3. (Script.) (a) Lewdness or unchastity of thought as well as act, as forbidden by the seventh commandment. (b) Faithlessness in religion. Jer. iii. 9. 4. (Old Law) The fine and penalty imposed for the offense of adultery. 5. (Eccl.) The intrusion of a person into a bishopric during the life of the bishop. 6. Injury; degradation; ruin. [Obs.] You might wrest the caduceus out of my hand to the adultery and spoil of nature. B. Jonson. A�dult�ness (?), n. The state of being adult. Ad�um�brant (?), a. [L. adumbrans, p. pr. of adumbrare.] Giving a faint shadow, or slight resemblance; shadowing forth. Ad�um�brate (?), v. t. [L. adumbratus, p. p. of adumbrare; ad + umbrare to shade; umbra shadow.] 4. To give a faint shadow or slight representation of; to outline; to shadow forth. Both in the vastness and the richness of the visible universe the invisible God is adumbrated. L. Taylor. 2. To overshadow; to shade. Ad�um�bra�tion (?), n. [L. adumbratio.] 1. The act of adumbrating, or shadowing forth. 2. A faint sketch; an outline; an imperfect portrayal or representation of a thing. Elegant adumbrations of sacred truth. Bp. Horsley. 3. (Her.) The shadow or outlines of a figure. Ad�um�bra�tive (?), a. Faintly representing; typical. Carlyle. Ad�u�na�tion (?), n. [L. adunatio; ad + unus one.] A uniting; union. Jer. Taylor. A�dunc�, A�dunque� (?), a. (Zo�l.) Hooked; as, a parrot has an adunc bill. A�dun�ci�ty (?), n. [L. aduncitas. See Aduncous.] Curvature inwards; hookedness. The aduncity of the beaks of hawks. Pope. A�dun�cous (?), a. [L. aduncus; ad + uncus hooked, hook.] Curved inwards; hooked. A�dure� (?), v. t. [L. adurere; ad + urere to burn.] To burn up. [Obs.] Bacon. A�dust� (?), a. [L. adustus, p. p. of adurere: cf. F. aduste.] 1. Inflamed or scorched; fiery. �The Libyan air adust.� Milton. 2. Looking as if or scorched; sunburnt. A tall, thin man, of an adust complexion. Sir W. Scott. 3. (Med.) Having much heat in the constitution and little serum in the blood. [Obs.] Hence: Atrabilious; sallow; gloomy. A�dust�ed, a. Burnt; adust. [Obs.] Howell. A�dust�i�ble (?), a. That may be burnt. [Obs.] A�dus�tion (?; 106), n. [L. adustio, fr. adurere, adustum: cf. F. adustion.] 1. The act of burning, or heating to dryness; the state of being thus heated or dried. [Obs. or R.] Harvey. 2. (Surg.) Cauterization. Buchanan. � Ad va�lo�rem (?). [L., according to the value.] (Com.) A term used to denote a duty or charge laid upon goods, at a certain rate per cent upon their value, as stated in their invoice, � in opposition to a specific sum upon a given quantity or number; as, an ad valorem duty of twenty per cent. Ad�vance� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Advanced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Advancing (?)(?).] [OE. avancen, avauncen, F. avancer, fr. a supposed LL. abantiare; ab + ante (F. avant) before. The spelling with d was a mistake, a� being supposed to be fr. L. ad. See Avaunt.] 1. To bring forward; to move towards the van or front; to make to go on. 2. To raise; to elevate. [Archaic] They... advanced their eyelids. Shak. 3. To raise to a higher rank; to promote. Ahasueres... advanced him, and set his seat above all the princes. Esther iii. 1. 4. To accelerate the growth or progress; to further; to forward; to help on; to aid; to heighten; as, to advance the ripening of fruit; to advance one's interests. 5. To bring to view or notice; to offer or propose; to show; as, to advance an argument. Some ne'er advance a judgment of their own. Pope. 6. To make earlier, as an event or date; to hasten. 7. To furnish, as money or other value, before it becomes due, or in aid of an enterprise; to supply beforehand; as, a merchant advances money on a contract or on goods consigned to him. 8. To raise to a higher point; to enhance; to raise in rate; as, to advance the price of goods. 9. To extol; to laud. [Obs.] Greatly advancing his gay chivalry. Spenser. Syn. � To raise; elevate; exalt; aggrandize; improve; heighten; accelerate; allege; adduce; assign. Ad�vance�, v. i. 1. To move or go forward; to proceed; as, he advanced to greet me. 2. To increase or make progress in any respect; as, to advance in knowledge, in stature, in years, in price. 3. To rise in rank, office, or consequence; to be preferred or promoted. Advanced to a level with ancient peers. Prescott. Ad�vance�, n. [Cf. F. avance, fr. avancer. See Advance, v.] 1. The act of advancing or moving forward or upward; progress. 2. Improvement or progression, physically, mentally, morally, or socially; as, an advance in health, knowledge, or religion; an advance in rank or office. 3. An addition to the price; rise in price or value; as, an advance on the prime cost of goods. 4. The first step towards the attainment of a result; approach made to gain favor, to form an acquaintance, to adjust a difference, etc.; an overture; a tender; an offer; � usually in the plural. [He] made the like advances to the dissenters. Swift. 5. A furnishing of something before an equivalent is received (as money or goods), towards a capital or stock, or on loan; payment beforehand; the money or goods thus furnished; money or value supplied beforehand. I shall, with pleasure, make the necessary advances. Jay. The account was made up with intent to show what advances had been made. Kent. In advance (a) In front; before. (b) Beforehand; before an equivalent is received. (c) In the state of having advanced money on account; as, A is advance to B a thousand dollars or pounds. Ad�vance� (?), a. Before in place, or beforehand in time; � used for advanced; as, an advance guard, or that before the main guard or body of an army; advance payment, or that made before it is due; advance proofs, advance sheets, pages of a forthcoming volume, received in advance of the time of publication. Ad�vanced� (?), a. 1. In the van or front. 2. In the front or before others, as regards progress or ideas; as, advanced opinions, advanced thinkers. 3. Far on in life or time. A gentleman advanced in years, with a hard experience written in his wrinkles. Hawthorne. Advanced guard, a detachment of troops which precedes the march of the main body. Ad�vance�ment (?), n. [OE. avancement, F. avancement. See Advance, v. t.] 1. The act of advancing, or the state of being advanced; progression; improvement; furtherance; promotion to a higher place or dignity; as, the advancement of learning. In heaven... every one (so well they love each other) rejoiceth and hath his part in each other's advancement. Sir T. More. True religion... proposes for its end the joint advancement of the virtue and happiness of the people. Horsley. 2. An advance of money or value; payment in advance. See Advance, 5. 3. (Law) Property given, usually by a parent to a child, in advance of a future distribution. 4. Settlement on a wife, or jointure. [Obs.] Bacon. Ad�van�cer (?), n. 1. One who advances; a promoter. 2. A second branch of a buck's antler. Howell. Ad�van�cive (?), a. Tending to advance. [R.] Ad�van�tage (?; 61, 48), n. [OE. avantage, avauntage, F. avantage, fr. avant before. See Advance, and cf. Vantage.] 1. Any condition, circumstance, opportunity, or means, particularly favorable to success, or to any desired end; benefit; as, the enemy had the advantage of a more elevated position. Give me advantage of some brief discourse. Shak. The advantages of a close alliance. Macaulay. 2. Superiority; mastery; � with of or over. Lest Satan should get an advantage of us. 2 Cor. ii. 11. 3. Superiority of state, or that which gives it; benefit; gain; profit; as, the advantage of a good constitution. 4. Interest of money; increase; overplus (as the thirteenth in the baker's dozen). [Obs.] And with advantage means to pay thy love. Shak. Advantage ground, vantage ground. [R.] Clarendon. � To have the advantage of (any one), to have a personal knowledge of one who does not have a reciprocal knowledge. �You have the advantage of me; I don't remember ever to have had the honor.� Sheridan. � To take advantage of, to profit by; (often used in a bad sense) to overreach, to outwit. Syn. � Advantage, Advantageous, Benefit, Beneficial. We speak of a thing as a benefit, or as beneficial, when it is simply productive of good; as, the benefits of early discipline; the beneficial effects of adversity. We speak of a thing as an advantage, or as advantageous, when it affords us the means of getting forward, and places us on a �vantage ground� for further effort. Hence, there is a difference between the benefits and the advantages of early education; between a beneficial and an advantageous investment of money. Ad�van�tage, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Advantaged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Advantaging (?).] [F. avantager, fr. avantage. See Advance.] To give an advantage to; to further; to promote; to benefit; to profit. The truth is, the archbishop's own stiffness and averseness to comply with the court designs, advantaged his adversaries against him. Fuller. What is a man advantaged, if he gain the whole world, and lose himself, or be cast away? Luke ix. 25. To advantage one's self of, to avail one's self of. [Obs.] Ad�van�tage�a�ble (?), a. Advantageous. [Obs.] Ad�van�ta�geous (?), a. [F. avantageux, fr. avantage.] Being of advantage; conferring advantage; gainful; profitable; useful; beneficial; as, an advantageous position; trade is advantageous to a nation. Advabtageous comparison with any other country. Prescott. You see... of what use a good reputation is, and how swift and advantageous a harbinger it is, wherever one goes. Chesterfield. Ad�van�ta�geous�ly, adv. Profitably; with advantage. Ad�van�ta�geous�ness, n. Profitableness. Ad�vene� (?), v. i. [L. advenire; ad + venire to come: cf. F. avenir, advenir. See Come.] To accede, or come (to); to be added to something or become a part of it, though not essential. [R.] Where no act of the will advenes as a coefficient. Coleridge. Ad�ven�ient (?), a. [L. adviens, p. pr. Coming from outward causes; superadded. [Obs.] Ad�vent (?), n. [L. adventus, fr. advenire, adventum: cf. F. avent. See Advene.] 1. (Eccl.) The period including the four Sundays before Christmas. Advent Sunday (Eccl.), the first Sunday in the season of Advent, being always the nearest Sunday to the feast of St. Andrew (Now. 30). Shipley. 2. The first or the expected second coming of Christ. 3. Coming; any important arrival; approach. Death's dreadful advent. Young. Expecting still his advent home. Tennyson. Ad�vent�ist (?), n. One of a religious body, embracing several branches, who look for the proximate personal coming of Christ; � called also Second Adventists. Schaff�Herzog Encyc. Ad�ven�ti�tious (?), a. [L. adventitius.] 1. Added extrinsically; not essentially inherent; accidental or causal; additional; supervenient; foreign. To things of great dimensions, if we annex an adventitious idea of terror, they become without comparison greater. Burke. 2. (Nat. Hist.) Out of the proper or usual place; as, adventitious buds or roots. 3. (Bot.) Accidentally or sparingly spontaneous in a country or district; not fully naturalized; adventive; � applied to foreign plants. 4. (Med.) Acquired, as diseases; accidental. � Ad�ven�ti�tious�ly, adv. � Ad�ven�ti�tious�ness, n. Ad�ven�tive (?), a. 1. Accidental. 2. (Bot.) Adventitious. Gray. Ad�ven�tive, n. A thing or person coming from without; an immigrant. [R.] Bacon. Ad�ven�tu�al (?; 135), a. Relating to the season of advent. Sanderson. Ad�ven�ture (?; 135), n. [OE. aventure, aunter, anter, F. aventure, fr. LL. adventura, fr. L. advenire, adventum, to arrive, which in the Romance languages took the sense of �to happen, befall.� See Advene.] 1. That which happens without design; chance; hazard; hap; hence, chance of danger or loss. Nay, a far less good to man it will be found, if she must, at all adventures, be fastened upon him individually. Milton. 2. Risk; danger; peril. [Obs.] He was in great adventure of his life. Berners. 3. The encountering of risks; hazardous and striking enterprise; a bold undertaking, in which hazards are to be encountered, and the issue is staked upon unforeseen events; a daring feat. He loved excitement and adventure. Macaulay. 4. A remarkable occurrence; a striking event; a stirring incident; as, the adventures of one's life. Bacon. 5. A mercantile or speculative enterprise of hazard; a venture; a shipment by a merchant on his own account. A bill of adventure (Com.), a writing setting forth that the goods shipped are at the owner's risk. Syn. � Undertaking; enterprise; venture; event. Ad�ven�ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Adventured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Adventuring (?).] [OE. aventuren, auntren, F. aventurer, fr. aventure. See Adventure, n.] 1. To risk, or hazard; jeopard; to venture. He would not adventure himself into the theater. Acts xix. 31. 2. To venture upon; to run the risk of; to dare. Yet they adventured to go back. Bunyan, Discriminations might be adventured. J. Taylor. Ad�ven�ture, v. i. To try the chance; to take the risk. I would adventure for such merchandise. Shak. Ad�ven�ture�ful (?), a. Given to adventure. Ad�ven�tur�er (?), n. [Cf. F. aventurier.] 1. One who adventures; as, the merchant adventurers; one who seeks his fortune in new and hazardous or perilous enterprises. 2. A social pretender on the lookout for advancement. Ad�ven�ture�some (?), a. Full of risk; adventurous; venturesome. � Ad�ven�ture�some�ness, n. Ad�ven�tur�ess (?), n. A female adventurer; a woman who tries to gain position by equivocal means. Ad�ven�tur�ous (?), a. [OE. aventurous, aunterous, OF. aventuros, F. aventureux, fr. aventure. See Adventure, n.] 1. Inclined to adventure; willing to incur hazard; prone to embark in hazardous enterprise; rashly daring; � applied to persons. Bold deed thou hast presumed, adventurous Eve. Milton. 2. Full of hazard; attended with risk; exposing to danger; requiring courage; rash; � applied to acts; as, an adventurous undertaking, deed, song. Syn. � Rash; foolhardy; presumptuous; enterprising; daring; hazardous; venturesome. See Rash. Ad�ven�tur�ous�ly, adv. In an adventurous manner; venturesomely; boldly; daringly. Ad�ven�tur�ous�ness, n. The quality or state of being adventurous; daring; venturesomeness. Ad�verb (?), n. [L. adverbium; ad + verbum word, verb: cf. F. adverbe.] (Gram.) A word used to modify the sense of a verb, participle, adjective, or other adverb, and usually placed near it; as, he writes well; paper extremely white. Ad�ver�bi�al (?), a. [L. adverbialis: cf. F. adverbial.] Of or pertaining to an adverb; of the nature of an adverb; as, an adverbial phrase or form. Ad�ver�bi�al�i�ty (?), n. The quality of being adverbial. Earle. Ad�ver�bi�al�ize (?), v. t. To give the force or form of an adverb to. Ad�ver�bi�al�ly, adv. In the manner of an adverb. � Ad�ver�sa�ri�a (?), n. pl. [L. adversaria (sc. scripta), neut. pl. of adversarius.] A miscellaneous collection of notes, remarks, or selections; a commonplace book; also, commentaries or notes. These parchments are supposed to have been St. Paul's adversaria. Bp. Bull. Ad�ver�sa�ri�ous (?), a. Hostile. [R.] Southey. Ad�ver�sa�ry (?), n.; pl. Adversaries (?). [OE. adversarie, direct fr. the Latin, and adversaire, fr. OF. adversier, aversier, fr. L. adversarius (a.) turned toward, (n.) an adversary. See Adverse.] One who is turned against another or others with a design to oppose or resist them; a member of an opposing or hostile party; an opponent; an antagonist; an enemy; a foe. His ancient knot of dangerous adversaries. Shak. Agree with thine adversary quickly. Matt. v. 25. It may be thought that to vindicate the permanency of truth is to dispute without an adversary. Beattie. The Adversary, The Satan, or the Devil. Syn. - Adversary, Enemy, Opponent, Antagonist. Enemy is the only one of these words which necessarily implies a state of personal hostility. Men may be adversaries, antagonists, or opponents to each other in certain respects, and yet have no feelings of general animosity. An adversary may be simply one who is placed for a time in a hostile position, as in a lawsuit, an argument, in chess playing, or at fence. An opponent is one who is ranged against another (perhaps passively) on the opposing side; as a political opponent, an opponent in debate. An antagonist is one who struggles against another with active effort, either in a literal fight or in verbal debate. Ad�ver�sa�ry (?), a. 1. Opposed; opposite; adverse; antagonistic. [Archaic] Bp. King. 2. (Law) Having an opposing party; not unopposed; as, an adversary suit. Ad�ver�sa�tive (?), a. [L. adversativus, fr. adversari.] Expressing contrariety, opposition, or antithesis; as, an adversative conjunction (but, however, yet, etc.); an adversative force. - Ad�ver�sa�tive�ly, adv. Ad�ver�sa�tive, n. An adversative word. Harris. Ad�verse (?), a. [OE. advers, OF. avers, advers, fr. L. adversus, p. p. advertere to turn to. See Advert.] 1. Acting against, or in a contrary direction; opposed; contrary; opposite; conflicting; as, adverse winds; an adverse party; a spirit adverse to distinctions of caste. 2. Opposite. �Calpe's adverse height.� Byron. 3. In hostile opposition to; unfavorable; unpropitious; contrary to one's wishes; unfortunate; calamitous; afflictive; hurtful; as, adverse fates, adverse circumstances, things adverse. Happy were it for us all if we bore prosperity as well and wisely as we endure an adverse fortune. Southey. � possession (Law), a possession of real property avowedly contrary to some claim of title in another person. Abbott. Syn. - Averse; reluctant; unwilling. See Averse. Ad�verse� (?), v. t. [L. adversari: cf. OF. averser.] To oppose; to resist. [Obs.] Gower. Ad�verse�ly (277), adv. In an adverse manner; inimically; unfortunately; contrariwise. Ad�verse�ness, n. The quality or state of being adverse; opposition. Ad�ver�si�fo�li�ate (?), Ad�ver�si�fo�li�ous (?) } a. [L. adver + folium leaf.] (Bot.) Having opposite leaves, as plants which have the leaves so arranged on the stem. Ad�ver�sion (?), n.[L. adversio] A turning towards; attention. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. Ad�ver�si�ty (?), n.; pl. Adversities (?).[OE. adversite, F. adversit�, fr. L. adversitas.] 1. Opposition; contrariety. [Obs.] Wyclif. 2. A condition attended with severe trials; a state of adverse fortune; misfortune; calamity; affliction, trial; - opposed to well�being or prosperity. Adversity is not without comforts and hopes. Bacon. Syn. - Affliction; distress; misery; disaster; trouble; suffering; trial. Ad�vert� (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Adverted; p. pr. & vb. n. Adverting.] [L. advertere, v. t., to turn to; ad + vertere to turn: cf. F. avertir. See Advertise.] To turn the mind or attention; to refer; to take heed or notice; - with to; as, he adverted to what was said. I may again advert to the distinction. Owen. Syn.- To refer; allude; regard. See Refer. Ad�vert�ence (?), Ad�vert�en�cy (?), } [OF. advertence, avertence, LL. advertentia, fr. L. advertens. See Advertent.] The act of adverting, of the quality of being advertent; attention; notice; regard; heedfulness. To this difference it is right that advertence should be had in regulating taxation. J. S. Mill. Ad�vert�ent (?), a. [L. advertens, �entis, p. pr. of advertere. See Advert.] Attentive; heedful; regardful. Sir M. Hale. � Ad�vert�ent�ly, adv. Ad�ver�tise� (?; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Advertised (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Advertising (?).] [F. avertir, formerly also spelt advertir, to warn, give notice to, L. advertere to turn to. The ending was probably influenced by the noun advertisement. See Advert.] To give notice to; to inform or apprise; to notify; to make known; hence, to warn; - often followed by of before the subject of information; as, to advertise a man of his loss. [Archaic] I will advertise thee what this people shall do. Num. xxiv. 14. 4. To give public notice of; to announce publicly, esp. by a printed notice; as, to advertise goods for sale, a lost article, the sailing day of a vessel, a political meeting. Syn. - To apprise; inform; make known; notify; announce; proclaim; promulgate; publish. Ad�ver�tise�ment (?; 277), n. [F.avertisement, formerly also spelled advertissement, a warning, giving notice, fr. avertir.] 1. The act of informing or notifying; notification. [Archaic] An advertisement of danger. Bp. Burnet. 2. Admonition; advice; warning. [Obs.] Therefore give me no counsel: My griefs cry louder than advertisement. Shak. 3. A public notice, especially a paid notice in some public print; anything that advertises; as, a newspaper containing many advertisement. Ad�ver�tis�er (?), n. One who, or that which, advertises. Ad�vice� (?), n. [OE. avis, F. avis; ? + OF. vis, fr. L. visum seemed, seen; really p. p. of videre to see, so that vis meant that which has seemed best. See Vision, and cf. Avise, Advise.] 1. An opinion recommended or offered, as worthy to be followed; counsel. We may give advice, but we can not give conduct. Franklin. 2. Deliberate consideration; knowledge. [Obs.] How shall I dote on her with more advice, That thus without advice begin to love her? Shak. 3. Information or notice given; intelligence; as, late advices from France; - commonly in the plural. � In commercial language, advice usually means information communicated by letter; - used chiefly in reference to drafts or bills of exchange; as, a letter of advice. McElrath. 4. (Crim. Law) Counseling to perform a specific illegal act. Wharton. � boat, a vessel employed to carry dispatches or to reconnoiter; a dispatch boat. � To take ~. (a) To accept advice. (b) To consult with another or others. Syn. - Counsel; suggestion; recommendation; admonition; exhortation; information; notice. Ad�vis�a�bil�i�ty (?), n. The quality of being advisable; advisableness. Ad�vis�a�ble (?), a. 1. Proper to be advised or to be done; expedient; prudent. Some judge it advisable for a man to account with his heart every day. South. 2. Ready to receive advice. [R.] South. Syn. - Expedient; proper; desirable; befitting. Ad�vis�a�ble�ness, n. The quality of being advisable or expedient; expediency; advisability. Ad�vis�a�bly, adv. With advice; wisely. Ad�vise� (?), v. t.[imp. & p. p. Advised (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Advising (?).] [OE. avisen to perceive, consider, inform, F. aviser, fr. LL. advisare. advisare; ad + visare, fr. L. videre, visum, to see. See Advice, and cf. Avise.] 1. To give advice to; to offer an opinion, as worthy or expedient to be followed; to counsel; to warn. �I shall no more advise thee.� Milton. 2. To give information or notice to; to inform; - with of before the thing communicated; as, we were advised of the risk. To ~ one's self, to bethink one's self; to take counsel with one's self; to reflect; to consider. [Obs.] Bid thy master well advise himself. Shak. Syn. - To counsel; admonish; apprise; acquaint. Ad�vise�, v. t. 1. To consider; to deliberate. [Obs.] Advise if this be worth attempting. Milton. 2. To take counsel; to consult; - followed by with; as, to advise with friends. Ad�vis�ed�ly (?), adv. 1. Circumspectly; deliberately; leisurely. [Obs.] Shak. 2. With deliberate purpose; purposely; by design. � �Advisedly undertaken.� Suckling. Ad�vise�ment (?), n. [OE. avisement, F. avisement, fr. aviser. See Advise, and cf. Avisement.] 1. Counsel; advise; information. [Archaic] And mused awhile, waking advisement takes of what had passed in sleep. Daniel. 2. Consideration; deliberation; consultation. Tempering the passion with advisement slow. Spenser. Ad�vis�er (?), n. One who advises. Ad�vis�er�ship, n. The office of an adviser. [R.] Ad�vi�so (?), n. [Cf. Sp. aviso. See Advice.] Advice; counsel; suggestion; also, a dispatch or advice boat. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. Ad�vi�so�ry (?), a. Having power to advise; containing advice; as, an advisory council; their opinion is merely advisory. The General Association has a general advisory superintendence over all the ministers and churches. Trumbull. Ad�vo�ca�cy (?), n. [OF. advocatie, LL. advocatia. See Advocate.] The act of pleading for or supporting; work of advocating; intercession. Ad�vo�cate (?), n. [OE. avocat, avocet, OF. avocat, fr. L. advocatus, one summoned or called to another; properly the p. p. of advocare to call to, call to one's aid; ad + vocare to call. See Advowee, Avowee, Vocal.] 1. One who pleads the cause of another. Specifically: One who pleads the cause of another before a tribunal or judicial court; a counselor. � In the English and American Law, advocate is the same as �counsel,� �counselor,� or �barrister.� In the civil and ecclesiastical courts, the term signifies the same as �counsel� at the common law. 2. One who defends, vindicates, or espouses any cause by argument; a pleader; as, an advocate of free trade, an advocate of truth. 3. Christ, considered as an intercessor. We have an Advocate with the Father. 1 John ii. 1. Faculty of advocates (Scot.), the Scottish bar in Edinburgh. � Lord ~ (Scot.), the public prosecutor of crimes, and principal crown lawyer. � Judge ~. See under Judge. Ad�vo�cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Advocated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Advocating (?).] [See Advocate, n., Advoke, Avow.] To plead in favor of; to defend by argument, before a tribunal or the public; to support, vindicate, or recommend publicly. To advocate the cause of thy client. Bp. Sanderson (1624). This is the only thing distinct and sensible, that has been advocated. Burke. Eminent orators were engaged to advocate his cause. Mitford. Ad�vo�cate, v. i. To act as ~. [Obs.] Fuller. Ad�vo�cate�ship, n. Office or duty of an advocate. Ad�vo�ca�tion (?), n. [L. advocatio: cf. OF. avocation. See Advowson.] 1. The act of advocating or pleading; plea; advocacy. [Archaic] The holy Jesus... sits in heaven in a perpetual advocation for us. Jer. Taylor. 2. Advowson. [Obs.] The donations or advocations of church livings. Sanderson. 3. (Scots Law) The process of removing a cause from an inferior court to the supreme court. Bell. Ad�vo�ca�to�ry (?), a. Of or pertaining to an advocate. [R.] Ad�voke� (?), v. t. [L. advocare. See Advocate.] To summon; to call. [Obs.] Queen Katharine had privately prevailed with the pope to advoke the cause to Rome. Fuller. Ad�vo�lu�tion (?), n. [L. advolvere, advolutum, to roll to.] A rolling toward something. [R.] Ad�vou�trer (?), n. [OF. avoutre, avoltre, fr. L. adulter. Cf. Adulterer.] An adulterer. [Obs.] Ad�vou�tress (?), n. An adulteress. [Obs.] Bacon. Ad�vou�try, Ad�vow�try } (?), n. [OE. avoutrie, avouterie, advoutrie, OF. avoutrie, avulterie, fr. L. adulterium. Cf. Adultery.] Adultery. [Obs.] Bacon. Ad�vow�ee� (?), n. [OE. avowe, F. avou�, fr. L. advocatus. See Advocate, Avowee, Avoyer.] One who has an advowson. Cowell. Ad�vow�son (?; 277), n. [OE. avoweisoun, OF. avo�son, fr. L. advocatio. Cf. Advocation.] (Eng. Law) The right of presenting to a vacant benefice or living in the church. [Originally, the relation of a patron (advocatus) or protector of a benefice, and thus privileged to nominate or present to it.] � The benefices of the Church of England are in every case subjects of presentation. They are nearly 12,000 in number; the advowson of more than half of them belongs to private persons, and of the remainder to the crown, bishops, deans and chapters, universities, and colleges. Amer. Cyc. Ad�voy�er (?), n. See Avoyer. [Obs.] Ad�ward� (?), n. Award. [Obs.] Spenser. � Ad�y�na�mi�a (?), n. [NL. adynamia, fr. Gr. ? want of strength; ? priv + ? power, strength.] (Med.) Considerable debility of the vital powers, as in typhoid fever. Dunglison. Ad�y�nam�ic (?), a. [Cf. F. adynamique. See Adynamy.] 1. (Med.) Pertaining to, or characterized by, debility of the vital powers; weak. 2. (Physics) Characterized by the absence of power or force. � fevers, malignant or putrid fevers attended with great muscular debility. A�dyn�a�my (?), n. Adynamia. [R.] Morin. � Ad�y�tum (?), n.; pl. Adyta (?). [L., fr. Gr. ?, n., fr. ?, a., not to be entered; ? priv. + ? to enter.] The innermost sanctuary or shrine in ancient temples, whence oracles were given. Hence: A private chamber; a sanctum. Adz, Adze } (?), n. [OE. adese, adis, adse, AS. adesa, adese, ax, hatchet.] A carpenter's or cooper's tool, formed with a thin arching blade set at right angles to the handle. It is used for chipping or slicing away the surface of wood. Adz, v. t. To cut with an ~. [R.] Carlyle. � or Ae. A diphthong in the Latin language; used also by the Saxon writers. It answers to the Gr. ?. The Anglo�Saxon short � was generally replaced by a, the long ? by e or ee. In derivatives from Latin words with ae, it is mostly superseded by e. For most words found with this initial combination, the reader will therefore search under the letter E. � ��cid�i�um (?), n.; pl. �cidia (?). [NL., dim. of Gr. ? injury.] (Bot.) A form of fruit in the cycle of development of the Rusts or Brands, an order of fungi, formerly considered independent plants. ��dile (?), n. [L. aedilis, fr. aedes temple, public building. Cf. Edify.] A magistrate in ancient Rome, who had the superintendence of public buildings, highways, shows, etc.; hence, a municipal officer. ��dile�ship, n. The office of an �dile. T. Arnold. ��ge�an (?), a. [L. Aegeus; Gr. ?.] Of or pertaining to the sea, or arm of the Mediterranean sea, east of Greece. See Archipelago. � ��gi�cra�ni�a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ?, ?, goat + ?, n. pl., heads.] (Arch.) Sculptured ornaments, used in classical architecture, representing rams' heads or skulls. �g�i�lops (?), n. [L. aegilopis, Gr. ?, fr. ?, gen. ?, goat + ? eye.] 1. (Med.) An ulcer or fistula in the inner corner of the eye. 2. (Bot.) (a) The great wild�oat grass or other cornfield weed. Crabb. (b) A genus of plants, called also hardgrass. � ��gis (?), n. [L. aegis, fr. Gr. ? a goat skin, a shield, ? goat, or fr. ? to rush.] A shield or protective armor; � applied in mythology to the shield of Jupiter which he gave to Minerva. Also fig.: A shield; a protection. ��goph�o�ny (?), n. Same as Egophony. � ��gro�tat (?), n. [L., he is sick.] (Camb. Univ.) A medical certificate that a student is ill. ��ne�id (?), n. [L. Aeneis, Aeneidis, or �dos: cf. F. ?n�de.] The great epic poem of Virgil, of which the hero is �neas. Aω�ne�ous (?), a. [L. a�neus.] (Zo�l.) Colored like bronze. ��o�li�an (?), a. [L. Aeolius, Gr. ?.] 1. Of or pertaining to �olia or �olis, in Asia Minor, colonized by the Greeks, or to its inhabitants; �olic; as, the �olian dialect. 2. Pertaining to �olus, the mythic god of the winds; pertaining to, or produced by, the wind; a�rial. Viewless forms the �olian organ play. Campbell. �olian attachment, a contrivance often attached to a pianoforte, which prolongs the vibrations, increases the volume of sound, etc., by forcing a stream of air upon the strings. Moore. � �olian harp, �olian lyre, a musical instrument consisting of a box, on or in which are stretched strings, on which the wind acts to produce the notes; � usually placed at an open window. Moore. � �olian mode (Mus.), one of the ancient Greek and early ecclesiastical modes. ��ol�ic (?), a. [L. Aeolicus; Gr. ?.] �olian, 1; as, the �olic dialect; the �olic mode. ��ol�i�pile, ��ol�i�pyle } (?), n. [L. aeolipilae; Aeolus god of the winds + pila a ball, or Gr. ? gate (i. e., doorway of �olus); cf. F. �olipyle.] An apparatus consisting chiefly of a closed vessel (as a globe or cylinder) with one or more projecting bent tubes, through which steam is made to pass from the vessel, causing it to revolve. [Written also eolipile.] � Such an apparatus was first described by Hero of Alexandria about 200 years b. c. It has often been called the first steam engine. ��o�lo�trop�ic (?), a. [Gr. ? changeful + ? a turning, ? to turn.] (Physics) Exhibiting differences of quality or property in different directions; not isotropic. Sir W. Thomson. ��o�lot�ro�py (?), n. (Physics) Difference of quality or property in different directions. � ��o�lus (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. ?.] (Gr. & Rom. Myth.) The god of the winds. ��on (?), n. A period of immeasurable duration; also, an emanation of the Deity. See Eon. ��o�ni�an (?), a. [Gr. ?.] Eternal; everlasting. ��onian hills.� Tennyson. � ��py�or�nis (?), n. [Gr. ? high + ? bird.] A gigantic bird found fossil in Madagascar. A��r�ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. A?rated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. A?rating (?).] [Cf. F. a�rer. See Air,v. t.] 1. To combine or charge with gas; usually with carbonic acid gas, formerly called fixed air. His sparkling sallies bubbled up as from a�rated natural fountains. Carlyle. 2. To supply or impregnate with common air; as, to a�rate soil; to a�rate water. 3. (Physiol.) To expose to the chemical action of air; to oxygenate (the blood) by respiration; to arterialize. A�rated bread, bread raised by charging dough with carbonic acid gas, instead of generating the gas in the dough by fermentation. A��r�a�tion (?), n. [Cf. F. a�ration.] 1. Exposure to the free action of the air; airing; as, a�ration of soil, of spawn, etc. 2. (Physiol.) A change produced in the blood by exposure to the air in respiration; oxygenation of the blood in respiration; arterialization. 3. The act or preparation of charging with carbonic acid gas or with oxygen. A��r�a�tor (?), n. That which supplies with air; esp. an apparatus used for charging mineral waters with gas and in making soda water. Aω�ri�al (?), a. [L. a�rius. See Air.] 1. Of or pertaining to the air, or atmosphere; inhabiting or frequenting the air; produced by or found in the air; performed in the air; as, a�rial regions or currents. �A�rial spirits.� Milton. �A�rial voyages.� Darwin. 2. Consisting of air; resembling, or partaking of the nature of air. Hence: Unsubstantial; unreal. 3. Rising aloft in air; high; lofty; as, a�rial spires. 4. Growing, forming, or existing in the air, as opposed to growing or existing in earth or water, or underground; as, a�rial rootlets, a�rial plants. Gray. 5. Light as air; ethereal. � acid, carbonic acid. [Obs.] Ure. � � perspective. See Perspective. Aω�ri�al�i�ty (?), n. The state of being a�rial; ?nsubstantiality. [R.] De Quincey. Aω�ri�al�ly (?), adv. Like, or from, the air; in an a�rial manner. �A murmur heard a�rially.� Tennyson. Ae�rie (?; 277), n. [OE. aire, eire, air, nest, also origin, descent, OF. aire, LL. area, aera, nest of a bird of prey, perh. fr. L. area an open space (for birds of prey like to build their nests on flat and open spaces on the top of high rocks). Cf. Area.] The nest of a bird of prey, as of an eagle or hawk; also a brood of such birds; eyrie. Shak. Also fig.: A human residence or resting place perched like an eagle's nest. A��r�if�er�ous (?), a. [L. a�r air + �ferous: cf. F. a�rif�re.] Conveying or containing air; air�bearing; as, the windpipe is an a�riferous tube. A��r�i�fi�ca�tion (?), n. [Cf. F. a�rification. See A?rify.] 1. The act of combining air with another substance, or the state of being filled with air. 2. The act of becoming a�rified, or of changing from a solid or liquid form into an a�riform state; the state of being a�riform. A��r�i�form (?; 277), a. [L. a�r air + �form: cf. F. a�riforme.] Having the form or nature of air, or of an elastic fluid; gaseous. Hence fig.: Unreal. A��r�i�fy (?), v. t. [L. a�r air + �fly.] 1. To infuse air into; to combine air with. 2. To change into an a�riform state. A��r�o�. [Gr. ?, ?, air.] The combining form of the Greek word meaning air. A��r�o�bies (?), n. pl. [A�ro� + Gr. ? life.] (Biol.) Micro?rganisms which live in contact with the air and need oxygen for their growth; as the microbacteria which form on the surface of putrefactive fluids. A��r�o�bi�ot�ic (?; 101), a. (Biol.) Related to, or of the nature of, a�robies; as, a�robiotic plants, which live only when supplied with free oxygen. A��r�cyst (?), n. [A�ro� + cyst.] (Bot.) One of the air cells of algals. A��r�o�dy�nam�ic (?), a. Pertaining to the force of air in motion. A��r�o�dy�nam�ics (?), n. [A�ro� + dynamics: cf. F. a�rodynamique.] The science which treats of the air and other gaseous bodies under the action of force, and of their mechanical effects. A��r�og�no�sy (?), n. [A�ro� + Gr. ? knowing, knowledge: cf. F. a�rognosie.] The science which treats of the properties of the air, and of the part it plays in nature. Craig. A��r�og�ra�pher (?), n. One versed in a�ography: an a�rologist. A��r�o�graph�ic (?), A��r�o�graph�ic�al (?), } a. Pertaining to a�rography; a�rological. A��r�og�ra�phy (?), n. [A�ro� + �graphy: cf. F. a�rographie.] A description of the air or atmosphere; a�rology. A��r�o�hy�dro�dy�nam�ic (?), a. [A�ro� + hydrodynamic.] Acting by the force of air and water; as, an a�rohydrodynamic wheel. A��r�o�lite (?), n. [A�ro� + �lite: cf. F. a�rolithe.] (Meteor.) A stone, or metallic mass, which has fallen to the earth from distant space; a meteorite; a meteoric stone. � Some writers limit the word to stony meteorites. A��r�o�lith (?), n. Same as A?rolite. A��r�o�li�thol�o�gy (?), n. [A�ro� + lithology.] The science of a�rolites. A��r�o�lit�ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to a�rolites; meteoric; as, a�rolitic iron. Booth. A��r�o�log�ic (?), A��r�o�log�ic�al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to a�rology. A��r�ol�o�gist (?), n. One versed in a�rology. A��r�ol�o�gy (?), n. [A�ro� + �logy: cf. F. a�rologie.] That department of physics which treats of the atmosphere. A��r�o�man�cy (?), n. [A�ro� + �mancy: cf. F. a�romancie.] Divination from the state of the air or from atmospheric substances; also, forecasting changes in the weather. A��r�om�e�ter (?), n. [A�ro� + �meter: cf. F. a�rom�tre.] An instrument for ascertaining the weight or density of air and gases. A��r�o�met�ric (?), a. Of or pertaining to a�rometry; as, a�rometric investigations. A��r�om�e�try (?), n. [A�ro� + �metry: cf. F. a�rom�trie.] The science of measuring the air, including the doctrine of its pressure, elasticity, rarefaction, and condensation; pneumatics. A��r�o�naut (?; 277), n. [F. a�ronaute, fr. Gr. ? air + ? sailor. See Nautical.] An a�rial navigator; a balloonist. A��r�o�naut�ic (?), A��r�o�naut�ic�al (?), } a. [Cf. F. a�ronauitique.] Pertaining to a�ronautics, or a�rial sailing. A��r�o�naut�ics (?), n. The science or art of ascending and sailing in the air, as by means of a balloon; a�rial navigation; ballooning. � A��r�o�pho�bi�a (?), A��r�oph�o�by (?), } n. [A�ro� + Gr. ? fear: cf. F. a�rophobie.] (Med.) Dread of a current of air. A��r�o�phyte (?), n. [A�ro� + Gr. ? plant, ? to grow: cf. F. a�rophyte.] (Bot.) A plant growing entirely in the air, and receiving its nourishment from it; an air plant or epiphyte. A��r�o�plane� (?), n. [A�ro� + plane.] A flying machine, or a small plane for experiments on flying, which floats in the air only when propelled through it. A��r�o�scope (?), n. [A�ro� + Gr. ? to look out.] (Biol.) An apparatus designed for collecting spores, germs, bacteria, etc., suspended in the air. A��r�os�co�py (?), n. [A�ro� + Gr. ? a looking out; ? to spy out.] The observation of the state and variations of the atmosphere. ��rose� (?), a. [L. aerosus, fr. aes, aeris, brass, copper.] Of the nature of, or like, copper; brassy. [R.] A��r�o�sid�er�ite (?), n. [A�ro� + siderite.] (Meteor.) A mass of meteoric iron. A��r�o�sphere (?), n. [A�ro� + sphere: cf. F. a�rosph�re.] The atmosphere. [R.] A��r�o�stat (?), n. [F. a�rostat, fr. Gr. ? air + ? placed. See Statics.] 1. A balloon. 2. A balloonist; an a�ronaut. A��r�o�stat�ic (?), A��r�o�stat�ic�al (?), } a. [A�ro� + Gr. ?: cf. F. a�rostatique. See Statical, Statics.] 1. Of or pertaining to a�rostatics; pneumatic. 2. A�ronautic; as, an a�rostatic voyage. A��r�o�stat�ics (?), n. The science that treats of the equilibrium of elastic fluids, or that of bodies sustained in them. Hence it includes a�ronautics. A��r�os�ta�tion (?), n. [Cf. F. a�rostation the art of using a�rostats.] 1. A�rial navigation; the art of raising and guiding balloons in the air. 2. The science of weighing air; a�rostatics. [Obs.] ��ru�gi�nous (?), a. [L. aeruginosus, fr. aerugo rust of copper, fr. aes copper: cf. F. �rugineux.] Of the nature or color of verdigris, or the rust of copper. � ��ru�go (?), n. [L. aes brass, copper.] The rust of any metal, esp. of brass or copper; verdigris. Ae�ry (?), n. An aerie. A��r�y (?), a. [See Air.] A�rial; ethereal; incorporeal; visionary. [Poetic] M. Arnold. �s�cu�la�pi�an (?), a. Pertaining to �sculapius or to the healing art; medical; medicinal. �s�cu�la�pi�us (?), n. [L. Aesculapius, Gr. ?.] (Myth.) The god of medicine. Hence, a physician. �s�cu�lin (?), n. Same as Esculin. ��so�pi�an, E�so�pi�an (?), a. [L. Aesopius, from Gr. ?, fr. the famous Greek fabulist �sop (?).] Of or pertaining to �sop, or in his manner. ��sop�ic, E�sop�ic (?), a. [L. Aesopicus, Gr. ?.] Same as �sopian. � �s�the�si�a (?), n. [Gr. ? sensation, fr. ? to perceive.] (Physiol.) Perception by the senses; feeling; � the opposite of an�sthesia. �a�the�si�om�e�ter, Es�the�si�om�e�ter (?), n. [Gr. ? (see �sthesia) + �meter.] An instrument to measure the degree of sensation, by determining at how short a distance two impressions upon the skin can be distinguished, and thus to determine whether the condition of tactile sensibility is normal or altered. � �s�the��sis (?), n. [Gr. ?.] Sensuous perception. [R.] Ruskin. �s�the�sod�ic (?), a. [Gr. ? sensation + ? a way; cf. F. esth�sodique.] (Physiol.) Conveying sensory or afferent impulses; � said of nerves. �s�thete (?), n. [Gr. ? one who perceives.] One who makes much or overmuch of �sthetics. [Recent] �s�thet�ic (?), �s�thet�ic�al (?), } a. Of or Pertaining to �sthetics; versed in �sthetics; as, �sthetic studies, emotions, ideas, persons, etc. � �s�thet�ic�al�ly, adv. �s�the�ti�can (?), n. One versed in �sthetics. �s�thet�i�cism (?), n. The doctrine of �sthetics; �sthetic principles; devotion to the beautiful in nature and art. Lowell. �s�thet�ics, Es�thet�ics (?; 277), n. [Gr. ? perceptive, esp. by feeling, fr. ? to perceive, feel: cf. G. �sthetik, F. esth�tique.] The theory or philosophy of taste; the science of the beautiful in nature and art; esp. that which treats of the expression and embodiment of beauty by art. �s�tho�phys�i�ol�o�gy (?), n. [Gr. ? to perceive + E. physiology.] The science of sensation in relation to nervous action. H. Spenser. �s�ti�val (?), a. [L. aestivalis, aestivus, fr. aestas summer.] Of or belonging to the summer; as, �stival diseases. [Spelt also estival.] �s�ti�vate (?), v. i. [L. aestivare, aestivatum.] 1. To spend the summer. 2. (Zo�l.) To pass the summer in a state of torpor. [Spelt also estivate.] �s�ti�va�tion (?), n. 1. (Zo�l.) The state of torpidity induced by the heat and dryness of summer, as in certain snails; � opposed to hibernation. 2. (Bot.) The arrangement of the petals in a flower bud, as to folding, overlapping, etc.; prefloration. Gray. [Spelt also estivation.] �s�tu�a�ry (?; 135), n. & a. See Estuary. �s�tu�ous (?), a. [L. aestuosus, fr. aestus fire, glow.] Glowing; agitated, as with heat. Aω�the�og�a�mous (?), a. [Gr. ? unusual (? priv. + ? custom) + ? marriage.] (Bot.) Propagated in an unusual way; cryptogamous. ��ther (?), n. See Ether. ��thi�ops min�er�al (?). (Chem.) Same as Ethiops mineral. [Obs.] �th�o�gen (?), n. [Gr. ? fire, light + �gen.] (Chem.) A compound of nitrogen and boro?, which, when heated before the blowpipe, gives a brilliant phosphorescent; boric nitride. ��thri�o�scope (?), n. [Gr. ? clear + ? to observe.] An instrument consisting in part of a differential thermometer. It is used for measuring changes of temperature produced by different conditions of the sky, as when clear or clouded. ��ti�o�log�ic�al (?), a. Pertaining to �tiology; assigning a cause. � ��ti�o�log�ic�al�ly, adv. ��ti�ol�o�gy (?), n. [L. aetologia, Gr. ?; ? cause + ? description: cf. F. �tiologie.] 1. The science, doctrine, or demonstration of causes; esp., the investigation of the causes of any disease; the science of the origin and development of things. 2. The assignment of a cause. � A���ti�tes (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. ? (sc. ?) stone, fr. ? eagle.] See Eaglestone. A�far� (?), adv. [Pref. a�.(for on or of) + far.] At, to, or from a great distance; far away; � often used with from preceding, or off following; as, he was seen from afar; I saw him afar off. The steep where Fame's proud temple shines afar. Beattie. A�feard� (?), p. a. [OE. afered, AS. �f?red, p. p. of �f?ran to frighten; �� (cf. Goth. us�, Ger. er�, orig. meaning out) + f?ran to frighten. See Fear.] Afraid. [Obs. Sometimes heard from the uneducated.] Be not afeard; the isle is full of noises. Shak. � A�fer (?), n. [L.] The southwest wind. Milton. Af�fa�bil�i�ty (?), n. [L. affabilitas: cf. F. affabilit�.] The quality of being affable; readiness to converse; courteousness in receiving others and in conversation; complaisant behavior. Affability is of a wonderful efficacy or power in procuring love. Elyot Af�fa�ble (?), a. [F. affable, L. affabilis, fr. affari to speak to; ad + fari to speak. See Fable.] 1. Easy to be spoken to or addressed; receiving others kindly and conversing with them in a free and friendly manner; courteous; sociable. An affable and courteous gentleman. Shak. His manners polite and affable. Macaulay. 2. Gracious; mild; benign. A serene and affable countenance. Tatler. Syn. � Courteous; civil; complaisant; accessible; mild; benign; condescending. Af�fa�ble�ness, n. Affability. Af�fa�bly, adv. In an affable manner; courteously. Af�fa�brous (?), a. [L. affaber workmanlike; ad + faber.] Executed in a workmanlike manner; ingeniously made. [R.] Bailey. Af�fair� (?), n. [OE. afere, affere, OF. afaire, F. affaire, fr. a faire to do; L.. ad + facere to do. See Fact, and cf. Ado.] 1. That which is done or is to be done; matter; concern; as, a difficult affair to manage; business of any kind, commercial, professional, or public; � often in the plural. �At the head of affairs.� Junius. �A talent for affairs.� Prescott. 2. Any proceeding or action which it is wished to refer to or characterize vaguely; as, an affair of honor, i. e., a duel; an affair of love, i. e., an intrigue. 3. (Mil.) An action or engagement not of sufficient magnitude to be called a battle. 4. Action; endeavor. [Obs.] And with his best affair Obeyed the pleasure of the Sun. Chapman. 5. A material object (vaguely designated). A certain affair of fine red cloth much worn and faded. Hawthorne. Af�fam�ish (?), v. t. & i. [F. affamer, fr. L. ad + fames hunger. See Famish.] To afflict with, or perish from, hunger. [Obs.] Spenser. Af�fam�ish�ment (?), n. Starvation. Bp. Hall. Af�fat�u�ate (?), v. t. [L. ad + fatuus foolish.] To infatuate. [Obs.] Milton. Af�fear� (?), v. t. [OE. aferen, AS. �f?ran. See Afeard.] To frighten. [Obs.] Spenser. Af�fect� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affected; p. pr. & vb. n. Affecting.] [L. affectus, p. p. of afficere to affect by active agency; ad + facere to make: cf. F. affectere, L. affectare, freq. of afficere. See Fact.] 1. To act upon; to produce an effect or change upon. As might affect the earth with cold heat. Milton. The climate affected their health and spirits. Macaulay. 2. To influence or move, as the feelings or passions; to touch. A consideration of the rationale of our passions seems to me very necessary for all who would affect them upon solid and pure principles. 3. To love; to regard with affection. [Obs.] As for Queen Katharine, he rather respected than affected, rather honored than loved, her. Fuller. 4. To show a fondness for; to like to use or practice; to choose; hence, to frequent habitually. For he does neither affect company, nor is he fit for ?t, indeed. Shak. Do not affect the society of your inferiors in rank, nor court that of the great. Hazlitt. 5. To dispose or incline. Men whom they thought best affected to religion and their country's liberty. Milton. 6. To aim at; to aspire; to covet. [Obs.] This proud man affects imperial ?way. Dryden. 7. To tend to by affinity or disposition. The drops of every fluid affect a round figure. Newton. 8. To make a show of; to put on a pretense of; to feign; to assume; as, to affect ignorance. Careless she is with artful care, Affecting to seem unaffected. Congreve. Thou dost affect my manners. Shak. 9. To assign; to appoint. [R.] One of the domestics was affected to his special service. Thackeray. Syn. � To influence; operate; act on; concern; move; melt; soften; subdue; overcome; pretend; assume. Af�fect�, n. [L. affectus.] Affection; inclination; passion; feeling; disposition. [Obs.] Shak. Af�fec�ta�tion (?), n. [L. affectatio: cf. F. affectation.] 1. An attempt to assume or exhibit what is not natural or real; false display; artificial show. �An affectation of contempt.� Macaulay. Affectation is an awkward and forced imitation of what should be genuine and easy, wanting the beauty that accompanies what is natural what is natural. Locke. 2. A striving after. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson. 3. Fondness; affection. [Obs.] Hooker. Af�fec�ta�tion�ist, n. One who exhibits affectation. [R.] Fitzed. Hall. Af�fect�ed (?), p. p. & a. 1. Regarded with affection; beloved. [Obs.] His affected Hercules. Chapman. 2. Inclined; disposed; attached. How stand you affected his wish? Shak. 3. Given to false show; assuming or pretending to posses what is not natural or real. He is... too spruce, too affected, too odd. Shak. 4. Assumed artificially; not natural. Affected coldness and indifference. Addison. 5. (Alg.) Made up of terms involving different powers of the unknown quantity; adfected; as, an affected equation. Af�fect�ed�ly, adv. 1. In an affected manner; hypocritically; with more show than reality. 2. Lovingly; with tender care. [Obs.] Shak. Af�fect�ed�ness, n. Affectation. Af�fect�er (?), n. One who affects, assumes, pretends, or strives after. �Affecters of wit.� Abp. Secker. Af�fect�i�bil�i�ty (?), n. The quality or state of being affectible. [R.] Af�fect�i�bl? (?), a. That may be affected. [R.] Lay aside the absolute, and, by union with the creaturely, become affectible. Coleridge. Af�fect�ing, a. 1. Moving the emotions; fitted to excite the emotions; pathetic; touching; as, an affecting address; an affecting sight. The most affecting music is generally the most simple. Mitford. 2. Affected; given to false show. [Obs.] A drawling; affecting rouge. Shak. Af�fect�ing�ly (?), adv. In an affecting manner; is a manner to excite emotions. Af�fec�tion (?), n. [F. affection, L. affectio, fr. afficere. See Affect.] 1. The act of affecting or acting upon; the state of being affected. 2. An attribute; a quality or property; a condition; a bodily state; as, figure, weight, etc., are affections of bodies. �The affections of quantity.� Boyle. And, truly, waking dreams were, more or less, An old and strange affection of the house. Tennyson. 3. Bent of mind; a feeling or natural impulse or natural impulse acting upon and swaying the mind; any emotion; as, the benevolent affections, esteem, gratitude, etc.; the malevolent affections, hatred, envy, etc.; inclination; disposition; propensity; tendency. Affection is applicable to an unpleasant as well as a pleasant state of the mind, when impressed by any object or quality. Cogan. 4. A settled good will; kind feeling; love; zealous or tender attachment; � often in the pl. Formerly followed by to, but now more generally by for or towards; as, filial, social, or conjugal affections; to have an affection for or towards children. All his affections are set on his own country. Macaulay. 5. Prejudice; bias. [Obs.] Bp. Aylmer. 6. (Med.) Disease; morbid symptom; malady; as, a pulmonary affection. Dunglison. 7. The lively representation of any emotion. Wotton. 8. Affectation. [Obs.] �Spruce affection.� Shak. 9. Passion; violent emotion. [Obs.] Most wretched man, That to affections does the bridle lend. Spenser. Syn. � Attachment; passion; tenderness; fondness; kindness; love; good will. See Attachment; Disease. Ad�fec�tion�al (?), a. Of or pertaining to the affections; as, affectional impulses; an affectional nature. Af�fec�tion�ate (?), a. [Cf. F. affectionn�.] 1. Having affection or warm regard; loving; fond; as, an affectionate brother. 2. Kindly inclined; zealous. [Obs.] Johson. Man, in his love God, and desire to please him, can never be too affectionate. Sprat. 3. Proceeding from affection; indicating love; tender; as, the affectionate care of a parent; affectionate countenance, message, language. 4. Strongly inclined; � with to. [Obs.] Bacon. Syn. � Tender; attached; loving; devoted; warm; fond; earnest; ardent. Af�fec�tion�a�ted, a. Disposed; inclined. [Obs.] Affectionated to the people. Holinshed. Af�fec�tion�ate�ly, adv. With affection; lovingly; fondly; tenderly; kindly. Af�fec�tion�ate�ness, n. The quality of being affectionate; fondness; affection. Af�fec�tioned (?), a. 1. Disposed. [Archaic] Be kindly affectioned one to another. Rom. xii. 10. 2. Affected; conceited. [Obs.] Shak. Af�fec�tive (?), a. [Cf. F. affectif.] 1. Tending to affect; affecting. [Obs.] Burnet. 2. Pertaining to or exciting emotion; affectional; emotional. Rogers. Af�fec�tive�ly, adv. In an affective manner; impressively; emotionally. Af�fec�tu�ous (?; 135), a. [L. affectuous: cf. F. affectueux. See Affect.] Full of passion or emotion; earnest. [Obs.] � Af�fec�tu�ous�ly, adv. [Obs.] Fabyan. Af�feer� (?), v. t. [OF. aforer, afeurer, to tax, appraise, assess, fr. L. ad + forum market, court of justice, in LL. also meaning pri??.] 1. To confirm; to assure. [Obs.] �The title is affeered.� Shak. 2. (Old Law) To assess or reduce, as an arbitrary penalty or amercement, to a certain and reasonable sum. Amercements... were affeered by the judges. Blackstone. Af�feer�er (?), Af�feer�or (?), } n. [OF. aforeur, LL. afforator.] (Old Law) One who affeers. Cowell. Af�feer�ment (?), n. [Cf. OF. aforement.] (Old Law) The act of affeering. Blackstone. Af�fer�ent (?), a. [L. afferens, p. pr. of afferre; ad + ferre to bear.] (Physiol.) Bearing or conducting inwards to a part or organ; � opposed to efferent; as, afferent vessels; afferent nerves, which convey sensations from the external organs to the brain. � Af�fet�tu�o�so (?), adv. [It.] (Mus.) With feeling. Af�fi�ance (?), n. [OE. afiaunce trust, confidence, OF. afiance, fr. afier to trust, fr. LL. affidare to trust; ad + fidare to trust, fr. L. fides faith. See Faith, and cf. Affidavit, Affy, Confidence.] 1. Plighted faith; marriage contract or promise. 2. Trust; reliance; faith; confidence. Such feelings promptly yielded to his habitual affiance in the divine love. Sir J. Stephen. Lancelot, my Lancelot, thou in whom I have Most joy and most affiance. Tennyson. Af�fi�ance, v. t. [imp. ? p. p. Affianced (?); p. pr. ? vb. n. Affiancing (?).] [Cf. OF. afiancier, fr. afiance.] 1. To betroth; to pledge one's faith to for marriage, or solemnly promise (one's self or another) in marriage. To me, sad maid, he was affianced. Spenser. 2. To assure by promise. [Obs.] Pope. Af�fi�an�cer (?), n. One who makes a contract of marriage between two persons. Af�fi�ant (?), n. [From p. pr. of OF. afier, LL. affidare. See Affidavit.] (Law) One who makes an affidavit. [U. S.] Burrill. Syn. � Deponent. See Deponent. Af�fi�da�vit (?), n. [LL. affidavit he has made oath, perfect tense of affidare. See Affiance, Affy.] (Law) A sworn statement in writing; a declaration in writing, signed and made upon oath before an authorized magistrate. Bouvier. Burrill. � It is always made ex parte, and without cross�examination, and in this differs from a deposition. It is also applied to written statements made on affirmation. Syn. � Deposition. See Deposition. Af�file� (?), v. t. [OF. afiler, F. affiler, to sharpen; a (L. ad) + fil thread, edge.] To polish. [Obs.] Af�fil�i�a�ble (?), a. Capable of being affiliated to or on, or connected with in origin. Af�fil�i�ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affiliated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Affiliating (?).] [LL. adfiliare, affiliare, to adopt as son; ad + filius son: cf. F. affilier.] 1. To adopt; to receive into a family as a son; hence, to bring or receive into close connection; to ally. Is the soul affiliated to God, or is it estranged and in rebellion? I. Taylor. 2. To fix the paternity of; � said of an illegitimate child; as, to affiliate the child to (or on or upon) one man rather than another. 3. To connect in the way of descent; to trace origin to. How do these facts tend to affiliate the faculty of hearing upon the aboriginal vegetative processes? H. Spencer. 4. To attach (to) or unite (with); to receive into a society as a member, and initiate into its mysteries, plans, etc.; � followed by to or with. Affiliated societies, societies connected with a central society, or with each other. Af�fil�i�ate, v. i. To connect or associate one's self; � followed by with; as, they affiliate with no party. Af�fil�i�a�tion (?), n. [F. affiliation, LL. affiliatio.] 1. Adoption; association or reception as a member in or of the same family or society. 2. (Law) The establishment or ascertaining of parentage; the assignment of a child, as a bastard, to its father; filiation. 3. Connection in the way of descent. H. Spencer. Af�fi�nal (?), a. [L. affinis.] Related by marriage; from the same source. Af�fine� (?), v. t. [F. affiner to refine; ? (L. ad) + fin fine. See Fine.] To refine. [Obs.] Holland. Af�fined� (?), a. [OF. afin� related, p. p., fr. LL. affinare to join, fr. L. affinis neighboring, related to; ad + finis boundary, limit.] Joined in affinity or by any tie. [Obs.] �All affined and kin.� Shak. Af�fin�i�ta�tive (?), a. Of the nature of affinity. � Af�fin�i�ta�tive�ly, adv. Af�fin�i�tive, a. Closely connected, as by affinity. Af�fin�i�ty (?), n.; pl. Affinities (?). [OF. afinit�, F. affinit�, L. affinites, fr. affinis. See Affined.] 1. Relationship by marriage (as between a husband and his wife's blood relations, or between a wife and her husband's blood relations); � in contradistinction to consanguinity, or relationship by blood; � followed by with, to, or between. Solomon made affinity with Pharaoh. 1 Kings iii. 1. 2. Kinship generally; close agreement; relation; conformity; resemblance; connection; as, the affinity of sounds, of colors, or of languages. There is a close affinity between imposture and credulity. Sir G. C. Lewis. 2. Companionship; acquaintance. [Obs.] About forty years past, I began a happy affinity with William Cranmer. Burton. 4. (Chem.) That attraction which takes place, at an insensible distance, between the heterogeneous particles of bodies, and unites them to form chemical compounds; chemism; chemical or elective ~ or attraction. 5. (Nat. Hist.) A relation between species or highe? groups dependent on resemblance in the whole plan of structure, and indicating community of origin. 6. (Spiritualism) A superior spiritual relationship or attraction held to exist sometimes between persons, esp. persons of the opposite sex; also, the man or woman who exerts such psychical or spiritual attraction. Af�firm� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affirmed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Affirming.] [OE. affermen, OF. afermer, F. affirmer, affermir, fr. L. affirmare; ad + firmare to make firm, firmus firm. See Firm.] 1. To make firm; to confirm, or ratify; esp. (Law), to assert or confirm, as a judgment, decree, or order, brought before an appelate court for review. 2. To assert positively; to tell with confidence; to aver; to maintain as true; � opposed to deny. Jesus,... whom Paul affirmed to be alive. Acts xxv. 19. 3. (Law) To declare, as a fact, solemnly, under judicial sanction. See Affirmation, 4. Syn. � To assert; aver; declare; asseverate; assure; pronounce; protest; avouch; confirm; establish; ratify. � To Affirm, Asseverate, Aver, Protest. We affirm when we declare a thing as a fact or a proposition. We asseverate it in a peculiarly earnest manner, or with increased positiveness as what can not be disputed. We aver it, or formally declare it to be true, when we have positive knowledge of it. We protest in a more public manner and with the energy of perfect sincerity. People asseverate in order to produce a conviction of their veracity; they aver when they are peculiarly desirous to be believed; they protest when they wish to free themselves from imputations, or to produce a conviction of their innocence. Af�firm�, v. i. 1. To declare or assert positively. Not that I so affirm, though so it seem To thee, who hast thy dwelling here on earth. Milton. 2. (Law) To make a solemn declaration, before an authorized magistrate or tribunal, under the penalties of perjury; to testify by affirmation. Af�firm�a�ble (?), a. Capable of being affirmed, asserted, or declared; � followed by of; as, an attribute affirmable of every just man. Af�firm�ance (?), n. [Cf. OF. afermance.] 1. Confirmation; ratification; confirmation of a voidable act. This statute... in affirmance of the common law. Bacon. 2. A strong declaration; affirmation. Cowper. Af�firm�ant (?), n. [L. affirmans, �antis, p. pr. See Affirm.] 1. One who affirms or asserts. 2. (Law) One who affirms of taking an oath. Af�fir�ma�tion (?), n. [L. affirmatio: cf. F. affirmation.] 1. Confirmation of anything established; ratification; as, the affirmation of a law. Hooker. 2. The act of affirming or asserting as true; assertion; � opposed to negation or denial. 3. That which is asserted; an assertion; a positive ?tatement; an averment; as, an affirmation, by the vender, of title to property sold, or of its quality. 4. (Law) A solemn declaration made under the penalties of perjury, by persons who conscientiously decline taking an oath, which declaration is in law equivalent to an oath. Bouvier. Af�firm�a�tive (?), a. [L. affirmativus: cf. F. affirmatif.] 1. Confirmative; ratifying; as, an act affirmative of common law. 2. That affirms; asserting that the fact is so; declaratory of what exists; answering �yes� to a question; � opposed to negative; as, an affirmative answer; an affirmative vote. 3. Positive; dogmatic. [Obs.] J. Taylor. Lysicles was a little by the affirmative air of Crito. Berkeley. 4. (logic) Expressing the agreement of the two terms of a proposition. 5. (Alg.) Positive; � a term applied to quantities which are to be added, and opposed to negative, or such as are to be subtracted. Af�firm�a�tive, n. 1. That which affirms as opposed to that which denies; an ~ proposition; that side of question which affirms or maintains the proposition stated; � opposed to negative; as, there were forty votes in the affirmative, and ten in the negative. Whether there are such beings or not, 't is sufficient for my purpose that many have believed the affirmative. Dryden. 2. A word or phrase expressing affirmation or assent; as, yes, that is so, etc. Af�firm�a�tive�ly, adv. In an affirmative manner; on the affirmative side of a question; in the affirmative; � opposed to negatively. Af�firm�a�to�ry (?), a. Giving affirmation; assertive; affirmative. Massey. Af�firm�er (?), n. One who affirms. Af�fix� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affixed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Affixing.] [LL. affixare, L. affixus, p. p. of affigere to fasten to; ad + figere to fasten: cf. OE. affichen, F. afficher, ultimately fr. L. affigere. See Fix.] 1. To subjoin, annex, or add at the close or end; to append to; to fix to any part of; as, to affix a syllable to a word; to affix a seal to an instrument; to affix one's name to a writing. 2. To fix or fasten in any way; to attach physically. Should they [caterpillars] affix them to the leaves of a plant improper for their food. Ray. 3. To attach, unite, or connect with; as, names affixed to ideas, or ideas affixed to things; to affix a stigma to a person; to affix ridicule or blame to any one. 4. To fix or fasten figuratively; � with on or upon; as, eyes affixed upon the ground. [Obs.] Spenser. Syn. � To attach; subjoin; connect; annex; unite. Af�fix (?), n.; pl. Affixes (?). [L. affixus, p. p. of affigere: cf. F. affixe.] That which is affixed; an appendage; esp. one or more letters or syllables added at the end of a word; a suffix; a postfix. Af�fix�ion (?), n. [L. affixio, fr. affigere.] Affixture. [Obs.] T. Adams. Af�fix�ture (?; 135), n. The act of affixing, or the state of being affixed; attachment. Af�fla�tion (?), n. [L. afflatus, p. p. of afflare to blow or breathe on; ad + flare to blow.] A blowing or breathing on; inspiration. Af�fla�tus (?), n. [L., fr. afflare. See Afflation.] 1. A breath or blast of wind. 2. A divine impartation of knowledge; supernatural impulse; inspiration. A poet writing against his genius will be like a prophet without his afflatus. Spence. Af�flict� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Afflicted; p. pr. & vb. n. Afflicting.] [L. afflictus, p. p. of affigere to cast down, deject; ad + fligere to strike: cf. OF. aflit, afflict, p. p. Cf. Flagellate.] 1. To strike or cast down; to overthrow. [Obs.] �Reassembling our afflicted powers.� Milton. 2. To inflict some great injury or hurt upon, causing continued pain or mental distress; to trouble grievously; to torment. They did set over them taskmasters to afflict them with their burdens. Exod. i. 11. That which was the worst now least afflicts me. Milton. 3. To make low or humble. [Obs.] Spenser. Men are apt to prefer a prosperous error before an afflicted truth. Jer. Taylor. Syn. � To trouble; grieve; pain; distress; harass; torment; wound; hurt. Af�flict�, p. p. & a. [L. afflictus, p. p.] Afflicted. [Obs.] Becon. Af�flict�ed�ness, n. The state of being afflicted; affliction. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. Af�flict�er (?), n. One who afflicts. Af�flict�ing, a. Grievously painful; distressing; afflictive; as, an afflicting event. � Af�flict�ing�ly, adv. Af�flic�tion (?), n. [F. affliction, L. afflictio, fr. affligere.] 1. The cause of continued pain of body or mind, as sickness, losses, etc.; an instance of grievous distress; a pain or grief. To repay that money will be a biting affliction. Shak. 2. The state of being afflicted; a state of pain, distress, or grief. Some virtues are seen only in affliction. Addison. Syn. � Calamity; sorrow; distress; grief; pain; adversity; misery; wretchedness; misfortune; trouble; hardship. � Affliction, Sorrow, Grief, Distress. Affliction and sorrow are terms of wide and general application; grief and distress have reference to particular cases. Affliction is the stronger term. The suffering lies deeper in the soul, and usually arises from some powerful cause, such as the loss of what is most dear � friends, health, etc. We do not speak of mere sickness or pain as �an affliction,� though one who suffers from either is said to be afflicted; but deprivations of every kind, such as deafness, blindness, loss of limbs, etc., are called afflictions, showing that term applies particularly to prolonged sources of suffering. Sorrow and grief are much alike in meaning, but grief is the stronger term of the two, usually denoting poignant mental suffering for some definite cause, as, grief for the death of a dear friend; sorrow is more reflective, and is tinged with regret, as, the misconduct of a child is looked upon with sorrow. Grief is often violent and demonstrative; sorrow deep and brooding. Distress implies extreme suffering, either bodily or mental. In its higher stages, it denotes pain of a restless, agitating kind, and almost always supposes some struggle of mind or body. Affliction is allayed, grief subsides, sorrow is soothed, distress is mitigated. Af�flic�tion�less (?), a. Free from affliction. Af�flic�tive (?), a. [Cf. F. afflictif.] Giving pain; causing continued or repeated pain or grief; distressing. �Jove's afflictive hand.� Pope. Spreads slow disease, and darts afflictive pain. Prior. Af�flic�tive�ly, adv. In an afflictive manner. Af�flu�ence (?), n. [F. affluence, L. affluentia, fr. affluens, p. pr. of affluere to flow to; ad + fluere to flow. See Flux.] 1. A flowing to or towards; a concourse; an influx. The affluence of young nobles from hence into Spain. Wotton. There is an unusual affluence of strangers this year. Carlyle. 2. An abundant supply, as of thought, words, feelings, etc.; profusion; also, abundance of property; wealth. And old age of elegance, affluence, and ease. Coldsmith. Syn. � Abundance; riches; profusion; exuberance; plenty; wealth; opulence. Af�flu�en�cy (?), n. Affluence. [Obs.] Addison. Af�flu�ent (?), a. [Cf. F. affluent, L. affluens, �entis, p. pr. See Affluence.] 1. Flowing to; flowing abundantly. �Affluent blood.� Harvey. 2. Abundant; copious; plenteous; hence, wealthy; abounding in goods or riches. Language... affluent in expression. H. Reed. Loaded and blest with all the affluent store, Which human vows at smoking shrines implore. Prior. Af�flu�ent, n. A stream or river flowing into a larger river or into a lake; a tributary stream. Af�flu�ent�ly, adv. Abundantly; copiously. Af�flu�ent�ness, n. Great plenty. [R.] Af�flux� (?), n. [L. affluxum, p. p. of affluere: cf. F. afflux. See Affluence.] A flowing towards; that which flows to; as, an afflux of blood to the head. Af�flux�ion (?), n. The act of flowing towards; afflux. Sir T. Browne. Af�fo�dill (?), n. Asphodel. [Obs.] Af�force� (?), v. t. [OF. afforcier, LL. affortiare; ad + fortiare, fr. L. fortis strong.] To re�nforce; to strengthen. Hallam. Af�force�ment (?), n. [OF.] 1. A fortress; a fortification for defense. [Obs.] Bailey. 2. A re�nforcement; a strengthening. Hallam. Af�for�ci�a�ment (?), n. See Afforcement. [Obs.] Af�ford� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Afforded; p. pr. & vb. n. Affording.] [OE. aforthen, AS. gefor?ian, for?ian, to further, accomplish, afford, fr. for? forth, forward. The prefix ge� has no well defined sense. See Forth.] 1. To give forth; to supply, yield, or produce as the natural result, fruit, or issue; as, grapes afford wine; olives afford oil; the earth affords fruit; the sea affords an abundant supply of fish. 2. To give, grant, or confer, with a remoter reference to its being the natural result; to provide; to furnish; as, a good life affords consolation in old age. His tuneful Muse affords the sweetest numbers. Addison. The quiet lanes... afford calmer retreats. Gilpin. 3. To offer, provide, or supply, as in selling, granting, expending, with profit, or without loss or too great injury; as, A affords his goods cheaper than B; a man can afford a sum yearly in charity. 4. To incur, stand, or bear without serious detriment, as an act which might under other circumstances be injurious; � with an auxiliary, as can, could, might, etc.; to be able or rich enough. The merchant can afford to trade for smaller profits. Hamilton. He could afford to suffer With those whom he saw suffer. Wordsworth. Af�ford�a�ble (?), a. That may be afforded. Af�ford�ment (?), n. Anything given as a help; bestowal. [Obs.] Af�for�est (?), v. t. [LL. afforestare; ad + forestare. See Forest.] To convert into a forest; as, to afforest a tract of country. Af�for�es�ta�tion (?), n. The act of converting into forest or woodland. Blackstone. Af�form�a�tive (?), n. An affix. Af�fran�chise (?), v. t. [F. affranchir; ? (L. ad) + franc free. See Franchise and Frank.] To make free; to enfranchise. Johnson. Af�fran�chise�ment (?), n. [Cf. F. affranchissement.] The act of making free; enfranchisement. [R.] Af�frap� (?), v. t. & i. [Cf. It. affrappare, frappare, to cut, mince, F. frapper to strike. See Frap.] To strike, or strike down. [Obs.] Spenser. Af�fray� (?), v. t. [p. p. Affrayed.] [OE. afraien, affraien, OF. effreer, esfreer, F. effrayer, orig. to disquiet, put out of peace, fr. L. ex + OHG. fridu peace (akin to E. free). Cf. Afraid, Fray, Frith inclosure.] [Archaic] 1. To startle from quiet; to alarm. Smale foules a great heap That had afrayed [affrayed] me out of my sleep. Chaucer. 2. To frighten; to scare; to frighten away. That voice doth us affray. Shak. Af�fray� (?), n. [OE. afrai, affrai, OF. esfrei, F. effroi, fr. OF. esfreer. See Affray, v. t.] 1. The act of suddenly disturbing any one; an assault or attack. [Obs.] 2. Alarm; terror; fright. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. A tumultuous assault or quarrel; a brawl; a fray. �In the very midst of the affray.� Motley. 4. (Law) The fighting of two or more persons, in a public place, to the terror of others. Blackstone. � A fighting in private is not, in a legal sense, an affray. Syn. � Quarrel; brawl; scuffle; encounter; fight; contest; feud; tumult; disturbance. Af�fray�er (?), n. One engaged in an affray. Af�fray�ment (?), n. Affray. [Obs.] Spenser. Af�freight� (?), v. t. [Pref. ad� + freight: cf. F. affr�ter. See Freight.] To hire, as a ship, for the transportation of goods or freight. Af�freight�er (?), n. One who hires or charters a ship to convey goods. Af�freight�ment (?), n. [Cf. F. affr�tement.] The act of hiring, or the contract for the use of, a vessel, or some part of it, to convey cargo. Af�fret� (?), n. [Cf. It. affrettare to hasten, fretta haste.] A furious onset or attack. [Obs.] Spenser. Af�fric�tion (?), n. [L. affricare to rub on. See Friction.] The act of rubbing against. [Obs.] Af�friend�ed (?), p. p. Made friends; reconciled. [Obs.] �Deadly foes... affriended.� Spenser. Af�fright� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affrighted; p. pr. & vb. n. Affrighting.] [Orig. p. p.; OE. afright, AS. �fyrhtan to terrify; �� (cf. Goth. us�, Ger. er�, orig. meaning out) + fyrhto fright. See Fright.] To impress with sudden fear; to frighten; to alarm. Dreams affright our souls. Shak. A drear and dying sound Affrights the flamens at their service quaint. Milton. Syn. � To terrify; frighten; alarm; dismay; appall; scare; startle; daunt; intimidate. Af�fright�, p. a. Affrighted. [Obs.] Chaucer. Af�fright�, n. 1. Sudden and great fear; terror. It expresses a stronger impression than fear, or apprehension, perhaps less than terror. He looks behind him with affright, and forward with despair. Goldsmith. 2. The act of frightening; also, a cause of terror; an object of dread. B. Jonson. Af�fright�ed�ly, adv. With fright. Drayton. Af�fright�en (?), v. t. To frighten. [Archaic] �Fit tales... to affrighten babes.� Southey. Af�fright�er (?), n. One who frightens. [Archaic] Af�fright�ful (?), a. Terrifying; frightful. � Af�fright�ful�ly, adv. [Archaic] Bugbears or affrightful apparitions. Cudworth. Af�fright�ment (?), n. Affright; the state of being frightened; sudden fear or alarm. [Archaic] Passionate words or blows... fill the child's mind with terror and affrightment. Locke. Af�front� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affronted; p. pr. & vb. n. Affronting.] [OF. afronter, F. affronter, to confront, LL. affrontare to strike against, fr. L. ad + frons forehead, front. See Front.] 1. To front; to face in position; to meet or encounter face to face. [Obs.] All the sea�coasts do affront the Levant. Holland. That he, as 't were by accident, may here Affront Ophelia. Shak. 2. To face in defiance; to confront; as, to confront; as, to affront death; hence, to meet in hostile encounter. [Archaic] 3. To offend by some manifestation of disrespect; to insult to the face by demeanor or language; to treat with marked incivility. How can any one imagine that the fathers would have dared to affront the wife of Aurelius? Addison. Syn. � TO insult; abuse; outrage; wound; illtreat; slight; defy; offend; provoke; pique; nettle. Af�front�, n. [Cf. F. affront, fr. affronter.] 1. An encounter either friendly or hostile. [Obs.] I walked about, admired of all, and dreaded On hostile ground, none daring my affront. Milton. 2. Contemptuous or rude treatment which excites or justifies resentment; marked disrespect; a purposed indignity; insult. Offering an affront to our understanding. Addison. 3. An offense to one's self�respect; shame. Arbuthnot. Syn. � Affront, Insult, Outrage. An affront is a designed mark of disrespect, usually in the presence of others. An insult is a personal attack either by words or actions, designed to humiliate or degrade. An outrage is an act of extreme and violent insult or abuse. An affront piques and mortifies; an insult irritates and provokes; an outrage wounds and injures. Captious persons construe every innocent freedom into an affront. When people are in a state of animosity, they seek opportunities of offering each other insults. Intoxication or violent passion impels men to the commission of outrages. Crabb. Af�fron�t��(?), a. [F. affront�, p. p.] (Her.) Face to face, or front to front; facing. Af�front�ed�ly (?), adv. Shamelessly. [Obs.] Bacon. Af�fron�tee�, n. One who receives an affront. Lytton. Af�front�er (?), n. One who affronts, or insults to the face. Af�front�ing�ly, adv. In an affronting manner. Af�front�ive (?), a. Tending to affront or offend; offensive; abusive. How affrontive it is to despise mercy. South. Af�front�ive�ness (?), n. The quality that gives an affront or offense. [R.] Bailey. Af�fuse� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affused (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Affusing (?).] [L. affusus, p. p. of affundere to pour to; ad + fundere. See Fuse.] To pour out or upon. [R.] I first affused water upon the compressed beans. Boyle. Af�fu�sion (?), n. [Cf. F. affusion.] The act of pouring upon, or sprinkling with a liquid, as water upon a child in baptism. Specifically: (Med) The act of pouring water or other fluid on the whole or a part of the body, as a remedy in disease. Dunglison. Af�fy� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Affied (?); p. ?r. Affying.] [OF. afier, LL. affidare. Cf. Affiance.] 1. To confide (one's self to, or in); to trust. [Obs.] 2. To betroth or espouse; to affiance. [Obs.] Shak. 3. To bind in faith. [Obs.] Bp. Montagu. Af�fy�, v. i. To trust or confide. [Obs.] Shak. Af�ghan (?), a. Of or pertaining to Afghanistan. Af�ghan, n. 1. A native of Afghanistan. 2. A kind of worsted blanket or wrap. A�field� (?), adv. [Pref. a� + field.] 1. To, in, or on the field. �We drove afield.� Milton. How jocund did they drive their team afield! Gray. 2. Out of the way; astray. Why should he wander afield at the age of fifty�five! Trollope. A�fire� (?), adv. & a. [Pref. a� + fire.] On fire. A�flame� (?), adv. & a. [Pref. a� + flame.] Inflames; glowing with light or passion; ablaze. G. Eliot. A�flat� (?), adv. [Pref. a� + flat.] Level with the ground; flat. [Obs.] Bacon. A�flaunt� (?), adv. & a. [Pref. a� + flaunt.] In a flaunting state or position. Copley. A�flick�er (?)(?), adv. & a [Pref. a� + flicker.] In a flickering state. A�float� (?), adv. & a. [Pref. a� + float.] 1. Borne on the water; floating; on board ship. On such a full sea are we now afloat. Shak. 2. Moving; passing from place to place; in general circulation; as, a rumor is afloat. 3. Unfixed; moving without guide or control; adrift; as, our affairs are all afloat. A�flow� (?), adv. & a. [Pref. a� + flow.] Flowing. Their founts aflow with tears. R. Browning. A�flush� (?), adv. & a. [Pref. a� + flush, n.] In a flushed or blushing state. A�flush�, adv. & a. [Pref. a� + flush, a.] On a level. The bank is... aflush with the sea. Swinburne. A�flut�ter (?), adv. & a. [Pref. a� + flutter.] In a flutter; agitated. A�foam� (?), adv. & a. [Pref. a� + foam.] In a foaming state; as, the sea is all afoam. A�foot� (?), adv. [Pref. a� + foot.] 1. On foot. We 'll walk afoot a while. Shak. 2. Fig.: In motion; in action; astir; in progress. The matter being afoot. Shak. A�fore� (?), adv. [OE. afore, aforn, AS. onforan or �tforan; pref. a� + fore.] 1. Before. [Obs. or Dial.] If he have never drunk wine afore. Shak. 2. (Naut.) In the fore part of a vessel. A�fore�, prep. 1. Before (in all its senses). [Archaic] 2. (Naut.) Before; in front of; farther forward than; as, afore the windlass. � the mast, among the common sailors; � a phrase used to distinguish the ship's crew from the officers. A�fore�cit�ed (?), a. Named or quoted before. A�fore�go�ing (?), a. Go�ng before; foregoing. A�fore�hand� (?)(?) adv. Beforehand; in anticipation. [Archaic or Dial.] She is come aforehand to anoint my body. Mark xiv. 8. A�fore�hand�, a. Prepared; previously provided; � opposed to behindhand. [Archaic or Dial.] Aforehand in all matters of power. Bacon. A�fore�men�tioned (?), a. Previously mentioned; before�mentioned. Addison. A�fore�named� (?), a. Named before. Peacham. A�fore�said� (?), a. Said before, or in a preceding part; already described or identified. A�fore�thought� (?), a. Premeditated; prepense; previously in mind; designed; as, malice aforethought, which is required to constitute murder. Bouvier. A�fore�thought�, n. Premeditation. A�fore�time� (?), adv. In time past; formerly. �He prayed... as he did aforetime.� Dan. vi. 10. � A for�ti�o�ri (?). [L.] (Logic & Math.) With stronger reason. A�foul� (?), adv. & a. [Pref. a� + foul.] In collision; entangled. Totten. To run ~ of, to run against or come into collision with, especially so as to become entangled or to cause injury. A�fraid� (?), p. a. [OE. afrayed, affraide, p. p. of afraien to affray. See Affray, and cf. Afeard.] Impressed with fear or apprehension; in fear; apprehensive. [Afraid comes after the noun it limits.] �Back they recoiled, afraid.� Milton. � This word expresses a less degree of fear than terrified or frightened. It is followed by of before the object of fear, or by the infinitive, or by a dependent clause; as, to be afraid of death. �I am afraid to die.� �I am afraid he will chastise me.� �Be not afraid that I your hand should take.� Shak. I am afraid is sometimes used colloquially to soften a statement; as, I am afraid I can not help you in this matter. Syn. � Fearful; timid; timorous; alarmed; anxious. Af�reet (?), n. Same as Afrit. A�fresh� (?), adv. [Pref. a� + fresh.] Anew; again; once more; newly. They crucify... the Son of God afresh. Heb. vi. 6. Af�ric (?), a. African. � n. Africa. [Poetic] Af�ri�can (?), a. [L. Africus, Africanus, fr. Afer African.] Of or pertaining to Africa. � hemp, a fiber prerared from the leaves of the Sanseviera Guineensis, a plant found in Africa and India. � � marigold, a tropical American plant (Tagetes erecta). � � oak or � teak, a timber furnished by Oldfieldia Africana, used in ship building. Af�ri�can, n. A native of Africa; also one ethnologically belonging to an African race. Af�ri�can�der (?), n. One born in Africa, the offspring of a white father and a �colored� mother. Also, and now commonly in Southern Africa, a native born of European settlers. Af�ri�can�ism (?), n. A word, phrase, idiom, or custom peculiar to Africa or Africans. �The knotty Africanisms... of the fathers.� Milton. Af�ri�can�ize (?), v. t. To place under the domination of Africans or negroes. [Amer.] Bartlett. Af�rit (?), Af�rite (?), Af�reet (?), n. [Arab. 'ifr�t.] (Moham. Myth.) A powerful evil jinnee, demon, or monstrous giant. A�front� (?), adv. [Pref. a� + front.] In front; face to face. � prep. In front of. Shak. Aft (?), adv. & a. [AS. �ftan behind; orig. superl. of of, off. See After.] (Naut.) Near or towards the stern of a vessel; astern; abaft. Aft�er (?), a. [AS. �fter after, behind; akin to Goth. aftaro, aftra, backwards, Icel. aptr, Sw. and Dan. efter, OHG. aftar behind, Dutch and LG. achter, Gr. ? further off. The ending �ter is an old comparative suffix, in E. generally �ther (as in other), and after is a compar. of of, off. ? See Of; cf. Aft.] 1. Next; later in time; subsequent; succeeding; as, an after period of life. Marshall. � In this sense the word is sometimes needlessly combined with the following noun, by means of a hyphen, as, after�ages, after�act, after�days, after�life. For the most part the words are properly kept separate when after has this meaning. 2. Hinder; nearer the rear. (Naut.) To ward the stern of the ship; � applied to any object in the rear part of a vessel; as the after cabin, after hatchway. It is often combined with its noun; as, after�bowlines, after�braces, after�sails, after�yards, those on the mainmasts and mizzenmasts. � body (Naut.), the part of a ship abaft the dead flat, or middle part. Aft�er, prep. 1. Behind in place; as, men in line one after another. �Shut doors after you.� Shak. 2. Below in rank; next to in order. Shak. Codrus after Ph?bus sings the best. Dryden. 3. Later in time; subsequent; as, after supper, after three days. It often precedes a clause. Formerly that was interposed between it and the clause. After I am risen again, I will go before you into Galilee. Matt. xxvi. 32. 4. Subsequent to and in consequence of; as, after what you have said, I shall be careful. 5. Subsequent to and notwithstanding; as, after all our advice, you took that course. 6. Moving toward from behind; following, in search of; in pursuit of. Ye shall not go after other gods. Deut. vi. 14. After whom is the king of Israel come out? 1 Sam. xxiv. 14. 7. Denoting the aim or object; concerning; in relation to; as, to look after workmen; to inquire after a friend; to thirst after righteousness. 8. In imitation of; in conformity with; after the manner of; as, to make a thing after a model; a picture after Rubens; the boy takes after his father. To name or call ~, to name like and reference to. Our eldest son was named George after his uncle. Goldsmith. 9. According to; in accordance with; in conformity with the nature of; as, he acted after his kind. He shall not judge after the sight of his eyes. Isa. xi. 3. They that are after the flesh do mind the things of the flesh. Rom. viii. 5. 10. According to the direction and influence of; in proportion to; befitting. [Archaic] He takes greatness of kingdoms according to bulk and currency, and not after their intrinsic value. Bacon. � all, when everything has been considered; upon the whole. � � (with the same noun preceding and following), as, wave after wave, day after day, several or many (waves, etc.) successively. � One ~ another, successively. � To be ~, to be pursuit of in order to reach or get; as, he is after money. Aft�er, adv. Subsequently in time or place; behind; afterward; as, he follows after. It was about the space of three hours after. Acts. v. 7. � After is prefixed to many words, forming compounds, but retaining its usual signification. The prefix may be adverbial, prepositional, or adjectival; as in after� described, after�dinner, after�part. The hyphen is sometimes needlessly used to connect the adjective after with its noun. See Note under After, a., 1. Aft�er�birth� (?), n. (Med.) The placenta and membranes with which the fetus is connected, and which come away after delivery. Aft�er�cast� (?), n. A throw of dice after the game in ended; hence, anything done too late. Gower. Aft�er�clap� (?), n. An unexpected subsequent event; something disagreeable happening after an affair is supposed to be at an end. Spenser. Aft�er�crop� (?), n. A second crop or harvest in the same year. Mortimer. Aft�er damp� (?). An irrespirable gas, remaining after an explosion of fire damp in mines; choke damp. See Carbonic acid. Aft�er�din�ner (?), n. The time just after dinner. �An after�dinner's sleep.� Shak. [Obs.] � a. Following dinner; post�prandial; as, an after�dinner nap. Aft�er�eat�age (?), n. Aftergrass. Aft�er�eye� (?), v. t. To look after. [Poetic] Shak. Aft�er�game� (?), n. A second game; hence, a subsequent scheme or expedient. Wotton. � at Irish, an ancient game very nearly resembling backgammon. Beau. & Fl. Aft�er�glow� (?), n. A glow of refulgence in the western sky after sunset. Aft�er�grass� (?), n. The grass that grows after the first crop has been mown; aftermath. Aft�er�growth� (?), n. A second growth or crop, or (metaphorically) development. J. S. Mill. Aft�er�guard� (?), n. (Naut.) The seaman or seamen stationed on the poop or after part of the ship, to attend the after�sails. Totten. Aft�er�im�age (?), n. The impression of a vivid sensation retained by the retina of the eye after the cause has been removed; also extended to impressions left of tones, smells, etc. Aft�er�ings (?), n. pl. The last milk drawn in milking; strokings. [Obs. or Dial.] Grose. Aft�er�math (?), n. [After + math. See Math.] A second moving; the grass which grows after the first crop of hay in the same season; rowen. Holland. Aft�er�men�tioned (?), a. Mentioned afterwards; as, persons after�mentioned (in a writing). Aft�er�most (?), a. superl. [OE. eftemest, AS. �ftemest,akin to Gothic aftumist and aftuma, the last, orig. a superlative of of, with the superlative endings �te, �me, �st.] 1. Hindmost; � opposed to foremost. 2. (Naut.) Nearest the stern; most aft. Aft�er�noon� (?), n. The part of the day which follows noon, between noon and evening. Aft�er�note� (?), n. (Mus.) One of the small notes occur on the unaccented parts of the measure, taking their time from the preceding note. Aft�er�pains� (?), n. pl. (Med.) The pains which succeed childbirth, as in expelling the afterbirth. Aft�er�piece� (?), n. 1. A piece performed after a play, usually a farce or other small entertainment. 2. (Naut.) The heel of a rudder. Aft�er�sails� (?), n. pl. (Naut.) The sails on the mizzenmast, or on the stays between the mainmast and mizzenmast. Totten. Aft�er�shaft� (?), n. (Zo�l.) The hypoptilum. Aft�er�taste� (?), n. A taste which remains in the mouth after eating or drinking. Aft�er�thought� (?), n. Reflection after an act; later or subsequent thought or expedient. Aft�er�wards (?), Aft�er�ward (?), } adv. [AS. �fteweard, a., behind. See Aft, and �ward (suffix). The final s in afterwards is adverbial, orig. a genitive ending.] At a later or succeeding time. Aft�er�wise� (?), a. Wise after the event; wise or knowing, when it is too late. Aft�er�wit� (?), n. Wisdom or perception that comes after it can be of use. �After�wit comes too late when the mischief is done.� L'Estrange. Aft�er�wit�ted (?), a. Characterized by afterwit; slow�witted. Tyndale. Aft�most (?), a. (Naut.) Nearest the stern. Aft�ward (?), adv. (Naut.) Toward the stern. � A�ga� or � A�gha� (?), n. [Turk. adh� a great lord, chief master.] In Turkey, a commander or chief officer. It is used also as a title of respect. A�gain� (?; 277), adv. [OE. agein, agayn, AS. ongegn, onge�n, against, again; on + ge�n, akin to Ger. gegewn against, Icel. gegn. Cf. Gainsay.] 1. In return, back; as, bring us word again. 2. Another time; once more; anew. If a man die, shall he live again? Job xiv. 14. 3. Once repeated; � of quantity; as, as large again, half as much again. 4. In any other place. [Archaic] Bacon. 5. On the other hand. �The one is mi sovereign... the other again is my kinsman.� Shak. 6. Moreover; besides; further. Again, it is of great consequence to avoid, etc. Hersche?. � and ~, more than once; often; repeatedly. � Now and ~, now and then; occasionally. � To and ~, to and fro. [Obs.] De Foe. � Again was formerly used in many verbal combinations, as, again�witness, to witness against; again�ride, to ride against; again�come, to come against, to encounter; again�bring, to bring back, etc. A�gain� (?), A�gains� (?), } prep. Against; also, towards (in order to meet). [Obs.] Albeit that it is again his kind. Chaucer. A�gain�buy� (?), v. t. To redeem. [Obs.] Wyclif. A�gain�say� (?), v. t. To gainsay. [Obs.] Wyclif. A�gainst� (?; 277), prep. [OE. agens, ageynes, AS. ongegn. The s is adverbial, orig. a genitive ending. See Again.] 1. Abreast; opposite to; facing; towards; as, against the mouth of a river; � in this sense often preceded by over. Jacob saw the angels of God come against him. Tyndale. 2. From an opposite direction so as to strike or come in contact with; in contact with; upon; as, hail beats against the roof. 3. In opposition to, whether the opposition is of sentiment or of action; on the other side; counter to; in contrariety to; hence, adverse to; as, against reason; against law; to run a race against time. The gate would have been shut against her. Fielding. An argument against the use of steam. Tyndale. 4. By of before the time that; in preparation for; so as to be ready for the time when. [Archaic or Dial.] Urijah the priest made it, against King Ahaz came from Damascus. 2 Kings xvi. 11. � the sun, in a direction contrary to that in which the sun appears to move. A�gain�stand� (?), v. t. To withstand. [Obs.] A�gain�ward (?), adv. Back again. [Obs.] � Ag�a�lac�ti�a (?), Ag�a�lax�y (?), } n. [Gr. ?; ? priv. + ?, ?, milk.] (Med.) Failure of the due secretion of milk after childbirth. Ag�a�lac�tous (?), a. Lacking milk to suckle with. � A�gal�a�gal (?), n. Same as Agar�agar. Ag�al�loch (?), � A�gal�lo�chum (?), } n. [Gr. ?, of Eastern origin: cf. Skr. aguru, Heb. pl. ah�t�m.] A soft, resinous wood (Aquilaria Agallocha) of highly aromatic smell, burnt by the orientals as a perfume. It is called also agal?wood and aloes wood. The name is also given to some other species. Ag�al�mat�o�lite (?), n. [Gr. ?, ?, image, statue + �lite: cf. F. agalmatolithe.] (Min.) A soft, compact stone, of a grayish, greenish, or yellowish color, carved into images by the Chinese, and hence called figure stone, and pagodite. It is probably a variety of pinite. � Ag�a�ma (?), n. pl. Agamas (?). [From the Caribbean name of a species of lizard.] (Zo�l.) A genus of lizards, one of the few which feed upon vegetable substances; also, one of these lizards. � Ag�a�mi (?), n. pl. Agamis (?). [F. agami, fr. the native name.] (Zo�l.) A South American bird (Psophia crepitans), allied to the cranes, and easily domesticated; � called also the gold�breasted trumpeter. Its body is about the size of the pheasant. See Trumpeter. A�gam�ic (?), a. [See Agamous.] (a) (Biol.) Produced without sexual union; as, agamic or unfertilized eggs. (b) Not having visible organs of reproduction, as flowerless plants; agamous. A�gam�ic�al�ly (?), adv. In an agamic manner. Ag�a�mist (?), n. [See Agamous.] An unmarried person; also, one opposed to marriage. Foxe. � Ag�a�mo�gen�e�sis (?), n. [Gr. ? unmarried (? priv. + ? marriage) + ? reproduction.] (Biol.) Reproduction without the union of parents of distinct sexes: asexual reproduction. Ag�a�mo�ge�net�ic (?), n. (Biol.) Reproducing or produced without sexual union. � Ag�a�mo�ge�net�ic�al�ly (?), adv. All known agamogenetic processes end in a complete return to the primitive stock. Huxley. Ag�a�mous (?), a. [Gr. ? unmarried; ? priv. + ? marriage.] (Biol.) Having no visible sexual organs; asexual. In Bot., cryptogamous. A�gan�gli�o�nic (?), a. [Pref. a� not + ganglionic.] (Physiol.) Without ganglia. A�gape� (?), adv. & a. [Pref. a� + gape.] Gaping, as with wonder, expectation, or eager attention. Dazzles the crowd and sets them all agape. Milton. � Ag�a�pe (?), n.; pl. Agap� (?). [Gr. ? love, pl. ?.] The love feast of the primitive Christians, being a meal partaken of in connection with the communion. � A�gar�a�gar (?), n. [Ceylonese local name.] A fucus or seaweed much used in the East for soups and jellies; Ceylon moss (Gracilaria lichenoides). Ag�a�ric (?; 277), n. [L. agaricum, Gr. ?, said to be fr. Agara, a town in Sarmatia.] 1. (Bot.) A fungus of the genus Agarius, of many species, of which the common mushroom is an example. 2. An old name for several species of Polyporus, corky fungi growing on decaying wood. � The �female agaric� (Polyporus officinalic) was renowned as a cathartic; the �male agaric� (Polyporus igniarius) is used for preparing touchwood, called punk of German tinder. � mineral, a light, chalky deposit of carbonate of ?ime, sometimes called rock milk, formed in caverns or fissures of limestone. A�gasp� (?), adv. & a. [Pref. a� + gasp.] In a state of gasping. Coleridge. A�gast� or A�ghast� (?), v. t. To affright; to terrify. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser. A�gast� (?), p. p. & a. See Aghast. A�gas�tric (?), a. [Gr. ? priv. + ? stomach.] (Physiol.) Having to stomach, or distinct digestive canal, as the tapeworm. A�gate� (?), adv. [Pref. a� on + gate way.] On the way; agoing; as, to be agate; to set the bells agate. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Cotgrave. Ag�ate (?), n. [F. agate, It. agata, L. achates, fr. Gr. ?.] 1. (Min.) A semipellucid, uncrystallized variety of quartz, presenting various tints in the same specimen. Its colors are delicately arranged in stripes or bands, or blended in clouds. � The fortification agate, or Scotch pebble, the moss agate, the clouded agate, etc., are familiar varieties. 2. (Print.) A kind of type, larger than pearl and smaller than nonpareil; in England called ruby. � This line is printed in the type called agate. 3. A diminutive person; so called in allusion to the small figures cut in ~ for rings and seals. [Obs.] Shak. 4. A tool used by gold�wire drawers, bookbinders, etc.; � so called from the ~ fixed in it for burnishing. Ag�a�tif�er�ous (?), a. [Agate + �ferous.] Containing or producing agates. Craig. Ag�a�tine (?), a. Pertaining to, or like, agate. Ag�a�tize (?), v. t. [Usually p. p. Agatized (?).] To convert into agate; to make resemble agate. Dana. Ag�a�ty (?), a. Of the nature of agate, or containing agate. A�ga�ve (?), n. [L. Agave, prop. name, fr. Gr. ?, fem. of ? illustrious, noble.] (bot.) A genus of plants (order Amaryllidace�) of which the chief species is the maguey or century plant (A. Americana), wrongly called Aloe. It is from ten to seventy years, according to climate, in attaining maturity, when it produces a gigantic flower stem, sometimes forty feet in height, and perishes. The fermented juice is the pulque of the Mexicans; distilled, it yields mescal. A strong thread and a tough paper are made from the leaves, and the wood has many uses. A�gazed� (?), p. p. [Only in p. p.; another spelling for aghast.] Gazing with astonishment; amazed. [Obs.] The whole army stood agazed on him. Shak. Age (?), n. [OF. aage, eage, F. �ge, fr. L. aetas through a supposed LL. aetaticum. L. aetas is contracted fr. aevitas, fr. aevum lifetime, ~; akin to E. aye ever. Cf. Each.] 1. The whole duration of a being, whether animal, vegetable, or other kind; lifetime. Mine age is as nothing before thee. Ps. xxxix. 5. 2. That part of the duration of a being or a thing which is between its beginning and any given time; as, what is the present age of a man, or of the earth? 3. The latter part of life; an advanced period of life; seniority; state of being old. Nor wrong mine age with this indignity. Shak. 4. One of the stages of life; as, the age of infancy, of youth, etc. Shak. 5. Mature ~; especially, the time of life at which one attains full personal rights and capacities; as, to come of age; he (or she) is of age. Abbott. In the United States, both males and females are of age when twentyone years old. 6. The time of life at which some particular power or capacity is understood to become vested; as, the age of consent; the age of discretion. Abbott. 7. A particular period of time in history, as distinguished from others; as, the golden age, the age of Pericles. �The spirit of the age.� Prescott. Truth, in some age or other, will find her witness. Milton. Archeological ages are designated as three: The Stone age (the early and the later stone ~, called paleolithic and neolithic), the Bronze age, and the Iron age. During the Age of Stone man is supposed to have employed stone for weapons and implements. See Augustan, Brazen, Golden, Heroic, Middle. 8. A great period in the history of the Earth. The geologic ages are as follows: 1. The Arch�an, including the time when was no life and the time of the earliest and simplest forms of life. 2. The age of Invertebrates, or the Silurian, when the life on the globe consisted distinctively of invertebrates. 3. The age of Fishes, or the Devonian, when fishes were the dominant race. 4. The age of Coal Plants, or Acrogens, or the Carboniferous age. 5. The Mesozoic or Secondary age, or age of Reptiles, when reptiles prevailed in great numbers and of vast size. 6. The Tertiary age, or age of Mammals, when the mammalia, or quadrupeds, abounded, and were the dominant race. 7. The Quaternary age, or age of Man, or the modern era. Dana. 9. A century; the period of one hundred years. Fleury... apologizes for these five ages. Hallam. 10. The people who live at a particular period; hence, a generation. �Ages yet unborn.� Pope. The way which the age follows. J. H. Newman. Lo! where the stage, the poor, degraded stage, Holds its warped mirror to a ?aping age. C. Sprague. 11. A long time. [Colloq.] �He made minutes an age.� Tennyson. � of a tide, the time from the origin of a tide in the South Pacific Ocean to its arrival at a given place. � Moon's ~, the time that has elapsed since the last preceding conjunction of the sun and moon. � Age is used to form the first part of many compounds; as, agelasting, age�adorning, age�worn, age�enfeebled, agelong. Syn. � Time; period; generation; date; era; epoch. Age, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Aged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Aging (?).] To grow aged; to become old; to show marks of ~; as, he grew fat as he aged. They live one hundred and thirty years, and never age for all that. Holland. I am aging; that is, I have a whitish, or rather a light�colored, hair here and there. Landor. Age, v. t. To cause to grow old; to impart the characteristics of ~ to; as, grief ages us. A�ged (?), a. 1. Old; having lived long; having lived almost to or beyond the usual time allotted to that species of being; as, an aged man; an aged oak. 2. Belonging to old age. �Aged cramps.� Shak. 3. (?) Having a certain age; at the age of; having lived; as, a man aged forty years. A�ged�ly, adv. In the manner of an aged person. A�ged�ness, n. The quality of being aged; oldness. Custom without truth is but agedness of error. Milton. Age�less (?), a. Without old age limits of duration; as, fountains of ageless youth. A�gen� (?), adv. & prep. See Again. [Obs.] A�gen�cy (?), n.; pl. Agencies (?). [LL. agentia, fr. L. agens, agentis: cf. F. agence. See Agent.] 1. The faculty of acting or of exerting power; the state of being in action; action; instrumentality. The superintendence and agency of Providence in the natural world. Woodward. 2. The office of an agent, or factor; the relation between a principal and his agent; business of one intrusted with the concerns of another. 3. The place of business of am agent. Syn. � Action; operation; efficiency; management. A�gend (?), n. See Agendum. [Obs.] � A�gen�dum (?), n.; pl. Agenda (?). [L., neut. of the gerundive of agere to act.] 1. Something to be done; in the pl., a memorandum book. 2. A church service; a ritual or liturgy. [In this sense, usually Agenda.] Ag�e�nes�ic (?), a. [See Agensis.] (Physiol.) Characterized by sterility; infecund. � A�gen�e�sis (?), n. [Gr. ? priv. + ? birth.] (Physiol.) Any imperfect development of the body, or any anomaly of organization. � Ag�en�ne�sis (?), n. [Gr. ? priv. + ? an engendering.] (Physiol.) Impotence; sterility. A�gent (?), a. [L. agens, agentis, p. pr. of agere to act; akin to Gr. ? to lead, Icel. aka to drive, Skr. aj. ?.] Acting? � opposed to patient, or sustaining, action. [Archaic] �The body agent.� Bacon. A�gent, n. 1. One who exerts power, or has the power to act; an actor. Heaven made us agents, free to good or ill. Dryden. 2. One who acts for, or in the place of, another, by authority from him; one intrusted with the business of another; a substitute; a deputy; a factor. 3. An active power or cause; that which has the power to produce an effect; as, a physical, chemical, or medicinal agent; as, heat is a powerful agent. A�gen�tial (?), a. Of or pertaining to an agent or an agency. Fitzed. Hall. A�gent�ship (?), n. Agency. Beau. & Fl. � A�ger�a�tum (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ? a sort of plant; ? priv. + ? old age.] (Bot.) A genus of plants, one species of which (A. Mexicanum) has lavender�blue flowers in dense clusters. Af�gen�er�a�tion (?), n. [L. aggenerare to beget in addition. See Generate.] The act of producing in addition. [Obs.] T. Stanley. � Ag�ger (?), n. [L., a mound, fr. aggerere to bear to a place, heap up; ad + gerere to bear.] An earthwork; a mound; a raised work. [Obs.] Hearne. Ag�ger�ate (?), v. t. [L. aggeratus, p. p. of aggerare. See Agger.] To heap up. [Obs. or R.] Foxe. Ag�ger�a�tion (?), n. [L. aggeratio.] A heaping up; accumulation; as, aggerations of sand. [R.] Ag�ger�ose� (?), a. In heaps; full of heaps. Ag�gest� (?), v. t. [L. aggestus, p. p. of aggerere. See Agger.] To heap up. [Obs.] The violence of the waters aggested the earth. Fuller. Ag�glom�er�ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Agglomerated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Agglomerating (?).] [L. agglomeratus, p. p. of agglomerare; ad + glomerare to form into a ball. See Glomerate.] To wind or collect into a ball; hence, to gather into a mass or anything like a mass. Where he builds the agglomerated pile. Cowper. Ag�glom�er�ate, v. i. To collect in a mass. Ag�glom�er�ate (?), Ag�glom�er�a�ted (?), } a. 1. Collected into a ball, heap, or mass. 2. (Bot.) Collected into a rounded head of flowers. Ag�glom�er�ate (?), n. 1. A collection or mass. 2. (Geol.) A mass of angular volcanic fragments united by heat; � distinguished from conglomerate. Ag�glom�er�a�tion (?), n. [Cf. F. agglom�ration.] 1. The act or process of collecting in a mass; a heaping together. An excessive agglomeration of turrets. Warton. 2. State of being collected in a mass; a mass; cluster. Ag�glom�er�a�tive (?), a. Having a tendency to gather together, or to make collections. Taylor is eminently discursive, accumulative, and (to use one of his own words) agglomerative. Coleridge. Ag�glu�ti�nant (?), a. [L. agglutinans, �antis, p. pr. of agglutinare.] Uniting, as glue; causing, or tending to cause, adhesion. � n. Any viscous substance which causes bodies or parts to adhere. Ag�glu�ti�nate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Agglutinated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Agglutinating.] [L. agglutinatus, p. p. of agglutinare to glue or cement to a thing; ad + glutinare to glue; gluten glue. See Glue.] To unite, or cause to adhere, as with glue or other viscous substance; to unite by causing an adhesion of substances. Ag�glu�ti�nate (?), a. 1. United with glue or as with glue; cemented together. 2. (physiol.) Consisting of root words combined but not materially altered as to form or meaning; as, agglutinate forms, languages, etc. See Agglutination, 2. Ag�glu�ti�na�tion (?), n. [Cf. F. agglutination.] 1. The act of uniting by glue or other tenacious substance; the state of being thus united; adhesion of parts. 2. (Physiol.) Combination in which root words are united with little or no change of form or loss of meaning. See Agglutinative, 2. Ag�glu�ti�na�tive (?), a. [Cf. F. agglutinatif.] 1. Pertaining to agglutination; tending to unite, or having power to cause adhesion; adhesive. 2. (Philol.) Formed or characterized by agglutination, as a language or a compound. In agglutinative languages the union of words may be compared to mechanical compounds, in inflective languages to chemical compounds. R. Morris. Cf. man�kind, heir�loom, war�like, which are agglutinative compounds. The Finnish, Hungarian, Turkish, the Tamul, etc., are agglutinative languages. R. Morris. Agglutinative languages preserve the consciousness of their roots. Max M�ller. Ag�grace� (?), v. t. [Pref. a� + grace: cf. It. aggraziare, LL. aggratiare. See Grace.] To favor; to grace. [Obs.] �That knight so much aggraced.� Spenser. Ag�grace� (?), n. Grace; favor. [Obs.] Spenser. Ag�gran�di�za�ble (?), a. Capable of being aggrandized. Ag�gran�di�za�tion (?), n. Aggrandizement. [Obs.] Waterhouse. Ag�gran�dize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aggrandized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Aggrandizing (?).] [F. agrandir; � (L. ad) + grandir to increase, L. grandire, fr. grandis great. See Grand, and cf. Finish.] 1. To make great; to enlarge; to increase; as, to aggrandize our conceptions, authority, distress. 2. To make great or greater in power, rank, honor, or wealth; � applied to persons, countries, etc. His scheme for aggrandizing his son. Prescott. 3. To make appear great or greater; to exalt. Lamb. Syn. � To augment; exalt; promote; advance. Ag�gran�dize, v. i. To increase or become great. [Obs.] Follies, continued till old age, do aggrandize. J. Hall. Ag�gran�dize�ment (?; 277), n. [Cf. F. agrandissement.] The act of aggrandizing, or the state of being aggrandized or exalted in power, rank, honor, or wealth; exaltation; enlargement; as, the emperor seeks only the aggrandizement of his own family. Syn. � Augmentation; exaltation; enlargement; advancement; promotion; preferment. Ag�gran�di�zer (?), n. One who aggrandizes, or makes great. Ag�grate� (?), v. t. [It. aggratare, fr. L. ad + gratus pleasing. See Grate, a.] To please. [Obs.] Each one sought his lady to aggrate. Spenser. Ag�gra�vate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aggravated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Aggravating.] [L. aggravatus, p. p. of aggravare. See Aggrieve.] 1. To make heavy or heavier; to add to; to increase. [Obs.] �To aggravate thy store.� Shak. 2. To make worse, or more severe; to render less tolerable or less excusable; to make more offensive; to enhance; to intensify. �To aggravate my woes.� Pope. To aggravate the horrors of the scene. Prescott. The defense made by the prisioner's counsel did rather aggravate than extenuate his crime. Addison. 3. To give coloring to in description; to exaggerate; as, to aggravate circumstances. Paley. 4. To exasperate; to provoke; to irritate. [Colloq.] If both were to aggravate her parents, as my brother and sister do mine. Richardson (Clarissa). Syn. � To heighten; intensify; increase; magnify; exaggerate; provoke; irritate; exasperate. Ag�gra�va�ting (?), a. 1. Making worse or more heinous; as, aggravating circumstances. 2. Exasperating; provoking; irritating. [Colloq.] A thing at once ridiculous and aggravating. J. Ingelow. Ag�gra�va�ting�ly, adv. In an aggravating manner. Ag�gra�va�tion (?), n. [LL. aggravatio: cf. F. aggravation.] 1. The act of aggravating, or making worse; � used of evils, natural or moral; the act of increasing in severity or heinousness; something additional to a crime or wrong and enhancing its guilt or injurious consequences. 2. Exaggerated representation. By a little aggravation of the features changed it into the Saracen's head. Addison. 3. An extrinsic circumstance or accident which increases the guilt of a crime or the misery of a calamity. 4.Provocation; irritation. [Colloq.] Dickens. Ag�gra�va�tive (?), a. Tending to aggravate. � n. That which aggravates. Ag�gre�gate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aggregated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Aggregating.] [L. aggregatus, p. p. of aggregare to lead to a flock or herd; ad + gregare to collect into a flock, grex flock, herd. See Gregarious.] 1. To bring together; to collect into a mass or sum. �The aggregated soil.� Milton. 2. To add or unite, as, a person, to an association. It is many times hard to discern to which of the two sorts, the good or the bad, a man ought to be aggregated. Wollaston. 3. To amount in the ~ to; as, ten loads, aggregating five hundred bushels. [Colloq.] Syn. � To heap up; accumulate; pile; collect. Ag�gre�gate (?), a. [L. aggregatus, p. p.] 1. Formed by a collection of particulars into a whole mass or sum; collective. The aggregate testimony of many hundreds. Sir T. Browne. 2. (Anat.) Formed into clusters or groups of lobules; as, aggregate glands. 3. (Bot.) Composed of several florets within a common involucre, as in the daisy; or of several carpels formed from one flower, as in the raspberry. 4. (Min. & Geol.) Having the several component parts adherent to each other only to such a degree as to be separable by mechanical means. 5. (Zo�l.) United into a common organized mass; � said of certain compound animals. Corporation ~. (Law) See under Corporation. Ag�gre�gate, n. 1. A mass, assemblage, or sum of particulars; as, a house is an aggregate of stone, brick, timber, etc. � In an aggregate the particulars are less intimately mixed than in a compound. 2. (Physics) A mass formed by the union of homogeneous particles; � in distinction from a compound, formed by the union of heterogeneous particles. In the ~, collectively; together. Ag�gre�gate�ly, adv. Collectively; in mass. Ag�gre�ga�tion (?), n. [Cf. LL. aggregatio, F. agr�gation.] The act of aggregating, or the state of being aggregated; collection into a mass or sum; a collection of particulars; an aggregate. Each genus is made up by aggregation of species. Carpenter. A nation is not an idea only of local extent and individual momentary aggregation, but... of continuity, which extends in time as well as in numbers, and in space. Burke. Ag�gre�ga�tive (?), a. [Cf. Fr. agr�gatif.] 1. Taken together; collective. 2. Gregarious; social. [R.] Carlyle. Ag�gre�ga�tor (?), n. One who aggregates. Ag�grege� (?), v. t. [OF. agreger. See Aggravate.] To make heavy; to aggravate. [Obs.] Chaucer. Ag�gress� (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Aggressed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Aggressing.] [L. aggressus, p. p. of aggredi to go to, approach; ad + gradi to step, go, gradus step: cf. OF. aggresser. See Grade.] To commit the first act of hostility or offense; to begin a quarrel or controversy; to make an attack; � with on. Ag�gress�, v. t. To set upon; to attack. [R.] Ag�gress�, n. [L. aggressus.] Aggression. [Obs.] Their military aggresses on others. Sir M. Hale. Ag�gres�sion (?), n. [L. aggressio, fr. aggredi: cf. F. agression.] The first attack, or act of hostility; the first act of injury, or first act leading to a war or a controversy; unprovoked attack; assault; as, a war of aggression. �Aggressions of power.� Hallam Syn. � Attack; offense; intrusion; provocation. Ag�gres�sive (?), a. [Cf. F. agressif.] Tending or disposed to aggress; characterized by aggression; making assaults; unjustly attacking; as, an aggressive policy, war, person, nation. � Ag�gres�sive�ly, adv. � Ag�gres�sive�ness, n. No aggressive movement was made. Macaulay. Ag�gres�sor (?), n. {L.: cf. F. agresseur.] The person who first attacks or makes an aggression; he who begins hostility or a quarrel; an assailant. The insolence of the aggressor is usually proportioned to the tameness of the sufferer. Ames. Ag�griev�ance (?), n. [OF. agrevance, fr. agrever. See Aggrieve.] Oppression; hardship; injury; grievance. [Archaic] Ag�grieve� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aggrieved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Aggrieving (?).] [OE. agreven, OF. agrever; a (L. ad) + grever to burden, injure, L. gravare to weigh down, fr. gravis heavy. See Grieve, and cf. Aggravate.] To give pain or sorrow to; to afflict; hence, to oppress or injure in one's rights; to bear heavily upon; � now commonly used in the passive TO be aggrieved. Aggrieved by oppression and extortion. Macaulay. Ag�grieve�, v. i. To grieve; to lament. [Obs.] Ag�group� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aggrouped (?); . pr. & vb. n. Aggrouping.] [F. agrouper; � (L. ad) + groupe group. See Group..] To bring together in a group; to group. Dryden. Ag�group�ment (?), n. Arrangement in a group or in groups; grouping. � Ag�gry, � Ag�gri (?), a. Applied to a kind of variegated glass beads of ancient manufacture; as, aggry beads are found in Ashantee and Fantee in Africa. A�ghast� (?), v. t. See Agast, v. t. [Obs.] A�ghast� (?), a & p. p. [OE. agast, agasted, p. p. of agasten to terrify, fr. AS. pref. �� (cf. Goth. us�, G. er�, orig. meaning out) + g?stan to terrify, torment: cf. Goth. usgaisjan to terrify, primitively to fix, to root to the spot with terror; akin to L. haerere to stick fast, cling. See Gaze, Hesitate.] Terrified; struck with amazement; showing signs of terror or horror. Aghast he waked; and, starting from his bed, Cold sweat in clammy drops his limbs o'erspread. Dryden. The commissioners read and stood aghast. Macaulay. Ag�i�ble (?), a. [Cf. LL. agibilis, fr. L. agere to move, do.] Possible to be done; practicable. [Obs.] �Fit for agible things.� Sir A. Sherley. Ag�ile (?), a. [F. agile, L. agilis, fr. agere to move. See Agent.] Having the faculty of quick motion in the limbs; apt or ready to move; nimble; active; as, an agile boy; an agile tongue. Shaking it with agile hand. Cowper. Syn. � Active; alert; nimble; brisk; lively; quick. Ag�ile�ly, adv. In an agile manner; nimbly. Ag�ile�ness, n. Agility; nimbleness. [R.] A�gil�i�ty (?), n. [F. agili�, L. agilitas , fr. agilis.] 1. The quality of being agile; the power of moving the limbs quickly and easily; nimbleness; activity; quickness of motion; as, strength and agility of body. They... trust to the agility of their wit. Bacon. Wheeling with the agility of a hawk. Sir W. Scott. 2. Activity; powerful agency. [Obs.] The agility of the sun's fiery heat. Holland. Ag�i�o (?), n.; pl. Agios (?). [It. aggio exchange, discount, premium, the same word as agio ease. See Ease.] (Com.) The premium or percentage on a better sort of money when it is given in exchange for an inferior sort. The premium or discount on foreign bills of exchange is sometimes called agio. Ag�i�o�tage (?), n. [F. agiotage, fr. agioter to practice stockjobbing, fr. agio.] Exchange business; also, stockjobbing; the maneuvers of speculators to raise or lower the price of stocks or public funds. Vanity and agiotage are to a Parisian the oxygen and hydrogen of life. Landor. A�gist� (?), v. t. [OF. agister; � (L. ad) + gister to assign a lodging, fr. giste lodging, abode, F. g�te, LL. gistum, gista, fr. L. jacitum, p. p. of jac?re to lie: cf. LL. agistare, adgistare. See Gist.] (Law) To take to graze or pasture, at a certain sum; � used originally of the feeding of cattle in the king's forests, and collecting the money for the same. Blackstone. Ag�is�ta�tor (?), n. [LL.] See Agister. A�gist�er, A�gist�or } (?), n. [Anglo�Norman agistour.] (Law) (a) Formerly, an officer of the king's forest, who had the care of cattle agisted, and collected the money for the same; � hence called gisttaker, which in England is corrupted into guest�taker. (b) Now, one who agists or takes in cattle to pasture at a certain rate; a pasturer. Mozley & W. A�gist�ment (?), n. [OF. agistement. See Agist.] (Law) (a) Formerly, the taking and feeding of other men's cattle in the king's forests. (b) The taking in by any one of other men's cattle to graze at a certain rate. Mozley & W. (c) The price paid for such feeding. (d) A charge or rate against lands; as, an agistment of sea banks, i. e., charge for banks or dikes. Ag�i�ta�ble (?), a. [L. agitabilis: cf. F. agitable.] Capable of being agitated, or easily moved. [R.] Ag�i�tate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Agitated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Agitating (?).] [L. agitatus, p. p. of agitare to put in motion, fr. agere to move: cf. F. agiter. See Act, Agent.] 1. To move with a violent, irregular action; as, the wind agitates the sea; to agitate water in a vessel. �Winds... agitate the air.� Cowper. 2. To move or actuate. [R.] Thomson. 3. To stir up; to disturb or excite; to perturb; as, he was greatly agitated. The mind of man is agitated by various passions. Johnson. 4. To discuss with great earnestness; to debate; as, a controversy hotly agitated. Boyle. 5. To revolve in the mind, or view in all its aspects; to contrive busily; to devise; to plot; as, politicians agitate desperate designs. Syn. � To move; shake; excite; rouse; disturb; distract; revolve; discuss; debate; canvass. Ag�i�ta�ted�ly, adv. In an agitated manner. Ag�i�ta�tion (?), n. [L. agitatio: cf. F. agitation.] 1.The act of agitating, or the state of being agitated; the state of being moved with violence, or with irregular action; commotion; as, the sea after a storm is in agitation. 2. A stirring up or arousing; disturbance of tranquillity; disturbance of mind which shows itself by physical excitement; perturbation; as, to cause any one agitation. 3. Excitement of public feeling by discussion, appeals, etc.; as, the antislavery agitation; labor agitation. �Religious agitations.� Prescott. 4. Examination or consideration of a subject in controversy, or of a plan proposed for adoption; earnest discussion; debate. A logical agitation of the matter. L'Estrange. The project now in agitation. Swift. Syn. � Emotion; commotion; excitement; trepidation; tremor; perturbation. See Emotion. Ag�i�ta�tive (?), a. Tending to agitate. � A�gi�ta�to (?), a. [It., agitated.] (Med.) Sung or played in a restless, hurried, and spasmodic manner. Ag�i�ta�tor (?), n. [L.] 1. One who agitates; one who stirs up or excites others; as, political reformers and agitators. 2. (Eng. Hist.) One of a body of men appointed by the army, in Cromwell's time, to look after their interests; � called also adjutators. Clarendon. 3. An implement for shaking or mixing. A�gleam� (?), adv. & a. [Pref. a� + gleam.] Gleaming; as, faces agleam. Lowell. Ag�let (?), Aig�let (?), } n. [F. aiguillette point, tagged point, dim. of aiguilee needle, fr. LL. acucula for acicula, dim. of L. acus needle, pin?: cf. OF. agleter to hook on. See Acute, and cf. Aiguillette.] 1. A tag of a lace or of the points, braids, or cords formerly used in dress. They were sometimes formed into small images. Hence, �aglet baby� (Shak.), an aglet image. 2. (Haberdashery) A round white staylace. Beck. A�gley� (?), adv. Aside; askew. [Scotch] Burns. A�glim�mer (?), adv. & a. [Pref. a� + glimmer.] In a glimmering state. Hawthorne. A�glit�ter (?), adv. & a. [Pref. a� + glitter.] Clittering; in a glitter. A�glos�sal (?), a. [Gr. ?.] (Zo�l.) Without tongue; tongueless. A�glow� (?), adv. & a. [Pref. a� + glow.] In a glow; glowing; as, cheeks aglow; the landscape all aglow. Ag�lu�ti�tion (?), n. [Pref. a� not + L. glutire to swallow.] (Med.) Inability to swallow. Ag�mi�nal (?), a. [L. agminalis; agmen, agminis, a train.] Pertaining to an army marching, or to a train. [R.] Ag�mi�nate (?), Ag�mi�na�ted (?), } a. [L. agmen, agminis, a train, crowd.] (Physiol.) Grouped together; as, the agminated glands of Peyer in the small intestine. Ag�nail (?), n. [AS. angn�gl; ange vexation, trouble + n�gel nail. Cf. Hangnail.] 1. A corn on the toe or foot. [Obs.] 2. An inflammation or sore under or around the nail; also, a hangnail. Ag�nate (?), a. [L. agnatus, p. p. of agnasci to be born in addition to; ad + nasci (for gnasci) to be born. Cf. Adnate.] 1. Related or akin by the father's side; also, sprung from the same male ancestor. 2. Allied; akin. �Agnate words.� Pownall. Assume more or less of a fictitious character, but congenial and agnate with the former. Landor. Ag�nate, n. [Cf. F. agnat.] (Civil Law) A relative whose relationship can be traced exclusively through males. Ag�nat�ic (?), a. [Cf. F. agnatique.] Pertaining to descent by the male line of ancestors. �The agnatic succession.� Blackstone. Ag�na�tion (?), n. [L. agnatio: cf. F. agnation.] 1. (Civil Law) Consanguinity by a line of males only, as distinguished from cognation. Bouvier. 2. Relationship; kinship by descent; as, an agnation between the Latin language and the German. Ag�ni�tion (?), n. [L. agnitio, fr. agnoscere. See Notion.] Acknowledgment. [Obs.] Grafton. Ag�nize� (?), v. t. [Formed like recognize, fr. L. agnoscere.] To recognize; to acknowledge. [Archaic] I do agnize a natural and prompt alacrity. Shak. Ag�noi�ol��gy (?), n. [Gr. ? ignorance + �logy.] (Metaph.) The doctrine concerning those things of which we are necessarily ignorant. � Ag�no�men (?), n. [L.; ad + nomen name.] 1. An additional or fourth name given by the Romans, or account of some remarkable exploit or event; as, Publius Caius Scipio Africanus. 2. An additional name, or an epithet appended to a name; as, Aristides the Just. Ag�nom�i�nate (?), v. t. To name. [Obs.] Ag�nom�i�na�tion (?), n. [L. agnominatio. See Agnomen.] 1. A surname. [R.] Minsheu. 2. Paronomasia; also, alliteration; annomination. Ag�nos�tic (?), a. [Gr. ? priv. + ? knowing, ? to know.] Professing ignorance; involving no dogmatic; pertaining to or involving agnosticism. � Ag�nos�tic�al�ly (?), adv. Ag�nos�tic, n. One who professes ignorance, or denies that we have any knowledge, save of phenomena; one who supports agnosticism, neither affirming nor denying the existence of a personal Deity, a future life, etc. � A name first suggested by Huxley in 1869. Ag�nos�ti�cism (?), n. That doctrine which, professing ignorance, neither asserts nor denies. Specifically: (Theol.) The doctrine that the existence of a personal Deity, an unseen world, etc., can be neither proved nor disproved, because of the necessary limits of the human mind (as sometimes charged upon Hamilton and Mansel), or because of the insufficiency of the evidence furnished by physical and physical data, to warrant a positive conclusion (as taught by the school of Herbert Spencer); � opposed alike dogmatic skepticism and to dogmatic theism. � Ag�nus (?), n.; pl. E. Agnuses (?); L. Agni (?). [L., a lamb.] Agnus Dei. � Ag�nus cas�tus (?). [Gr. ? a willowlike tree, used at a religious festival; confused with ? holy, chaste.] (Bot.) A species of Vitex (V. agnus castus); the chaste tree. Loudon. And wreaths of agnus castus others bore. Dryden. � Ag�nus De�i (?). [L., lamb of God.] (R. C. Ch.) (a) A figure of a lamb bearing a cross or flag. (b) A cake of wax stamped with such a figure. It is made from the remains of the paschal candles and blessed by the Pope. (c) A triple prayer in the sacrifice of the Mass, beginning with the words �Agnus Dei.� A�go� (?), a. & adv. [OE. ago, agon, p. p. of agon to go away, pass by, AS. �g�n to pass away; �� (cf. Goth. us�, Ger. er�, orig. meaning out) + g�n to go. See Go.] Past; gone by; since; as, ten years ago; gone long ago. A�gog� (?), a. & adv. [Cf. F. gogue fun, perhaps of Celtic origin.] In eager desire; eager; astir. All agog to dash through thick and thin. Cowper. A�go�ing (?), adv. [Pref. a� + p. pr. of go.] In motion; in the act of going; as, to set a mill agoing. � Ag�on (?), n.; pl. Agones (?). [Gr. ?, fr. ? to lead.] (gr. Antiq.) A contest for a prize at the public games. A�gone� (?), a. & adv. Ago. [Archaic & Poet.] Three days agone I fell sick. 1 Sam. xxx. 13. A�gone (?), n. [See Agonic.] Agonic line. A�gon�ic (?), a. [Gr. ? without angles; ? priv. + ? an angle.] Not forming an angle. � line (Physics), an imaginary line on the earth's surface passing through those places where the magnetic ?eodle points to the true north; the line of no magnetic variation. There is one such line in the Western hemisphere, and another in the Eastern hemisphere. Ag�o�nism (?), n. [Gr. ?, fr. ? to contend for a prize, fr. ?. See Agon.] Contention for a prize; a contest. [Obs. & R.] Blount. Ag�o�nist (?), n. [Gr. ?.] One who contends for the prize in public games. [R.] Ag�o�nis�tic (?), Ag�o�nis�tic�al (?), } a. [Gr. ?. See Agonism.] Pertaining to violent contests, bodily or mental; pertaining to athletic or polemic feats; athletic; combative; hence, strained; unnatural. As a scholar, he [Dr. Parr] was brilliant, but he consumed his power in agonistic displays. De Quincey. Ag�o�nis�tic�al�ly, adv. In an agonistic manner. Ag�o�nis�tics (?), n. The science of athletic combats, or contests in public games. Ag�o�nize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Agonized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Agonizing (?).] [F. agoniser, LL. agonizare, fr. Gr. ?. See Agony.] 1. To writhe with agony; to suffer violent anguish. To smart and agonize at every pore. Pope. 2. To struggle; to wrestle; to strive desperately. Ag�o�nize, v. t. To cause to suffer agony; to subject to extreme pain; to torture. He agonized his mother by his behavior. Thackeray. Ag�o�ni�zing�ly (?), adv. With extreme anguish or desperate struggles. Ag�o�no�thete� (?), n. [Gr. ?; ? + ? to set. appoint.] [Antiq.] An officer who presided over the great public games in Greece. Ag�o�no�thet�ic (?), a. [Gr. ?.] Pertaining to the office of an agonothete. Ag�o�ny (?), n.; pl. Agonies (?). [L. agonia, Gr. ?, orig. a contest, fr. ?: cf. F. agonie. See Agon.] 1. Violent contest or striving. The world is convulsed by the agonies of great nations. Macaulay. 2. Pain so extreme as to cause writhing or contortions of the body, similar to those made in the athletic contests in Greece; and hence, extreme pain of mind or body; anguish; paroxysm of grief; specifically, the sufferings of Christ in the garden of Gethsemane. Being in an agony he prayed more earnestly. Luke xxii. 44. 3. Paroxysm of joy; keen emotion. With cries and agonies of wild delight. Pope. 4. The last struggle of life; death struggle. Syn. � Anguish; torment; throe; distress; pangs; suffering. � Agony, Anguish, Pang. These words agree in expressing extreme pain of body or mind. Agony denotes acute and permanent pain, usually of the whole system., and often producing contortions. Anguish denotes severe pressure, and, considered as bodily suffering, is more commonly local (as anguish of a wound), thus differing from agony. A pang is a paroxysm of excruciating pain. It is severe and transient. The agonies or pangs of remorse; the anguish of a wounded conscience. �Oh, sharp convulsive pangs of agonizing pride !� Dryden. A�good� (?), adv. [Pref. a� + good.] In earnest; heartily. [Obs.] �I made her weep agood.� Shak. � Ag�o�ra (?), n. [Gr. ?.] An assembly; hence, the place of assembly, especially the market place, in an ancient Greek city. � A�gou�a�ra (?), n. [Native name.] (Zo�l.) The crab�eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus), found in the tropical parts of America. � A�gou�ta (?), n. [Native name.] (Zo�l.) A small insectivorous mammal (Solenodon paradoxus), allied to the moles, found only in Hayti. A�gou�ti, A�gou�ty } (?), n. [F. agouti, acouti, Sp. aguti, fr. native name.] (Zo�l.) A rodent of the genus Dasyprocta, about the size of a rabbit, peculiar to South America and the West Indies. The most common species is the Dasyprocta agouti. A�grace� (?), n. & v. See Aggrace. [Obs.] A�graffe� (?), n. [F. agrafe, formerly agraffe, OF. agrappe. See Agrappes.] 1. A hook or clasp. The feather of an ostrich, fastened in her turban by an agraffe set with brilliants. Sir W. Scott. 2. A hook, eyelet, or other device by which a piano wire is so held as to limit the vibration. A�gram�ma�tist (?), n. [Gr. ? illiterate; ? priv. + ? letters, fr. ? to write.] A illiterate person. [Obs.] Bailey. � A�graph�i�a (?), n. [Gr. ? priv. + ? to write.] The absence or loss of the power of expressing ideas by written signs. It is one form of aphasia. A�grah�ic (?), a. Characterized by agraphia. A�grappes� (?), n. pl. [OF. agrappe, F. agrafe; a + grappe (see Grape) fr. OHG. kr�pfo hook.] Hooks and eyes for armor, etc. Fairholt. A�gra�ri�an (?), a. [L. agrarius, fr. ager field.] 1. Pertaining to fields, or lands, or their tenure; esp., relating to am equal or equitable division of lands; as, the agrarian laws of Rome, which distributed the conquered and other public lands among citizens. His Grace's landed possessions are irresistibly inviting to an agrarian experiment. Burke. 2. (Bot.) Wild; � said of plants growing in the fields. A�gra�ri�an, n. 1. One in favor of an equal division of landed property. 2. An ~ law. [R.] An equal agrarian is perpetual law. Harrington. A�gra�ri�an�ism (?), n. An equal or equitable division of landed property; the principles or acts of those who favor a redistribution of land. A�gra�ri�an�ize (?), v. t. To distribute according to, or to imbue with, the principles of agrarianism. A�gre�, A�gree� } (?), adv. [F. � gr�. See Agree.] In good part; kindly. [Obs.] Rom. of R. A�gree� (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Agreed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Agreeing.] [F. agr�er to accept or receive kindly, fr. � gr�; � (L. ad) + gr� good will, consent, liking, fr. L. gratus pleasing, agreeable. See Grateful.] 1. To harmonize in opinion, statement, or action; to be in unison or concord; to be or become united or consistent; to concur; as, all parties agree in the expediency of the law. If music and sweet poetry agree. Shak. Their witness agreed not together. Mark xiv. 56. The more you agree together, the less hurt can your enemies do you. Sir T. Browne. 2. To yield assent; to accede; � followed by to; as, to agree to an offer, or to opinion. 3. To make a stipulation by way of settling differences or determining a price; to exchange promises; to come to terms or to a common resolve; to promise. Agree with thine adversary quickly. Matt. v. 25. Didst not thou agree with me for a penny ? Matt. xx. 13. 4. To be conformable; to resemble; to coincide; to correspond; as, the picture does not agree with the original; the two scales agree exactly. 5. To suit or be adapted in its effects; to do well; as, the same food does not agree with every constitution. 6. (Gram.) To correspond in gender, number, case, or person. � The auxiliary forms of to be are often employed with the participle agreed. �The jury were agreed.� Macaulay. �Can two walk together, except they be agreed ?� Amos iii. 3. The principal intransitive uses were probably derived from the transitive verb used reflexively. �I agree me well to your desire.� Ld. Berners. Syn. - To assent; concur; consent; acquiesce; accede; engage; promise; stipulate; contract; bargain; correspond; harmonize; fit; tally; coincide; comport. A�gree� (?), v. t. 1. To make harmonious; to reconcile or make friends. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. To admit, or come to one mind concerning; to settle; to arrange; as, to agree the fact; to agree differences. [Obs. or Archaic.] A�gree�a�bil�i�ty (?), n. [OF. agreablete.] 1. Easiness of disposition. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. The quality of being, or making one's self, agreeable; agreeableness. Thackeray. A�gree�a�ble (?), a. [F. agr�able.] 1. Pleasing, either to the mind or senses; pleasant; grateful; as, agreeable manners or remarks; an agreeable person; fruit agreeable to the taste. A train of agreeable reveries. Goldsmith. 2. Willing; ready to agree or consent. [Colloq.] These Frenchmen give unto the said captain of Calais a great sum of money, so that he will be but content and agreeable that they may enter into the said town. Latimer. 3. Agreeing or suitable; conformable; correspondent; concordant; adapted; � followed by to, rarely by with. That which is agreeable to the nature of one thing, is many times contrary to the nature of another. L'Estrange. 4. In pursuance, conformity, or accordance; � in this sense used adverbially for agreeably; as, agreeable to the order of the day, the House took up the report. Syn. � Pleasing; pleasant; welcome; charming; acceptable; amiable. See Pleasant. A�gree�a�ble�ness, n. 1. The quality of being agreeable or pleasing; that quality which gives satisfaction or moderate pleasure to the mind or senses. That author... has an agreeableness that charms us. Pope. 2. The quality of being agreeable or suitable; suitableness or conformity; consistency. The agreeableness of virtuous actions to human nature. Pearce. 3. Resemblance; concordance; harmony; � with to or between. [Obs.] The agreeableness between man and the other parts of the universe. Grew. A�gree�a�bly, adv. 1. In an agreeably manner; in a manner to give pleasure; pleasingly. �Agreeably entertained.� Goldsmith. 2. In accordance; suitably; consistently; conformably; � followed by to and rarely by with. See Agreeable, 4. The effect of which is, that marriages grow less frequent, agreeably to the maxim above laid down. Paley. 3. Alike; similarly. [Obs.] Both clad in shepherds' weeds agreeably. Spenser. A�gree�ing�ly, adv. In an agreeing manner (to); correspondingly; agreeably. [Obs.] A�gree�ment (?), ?. [Cf. F. agr�ment.] 1. State of agreeing; harmony of opinion, statement, action, or character; concurrence; concord; conformity; as, a good agreement subsists among the members of the council. What agreement hath the temple of God with idols ? 2 Cor. vi. 16. Expansion and duration have this further agreement. Locke. 2. (Gram.) Concord or correspondence of one word with another in gender, number, case, or person. 3. (Law) (a) A concurrence in an engagement that something shall be done or omitted; an exchange of promises; mutual understanding, arrangement, or stipulation; a contract. (b) The language, oral or written, embodying reciprocal promises. Abbott. Brande & C. Syn. - Bargain; contract; compact; stipulation. A�gre�er (?), n. One who agrees. A�gres�tic (?), a. [L. agrestis, fr. ager field.] Pertaining to fields or the country, in opposition to the city; rural; rustic; unpolished; uncouth. �Agrestic behavior.� Gregory. A�gres�tic�al (?), a. Agrestic. [Obs.] A�gric�o�la�tion (?), n. [L., agricolatio.] Agriculture. [Obs.] Bailey. A�gric�o�list (?), n. A cultivator of the soil; an agriculturist. Dodsley. Ag�ri�cul�tor (?), n. [L., fr. ager field + cultor cultivator.] An agriculturist; a farmer. [R.] Ag�ri�cul�tur�al (?), a. Of or pertaining to agriculture; connected with, or engaged in, tillage; as, the agricultural class; agricultural implements, wages, etc. � Ag�ri�cul�tur�al�ly, adv. � ant (Zo�l.), a species of ant which gathers and stores seeds of grasses, for food. The remarkable species (Myrmica barbata) found in Texas clears circular areas and carefully cultivates its favorite grain, known as ant rice. Ag�ri�cul�tur�al�ist, n. An agriculturist (which is the preferred form.) Ag�ri�cul�ture (?; 135), n. [L. agricultura; ager field + cultura cultivation: cf. F. agriculture. See Acre and Culture.] The art or science of cultivating the ground, including the harvesting of crops, and the rearing and management of live stock; tillage; husbandry; farming. Ag�ri�cul�tur�ism (?), n. Agriculture. [R.] Ag�ri�cul�tur�ist, n. One engaged or skilled in agriculture; a husbandman. The farmer is always a practitioner, the agriculturist may be a mere theorist. Crabb. A�grief� (?), adv. [Pref. a� + grief.] In grief; amiss. [Obs.] Chaucer. Ag�ri�mo�ny (?), n. [OE. agremoyne, OF. aigremoine, L. agrimonia for argemonia, fr. Gr. ?.] (Bot.) (a) A genus of plants of the Rose family. (b) The name is also given to various other plants; as, hemp agrimony (Eupatorium cannabinum); water agrimony (Bidens). � The Agrimonia eupatoria, or common ~, a perennial herb with a spike of yellow flowers, was once esteemed as a medical remedy, but is now seldom used. A�grin� (?), adv. & a. [Pref. a� + grin.] In the act of grinning. �His visage all agrin.� Tennyson. Ag�ri�ol�o�gist (?), n. One versed or engaged in agriology. Ag�ri�ol�o�gy (?), n. [Gr. ? wild, savage + �logy.] Description or comparative study of the customs of savage or uncivilized tribes. A�grise� (?), v. i. [AS. �gr�san to dread; �� (cf. Goth. us�, Ger. er�, orig. meaning out) + gr�san, for gr?san (only in comp.), akin to OHG. gr?is?n, G. grausen, to shudder. See Grisly.] To shudder with terror; to tremble with fear. [Obs.] Chaucer. A�grise�, v. t. 1. To shudder at; to abhor; to dread; to loathe. [Obs.] Wyclif. 2. To terrify; to affright. [Obs.] His manly face that did his foes agrise. Spenser. � A�grom (?), n. [Native name.] (Med.) A disease occurring in Bengal and other parts of the East Indies, in which the tongue chaps and cleaves. Ag�ro�nom�ic (?), Ag�ro�nom�ic�al (?), } [Cf. F. agronomique.] Pertaining to agronomy, of the management of farms. Ag�ro�nom�ics (?), n. The science of the distribution and management of land. A�gron�o�mist (?), n. One versed in agronomy; a student of agronomy. A�gron�o�my (?), n. [Gr. ? rural; as a noun, an overseer of the public lands; ? field + ? usage, ? to deal out, manage: cf. F. agronomie.] The management of land; rural economy; agriculture. A�grope� (?), adv. & a. [Pref. a� + grope.] In the act of groping. Mrs. Browning. � A�gros�tis (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. ?.] A genus of grasses, including species called in common language bent grass. Some of them, as redtop (Agrostis vulgaris), are valuable pasture grasses. A�gros�to�graph�ic (?), A�gros�to�graph�ic�al (?), } a. [Cf. F. agrostographique.] Pertaining to agrostography. Ag�ros�tog�ra�phy (?), n. [Gr. ? + �graphy.] A description of the grasses. A�gros�to�log�ic (?), A�gros�to�log�ic�al (?), } a. Pertaining to agrostology. Ag�ros�tol�o�gist (?), n. One skilled in agrostology. Ag�ros�tol�ogy (?), n. [Gr. ? + �logy.] That part of botany which treats of the grasses. A�ground� (?), adv. & a. [Pref. a� + ground.] On the ground; stranded; � a nautical term applied to a ship when its bottom lodges on the ground. Totten. A�group�ment (?), n. See Aggroupment. Ag�ryp�not�ic (?), n. [Gr. ? sleepless; ? to chase, search for + ? sleep: cf. F. agrypnotique.] Anything which prevents sleep, or produces wakefulness, as strong tea or coffee. � A�guar�di�en�te (?), n. [Sp., contr. of agua ardiente burning water (L. aqua water + ardens burning).] 1. A inferior brandy of Spain and Portugal. 2. A strong alcoholic drink, especially pulque. [Mexico and Spanish America.] A�gue (?), n. [OE. agu, ague, OF. agu, F. aigu, sharp, OF. fem. ague, LL. (febris) acuta, a sharp, acute fever, fr. L. acutus sharp. See Acute.] 1. An acute fever. [Obs.] �Brenning agues.� P. Plowman. 2. (Med.) An intermittent fever, attended by alternate cold and hot fits. 3. The cold fit or rigor of the intermittent fever; as, fever and ague. 4. A chill, or state of shaking, as with cold. Dryden. � cake, an enlargement of the spleen produced by ~. � � drop, a solution of the arsenite of potassa used for ~. � � fit, a fit of the ~. Shak. � � spell, a spell or charm against ~. Gay. � � tree, the sassafras, � sometimes so called from the use of its root formerly, in cases of ~. [Obs.] A�gue, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Agued (?).] To strike with an ~, or with a cold fit. Heywood. A�guilt� (?), v. t. To be guilty of; to offend; to sin against; to wrong. [Obs.] Chaucer. A�guise� (?), n. Dress. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. A�guise�, v. t. [Pref a� + guise.] To dress; to attire; to adorn. [Obs.] Above all knights ye goodly seem aguised. Spenser. A�gu�ish (?), a. 1. Having the qualities of an ague; somewhat cold or shivering; chilly; shaky. Her aguish love now glows and burns. Granville. 2. Productive of, or affected by, ague; as, the aguish districts of England. T. Arnold. � A�gu�ish�ly, adv. � A�gu�ish�ness, n. A�gush� (?), adv. & a. [Pref. a� + gush.] In a gushing state. Hawthorne. Ag�y�nous (?), a. [Gr. ? priv. + ? woman.] (Bot.) Without female organs; male. Ah (?), interj. [OE. a: cf. OF. a, F. ah, L. ah, Gr. ?, Sk. �, Icel. �, OHG. �, Lith. �, ��.] An exclamation, expressive of surprise, pity, complaint, entreaty, contempt, threatening, delight, triumph, etc., according to the manner of utterance. A�ha� (?), interj. [Ah, interj. + ha.] An exclamation expressing, by different intonations, triumph, mixed with derision or irony, or simple surprise. A�ha�, n. A sunk fence. See Ha�ha. Mason. A�head� (?), adv. [Pref. a� + head.] 1. In or to the front; in advance; onward. The island bore but a little ahead of us. Fielding. 2. Headlong; without restraint. [Obs.] L'Estrange. To go ~. (a) To go in advance. (b) To go on onward. (c) To push on in an enterprise. [Colloq.] � To get ~ of. (a) To get in advance of. (b) To surpass; to get the better of. [Colloq.] A�heap� (?), adv. [Pref. a� + heap.] In a heap; huddled together. Hood. A�height� (?), adv. [Pref. a� + height.] Aloft; on high. [Obs.] �Look up aheight.� Shak. A�hem� (?), interj. An exclamation to call one's attention; hem. A�hey� (?), interj. Hey; ho. A�high� (?), adv. On high. [Obs.] Shak. A�hold� (?), adv. [Pref. a� + hold.] Near the wind; as, to lay a ship ahold. [Obs.] Shak. A�horse�back (?), adv. On horseback. Two suspicious fellows ahorseback. Smollet. A�hoy� (?), interj. [OE. a, interj. + hoy.] (Naut.) A term used in hailing; as, �Ship ahoy.� � Ah�ri�man (?), n. [Per.] The Evil Principle or Being of the ancient Persians; the Prince of Darkness as opposer to Ormuzd, the King of Light. � A�hu (?), n. [Native name.] (Zo�l.) The Asiatic gazelle. A�hull� (?), adv. [Pref. a� = hull.] (Naut.) With the sails furled, and the helm lashed alee; � applied to ships in a storm. See Hull, n. A�hun�gered (?), a. [Pref. a� + hungered.] Pinched with hunger; very hungry. C. Bront�. A�i (?), n.; pl. Ais (?). [Braz. a�, ha�, from the animal's cry: cf. F. a�.] (Zo�l.) The three�toed sloth (Bradypus tridactylus) of South America. See Sloth. � Ai�blins, A�blins (?), adv. [See Able.] Perhaps; possibly. [Scotch] Burns. Aich's met�al (?). A kind of gun metal, containing copper, zinc, and iron, but no tin. Aid (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aided (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Aiding.] [F. aider, OF. aidier, fr. L. adjutare to help, freq. of adjuvare to help; ad + juvare to help. Cf. Adjutant.] To support, either by furnishing strength or means in co�peration to effect a purpose, or to prevent or to remove evil; to help; to assist. You speedy helpers... Appear and aid me in this enterprise. Shak. Syn. - To help; assist; support; sustain; succor; relieve; befriend; co�perate; promote. See Help. Aid, n. [F. aide, OF. a�de, a�e, fr. the verb. See Aid, v. t.] 1. Help; succor; assistance; relief. An unconstitutional mode of obtaining aid. Hallam. 2. The person or thing that promotes or helps in something done; a helper; an assistant. It is not good that man should be alone; let us make unto him an aid like unto himself. Tobit viii. 6. 3. (Eng. Hist.) A subsidy granted to the king by Parliament; also, an exchequer loan. 4. (Feudal Law) A pecuniary tribute paid by a vassal to his lord on special occasions. Blackstone. 5. An ~�de�camp, so called by abbreviation; as, a general's aid. � prayer (Law), a proceeding by which a defendant beseeches and claims assistance from some one who has a further or more permanent interest in the matter in suit. � To pray in ~, to beseech and claim such assistance. Aid�ance (?), n. [Cf. OF. aidance.] Aid. [R.] Aidance 'gainst the enemy. Shak. Aid�ant (?), a. [Cf. F. aidant, p. pr. of aider to help.] Helping; helpful; supplying aid. Shak. Aid��de�camp� (?), n.; pl. Aids�de�camp. (?). [F. aide de camp (literally) camp assistant.] (Mil.) An officer selected by a general to carry orders, also to assist or represent him in correspondence and in directing movements. Aid�er (?), n. One who, or that which, aids. Aid�ful (?), a. Helpful. [Archaic.] Bp. Hall. Aid�less, a. Helpless; without aid. Milton. Aid��ma�jor (?), n. The adjutant of a regiment. Ai�el (?), n. See Ayle. [Obs.] Aig�let (?), n. Same as Aglet. Ai�gre (?), a. [F. See Eager.] Sour. [Obs.] Shak. � Ai�gre�more (?), n. [F. origin unknown.] Charcoal prepared for making powder. Ai�gret (?), Ai�grette (?), } n. [F., a sort of white heron, with a tuft of feathers on its head; a tuft of feathers; dim. of the same word as heron. See Heron, and cf. Egret, Egrette.] 1. (Zo�l.) The small white European heron. See Egret. 2. A plume or tuft for the head composed of feathers, or of gems, etc. Prescott. 3. A tuft like that of the egret. (Bot.) A feathery crown of seed; egret; as, the aigrette or down of the dandelion or the thistle. � Ai�guille� (?), n. [F., a needle. See Aglet.] 1. A needle�shaped peak. 2. An instrument for boring holes, used in blasting. Ai�guil�lette� (?), n. [F. See Aglet.] 1. A point or tag at the end of a fringe or lace; an aglet. 2. One of the ornamental tags, cords, or loops on some military and naval uniforms. Ai�gu�let (?), n. See Aglet. Spenser. Ail (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ailed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ailing.] [OE. eilen, ailen, AS. eglan to trouble, pain; akin to Goth. us�agljan to distress, agls troublesome, irksome, aglo, aglitha, pain, and prob. to E. awe. ?.] To affect with pain or uneasiness, either physical or mental; to trouble; to be the matter with; � used to express some uneasiness or affection, whose cause is unknown; as, what ails the man? I know not what ails him. What aileth thee, Hagar? Gen. xxi. 17. � It is never used to express a specific disease. We do not say, a fever ails him; but, something ails him. Ail, v. i. To be affected with pain or uneasiness of any sort; to be ill or indisposed or in trouble. When he ails ever so little... he is so peevish. Richardson. Ail, n. Indisposition or morbid affection. Pope. Ai�lan�thus (?), n. Same as Ailantus. Ai�lan�tus (?), n. [From aylanto, i. e., tree of heaven, the name of the tree in the Moluccas.] (Bot.) A genus of beautiful trees, natives of the East Indies. The tree imperfectly di?cious, and the staminate or male plant is very offensive when blossom. Ai�lette (?), n. [F. ailette, dim. of aile wing, L. ala.] A small square shield, formerly worn on the shoulders of knights, � being the prototype of the modern epaulet. Fairholt. Ail�ment (?), n. Indisposition; morbid affection of the body; � not applied ordinarily to acute diseases. �Little ailments.� Landsdowne. � Ai�lu�roid�e�a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? cat + �oid.] (Zo�l.) A group of the Carnivora, which includes the cats, civets, and hyenas. Aim (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Aimed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Aiming.] [OE. amen, aimen, eimen, to guess at, to estimate, to aim, OF. esmer, asmer, fr. L. aestimare to estimate; or perh. fr. OF. aesmer; ? (L. ad) + esmer. See Estimate.] 1. To point or direct a missile weapon, or a weapon which propels as missile, towards an object or spot with the intent of hitting it; as, to aim at a fox, or at a target. 2. To direct the indention or purpose; to attempt the accomplishment of a purpose; to try to gain; to endeavor; � followed by at, or by an infinitive; as, to aim at distinction; to aim to do well. Aim'st thou at princes? Pope. 3. To guess or conjecture. [Obs.] Shak. Aim, v. t. To direct or point, as a weapon, at a particular object; to direct, as a missile, an act, or a proceeding, at, to, or against an object; as, to aim a musket or an arrow, the fist or a blow (at something); to aim a satire or a reflection (at some person or vice). Aim, n. [Cf. OF. esme estimation, fr. esmer. See Aim, v. i.] 1. The pointing of a weapon, as a gun, a dart, or an arrow, in the line of direction with the object intended to be struck; the line of fire; the direction of anything, as a spear, a blow, a discourse, a remark, towards a particular point or object, with a view to strike or affect it. Each at the head leveled his deadly aim. Milton. 2. The point intended to be hit, or object intended to be attained or affected. To be the aim of every dangerous shot. Shak. 3. Intention; purpose; design; scheme. How oft ambitious aims are crossed! Pope. 4. Conjecture; guess. [Obs.] What you would work me to, I have some aim. Shak. To cry ~ (Archery), to encourage. [Obs.] Shak. Syn. - End; object; scope; drift; design; purpose; intention; scheme; tendency; aspiration. Aim�er (?), n. One who aims, directs, or points. Aim�less, a. Without aim or purpose; as, an aimless life. � Aim�less�ly, adv. � Aim�less�ness, n. Ai�no (?), n. [Said to be the native name for man.] One of a peculiar race inhabiting Yesso, the Kooril Islands etc., in the northern part of the empire of Japan, by some supposed to have been the progenitors of the Japanese. The Ainos are stout and short, with hairy bodies. Ain't (?). A contraction for are not and am not; also used for is not. [Colloq. or llliterate speech] See An't. Air (?), n. [OE. air, eir, F. air, L. a�r, fr. Gr. ?, ~, mist, for ?, fr. root ? to blow, breathe, probably akin to E. wind. In sense 10 the French has taking a meaning fr. It. aria atmosphere, ~, fr. the same Latin word; and in senses 11, 12, 13 the French meaning is either fr. L. aria, or due to confusion with F. aire, in an older sense of origin, descent. Cf. A?ry, Debonair, Malaria, Wind.] 1. The fluid which we breathe, and which surrounds the earth; the atmosphere. It is invisible, inodorous, insipid, transparent, compressible, elastic, and ponderable. � By the ancient philosophers, air was regarded as an element; but modern science has shown that it is essentially a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen, with a small amount of carbon dioxide, the average proportions being, by volume: oxygen, 20.96 per cent.; nitrogen, 79.00 per cent.; carbon dioxide, 0.04 per cent. These proportions are subject to a very slight variability. � also always contains some vapor of water. 2. Symbolically: Something unsubstantial, light, or volatile. �Charm ache with air.� Shak. He was still all air and fire. Macaulay. [Air and fire being the finer and quicker elements as opposed to earth and water.] 3. A particular state of the atmosphere, as respects heat, cold, moisture, etc., or as affecting the sensations; as, a smoky air, a damp air, the morning air, etc. 4. Any a�riform body; a gas; as, oxygen was formerly called vital air. [Obs.] 5. Air in motion; a light breeze; a gentle wind. Let vernal airs through trembling osiers play. Pope. 6. Odoriferous or contaminated ~. 7. That which surrounds and influences. The keen, the wholesome air of poverty. Wordsworth. 8. Utterance abroad; publicity; vent. You gave it air before me. Dryden. 9. Intelligence; information. [Obs.] Bacon. 10. (Mus.) (a) A musical idea, or motive, rhythmically developed in consecutive single tones, so as to form a symmetrical and balanced whole, which may be sung by a single voice to the stanzas of a hymn or song, or even to plain prose, or played upon an instrument; a melody; a tune; an aria. (b) In harmonized chorals, psalmody, part songs, etc., the part which bears the tune or melody � in modern harmony usually the upper part � is sometimes called the air. 11. The peculiar look, appearance, and bearing of a person; mien; demeanor; as, the air of a youth; a heavy air; a lofty air. �His very air.� Shak. 12. Peculiar appearance; apparent character; semblance; manner; style. It was communicated with the air of a secret. Pope. 12. pl. An artificial or affected manner; show of pride or vanity; haughtiness; as, it is said of a person, he puts on airs. Thackeray. 14. (Paint.) (a) The representation or reproduction of the effect of the atmospheric medium through which every object in nature is viewed. New Am. Cyc. (b) Carriage; attitude; action; movement; as, the head of that portrait has a good air. Fairholt. 15. (Man.) The artificial motion or carriage of a horse. � Air is much used adjectively or as the first part of a compound term. In most cases it might be written indifferently, as a separate limiting word, or as the first element of the compound term, with or without the hyphen; as, air bladder, air�bladder, or airbladder; air cell, air�cell, or aircell; air�pump, or airpump. � balloon. See Balloon. � � bath. (a) An apparatus for the application of ~ to the body. (b) An arrangement for drying substances in ~ of any desired temperature. � � castle. See Castle in the air, under Castle. � � compressor, a machine for compressing ~ to be used as a motive power. � � crossing, a passage for ~ in a mine. � � cushion, an ~�tight cushion which can be inflated; also, a device for arresting motion without shock by confined ~. � � fountain, a contrivance for producing a jet of water by the force of compressed ~. � � furnace, a furnace which depends on a natural draft and not on blast. � � line, a straight line; a bee line. Hence ��line, adj.; air�line road. � � lock (Hydr. Engin.), an intermediate chamber between the outer ~ and the compressed�~ chamber of a pneumatic caisson. Knight. � � port (Nav.), a scuttle or porthole in a ship to admit ~. � � spring, a spring in which the elasticity of ~ is utilized. � � thermometer, a form of thermometer in which the contraction and expansion of ~ is made to measure changes of temperature. � � threads, gossamer. � ~ trap, a contrivance for shutting off foul ~ or gas from drains, sewers, etc.; a stench trap. � � trunk, a pipe or shaft for conducting foul or heated ~ from a room. � � valve, a valve to regulate the admission or egress of ~; esp. a valve which opens inwardly in a steam boiler and allows ~ to enter. � � way, a passage for a current of ~; as the air way of an ~ pump; an air way in a mine. � In the ~. (a) Prevalent without traceable origin or authority, as rumors. (b) Not in a fixed or stable position; unsettled. (c) (Mil.) Unsupported and liable to be turned or taken in flank; as, the army had its wing in the air. � To take ~, to be divulged; to be made public. � To take the ~, to go abroad; to walk or ride out. Air (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aired (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Airing.] [See Air, n., and cf. A?rate.] 1. To expose to the ~ for the purpose of cooling, refreshing, or purifying; to ventilate; as, to air a room. It were good wisdom... that the jail were aired. Bacon. Were you but riding forth to air yourself. Shak. 2. To expose for the sake of public notice; to display ostentatiously; as, to air one's opinion. Airing a snowy hand and signet gem. Tennyson. 3. To expose to heat, for the purpose of expelling dampness, or of warming; as, to air linen; to air liquors. Air� bed� (?). A sack or matters inflated with air, and used as a bed. Air� blad�der (?). 1. (Anat.) An air sac, sometimes double or variously lobed, in the visceral cavity of many fishes. It originates in the same way as the lungs of air�breathing vertebrates, and in the adult may retain a tubular connection with the pharynx or esophagus. 2. A sac or bladder full of air in an animal or plant; also an air hole in a casting. Air� brake� (?). (Mach.) A railway brake operated by condensed air. Knight. Air��built� (?), a. Erected in the air; having no solid foundation; chimerical; as, an air�built castle. Air� cell� (?). 1. (Bot.) A cavity in the cellular tissue of plants, containing air only. 2. (Anat.) A receptacle of air in various parts of the system; as, a cell or minute cavity in the walls of the air tubes of the lungs; the air sac of birds; a dilatation of the air vessels in insects. Air� cham�ber (?). 1. A chamber or cavity filled with air, in an animal or plant. 2. A cavity containing air to act as a spring for equalizing the flow of a liquid in a pump or other hydraulic machine. Air� cock� (?). A faucet to allow escape of air. Air��drawn� (?), a. Drawn in air; imaginary. This is the air�drawn dagger. Shak. Air� drill� (?). A drill driven by the elastic pressure of condensed air; a pneumatic drill. Knight. Air� engine� (?). An engine driven by heated or by compressed air. Knight. Air�er (?), n. 1. One who exposes to the air. 2. A frame on which clothes are aired or dried. Air� gas� (?). See under Gas. Air� gun� (?). A kind of gun in which the elastic force of condensed air is used to discharge the ball. The air is powerfully compressed into a reservoir attached to the gun, by a condensing pump, and is controlled by a valve actuated by the trigger. Air� hole� (?). 1. A hole to admit or discharge air; specifically, a spot in the ice not frozen over. 2. (Founding) A fault in a casting, produced by a bubble of air; a blowhole. Air�i�ly (?), adv. In an airy manner; lightly; gaily; jauntily; fippantly. Air�i�ness, n. 1. The state or quality of being airy; openness or exposure to the air; as, the airiness of a country seat. 2. Lightness of spirits; gayety; levity; as, the airiness of young persons. Air�ing (?), n. 1. A walk or a ride in the open air; a short excursion for health's sake. 2. An exposure to air, or to a fire, for warming, drying, etc.; as, the airing of linen, or of a room. Air� jack�et (?). A jacket having air�tight cells, or cavities which can be filled with air, to render persons buoyant in swimming. Air�less (?), a. Not open to a free current of air; wanting fresh air, or communication with the open air. Air� lev�el (?). Spirit level. See Level. Air�like� (?), a. Resembling air. Air�ling (?), n. A thoughtless, gay person. [Obs.] �Slight airlings.� B. Jonson. Air�om�e�ter (?), n. [Air + �meter.] A hollow cylinder to contain air. It is closed above and open below, and has its open end plunged into water. Air� pipe� (?). A pipe for the passage of air; esp. a ventilating pipe. Air� plant� (?). (Bot.) A plant deriving its sustenance from the air alone; an a�rophyte. � The �Florida moss� (Tillandsia), many tropical orchids, and most mosses and lichens are air plants. Those which are lodged upon trees, but not parasitic on them, are epiphytes. Air� poise� (?). [See Poise.] A? ? measure the weight of air. Air� pump� (?). 1. (Physics) A kind of pump for exhausting air from a vessel or closed space; also, a pump to condense air of force in into a closed space. 2. (Steam Engines) A pump used to exhaust from a condenser the condensed steam, the water used for condensing, and any commingled air. Air� sac� (?). (Anat.) One of the spaces in different parts. of the bodies of birds, which are filled with air and connected with the air passages of the lungs; an air cell. Air� shaft� (?). A passage, usually vertical, for admitting fresh air into a mine or a tunnel. Air��slacked� (?), a. Slacked, or pulverized, by exposure to the air; as, air�slacked lime. Air� stove� (?). A stove for heating a current of air which is directed against its surface by means of pipes, and then distributed through a building. Air��tight� (?), a. So tight as to be impermeable to air; as, an air�tight cylinder. Air��tight�, n. A stove the draft of which can be almost entirely shut off. [Colloq. U. S.] Air� ves�sel (?). A vessel, cell, duct, or tube containing or conducting air; as the air vessels of insects, birds, plants, etc.; the air vessel of a pump, engine, etc. For the latter, see Air chamber. The air vessels of insects are called trache�, of plants spiral vessels. Air�ward (?), Air�wards (?), } adv. Toward the air; upward. [R.] Keats. Air�y (?), a. 1. Consisting of air; as, an airy substance; the airy parts of bodies. 2. Relating or belonging to air; high in air; a�rial; as, an airy flight. �The airy region.� Milton. 3. Open to a free current of air; exposed to the air; breezy; as, an airy situation. 4. Resembling air; thin; unsubstantial; not material; airlike. �An airy spirit.� Shak. 5. Relating to the spirit or soul; delicate; graceful; as, airy music. 6. Without reality; having no solid foundation; empty; trifling; visionary. �Airy fame.� Shak. Empty sound, and airy notions. Roscommon. 7. Light of heart; vivacious; sprightly; flippant; superficial. �Merry and airy.� Jer. Taylor. 8. Having an affected manner; being in the habit of putting on airs; affectedly grand. [Colloq.] 9. (Paint.) Having the light and a�rial tints true to nature. Elmes. Aisle (?), n. [OF. ele, F. aile, wing, wing of a building, L. ala, contr. fr. axilla.] (Arch.) (a) A lateral division of a building, separated from the middle part, called the nave, by a row of columns or piers, which support the roof or an upper wall containing windows, called the clearstory wall. (b) Improperly used also for the have; � as in the phrases, a church with three aisles, the middle aisle. (c) Also (perhaps from confusion with alley), a passage into which the pews of a church open. Aisled (?), a. Furnished with an aisle or aisles. Ais�less (?), a. Without an aisle. Ait (?), n. [AS. ?, ?, perh. dim. of �eg, �g, island. See Eyot.] An islet, or little isle, in a river or lake; an eyot. The ait where the osiers grew. R. Hodges (1649). Among green aits and meadows. Dickens. Ait (?), n. Oat. [Scot.] Burns. Aitch (?), n. The letter h or H. Aitch�bone� (?), n. [For nachebone. For loss of n, cf. Adder. See Natch.] The bone of the rump; also, the cut of beef surrounding this bone. [Spelt also edgebone.] Ai�ti�ol�o�gy (?), n. See �tiology. A�jar� (?), adv. [OE. on char ~, on the turn; AS. cerr, cyrr, turn, akin to G. kehren to turn, and to D. akerre. See Char.] Slightly turned or opened; as, the door was standing ajar. A�jar� (?), adv. [Pref. a� + jar.] In a state of discord; out of harmony; as, he is ajar with the world. A�jog� (?), adv. [Pref. a� + jog.] On the jog. Aj�u�tage (?), n. [F. ajutage, for ajoutage, fr. ajouter to add, LL. adjuxtare, fr. L. ad + juxta near to, nigh. Cf. Adjutage, Adjustage, Adjust.] A tube through which is water is discharged; an efflux tube; as, the ajutage of a fountain. Ake (?), n. & v. See Ache. A�kene� (?), n. (Bot.) Same as Achene. Ak�e�ton (?), n. [Obs.] See Acton. A�kim�bo (?), a. [Etymology unknown. Cf. Kimbo.] With a crook or bend; with the hand on the hip and elbow turned outward. �With one arm akimbo.� Irving. A�kin� (?), a. [Pref. a� (for of) + kin.] 1. Of the same kin; related by blood; � used of persons; as, the two families are near akin. 2. Allied by nature; partaking of the same properties; of the same kind. �A joy akin to rapture.� Cowper. The literary character of the work is akin to its moral character. Jeffrey. � This adjective is used only after the noun. � Ak�i�ne�si�a (?), n. [Gr. ? quiescence; ? priv. + ? motion.] (Med.) Paralysis of the motor nerves; loss of movement. Foster. Ak�i�ne�sic (?), a. (med.) Pertaining to akinesia. A�knee� (?), adv. On the knee. [R.] Southey. Ak�now� (?). Earlier form of Acknow. [Obs.] To be ~, to acknowledge; to confess. [Obs.] Al (?), a. All. [Obs.] Chaucer. Al�. A prefix. (a) [AS. eal.] All; wholly; completely; as, almighty,almost. (b) [L. ad.] To; at; on; � in OF. shortened to a�. See Ad�. (c) The Arabic definite article answering to the English the; as, Alkoran, the Koran or the Book; alchemy, the chemistry. Al. conj. Although; if. [Obs.] See All, conj. � A�la (?), n.; pl. Al� (?). [L., a wing.] (Biol.) A winglike organ, or part. Al�a�ba�ma pe�ri�od (?). (Geol.) A period in the American eocene, the lowest in the tertiary age except the lignitic. Al�a�bas�ter (?), n. [L. alabaster, Gr. ?, said to be derived fr. Alabastron, the name of a town in Egypt, near which it was common: cf. OF. alabastre, F. alb�tre.] 1. (Min.) (a) A compact variety or sulphate of lime, or gypsum, of ??ne texture, and usually white and translucent, but sometimes yellow, red, or gray. It is carved into vases, mantel ornaments, etc. (b) A hard, compact variety of carbonate of lime, somewhat translucent, or of banded shades of color; stalagmite. The name is used in this sense by Pliny. It is sometimes distinguished as oriental alabaster. 2. A box or vessel for holding odoriferous ointments, etc.; � so called from the stone of which it was originally made. Fosbroke. Al�a�bas�tri�an (?), a. Alabastrine. Al�a�bas�trine (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or like, alabaster; as alabastrine limbs. � Al�a�bas�trum (?), n.; pl. Alabastra (?). [NL.] (Bot.) A flower bud. Gray. A�lack� (?), interj. [Prob. from ah! lack! OE. lak loss, failure, misfortune. See Lack.] An exclamation expressive of sorrow. [Archaic. or Poet.] Shak. A�lack�a�day� (?), interj. [For alack the day. Cf. Lackaday.] An exclamation expressing sorrow. � Shakespeare has �alack the day� and �alack the heavy day.� Compare �woe worth the day.� A�lac�ri�fy (?), v. t. [L. alacer, alacris, lively + �fly.] To rouse to action; to inspirit. A�lac�ri�ous (?), a. [L. alacer, alacris.] Brisk; joyously active; lively. 'T were well if we were a little more alacrious. Hammond. A�lac�ri�ous�ly, adv. With alacrity; briskly. A�lac�ri�ous�ness, n. Alacrity. [Obs.] Hammond. A�lac�ri�ty (?), n. [L. alacritas, fr. alacer lively, eager, prob. akin to Gr. ? to drive, Goth. aljan zeal.] A cheerful readiness, willingness, or promptitude; joyous activity; briskness; sprightliness; as, the soldiers advanced with alacrity to meet the enemy. I have not that alacrity of spirit, Nor cheer of mind that I was wont to have. Shak. A�lad�in�ist (?), n. [From Aladin, for Ala Eddin, i. e., height of religion, a learned divine under Mohammed II. and Bajazet II.] One of a sect of freethinkers among the Mohammedans. Al�a�lon�ga (?), or Al�i�lon�ghi (?), n. (Zo�l.) The tunny. See Albicore. � A�la�mi�re (?), n. [Compounded of a la mi re, names of notes in the musical scale.] The lowest note but one in Guido Aretino's scale of music. Al�a�mo�dal�i�ty (?), n. The quality of being � la mode; conformity to the mode or fashion; fashionableness. [R.] Southey. Al�a�mode� (?), adv. & a. [F. � la mode after the fashion.] According to the fashion or prevailing mode. �Alamode beef shops.� Macaulay. Al�a�mode�, n. A thin, black silk for hoods, scarfs, etc.; � often called simply mode. Buchanan. Al�a�mort� (?), a. [F. � la mort to the death. Cf. Amort.] To the death; mortally. A�lan� (?), n. [OF. alan, alant; cf. Sp. alano.] A wolfhound. [Obs.] Chaucer. A�land� (?), adv. [Pref. a� + land.] On land; to the land; ashore. �Cast aland.� Sir P. Sidney. Al�a�nine (?), n. [Aldehyde + the ending �ine. The �an� is a euphonic insertion.] (Chem.) A white crystalline base, C3H7NO2, derived from aldehyde ammonia. A�lan�tin (?), n. [G. alant elecampane, the Inula helenium of Linn�us.] (Chem.) See Inulin. A�lar (?), a. [L. alarius, fr. ala wing: cf. F. alaire.] 1. Pertaining to, or having, wings. 2. (Bot.) Axillary; in the fork or axil. Gray. A�larm� (?), n. [F. alarme, It. all' arme to arms ! fr. L. arma, pl., arms. See Arms, and cf. Alarum.] 1. A summons to arms, as on the approach of an enemy. Arming to answer in a night alarm. Shak. 2. Any sound or information intended to give notice of approaching danger; a warming sound to arouse attention; a warning of danger. Sound an alarm in my holy mountain. Joel ii. 1. 3. A sudden attack; disturbance; broil. [R.] �These home alarms.� Shak. Thy palace fill with insults and alarms. Pope. 4. Sudden surprise with fear or terror excited by apprehension of danger; in the military use, commonly, sudden apprehension of being attacked by surprise. Alarm and resentment spread throughout the camp. Macaulay. 5. A mechanical contrivance for awaking persons from sleep, or rousing their attention; an alarum. ~ bell, a bell that gives notice on danger. � � clock or watch, a clock or watch which can be so set as to ring or strike loudly at a prearranged hour, to wake from sleep, or excite attention. � � gauge, a contrivance attached to a steam boiler for showing when the pressure of steam is too high, or the water in the boiler too low. � � post, a place to which troops are to repair in case of an ~. Syn. - Fright; affright; terror; trepidation; apprehension; consternation; dismay; agitation; disquiet; disquietude. � Alarm, Fright, Terror, Consternation. These words express different degrees of fear at the approach of danger. Fright is fear suddenly excited, producing confusion of the senses, and hence it is unreflecting. Alarm is the hurried agitation of feeling which springs from a sense of immediate and extreme exposure. Terror is agitating and excessive fear, which usually benumbs the faculties. Consternation is overwhelming fear, and carries a notion of powerlessness and amazement. Alarm agitates the feelings; terror disorders the understanding and affects the will; fright seizes on and confuses the sense; consternation takes possession of the soul, and subdues its faculties. See Apprehension. A�larm�, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alarmed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Alarming.] [Alarm, n. Cf. F. alarmer.] 1. To call to arms for defense; to give notice to (any one) of approaching danger; to rouse to vigilance and action; to put on the alert. 2. To keep in excitement; to disturb. 3. To surprise with apprehension of danger; to fill with anxiety in regard to threatening evil; to excite with sudden fear. Alarmed by rumors of military preparation. Macaulay. A�larm�a�ble (?), a. Easily alarmed or disturbed. A�larmed� (?), a. Aroused to vigilance; excited by fear of approaching danger; agitated; disturbed; as, an alarmed neighborhood; an alarmed modesty. The white pavilions rose and fell On the alarmed air. Longfellow. A�larm�ed�ly (?), adv. In an alarmed manner. A�larm�ing, a. Exciting, or calculated to excite, alarm; causing apprehension of danger; as, an alarming crisis or report. � A�larm�ing�ly, adv. A�larm�ist, n. [Cf. F. alarmiste.] One prone to sound or excite alarms, especially, needless alarms. Macaulay. A�lar�um (?; 277), n. [OE. alarom, the same word as alarm, n.] See Alarm. [Now Poetic] � The variant form alarum is now commonly restricted to an alarm signal or the mechanism to sound an alarm (as in an alarm clock.) Al�a�ry (?), a. [L. alarius, fr. ala wing.] Of or pertaining to wings; also, wing�shaped. The alary system of insects. Wollaston. A�las� (?), interj. [OE. alas, allas, OF. alas, F. h�las; a interj. (L. ah.) + las wretched (that I am), L. lassus weary, akin to E. late. See Late.] An exclamation expressive of sorrow, pity, or apprehension of evil; � in old writers, sometimes followed by day or white; alas the day, like alack a day, or alas the white. A�late� (?), adv. [Pref. a� + late.] Lately; of late. [Archaic] There hath been alate such tales spread abroad. Latimer. A�late (?), A�la�ted (?), } a. [L. alatus, from ala wing.] Winged; having wings, or side appendages like wings. Al�a�tern (?), � Al�a�ter�nus (?), } n. [L. ala wing + terni three each.] (Bot.) An ornamental evergreen shrub (Rhamnus alaternus) belonging to the buckthorns. A�la�tion (?), n. [F., fr. L. alatus winged.] The state of being winged. A�launt� (?), n. See Alan. [Obs.] Chaucer. Alb (?), n. [OE. albe, LL. alba, fr. L. albus white. Cf. Album and Aube.] A vestment of white linen, reaching to the feet, an enveloping the person; � in the Roman Catholic church, worn by those in holy orders when officiating at mass. It was formerly worn, at least by clerics, in daily life. Al�ba�core (?), n. (Zo�l.) See Albicore. Al�ban (?), n. [L. albus white.] (Chem.) A white crystalline resinous substance extracted from gutta�percha by the action of alcohol or ether. Al�ba�ni�an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Albania, a province of Turkey. � n. A native of Albania. � Al�ba�ta (?), n. [L. albatus, p. p. of albare to make white, fr. albus white.] A white metallic alloy; which is made into spoons, forks, teapots, etc. British plate or German silver. See German silver, under German. Al�ba�tross (?), n. [Corrupt. fr. Pg. alcatraz cormorant, ~, or Sp. alcatraz a pelican: cf. Pg. alcatruz, Sp. arcaduz, a bucket, fr. Ar. al�q�dus the bucket, fr. Gr. ?, a water vessel. So an Arabic term form pelican is water�carrier, as a bird carrying water in its pouch.] (Zo�l.) A web-footed bird, of the genus Diomedea, of which there are several species. They are the largest of sea birds, capable of long�continued flight, and are often seen at great distances from the land. They are found chiefly in the southern hemisphere. Al�be�, Al�bee� } (?), conj. [See Albeit.] Although; albeit. [Obs.] Albe Clarissa were their chiefest founderess. Spenser. � Al�be�do (?), n. [L., fr. albus white.] Whiteness. Specifically: (Astron.) The ratio which the light reflected from an unpolished surface bears to the total light falling upon that surface. Al�be�it (?), conj. [OE. al be although it be, where al is our all. Cf. Although.] Even though; although; notwithstanding. Chaucer. Albeit so masked, Madam, I love the truth. Tennyson. Al�bert�ite (?), n. (Min.) A bituminous mineral resembling asphaltum, found in the county of A. ?bert, New Brunswick. Al�ber�type (?), n. [From the name of the inventor, Albert, of Munich.] A picture printed from a kind of gelatine plate produced by means of a photographic negative. Al�bes�cence (?), n. The act of becoming white; whitishness. Al�bes�cent (?), a. [L. albescens, p. pr. of albescere to grow white, fr. albus white.] Becoming white or whitish; moderately white. Al�bi�cant (?), a. [L. albicans, p. pr. of albicare, albicatum, to be white, fr. albus white.] Growing or becoming white. Al�bi�ca�tion (?), n. The process of becoming white, or developing white patches, or streaks. Al�bi�core (?), n. [F. albicore (cf. Sp. albacora, Pg. albacor, albacora, albecora), fr. Ar. bakr, bekr, a young camel, young cow, heifer, and the article al: cf. Pg. bacoro a little pig.] (Zo�l.) A name applied to several large fishes of the Mackerel family, esp. Orcynus alalonga. One species (Orcynus thynnus), common in the Mediterranean and Atlantic, is called in New England the horse mackerel; the tunny. [Written also albacore.] Al�bi�fi�ca�tion (?), n. [Cf. F. albification: L. albus white + ficare (only in comp.), facere, to make.] The act or process of making white. [Obs.] Al�bi�gen�ses (?), � Al�bi�geois� (?), } n. pl. [From Albi and Albigeois, a town and its district in the south of France, in which the sect abounded.] (Eccl. Hist.) A sect of reformers opposed to the church of Rome in the 12th centuries. The Albigenses were a branch of the Catharists (the pure). They were exterminated by crusades and the Inquisition. They were distinct from the Waldenses. Al�bi�gen�sian (?), a. Of or pertaining to the Albigenses. Al�bi�ness (?), n. A female albino. Holmes. Al�bi�nism (?), n. The state or condition of being an albino: abinoism; leucopathy. Al�bi�nis�tic (?), a. Affected with albinism. Al�bi�no (?; 277), n.; pl. Albinos (?). [Sp. or Pg. albino, orig. whitish, fr. albo white, L. albus.] A person, whether negro, Indian, or white, in whom by some defect of organization the substance which gives color to the skin, hair, and eyes is deficient or in a morbid state. An ~ has a skin of a milky hue, with hair of the same color, and eyes with deep red pupil and pink or blue iris. The term is also used of the lower animals, as white mice, elephants, etc.; and of plants in a whitish condition from the absence of chlorophyll. Amer. Cyc. � The term was originally applied by the Portuguese to negroes met with on the coast of Africa, who were mottled with white spots. Al�bi�no�ism (?), n. The state or condition of being an albino; albinism. Al�bi�not�ic (?), a. Affected with albinism. Al�bi�on (?), n. [Prob. from the same root as Gael. alp a height or hill. �It may have been bestowed on the land lying behind the white cliffs visible from the coast of Gaul. Albany, the old name of Scotland, means probably the �hilly land.� I. Taylor.] An ancient name of England, still retained in poetry. In that nook�shotten isle of Albion. Shak. Al�bite (?), n. [L. albus white.] (Min.) A mineral of the feldspar family, triclinic in crystallization, and in composition a silicate of alumina and soda. It is a common constituent of granite and of various igneous rocks. See Feldspar. Al�bo�lith (?), n. [L. albus white + �lith.] A kind of plastic cement, or artificial stone, consisting chiefly of magnesia and silica; � called also albolite. � Al�bo�rak (?; 277), n. [Ar. al�bur�q, fr. baraqa to flash, shine.] The imaginary milk�white animal on which Mohammed was said to have been carried up to heaven; a white mule. Al�bu�gin�e�ous (?), a. [See Albugo.] Of the nature of, or resembling, the white of the eye, or of an egg; albuminous; � a term applied to textures, humors, etc., which are perfectly white. � Al�bu�go (?), n.; pl. Albugines (?). [L., whiteness, fr. albus white.] (Med.) Same as Leucoma. Al�bum (?), n. [L., neut. of albus white: cf. F. album. Cf. Alb.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A white tablet on which anything was inscribed, as a list of names, etc. 2. A register for visitors' names; a visitors' book. 3. A blank book, in which to insert autographs sketches, memorial writing of friends, photographs, etc. Al�bu�men (?), n. [L., fr. albus white.] 1. The white of an egg. 2. (Bot.) Nourishing matter stored up within the integuments of the seed in many plants, but not incorporated in the embryo. It is the floury part in corn, wheat, and like grains, the oily part in poppy seeds, the fleshy part in the cocoanut, etc. 3. (Chem.) Same as Albumin. Al�bu�men�ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Albumenized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Albumenizing.] To cover or saturate with albumen; to coat or treat with an albuminous solution; as, to albuminize paper. � Al�bum Gr��cum (?). [L., Greek white.] Dung of dogs or hyenas, which becomes white by exposure to air. It is used in dressing leather, and was formerly used in medicine. Al�bu�min (?), n. (Chem.) A thick, viscous nitrogenous substance, which is the chief and characteristic constituent of white of eggs and of the serum of blood, and is found in other animal substances, both fluid and solid, also in many plants. It is soluble in water is coagulated by heat ad by certain chemical reagents. Acid ~, a modification of ~ produced by the action of dilute acids. It is not coagulated by heat. � Alkali ~, ~ as modified by the action of alkaline substances; � called also albuminate. Al�bu�mi�nate (?), n. (Chem.) A substance produced by the action of an alkali upon albumin, and resembling casein in its properties; also, a compound formed by the union of albumin with another substance. Al�bu�mi�nif�er�ous (?), a. [L. albumen + �ferous.] Supplying albumen. Al�bu�mi�nim�e�ter (?), n. [L. albumen, albuminis + �meter: cf. F. albuminim�tre.] An instrument for ascertaining the quantity of albumen in a liquid. Al�bu�mi�nin (?), n. (Chem.) The substance of the cells which inclose the white of birds' eggs. Al�bu�mi�nip�a�rous (?), a. [L. albumen + parere to bear, bring forth.] Producing albumin. Al�bu�mi�noid (?), a. [L. albumen + �oid.] (Chem.) Resembling albumin. � n. One of a class of organic principles (called also proteids) which form the main part of organized tissues. Brunton. Al�bu�mi�noid�al (?), a. (Chem.) Of the nature of an albuminoid. Al�bu�mi�nose� (?), n.�(Chem.) A diffusible substance formed from albumin by the action of natural or artificial gastric juice. See Peptone. Al�bu�mi�nous (?), Al�bu�mi�nose� (?), } a. [Cf. F. albumineux.] Pertaining to, or containing, albumen; having the properties of, or resembling, albumen or albumin. � Al�bu�mi�nous�ness, n. � Al�bu�mi�nu�ri�a (?), n. [NL., fr. L. albumen + Gr. ? urine.] (Med.) A morbid condition in which albumin is present in the urine. Al�bu�mose� (?), n. [From albumin.] (Chem.) A compound or class of compounds formed from albumin by dilute acids or by an acid solution of pepsin. Used also in combination, as antialbumose, hemialbumose. Al�burn (?), n. [L. alburnus, fr. L. albus white. Cf. Auburn.] (Zo�l.) The bleak, a small European fish having scales of a peculiarly silvery color which are used in making artificial pearls. Al�bur�nous (?), a. Of or pertaining to alburnum; of the alburnum; as, alburnous substances. Al�bur�num (?), n. [L., fr. albus white.] (Bot.) The white and softer part of wood, between the inner bark and the hard wood or duramen; sapwood. Al�byn (?), n. [See Albion.] Scotland; esp. the Highlands of Scotland. T. Cambell. Al�cade� (?), n. Same as Alcaid. Al�ca�hest (?), n. Same as Alkahest. Al�ca�ic (?), a. [L. Alca�cus, Gr. ?.] Pertaining to Alc�us, a lyric poet of Mitylene, about 6000 b. c. � n. A kind of verse, so called from Alc�us. One variety consists of five feet, a spondee or iambic, an iambic, a long syllable, and two dactyls. � Al�caid�, Al�cayde� (?), n. [Sp. alcaide, fr. Ar. al�q��d governor, fr. q�da to lead, govern.] 1. A commander of a castle or fortress among the Spaniards, Portuguese, and Moors. 2. The warden, or keeper of a jail. � Al�cal�de (?), n. [Sp. alcalde, fr. Ar. al�q�d� judge, fr. qada to decide, judge. Hence, the cadi of the Turks. Cf. Cadi.] A magistrate or judge in Spain and in Spanish America, etc. Prescott. � Sometimes confounded with Alcaid. Al�ca�lim�e�ter, n. See Alkalimeter. � Al�can�na (?), n. [Sp. alcana, alhe?a, fr. Ar. al�hinn�. See Henna, and cf. Alkanet.] (Bot.) An oriental shrub (Lawsonia inermis) from which henna is obtained. � Al�car�ra�za (?), n.; pl. Alcarrazas. [Sp., from Ar. al�kurr�z earthen vessel.] A vessel of porous earthenware, used for cooling liquids by evaporation from the exterior surface. � Al�cayde� (?), n. Same as Alcaid. � Al�ca�zar (?), n. [Sp., fr. Ar. al the + qacr (in pl.) a castle.] A fortress; also, a royal palace. Prescott. � Al�ce�do (?), n. [L., equiv. to Gr. ?. See Halcyon.] (Zo�l.) A genus of perching birds, including the European kingfisher (Alcedo ispida). See Halcyon. Al�chem�ic (?), Al�chem�ic�al (?), } a. [Cf. F. alchimique.] Of or relating to alchemy. Al�chem�ic�al�ly, adv. In the manner of alchemy. Al�che�mist (?), n. [Cf. OF. alquemiste, F. alchimiste.] One who practices alchemy. You are alchemist; make gold. Shak. Al�che�mis�tic (?), Al�che�mis�tic�al (?), } a. Relating to or practicing alchemy. Metaphysical and alchemistical legislators. Burke. Al�che�mis�try (?), n. Alchemy. [Obs.] Al�che�mize (?), v. t. To change by alchemy; to transmute. Lovelace. Al�che�my (?), n. [OF. alkemie, arquemie, F. alchimie, Ar. al�k�m�a, fr. late Gr. ?, for ?, a mingling, infusion, ? juice, liquid, especially as extracted from plants, fr. ? to pour; for chemistry was originally the art of extracting the juices from plants for medicinal purposes. Cf. Sp. alquimia, It. alchimia. Gr. ? is prob. akin to L. fundere to pour, Goth. guitan, AS. ge�tan, to pour, and so to E. fuse. See Fuse, and cf. Chemistry.] 1. An imaginary art which aimed to transmute the baser metals into gold, to find the panacea, or universal remedy for diseases, etc. It led the way to modern chemistry. 2. A mixed metal composed mainly of brass, formerly used for various utensils; hence, a trumpet. [Obs.] Put to their mouths the sounding alchemy. Milton. 3. Miraculous power of transmuting something common into something precious. Kissing with golden face the meadows green, Gilding pale streams with heavenly alchemy. Shak. Al�chym�ic (?), a., Al�chy�mist (?), n., Al�chy�mis�tic (?), a., Al�chy�my (?), n. See Alchemic, Alchemist, Alchemistic, Alchemy. � Al�co (?), n. A small South American dog, domesticated by the aborigines. Al�co�ate (?), Al�co�hate (?), } n. Shortened forms of Alcoholate. Al�co�hol (?), n. [Cf. F. alcool, formerly written alcohol, Sp. alcohol alcohol, antimony, galena, OSp. alcofol; all fr. Ar. al�kohl a powder of antimony or galena, to paint the eyebrows with. The name was afterwards applied, on account of the fineness of this powder, to highly rectified spirits, a signification unknown in Arabia. The Sp. word has bot meanings. Cf. Alquifou.] 1. An impalpable powder. [Obs.] 2. The fluid essence or pure spirit obtained by distillation. [Obs.] Boyle. 3. Pure spirit of wine; pure or highly rectified spirit (called also ethyl alcohol); the spirituous or intoxicating element of fermented or distilled liquors, or more loosely a liquid containing it is considerable quantity. It is extracted by simple distillation from various vegetable juices and infusions of a saccharine nature, which have undergone vinous fermentation. � As used in the U. S. �Pharmacop?ia, alcohol contains 91 per cent by weight of ethyl ~ and 9 per cent of water; and d???ted alcohol (proof spirit) contains 45.5 per cent by weight of ethyl ~ and 54.5 per cent of water. 4. ( Organic Chem.) A class of compounds analogous to vinic ~ in constitution. Chemically speaking, they are hydroxides of certain organic radicals; as, the radical ethyl forms common or ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH); methyl forms methyl alcohol (CH3.OH) or wood spirit; amyl forms amyl alcohol (C5H11.OH) or fusel oil, etc. Al�co�hol�ate (?), n. [Cf. F. alcolaie.] (Chem.) A crystallizable compound of a salt with alcohol, in which the latter plays a part analogous to that of water of crystallization. Graham. Al�co�hol�a�ture (?), n. [Cf. F. alcoolature.] (Med.) An alcoholic tincture prepared with fresh plants. New Eng. Dict. Al�co�hol�ic (?), a. [Cf. F. alcolique.] Of or pertaining to alcohol, or partaking of its qualities; derived from, or caused by, alcohol; containing alcohol; as, alcoholic mixtures; alcoholic gastritis; alcoholic odor. Al�co�hol�ic, n. 1. A person given to the use of ~ liquors. 2. pl. � liquors. Al�co�hol�ism (?), n. [Cf. F. alcoolisme.] (Med.) A diseased condition of the system, brought about by the continued use of alcoholic liquors. Al�co�hol�i�za�tion (?), n. [Cf. F. alcoolisation.] 1. The act of reducing a substance to a fine or impalpable powder. [Obs.] Johnson. 2. The act rectifying spirit. 3. Saturation with alcohol; putting the animal system under the influence of alcoholic liquor. Al�co�hol�ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alcoholized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Alcoholizing.] [Cf. F. alcooliser.] 1. To reduce to a fine powder. [Obs.] Johnson. 2. To convert into alcohol; to rectify; also, to saturate with alcohol. Al�co�hol�om�e�ter (?), Al�co�hol�me�ter (?), } n. [Alcohol + �meter.] (Chem.) An instrument for determining the strength of spirits, with a scale graduated so as to indicate the percentage of pure alcohol, either by weight or volume. It is usually a form of hydrometer with a special scale. Al�co�hol�o�met�ric (?), Al�co�hol�o�met�ric�al (?), Al�co�hol�met�ric�al (?), } a. Relating to the alcoholometer or alcoholometry. The alcoholometrical strength of spirituous liquors. Ure. Al�co�hol�om�e�try (?), n. The process or method of ascertaining the proportion of pure alcohol which spirituous liquors contain. Al�co�hom�e�ter (?), n., Al�co�ho�met�ric, a. Same as Alcoholometer, Alcoholometric. Al�coϔm�e�try (?), n. See Alcoholometry. � The chemists say alcom�tre, alcoom�trie, doubtless by the suppression of a syllable in order to avoid a disagreeable sequence of sounds. (Cf. Idolatry.) Littr�. Al�co�ran (?; 277), n. [F. alcoran, fr. Ar. al�qor�n, orig. the reading, the book, fr. qaraa to read. Cf. Koran.] The Mohammedan Scriptures; the Koran (now the usual form). [Spelt also Alcoran.] Al�co�ran�ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to the Koran. Al�co�ran�ist, n. One who adheres to the letter of the Koran, rejecting all traditions. Al�cove (?; 277), n. [F. alc�ve, Sp. or Pg. alcoba, from Ar. al�quobbah arch, vault, tent.] 1. (Arch.) A recessed portion of a room, or a small room opening into a larger one; especially, a recess to contain a bed; a lateral recess in a library. 2. A small ornamental building with seats, or an arched seat, in a pleasure ground; a garden bower. Cowper. 3. Any natural recess analogous to an ~ or recess in an apartment. The youthful wanderers found a wild alcove. Falconer. Al�cy�on (?), n. See Halcyon. � Al�cy�o�na�ce�a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zo�l.) A group of soft�bodied Alcyonaria, of which Alcyonium is the type. See Illust. under Alcyonaria. � Al�cy�o�na�ri�a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zo�l.) One of the orders of Anthozoa. It includes the Alcyonacea, Pennatulacea, and Gorgonacea. � Al�cy�o�nes (?), n. pl. [L., pl. of Alcyon.] (Zo�l.) The kingfishers. Al�cy�on�ic (?), a. (Zo�l.) Of or pertaining to the Alcyonaria. � Al�cy�o�ni�um (?), n. [Gr. ? a zo�phyte, so called from being like the halcyon's nest.] (Zo�l.) A genus of fleshy Alcyonaria, its polyps somewhat resembling flowers with eight fringed rays. The term was also formerly used for certain species of sponges. Al�cy�o�noid (?), a. [Gr. ? + �oid.] (Zo�l.) Like or pertaining to the Alcyonaria. � n. A zo�phyte of the order Alcyonaria. Al�day (?), adv. Continually. [Obs.] Chaucer. Al�deb�a�ran (?), n. [Ar. al�debar�n, fr. dabar to follow; so called because this star follows upon the Pleiades.] (Astron.) A red star of the first magnitude, situated in the eye of Taurus; the Bull's Eye. It is the bright star in the group called the Hyades. Now when Aldebaran was mounted high Above the shiny Cassiopeia's chair. Spenser. Ai�de�hyde (?), n. [Abbrev. fr. alcohol dehydrogenatum, alcohol deprived of its hydrogen.] (Chem.) A colorless, mobile, and very volatile liquid obtained from alcohol by certain of oxidation. � The aldehydes are intermediate between the alcohols and acids, and differ from the alcohols in having two less hydrogen atoms in the molecule, as common aldehyde (called also acetic aldehyde or ethyl aldehyde), C2H4O; methyl aldehyde, CH2O. � ammonia (Chem.), a compound formed by the union of ~ with ammonia. Al�de�hy�dic (?), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to aldehyde; as, aldehydic acid. Miller. Al�der (?), n. [OE. aldir, aller, fr. AS. alr, aler, alor, akin to D. els, G. erle, Icel. erlir, erli, Swed. al, Dan. elle, el, L. alnus, and E. elm.] (Bot.) A tree, usually growing in moist land, and belonging to the genus Alnus. The wood is used by turners, etc.; the bark by dyers and tanners. In the U. S. the species of alder are usually shrubs or small trees. Black ~. (a) A European shrub (Rhamnus frangula); ~ buckthorn. (b) An American species of holly (Ilex verticillata), bearing red berries. Al�der (?), Al�ler (?), } a. [From ealra, alra, gen. pl. of AS. eal. The d is excrescent.] Of all; � used in composition; as, alderbest, best of all, alderwisest, wisest of all. [Obs.] Chaucer. Al�der�lief�est (?), a. [For allerliefest dearest of all. See Lief.] Most beloved. [Obs.] Shak. Al�der�man (?), n.; pl. Aldermen (?). [AS. aldormon, ealdorman; ealdor an elder + man. See Elder, n.] 1. A senior or superior; a person of rank or dignity. [Obs.] � The title was applied, among the Anglo�Saxons, to princes, dukes, earls, senators, and presiding magistrates; also to archbishops and bishops, implying superior wisdom or authority. Thus Ethelstan, duke of the East�Anglians, was called Alderman of all England; and there were aldermen of cities, counties, and castles, who had jurisdiction within their respective districts. 3. One of a board or body of municipal officers next in order to the mayor and having a legislative function. They may, in some cases, individually exercise some magisterial and administrative functions. Al�der�man�cy (?), n. The office of an alderman. Al�der�man�ic (?), a. Relating to, becoming to, or like, an alderman; characteristic of an alderman. Al�der�man�i�ty (?), n. 1. Aldermen collectively; the body of aldermen. 2. The state of being an alderman. [Jocular] Al�der�man�like� (?), a. Like or suited to an alderman. Al�der�man�ly, a. Pertaining to, or like, an alderman. Al�der�man�ly, a. Pertaining to, or like, an alderman. �An aldermanly discretion.� Swift. Al�der�man�ry (?), n. 1. The district or ward of an alderman. 2. The office or rank of an alderman. [R.] B. Jonson. Al�der�man�ship, n. The condition, position, or office of an alderman. Fabyan. Al�dern (?), a. Made of alder. Al�der�ney (?), n. One of a breed of cattle raised in Alderney, one of the Channel Islands. Alderneys are of a dun or tawny color and are often called Jersey cattle. See Jersey, 3. Al�dine (?; 277), a. (Bibliog.) An epithet applied to editions (chiefly of the classics) which proceeded from the press of Aldus Manitius, and his family, of Venice, for the most part in the 16th century and known by the sign of the anchor and the dolphin. The term has also been applied to certain elegant editions of English works. Ale (?), n. [AS. ealu, akin to Icel., Sw., and Dan. �l, Lith. alus a kind of beer, OSlav. ol? beer. Cf. Ir. ol drink, drinking.] 1. An intoxicating liquor made from an infusion of malt by fermentation and the addition of a bitter, usually hops. � The word ale, in England and the United States, usually designates a heavier kind of fermented liquor, and the word beer a lighter kind. The word beer is also in common use as the generic name for all malt liquors. 2. A festival in English country places, so called from the liquor drunk. �At wakes and ales.� B. Jonson.�On ember eves and holy ales.� Shak. A�leak� (?), adv. & a. [Pref. a� + leak.] In a leaking condition. A�le�a�to�ry (?), a. [L. aleatorius, fr. alea chance, die.] (Law) Depending on some uncertain contingency; as, an aleatory contract. Bouvier. Ale�bench� (?), n. A bench in or before an alehouse. Bunyan. Ale�ber�ry (?), n. [OE. alebery, alebrey; ale + bre broth, fr. AS. br�w pottage.] A beverage, formerly made by boiling ale with spice, sugar, and sops of bread. Their aleberries, caudles, possets. Beau. & Fl. A�lect�i�thal (?), a. [Gr. ? priv. + ? yelk.] (Biol.) Applied to those ova which segment uniformly, and which have little or no food yelk embedded in their protoplasm. Balfour. Ale�con�ner (?), n. [Ale + con, OE. cunnen to test, AS. cunnian to test. See Con.] Orig., an officer appointed to look to the goodness of ale and beer; also, one of the officers chosen by the liverymen of London to insect the measures used in public houses. But the office is a sinecure. [Also called aletaster.] [Eng.] Ale�cost� (?), n. [Ale + L. costus an aromatic plant: cf. Costmary.] (Bot.) The plant costmary, which was formerly much used for flavoring ale. � Al�ec�tor�i�des (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? a cock.] (Zo�l.) A group of birds including the common fowl and the pheasants. A�lec�to�rom�a�chy (?), n. [Gr. ? cock + ? fight.] Cockfighting. A�lec�to�ro�man�cy (?), n. See Alectryomancy. A�lec�try�om'a�chy (?), n. [Gr. ? cock + ? fight.] Cockfighting. A�lec�try�o�man�cy (?), n. [Gr. ? cock + �mancy.] Divination by means of a cock and grains of corn placed on the letters of the alphabet, the letters being put together in the order in which the grains were eaten. Amer. Cyc. A�lee� (?), adv. [Pref. a� + lee.] (Naut.) On or toward the lee, or the side away from the wind; the opposite of aweather. The helm of a ship is alee when pressed close to the lee side. Hard ~, or Luff ~, an order to put the helm to the lee side. Al�e�gar (?), n. [Ale + eager sour, F. aigre. Cf. Vinegar.] Sour ale; vinegar made of ale. Cecil. Al�e�ger (?), a. [F. all�gre, earlier al�gre, fr. L. alacer.] Gay; cheerful; sprightly. [Obs.] Bacon. A�legge� (?), v. t. [OE. aleggen, alegen, OF. alegier, F. all�ger, fr. LL. alleviare, for L. allevare to lighten; ad + levis light. Cf. Alleviate, Allay, Allege.] To allay or alleviate; to lighten. [Obs.] That shall alegge this bitter blast. Spenser. Ale�hoof� (?), n. [AS. h?fe ground ivy; the first part is perh. a corruption: cf. OE. heyhowe hedgehove, ground ivy, �in old MSS. heyhowe, heyoue, haihoue, halehoue.� Prior.] Ground ivy (Nepeta Glechoma). Ale�house� (?), n. A house where ale is retailed; hence, a tippling house. Macaulay. Ale��knight� (?), n. A pot companion. [Obs.] Al�e�man�nic (?), a. Belonging to the Alemanni, a confederacy of warlike German tribes. Al�e�man�nic, n. The language of the Alemanni. The Swabian dialect... is known as the Alemannic. Amer. Cyc. A�lem�bic (?), n. [F. alambic (cf. Sp. alambique), Ar. al�anb�q, fr. Gr. ? cup, cap of a still. The cap or head was the alembic proper. Cf. Limbec.] An apparatus formerly used in distillation, usually made of glass or metal. It has mostly given place to the retort and worm still. Used also metaphorically. The alembic of a great poet's imagination. Brimley. A�lem�broth (?), n. [Origin uncertain.] The salt of wisdom of the alchemists, a double salt composed of the chlorides of ammonium and mercury. It was formerly used as a stimulant. Brande & C. A�len�con� lace� (?). See under Lace. A�length� (?), adv. [Pref. a� + length.] At full length; lenghtwise. Chaucer. A�lep�i�dote , a. [Gr. ? priv. + ?, ?, a scale.] (Zo�l.) Not having scales. � n. A fish without scales. Ale�pole� (?), n. A pole set up as the sign of an alehouse. [Obs.] A�lert� (?), a. [F. alerte, earlier � l'erte on the watch, fr. It. all' erta on the watch, prop. (standing) on a height, where one can look around; erta a declivity, steep, erto steep, p. p. of ergere, erigere, to erect, raise, L. erigere. See Erect.] 1. Watchful; vigilant; active in vigilance. 2. Brisk; nimble; moving with celerity. An alert young fellow. Addison. Syn. - Active; agile; lively; quick; prompt. A�lert�, n. (Mil.) An alarm from a real or threatened attack; a sudden attack; also, a bugle sound to give warning. �We have had an alert.� Farrow. On the ~, on the lookout or watch against attack or danger; ready to act. A�lert�ly, adv. In an alert manner; nimbly. A�lert�ness, n. The quality of being alert or on the alert; briskness; nimbleness; activity. Ale� sil�ver (?). A duty payable to the lord mayor of London by the sellers of ale within the city. Ale�stake (?), n. A stake or pole projecting from, or set up before, an alehouse, as a sign; an alepole. At the end was commonly suspended a garland, a bunch of leaves, or a �bush.� [Obs.] Chaucer. Ale�tast�er (?), n. See Aleconner. [Eng.] A�le�thi�ol�o�gy (?), n. [Gr. ? truth + �logy.] The science which treats of the nature of truth and evidence. Sir W. Hamilton. A�leth�o�scope (?), n. [Gr. ? true + ? to view.] An instrument for viewing pictures by means of a lens, so as to present them in their natural proportions and relations. A�leu�ro�man�cy (?), n. [Gr. ? wheaten flour + �mancy: cf. F. aleuromancie.] Divination by means of flour. Encyc. Brit. Al�eu�rom�e�ter (?), n. [Gr. ? flour + �meter.] An instrument for determining the expansive properties, or quality, of gluten in flour. Knight. A�leu�rone (?), n. [Gr. ? flour.] (Bot.) An albuminoid substance which occurs in minute grains (�protein granules�) in maturing seeds and tubers; � supposed to be a modification of protoplasm. Al�eu�ron�ic (?), a. (Bot.) Having the nature of aleurone. D. C. Eaton. A�leu�tian (?), A�leu�tic (?), } a. [Said to be from the Russ. aleut a bold rock.] Of or pertaining to a chain of islands between Alaska and Kamtchatka; also, designating these islands. Al�e�vin (?), n. [F. alevin, OF. alever to rear, fr. L. ad + levare to raise.] Young fish; fry. A�lew� (?), n. Halloo. [Obs.] Spenser. Ale�wife� (?), n.; pl. Alewives (?). A woman who keeps an alehouse. Gay. Ale�wife�, n.; pl. Alewives. [This word is properly aloof, the Indian name of a fish. See Winthrop on the culture of maize in America, �Phil Trans.� No. 142, p. 1065, and Baddam's �Memoirs,� vol. ii. p. 131.] (Zo�l.) A North American fish (Clupea vernalis) of the Herring family. It is called also ellwife, ellwhop, branch herring. The name is locally applied to other related species. Al�ex�an�ders (?), Al�i�san�ders (?), n. [OE. alisaundre, OF. alissandere, fr. Alexander or Alexandria.] (Bot) A name given to two species of the genus Smyrnium, formerly cultivated and used as celery now is; � called also horse parsely. Al�ex�an�dri�an (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to Alexandria in Egypt; as, the Alexandrian library. 2. Applied to a kind of heroic verse. See Alexandrine, n. Al�ex�an�drine (?; 277), a. Belonging to Alexandria; Alexandrian. Bancroft. Al�ex�an�drine (?)(?), n. [F. alexandrin.] A kind of verse consisting in English of twelve syllables. The needless Alexandrine ends the song, That, like a wounded snake, drags its slow length along. Pope. A�lex�i�phar�mac (?), A�lex�i�phar�ma�cal (?), } a. & n. [See Alexipharmic.] Alexipharmic. [Obs.] A�lex�i�phar�mic (?), A�lex�i�phar�mic�al (?), } a. [Gr. ? keeping off poison; ? to keep off + ? drug, poison: cf. F. alexipharmaque.] (Med.) Expelling or counteracting poison; antidotal. A�lex�i�phar�mic (?), n. (Med.) An antidote against poison or infection; a counterpoison. A�lex�i�py�ret�ic (?), a. [Gr. ? + ? burning heat, fever, ? fire.] (Med.) Serving to drive off fever; antifebrile. � n. A febrifuge. A�lex�i�ter�ic (?), A�lex�i�ter�ic�al (?), } a. [Gr. ? fit to keep off or help, fr. ? one who keeps off, helper; ? to keep off: cf. F. alexit�re.] (med.) Resisting poison; obviating the effects of venom; alexipharmic. A�lex�i�ter�ic, n. [Gr. ? a remedy, an amulet: cf. F. alexit�re, LL. alexiterium.] (Med.) A preservative against contagious and infectious diseases, and the effects of poison in general. Brande & C. � Al�fa (?) or Al�fa grass� (?), n. A plant (Macrochloa tenacissima) of North Africa; also, its fiber, used in paper making. Al�fal�fa (?), n. [Sp.] (Bot.) The lucern (Medicago sativa); � so called in California, Texas, etc. Al�fe�nide (?), n. (Metal.) An alloy of nickel and silver electroplated with silver. � Al�fe�res (?), n. [Sp., fr. Ar. al�f�rs knight.] An ensign; a standard bearer. [Obs.] J. Fletcher. Al�fet , n. [LL. alfetum, fr. AS. �lf�t a pot to boil in; �l burning + f�t vat.] A caldron of boiling water into which an accused person plunged his forearm as a test of innocence or guilt. � Al�fil�a�ri�a (?), n. (Bot.) The pin grass (Erodium cicutarium), a weed in California. � Al�fi�o�ne (?), n. (Zo�l.) An edible marine fish of California (Rhacochilus toxotes). � Al�fres�co (?), adv. & a. [It. al fresco in or on the fresh.] In the open�air. Smollett. � Al�ga (?), n.; pl. Alg� (?). [L., seaweed.] (Bot.) A kind of seaweed; pl. the class of cellular cryptogamic plants which includes the black, red, and green seaweeds, as kelp, dulse, sea lettuce, also marine and fresh water conferv�, etc. Al�gal (?), a,. (Bot.) Pertaining to, or like, alg�. � Al�ga�ro�ba (?), n. [Sp. algarroba, fr. Ar. al�kharr?bah. Cf. Carob.] (Bot.) (a) The Carob, a leguminous tree of the Mediterranean region; also, its edible beans or pods, called St. John's bread. (b) The Honey mesquite (Prosopis juliflora), a small tree found from California to Buenos Ayres; also, its sweet, pulpy pods. A valuable gum, resembling gum arabic, is collected from the tree in Texas and Mexico. Al�ga�rot (?), Al�ga�roth (?), } n. [F. algaroth, fr. the name of the inventor, Algarotti.] (Med.) A term used for the Powder of Algaroth, a white powder which is a compound of trichloride and trioxide of antimony. It was formerly used in medicine as an emetic, purgative, and diaphoretic. � Al�ga�ro�vil�la (?), n. The agglutinated seeds and husks of the legumes of a South American tree (Inga Marth�). It is valuable for tanning leather, and as a dye. Al�gate (?), Al�gates (?), } adv. [All + gate way. The s is and adverbial ending. See Gate.] 1. Always; wholly; everywhere. [Obs. or Dial.] Ulna now he algates must forego. Spenser. � Still used in the north of England in the sense of �everywhere.� 2. By any or means; at all events. [Obs.] Fairfax. 3. Notwithstanding; yet. [Obs.] Chaucer. Al�ga�zel� (?), n. [Ar. al the + ghaz�l.] (Zo�l.) The true gazelle. Al�ge�bra (?), n. [LL. algebra, fr. Ar. al�jebr reduction of parts to a whole, or fractions to whole numbers, fr. jabara to bind together, consolidate; al�jebr w'almuq�balah reduction and comparison (by equations): cf. F. alg�bre, It. & Sp. algebra.] 1. (Math.) That branch of mathematics which treats of the relations and properties of quantity by means of letters and other symbols. It is applicable to those relations that are true of every kind of magnitude. 2. A treatise on this science. Al�ge�bra�ic (?), Al�ge�bra�ic�al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to algebra; containing an operation of algebra, or deduced from such operation; as, algebraic characters; algebraical writings. Algebraic curve, a curve such that the equation which expresses the relation between the co�rdinates of its points involves only the ordinary operations of algebra; � opposed to a transcendental curve. Al�ge�bra�ic�al�ly, adv. By algebraic process. Al�ge�bra�ist (?), n. One versed in algebra. Al�ge�bra�ize (?)(?), v. t. To perform by algebra; to reduce to algebraic form. Al�ge�ri�an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Algeria. � n. A native of Algeria. Al�ge�rine� (?), a. Of or pertaining to Algiers or Algeria. Al�ge�rine�, n. A native or one of the people of Algiers or Algeria. Also, a pirate. Al�gid (?), a. [L. algidus cold, fr. algere to be cold: cf. F. algide.] Cold; chilly. Bailey. � cholera (Med.), Asiatic cholera. Al�gid�i�ty (?), n. Chilliness; coldness; especially (Med.), coldness and collapse. Al�gid�ness (?), n. Algidity. [Obs.] Al�gif�ic (?), a. [L. algificus, fr. algus cold + facere to make.] Producing cold. Al�goid (?), a. [L. alga + �oid.] Of the nature of, or resembling, an alga. Al�gol (?), n. [Ar. al�gh?l destruction, calamity, fr. gh�la to take suddenly, destroy.] (Astron.) A fixed star, in Medusa's head, in the constellation Perseus, remarkable for its periodic variation in brightness. Al�go�log�ic�al (?), a. Of or pertaining to algology; as, algological specimens. Al�gol�o�gist (?), n. One learned about alg�; a student of algology. Al�gol�o�gy (?), n. [L. alga seaweed + �logy.] (Bot.) The study or science of alg� or seaweeds. Al�gon�quin (?), Al�gon�kin (?), } n. One of a widely spread family of Indians, including many distinct tribes, which formerly occupied most of the northern and eastern part of North America. The name was originally applied to a group of Indian tribes north of the River St. Lawrence. � Al�gor (?), n. [L.] (Med.) Cold; chilliness. Al�go�rism (?), Al�go�rithm (?), } n. [OE. algorism, algrim, augrim, OF. algorisme, F. algorithme (cf. Sp. algoritmo, OSp. alguarismo, LL. algorismus), fr. the Ar. al�Khow�rezm� of Khow�rezm, the modern Khiwa, surname of Abu Ja'far Mohammed ben Mus�, author of a work on arithmetic early in the 9th century, which was translated into Latin, such books bearing the name algorismus. The spelling with th is due to a supposed connection with Gr. ? number.] 1. The art of calculating by nine figures and zero. 2. The art of calculating with any species of notation; as, the algorithms of fractions, proportions, surds, etc. Al�gous (?), a. [L. algosus, fr. alga seaweed.] Of or pertaining to the alg�, or seaweeds; abounding with, or like, seaweed. � Al�gua�zil� (?)(?), n. [Sp. alguacil, fr. Ar. alwaz�r the vizier. Cf. Vizier.] An inferior officer of justice in Spain; a warrant officer; a constable. Prescott. Al�gum (?), n. Same as Almug (and etymologically preferable). 2 Chron. ii. 8. Al�ham�bra (?), n. [Ultimately fr. Ar. al the + hamr� red; i. e., the red (sc. house).] The palace of the Moorish kings at Granada. Al�ham�bra�ic (?), Al�ham�bresque� (?; 277), } a. Made or decorated after the fanciful style of the ornamentation in the Alhambra, which affords an unusually fine exhibition of Saracenic or Arabesque architecture. � Al�hen�na (?), n. See Henna. A�li�as (?), adv. [L., fr. alius. See Else.] (Law) (a) Otherwise; otherwise called; � a term used in legal proceedings to connect the different names of any one who has gone by two or more, and whose true name is for any cause doubtful; as, Smith, alias Simpson. (b) At another time. A�li�as, n.; pl. Aliases (?). [L., otherwise, at another time.] (Law) (a) A second or further writ which is issued after a first writ has expired without effect. (b) Another name; an assumed name. Al�i�bi (?), n. [L., elsewhere, at another place. See Alias.] (Law) The plea or mode of defense under which a person on trial for a crime proves or attempts to prove that he was in another place when the alleged act was committed; as, to set up an alibi; to prove an alibi. Al�i�bil�i�ty (?), n. Quality of being alible. Al�i�ble (?), a. [L. alibilis, fr. alere to nourish.] Nutritive; nourishing. Al�i�cant (?), n. A kind of wine, formerly much esteemed; � said to have been made near Alicant, in Spain. J. Fletcher. Al�i�dade (?), n. [LL. alidada, alhidada, fr. Ar. al�'id�da a sort of rule: cf. F. alidade.] The portion of a graduated instrument, as a quadrant or astrolabe, carrying the sights or telescope, and showing the degrees cut off on the arc of the instrument Whewell. Al�ien (?), a. [OF. alien, L. alienus, fr. alius another; properly, therefore, belonging to another. See Else.] 1. Not belonging to the same country, land, or government, or to the citizens or subjects thereof; foreign; as, alien subjects, enemies, property, shores. 2. Wholly different in nature; foreign; adverse; inconsistent (with); incongruous; � followed by from or sometimes by to; as, principles alien from our religion. An alien sound of melancholy. Wordsworth. � enemy (Law), one who owes allegiance to a government at war with ours. Abbott. Al�ien, n. 1. A foreigner; one owing allegiance, or belonging, to another country; a foreign�born resident of a country in which he does not posses the privileges of a citizen. Hence, a stranger. See Alienage. 2. One excluded from certain privileges; one alienated or estranged; as, aliens from God's mercies. Aliens from the common wealth of Israel. Ephes. ii. 12. Al�ien, v. t. [F. ali�ner, L. alienare.] To alienate; to estrange; to transfer, as property or ownership. [R.] �It the son alien lands.� Sir M. Hale. The prince was totally aliened from all thoughts of... the marriage. Clarendon. Al�ien�a�bil�i�ty (?), n. Capability of being alienated. �The alienability of the domain.� Burke. Al�ien�a�ble (?), a. [Cf. F. ali�nable.] Capable of being alienated, sold, or transferred to another; as, land is alienable according to the laws of the state. Al�ien�age (?), n. [Cf. OF. ali�nage.] 1. The state or legal condition of being an alien. � The disabilities of alienage are removable by naturalization or by special license from the State of residence, and in some of the United States by declaration of intention of naturalization. Kent. Wharton. Estates forfeitable on account of alienage. Story. 2. The state of being alienated or transferred to another. Brougham. Al�ien�ate (?), a. [L. alienatus, p. p. of alienare, fr. alienus. See Alien, and cf. Aliene.] Estranged; withdrawn in affection; foreign; � with from. O alienate from God. Milton. Al�ien�ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alienated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Alienating.] 1. To convey or transfer to another, as title, property, or right; to part voluntarily with ownership of. 2. To withdraw, as the affections; to make indifferent of averse, where love or friendship before subsisted; to estrange; to wean; � with from. The errors which... alienated a loyal gentry and priesthood from the House of Stuart. Macaulay. The recollection of his former life is a dream that only the more alienates him from the realities of the present. I. Taylor. Al�ien�ate (?), n. A stranger; an alien. [Obs.] Al�ien�a�tion (?), n. [F. ali�nation, L. alienatio, fr. alienare, fr. alienare. See Alienate.] 1. The act of alienating, or the state of being alienated. 2. (Law) A transfer of title, or a legal conveyance of property to another. 3. A withdrawing or estrangement, as of the affections. The alienation of his heart from the king. Bacon. 4. Mental alienation; derangement of the mental faculties; insanity; as, alienation of mind. Syn. - Insanity; lunacy; madness; derangement; aberration; mania; delirium; frenzy; dementia; monomania. See Insanity. Al�ien�a�tor (?), n. One who alienates. Al�iene (?), v. t. To alien or alienate; to transfer, as title or property; as, to aliene an estate. Al�ien�ee� (?), n. (Law) One to whom the title of property is transferred; � opposed to alienor. It the alienee enters and keeps possession. Blackstone. Al�ien�ism (?), n. 1. The status or legal condition of an alien; alienage. The law was very gentle in the construction of the disability of alienism. Kent. 2. The study or treatment of diseases of the mind. Al�ien�ist (?), n. [F. ali�niste.] One who treats diseases of the mind. Ed. Rev. Al�ien�or� (?), n. [OF. ali�neur.] One who alienates or transfers property to another. Blackstone. Al�i�eth�moid (?), Al�i�eth�moid�al (?), } a. [L. ala wing + E. ethomoid.] (Anat.) Pertaining to expansions of the ethmoid bone or ?artilage. A�life� (?), adv. [Cf. lief dear.] On my life; dearly. [Obs.] �I love that sport alife.� Beau. & Fl. A�lif�er�ous (?), a. [L. ala wing + �ferous.] Having wings, winged; aligerous. [R.] Al�i�form (?), a. [L. ala wing + �form.] Wing�shaped; winglike. A�lig�er�ous (?), a. [L. aliger; ala wing + gerere to carry.] Having wings; winged. [R.] A�light� (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Alighted (?) sometimes Alit (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Alighting.] [OE. alihten, fr. AS. �l�htan; pref. �� (cf. Goth. us�, G. er�, orig. meaning out) + l�htan, to alight, orig. to render light, to remove a burden from, fr. l�ht, leoht, light. See Light, v. i.] 1. To spring down, get down, or descend, as from on horseback or from a carriage; to dismount. 2. To descend and settle, lodge, rest, or stop; as, a flying bird alights on a tree; snow alights on a roof. 3. To come or chance (upon). [R.] A�light�, a. [Pref. a� + light.] Lighted; lighted up; in a flame. �The lamps were alight.� Dickens. A�lign� (?), v. t. [F. aligner; � (L. ad) + ligne (L. linea) line. See Line, and cf. Allineate.] To adjust or form to a line; to range or form in line; to bring into line; to aline. A�lign�, v. t. To form in line; to fall into line. A�lign�ment (?), n. [F. alignement.] 1. The act of adjusting to a line; arrangement in a line or lines; the state of being so adjusted; a formation in a straight line; also, the line of adjustment; esp., an imaginary line to regulate the formation of troops or of a squadron. 2. (Engin.) The ground�plan of a railway or other road, in distinction from the grades or profile. A�like� (?), a. [AS. onl�c, gel�c; pref. � + like.] Having resemblance or similitude; similar; without difference. [Now used only predicatively.] The darkness and the light are both alike to thee. Ps. cxxxix. 12. A�like�, adv. [AS. gel�ce, onl�ce.] In the same manner, form, or degree; in common; equally; as, we are all alike concerne? in religion. A�like��mind�ed (?), a. Like�minded. [Obs.] Al�i�ment (?), n. [L. alimentum, fr. alere to nourish; akin to Goth. alan to grow, Icel. ala to nourish: cf. F. aliment. See Old.] 1. That which nourishes; food; nutriment; anything which feeds or adds to a substance in natural growth. Hence: The necessaries of life generally: sustenance; means of support. Aliments of thei? sloth and weakness. Bacon. 2. An allowance for maintenance. [Scot.] Al�i�ment, v. t. 1. To nourish; to support. 2. To provide for the maintenance of. [Scot.] Al�i�men�tal (?), a. Supplying food; having the quality of nourishing; furnishing the materials for natural growth; as, alimental sap. A�li�men�tal�ly, adv. So as to serve for nourishment or food; nourishing quality. Sir T. Browne. Al�i�men�ta�ri�ness (?), n. The quality of being alimentary; nourishing quality. [R.] Al�i�men�ta�ry (?), a. [L. alimentarius, fr. alimentum: cf. F. alimentaire.] Pertaining to aliment or food, or to the function of nutrition; nutritious; alimental; as, alimentary substances. � canal, the entire channel, extending from the mouth to the ?nus, by which aliments are conveyed through the body, and the useless parts ejected. Al�i�men�ta�tion (?), n. [Cf. F. alimentation, LL. alimentatio.] 1. The act or process of affording nutriment; the function of the alimentary canal. 2. State or mode of being nourished. Bacon. Al�i�men�tive�ness (?), n. The instinct or faculty of appetite for food. [Chiefly in Phrenol.] Al�i�mo�ni�ous (?), a. Affording food; nourishing. [R.] �Alimonious humors.� Harvey. Al�i�mo�ny (?), n. [L. alimonia, alimonium, nourishment, sustenance, fr. alere to nourish.] 1. Maintenance; means of living. 2. (Law) An allowance made to a wife out of her husband's estate or income for her support, upon her divorce or legal separation from him, or during a suit for the same. Wharton. Burrill. Al�i�na�sal (?), a. [L. ala wing + E. nasal.] (Anat.) Pertaining to expansions of the nasal bone or cartilage. A�line� (?), v. t. To range or place in a line; to bring into line; to align. Evelyn. A�lin�e�a�tion (?), n. See Allineation. A�line�ment (?), n. Same as Alignment. The Eng. form alinement is preferable to alignment, a bad spelling of the Fr[ench]. New Eng. Dict. (Murray). A�lin�er (?), n. One who adjusts things to a line or lines or brings them into line. Evelyn. Al�i�oth (?), n. [Ar. aly�t the tail of a fat sheep.] (Astron.) A star in the tail of the Great Bear, the one next the bowl in the Dipper. Al�i�ped (?), a. [L. alipes; ala wing + pes, pedis, foot: cf. F. alip�de.] (Zo�l.) Wing�footed, as the bat. � n. An animal whose toes are connected by a membrane, serving for a wing, as the bat. Al�i�quant (?), a. [L. aliquantus some, moderate; alius other + quantus how great: cf. F. aliquante.] (Math.) An aliquant part of a number or quantity is one which does not divide it without leaving a remainder; thus, 5 is an aliquant part of 16. Opposed to aliquot. Al�i�quot (?), a. [L. aliquot some, several; alius other + quot how many: cf. F. aliquote.] (Math.) An aliquot part of a number or quantity is one which will divide it without a remainder; thus, 5 is an aliquot part of 15. Opposed to aliquant. Al�i�sep�tal (?), a. [L. ala wing + E. septal.] (Anat.) Relating to expansions of the nasal septum. Al�ish (?), a. Like ale; as, an alish taste. Al�i�sphe�noid (?), Al�i�sphe�noid�al (?), } a. [L. ala wing + E. sphenoid.] (Anat.) Pertaining to or forming the wing of the sphenoid; relating to a bone in the base of the skull, which in the adult is often consolidated with the sphenoid; as, alisphenoid bone; alisphenoid canal. Al�i�sphe�noid, n. (Anat.) The ~ bone. Al�i�trunk (?), n. [L. ala wing + truncus trunk.] (Zo�l.) The segment of the body of an insect to which the wings are attached; the thorax. Kirby. Al�i�tur�gic�al (?), a. [Pref. a� + liturgical.] (Eccl.) Applied to those days when the holy sacrifice is not offered. Shipley. � A�li�un�de (?), adv. & a. [L.] (Law) From another source; from elsewhere; as, a case proved aliunde; evidence aliunde. A�live� (?), a. [OE. on live, AS. on l�fe in life; l�fe being dat. of l�f life. See Life, and cf. Live, a.] 1. Having life, in opposition to dead; living; being in a state in which the organs perform their functions; as, an animal or a plant which is alive. 2. In a state of action; in force or operation; unextinguished; unexpired; existent; as, to keep the fire alive; to keep the affections alive. 3. Exhibiting the activity and motion of many living beings; swarming; thronged. The Boyne, for a quarter of a mile, was alive with muskets and green boughs. Macaulay. 4. Sprightly; lively; brisk. Richardson. 5. Having susceptibility; easily impressed; having lively feelings, as opposed to apathy; sensitive. Tremblingly alive to nature's laws. Falconer. 6. Of all living (by way of emphasis). Northumberland was the proudest man alive. Clarendon. Used colloquially as an intensive; as, man alive! � Alive always follows the noun which it qualifies. � A�li�za�ri (?), n. [Perh. fr. Ar. 'a?�rah juice extracted from a plant, fr. 'a?ara to press.] (Com.) The madder of the Levant. Brande & C. A�liz�a�rin (?), n. [F. alizarine, fr. alizari.] (Chem.) A coloring principle, C14H6O2 (OH)2, found in madder, and now produced artificially from anthracene. It produces the Turkish reds. Al�ka�hest (?), n. [LL. alchahest, F. alcahest, a word that has an Arabic appearance, but was probably arbitrarily formed by Paracelsus.] The fabled �universal solvent� of the alchemists; a menstruum capable of dissolving all bodies. � Al�ka�hes�tic (?), a. Al�kal�am�ide (?), n. [Alkali + amide.] (Chem.) One of a series of compounds that may be regarded as ammonia in which a part of the hydrogen has been replaced by basic, and another part by acid, atoms or radicals. Al�ka�les�cence (?), Al�ka�les�cen�cy (?), } n. A tendency to become alkaline; or the state of a substance in which alkaline properties begin to be developed, or to predominant. Ure. Al�ka�les�cent (?), a. [Cf. F. alcalescent.] Tending to the properties of an alkali; slightly alkaline. Al�ka�li (?; 277), n. pl. Alkalis or Alkalies (?). [F. alcali, ultimately fr. Ar. alqal� ashes of the plant saltwort, fr. qalay to roast in a pan, fry.] 1. Soda ash; caustic soda, caustic potash, etc. 2. (Chem.) One of a class of caustic bases, such as soda, potash, ammoma, and lithia, whose distinguishing peculiarities are solubility in alcohol and water, uniting with oils and fats to form soap, neutralizing and forming salts with acids, turning to brown several vegetable yellows, and changing reddened litmus to blue. Fixed alkalies, potash and soda. � Vegetable alkalies. Same as Alkaloids. � Volatile ~, ammonia, so called in distinction from the fixed alkalies. Al�ka�li�fi�a�ble (?), a. [Cf. F. alcalifiable.] Capable of being alkalified, or converted into an alkali. Al�ka�li�fy (?; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alkalified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Alkalifying.] [Alkali + �fly: cf. F. alcalifier.] To convert into an alkali; to give alkaline properties to. Al�ka�li�fy, v. i. To become changed into an alkali. Al�ka�lim�e�ter (?), n. [Alkali + �meter. cf. F. alcalim�tre.] An instrument to ascertain the strength of alkalies, or the quantity of alkali in a mixture. Al�ka�li�met�ric (?), Al�ka�li�met�ric�al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to alkalimetry. Al�ka�lim�e�try (?), n. [Cf. F. alcalim�trie.] (Chem.) The art or process of ascertaining the strength of alkalies, or the quantity present in alkaline mixtures. Al�ka�line (?; 277), a. [Cf. F. alcalin.] Of or pertaining to an alkali or to alkalies; having the properties of an alkali. � earths, certain substances, as lime, baryta, strontia, and magnesia, possessing some of the qualities of alkalies. � � metals, potassium, sodium, c�sium, lithium, rubidium. � � reaction, a reaction indicating alkalinity, as by the action on limits, turmeric, etc. Al�ka�lin�i�ty (?), n. The quality which constitutes an alkali; alkaline property. Thomson. Al�ka�li�ous (?), a. Alkaline. [Obs.] Al�ka�li�zate (?), a. Alkaline. [Obs.] Boyle. Al�ka�li��zate (?), v. t. To alkalizate. [R.] Johnson. Al�ka�li�za�tion (?), n. [Cf. F. alcalisation.] The act rendering alkaline by impregnating with an alkali; a conferring of alkaline qualities. Al�ka�lize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alkalized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Alkalizing (?).] [Cf. F. alcaliser.] To render alkaline; to communicate the properties of an alkali to. Al�ka�loid (?), Al�ka�loid�al (?), } a. [Alkali + �oid: cf. F. alcalo�de.] Pertaining to, resembling, or containing, alkali. Al�ka�loid (?), n. (Chem.) An organic base, especially one of a class of substances occurring ready formed in the tissues of plants and the bodies of animals. � Alcaloids all contain nitrogen, carbon, and hydrogen, and many of them also contain oxygen. They include many of the active principles in plants; thus, morphine and narcotine are alkaloids found in opium. Al�ka�net (?), n. [Dim. of Sp. alcana, alhe?a, in which al is the Ar. article. See Henna, and cf. Orchanet.] 1. (Chem.) A dyeing matter extracted from the roots of Alkanna tinctoria, which gives a fine deep red color. 2. (Bot.) (a) A boraginaceous herb (Alkanna tinctoria) yielding the dye; orchanet. (b) The similar plant Anchusa officinalis; bugloss; also, the American puccoon. Al�kar�gen (?), n. [Alkarsin + oxygen.] (Chem.) Same as Cacodylic acid. Al�kar�sin (?), n. [Alkali + arsenic + �in.] (Chem.) A spontaneously inflammable liquid, having a repulsive odor, and consisting of cacodyl and its oxidation products; � called also Cadel's fuming liquid. Al�ka�zar (?)(?). See Alcazar. Al�ke�ken�gi (?), n. [Cf. F. alk�kenge, Sp. alquequenje, ultimately fr. Ar. al�k�kanj a kind of resin from Herat.] (Bot.) An herbaceous plant of the nightshade family (Physalis alkekengi) and its fruit, which is a well flavored berry, the size of a cherry, loosely inclosed in a enlarged leafy calyx; � also called winter cherry, ground cherry, and strawberry tomato. D. C. Eaton. Al�ker�mes (?), n. [Ar. al�qirmiz kermes. See Kermes.] (Old Pharmacy) A compound cordial, in the form of a confection, deriving its name from the kermes insect, its principal ingredient. Al�ko�ran (?; 277), n. The Mohammedan Scriptures. Same as Alcoran and Koran. Al�ko�ran�ic (?), a. Same as Alcoranic. Al�ko�ran�ist, n. Same as Alcoranist. All (?), a. [OE. al, pl. alle, AS. eal, pl. ealle, Northumbrian alle, akin to D. & OHG. al, Ger. all, Icel. allr. Dan. al, Sw. all, Goth. alls; and perh. to Ir. and Gael. uile, W. oll.] 1. The whole quantity, extent, duration, amount, quality, or degree of; the whole; the whole number of; any whatever; every; as, all the wheat; all the land; all the year; all the strength; all happiness; all abundance; loss of all power; beyond all doubt; you will see us all (or all of us). Prove all things: hold fast that which is good. 1 Thess. v. 21. 2. Any. [Obs.] �Without all remedy.� Shak. � When the definite article �the,� or a possessive or a demonstrative pronoun, is joined to the noun that all qualifies, all precedes the article or the pronoun; as, all the cattle; all my labor; all his wealth; all our families; all your citizens; all their property; all other joys. This word, not only in popular language, but in the Scriptures, often signifies, indefinitely, a large portion or number, or a great part. Thus, all the cattle in Egypt died, all Judea and all the region round about Jordan, all men held John as a prophet, are not to be understood in a literal sense, but as including a large part, or very great numbers. 3. Only; alone; nothing but. I was born to speak all mirth and no matter. Shak. All the whole, the whole (emphatically). [Obs.] �All the whole army.� Shak. All, adv. 1. Wholly; completely; altogether; entirely; quite; very; as, all bedewed; my friend is all for amusement. �And cheeks all pale.� Byron. � In the ancient phrases, all too dear, all too much, all so long, etc., this word retains its appropriate sense or becomes intensive. 2. Even; just. (Often a mere intensive adjunct.) [Obs. or Poet.] All as his straying flock he fed. Spenser. A damsel lay deploring All on a rock reclined. Gay. All to, or All�to. In such phrases as �all to rent,� all to break,� �all�to frozen,� etc., which are of frequent occurrence in our old authors, the all and the to have commonly been regarded as forming a compound adverb, equivalent in meaning to entirely, completely, altogether. But the sense of entireness lies wholly in the word all (as it does in �all forlorn,� and similar expressions), and the to properly belongs to the following word, being a kind of intensive prefix (orig. meaning asunder and answering to the LG. ter�, HG. zer�). It is frequently to be met with in old books, used without the all. Thus Wyclif says, �The vail of the temple was to rent:� and of Judas, �He was hanged and to�burst the middle:� i. e., burst in two, or asunder. � All along. See under Along. � All and some, individually and collectively, one and all. [Obs.] �Displeased all and some.� Fairfax. � All but. (a) Scarcely; not even. [Obs.] Shak. (b) Almost; nearly.�The fine arts were all but proscribed.� Macaulay. � All hollow, entirely, completely; as, to beat any one all hollow. [Low] � All one, the same thing in effect; that is, wholly the same thing. � All over, over the whole extent; thoroughly; wholly; as, she is her mother all over. [Colloq.] � All the better, wholly the better; that is, better by the whole difference. � All the same, nevertheless. �There they [certain phenomena] remain rooted all the same, whether we recognize them or not.� J. C. Shairp. �But Rugby is a very nice place all the same.� T. Arnold. � See also under All, n. All (?), n. The whole number, quantity, or amount; the entire thing; everything included or concerned; the aggregate; the whole; totality; everything or every person; as, our all is at stake. Death, as the Psalmist saith, is certain to all. Shak. All that thou seest is mine. Gen. xxxi. 43. All is used with of, like a partitive; as, all of a thing, all of us. After all, after considering everything to the contrary; nevertheless. � All in all, a phrase which signifies all things to a person, or everything desired; (also adverbially) wholly; altogether. Thou shalt be all in all, and I in thee, Forever. Milton. Trust me not at all, or all in all. Tennyson. All in the wind (Naut.), a phrase denoting that the sails are parallel with the course of the wind, so as to shake. � All told, all counted; in all. � And all, and the rest; and everything connected. �Bring our crown and all.� Shak. � At all. (a) In every respect; wholly; thoroughly. [Obs.] �She is a shrew at al(l).� Chaucer. (b) A phrase much used by way of enforcement or emphasis, usually in negative or interrogative sentences, and signifying in any way or respect; in the least degree or to the least extent; in the least; under any circumstances; as, he has no ambition at all; has he any property at all? �Nothing at all.� Shak. �It thy father at all miss me.� 1 Sam. xx. 6. � Over ~, everywhere. [Obs.] Chaucer. � All is much used in composition to enlarge the meaning, or add force to a word. In some instances, it is completely incorporated into words, and its final consonant is dropped, as in almighty, already, always: but, in most instances, it is an adverb prefixed to adjectives or participles, but usually with a hyphen, as, all�bountiful, all�glorious, allimportant, all�surrounding, etc. In others it is an adjective; as, allpower, all�giver. Anciently many words, as, alabout, alaground, etc., were compounded with all, which are now written separately. All, conj. [Orig. all, adv., wholly: used with though or if, which being dropped before the subjunctive left all as if in the sense although.] Although; albeit. [Obs.] All they were wondrous loth. Spenser. � Al�la bre�ve (?). [It., according to the breve.] (Old Church Music) With one breve, or four minims, to measure, and sung faster like four crotchets; in quick common time; � indicated in the time signature by ?. � Al�lah (?), n. [Ar., contr. fr. the article al the + ilah God.] The name of the Supreme Being, in use among the Arabs and the Mohammedans generally. All��a�mort� (?), a. See Alamort. Al�lan�ite (?), n. [From T. Allan, who first distinguished it as a species.] (min.) A silicate containing a large amount of cerium. It is usually black in color, opaque, and is related to epidote in form and composition. Al�lan�to�ic (?)(?), a. [Cf. F. allanto�que.] Pertaining to, or contained in, the allantois. Allantoic acid. (Chem.) See Allantoin. Al�lan�toid (?), Al�lan�toid�al (?), } a. [Gr. ? shaped like a sausage; ? sausage + ? form.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the allantois. � Al�lan�toid�e�a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zo�l.) The division of Vertebrata in which the embryo develops an allantois. It includes reptiles, birds, and mammals. Al�lan�to�in (?), n. (Chem.) A crystalline, transparent, colorless substance found in the allantoic liquid of the fetal calf; � formerly called allantoic acid and amniotic acid. { � Al�lan�to�is (?)(?), Al�lan�toid (?), } n. (Anat.) A membranous appendage of the embryos of mammals, birds, and reptiles, � in mammals serving to connect the fetus with the parent; the urinary vesicle. Al�la�trate (?), v. i. [L. allatrare. See Latrate.] To bark as a dog. [Obs.] Stubbes. Al�lay� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Allayed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Allaying.] [OE. alaien, aleggen, to lay down, put down, humble, put an end to, AS. �lecgan; �� (cf. Goth. us�, G. er�, orig. meaning out) + lecgan to lay; but confused with old forms of allege, alloy, alegge. See Lay.] 1. To make quiet or put at rest; to pacify or appease; to quell; to calm; as, to allay popular excitement; to allay the tumult of the passions. 2. To alleviate; to abate; to mitigate; as, to allay the severity of affliction or the bitterness of adversity. It would allay the burning quality of that fell poison. Shak. Syn. - To alleviate; check; repress; assuage; appease; abate; subdue; destroy; compose; soothe; calm; quiet. See Alleviate. Al�lay� (?), v. t. To diminish in strength; to abate; to subside. �When the rage allays.� Shak. Al�lay�, n. Alleviation; abatement; check. [Obs.] Al�lay�, n. Alloy. [Obs.] Chaucer. Al�lay�, v. t. To mix (metals); to mix with a baser metal; to alloy; to deteriorate. [Archaic] Fuller. Al�lay�er (?), n. One who, or that which, allays. Al�lay�ment (?), n. An allaying; that which allays; mitigation. [Obs.] The like allayment could I give my grief. Shak. Al�le�cret (?), n. [OF. alecret, halecret, hallecret.] A kind of light armor used in the sixteenth century, esp. by the Swiss. Fairholt. Al�lect� (?), v. t. [L. allectare, freq. of allicere, allectum.] To allure; to entice. [Obs.] Al�lec�ta�tion (?), n. [L. allectatio.] Enticement; allurement. [Obs.] Bailey. Al�lec�tive (?), a. [LL. allectivus.] Alluring. [Obs.] Al�lec�tive, n. Allurement. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor. Al�ledge� (?)(?), v. t. See Allege. [Obs.] � This spelling, corresponding to abridge, was once the prevailing one. Al�le�ga�tion (?), n. [L. allegatio, fr. allegare, allegatum, to send a message, cite; later, to free by giving reasons; ad + legare to send, commission. Cf. Allege and Adlegation.] 1. The act of alleging or positively asserting. 2. That which is alleged, asserted, or declared; positive assertion; formal averment I thought their allegation but reasonable. Steele. 3. (Law) A statement by a party of what he undertakes to prove, � usually applied to each separate averment; the charge or matter undertaken to be proved. Al�lege� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alleged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Alleging.] [OE. aleggen to bring forward as evidence, OF. esligier to buy, prop. to free from legal difficulties, fr. an assumed LL. exlitigare; L. ex + litigare to quarrel, sue (see Litigate). The word was confused with L. allegare (see Allegation), and lex law. Cf. Allay.] 1. To bring forward with positiveness; to declare; to affirm; to assert; as, to allege a fact. 2. To cite or quote; as, to allege the authority of a judge. [Archaic] 3. To produce or urge as a reason, plea, or excuse; as, he refused to lend, alleging a resolution against lending. Syn. - To bring forward; adduce; advance; assign; produce; declare; affirm; assert; aver; predicate. Al�lege�, v. t. [See Allay.] To alleviate; to lighten, as a burden or a trouble. [Obs.] Wyclif. Al�lege�a�ble (?), a. Capable of being alleged or affirmed. The most authentic examples allegeable in the case. South. Al�lege�ance (?), n. Allegation. [Obs.] Al�lege�ment (?), n. Allegation. [Obs.] With many complaints and allegements. Bp. Sanderson. Al�leg�er (?), n. One who affirms or declares. Al�legge� (?), v. t. See Alegge and Allay. [Obs.] Al�le�giance (?), n. [OE. alegeaunce; pref. a� + OF. lige, liege. The meaning was influenced by L. ligare to bind, and even by lex, legis, law. See Liege, Ligeance.] 1. The tie or obligation, implied or expressed, which a subject owes to his sovereign or government; the duty of fidelity to one's king, government, or state. 2. Devotion; loyalty; as, allegiance to science. Syn. - Loyalty; fealty. � Allegiance, Loyalty. These words agree in expressing the general idea of fidelity and attachment to the �powers that be.� Allegiance is an obligation to a ruling power. Loyalty is a feeling or sentiment towards such power. Allegiance may exist under any form of government, and, in a republic, we generally speak of allegiance to the government, to the state, etc. In well conducted monarchies, loyalty is a warm�hearted feeling of fidelity and obedience to the sovereign. It is personal in its nature; and hence we speak of the loyalty of a wife to her husband, not of her allegiance. In cases where we personify, loyalty is more commonly the word used; as, loyalty to the constitution; loyalty to the cause of virtue; loyalty to truth and religion, etc. Hear me, recreant, on thine allegiance hear me! Shak. So spake the Seraph Abdiel, faithful found,... Unshaken, unseduced, unterrified, His loyalty he kept, his love, his zeal. Milton. Al�le�giant (?), a. Loyal. Shak. Al�le�gor�ic (?), Al�le�gor�ic�al (?), } a. [F. all�gorique, L. allegorius, fr. Gr. ?. See Allegory.] Belonging to, or consisting of, allegory; of the nature of an allegory; describing by resemblances; figurative. �An allegoric tale.� Falconer. �An allegorical application.� Pope. Allegorical being... that kind of language which says one thing, but means another. Max Miller. � Al�le�gor�ic�al�ly, adv. � Al�le�gor�ic�al�ness, n. Al�le�go�rist (?), n. [Cf. F. allegoriste.] One who allegorizes; a writer of allegory. Hume. Al�le�gor�i�za�tion (?), n. The act of turning into allegory, or of understanding in an allegorical sense. Al�le�go�rize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Allegorized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Allegorizing.] [Cf. F. all�goriser, fr. L. allegorizare.] 1. To form or turn into allegory; as, to allegorize the history of a people. 2. To treat as allegorical; to understand in an allegorical sense; as, when a passage in a writer may understood literally or figuratively, he who gives it a figurative sense is said to allegorize it. Al�le�go�rize, v. t. To use allegory. Holland. Al�le�go�ri�zer (?), n. One who allegorizes, or turns things into allegory; an allegorist. Al�le�go�ry (?), n.; pl. Allegories (?). [L. allegoria, Gr. ?, description of one thing under the image of another; ? other + ? to speak in the assembly, harangue, ? place of assembly, fr. ? to assemble: cf. F. all�gorie.] 1. A figurative sentence or discourse, in which the principal subject is described by another subject resembling it in its properties and circumstances. The real subject is thus kept out of view, and we are left to collect the intentions of the writer or speaker by the resemblance of the secondary to the primary subject. 2. Anything which represents by suggestive resemblance; an emblem. 3. (Paint. & Sculpt.) A figure representation which has a meaning beyond notion directly conveyed by the object painted or sculptured. Syn. - Metaphor; fable. � Allegory, Parable. �An allegory differs both from fable and parable, in that the properties of persons are fictitiously represented as attached to things, to which they are as it were transferred. ...A figure of Peace and Victory crowning some historical personage is an allegory. �I am the Vine, ye are the branches� [John xv. 1�6] is a spoken allegory. In the parable there is no transference of properties. The parable of the sower [Matt. xiii. 3�23] represents all things as according to their proper nature. In the allegory quoted above the properties of the vine and the relation of the branches are transferred to the person of Christ and Hi? apostles and disciples.� C. J. Smith. An allegory is a prolonged metaphor. Bunyan's �Pilgrim's Progress� and Spenser's �Fa�rie Queene� are celebrated examples of the allegory. � Al�le�gresse� (?), n. [F. all�gresse, fr. L. alacer sprightly.] Joy; gladsomeness. � Al�le�gret�to (?), a. [It., dim. of allegro.] (Mus.) Quicker than andante, but not so quick as allegro. � n. A movement in this time. � Al�le�gro (?), a. [It., merry, gay, fr. L. alacer lively. Cf. Aleger.] (Mus.) Brisk, lively. � n. An ~ movement; a quick, sprightly strain or piece. Al�le�lu�is, Al�le�lu�iah } (?), n. [L. alleluia, Gr. ?, fr. Heb. hall?l?�y�h. See Hallelujah.] An exclamation signifying Praise ye Jehovah. Hence: A song of praise to God. See Hallelujah, the commoner form. I heard a great voice of much people in heaven, saying, Alleluia. Rev. xix. 1. � Al�le�mande� (?), n. [F., fr. allemand German.] 1. (Mus.) A dance in moderate twofold time, invented by the French in the reign of Louis XIV.; � now mostly found in suites of pieces, like those of Bach and Handel. 2. A figure in dancing. Al�le�man�nic (?), a. See Alemannic. Al�len�ar�ly (?), adv. [All + anerly singly, fr. ane one.] Solely; only. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. Al�ler (?), a. [For ealra, the AS. gen. pl. of eal all.] Same as Alder, of all. [Obs.] Chaucer. � Al�le�ri�on (?), n. [F. al�rion, LL. alario a sort of eagle; of uncertain origin.] (Her.) Am eagle without beak or feet, with expanded wings. Burke. Al�le�vi�ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alleviated; p. pr. & vb. n. Alleviating.] [LL. alleviare, fr. L. ad + levis light. See Alegge, Levity.] 1. To lighten or lessen the force or weight of. [Obs. in a literal or general sense.] Should no others join capable to alleviate the expense. Evelyn. Those large bladders... conduce much to the alleviating of the body [of flying birds]. Ray. 2. To lighten or lessen (physical or mental troubles); to mitigate, or make easier to be endured; as, to alleviate sorrow, pain, care, etc.; � opposed to aggravate. The calamity of the want of the sense of hearing is much alleviated by giving the use of letters. Bp. Horsley. 3. To extenuate; to palliate. [R.] He alleviates his fault by an excuse. Johnson. Syn. - To lessen; diminish; soften; mitigate; assuage; abate; relieve; nullify; allay. � To Alleviate, Mitigate, Assuage, Allay. These words have in common the idea of relief from some painful state; and being all figurative, they differ in their application, according to the image under which this idea is presented. Alleviate supposes a load which is lightened or taken off; as,, to alleviate one's cares. Mitigate supposes something fierce which is made mild; as, to mitigate one's anguish. Assuage supposes something violent which is quieted; as, to assuage one's sorrow. Allay supposes something previously excited, but now brought down; as, to allay one's suffering or one's thirst. To alleviate the distresses of life; to mitigate the fierceness of passion or the violence of grief; to assuage angry feeling; to allay wounded sensibility. Al�le�vi�a�tion (?), n. [LL. alleviatio.] 1. The act of alleviating; a lightening of weight or severity; mitigation; relief. <-- p. 41 --> <-- p. 41 --> 2. That which mitigates, or makes more tolerable. I have not wanted such alleviations of life as friendship could supply. Johnson. Al�le�vi�a�tive (?), a. Tending to alleviate. � n. That which alleviates. Al�le�vi�a�tor (?), n. One who, or that which, alleviaties. Al�le�vi�a�to�ry (?), a. Alleviative. Carlyle. Al�ley (?), n.; pl. Alleys (?). [OE. aley, alley, OF. al�e, F. all�e, a going, passage, fr. OE. aler, F. aller, to go; of uncertain origin: cf. Prov. anar, It. andare, Sp. andar.] 1. A narrow passage; especially a walk or passage in a garden or park, bordered by rows of trees or bushes; a bordered way. I know each lane and every alley green. Milton. 2. A narrow passage or way in a city, as distinct from a public street. Gay. 3. A passageway between rows of pews in a church. 4. (Persp.) Any passage having the entrance represented as wider than the exit, so as to give the appearance of length. 5. The space between two rows of compositors' stands in a printing office. Al�ley, n.; pl. Alleys (?). [A contraction of alabaster, of which it was originally made.] A choice taw or marble. Dickens. Al�leyed (?), a. Furnished with alleys; forming an alley. �An alleyed walk.� Sir W. Scott. Al�ley�way� (?), n. An alley. All� Fools' Day� (?). The first day of April, a day on which sportive impositions are practiced. The first of April, some do say, Is set apart for All Fools' Day. Poor Robin's Almanack (1760). All�fours� (?). [All + four (cards).] A game at cards, called �High, Low, Jack, and the Game.� All� fours� [formerly, All� four�.] All four legs of a quadruped; or the two legs and two arms of a person. To be, go, or run, on all fours (Fig.), to be on the same footing; to correspond (with) exactly; to be alike in all the circumstances to be considered. �This example is on all fours with the other.� No simile can go on all fours.� Macaulay. All� hail� (?)(?). [All + hail, interj.] All health; � a phrase of salutation or welcome. All��hail�, v. t. To salute; to greet. [Poet.] Whiles I stood rapt in the wonder of it, came missives from the king, who all�hailed me �Thane of Cawdor.� Shak. All�hal�lond (?), n. Allhallows. [Obs.] Shak. { All�hal�low (?), All�hal�lows (?), } n. 1. All the saints (in heaven). [Obs.] 2. All Saints' Day, November 1st. [Archaic] <-- All Hallows Eve = Halloween, Dec. 31 st. --> All�hal�low (?). The evening before Allhallows. See Halloween. All�hal�low�mas (?), n. The feast of All Saints. All�hal�lown (?), a. Of or pertaining to the time of Allhallows. [Obs.] �Allhallown summer.� Shak. (i. e., late summer; �Indian Summer�). All�hal�low�tide� (?), n. [AS. t�d time.] The time at or near All Saints, or November 1st. All�heal (?), n. A name popularly given to the officinal valerian, and to some other plants. Al�li�a�ble (?), a. Able to enter into alliance. Al�li�a�ceous (?), a. Of or pertaining to the genus Allium, or garlic, onions, leeks, etc.; having the smell or taste of garlic or onions. Al�li�ance (?), n. [OE. aliaunce, OF. aliance, F. alliance, fr. OF. alier, F. allier. See Ally, and cf. LL. alligantia.] 1. The state of being allied; the act of allying or uniting; a union or connection of interests between families, states, parties, etc., especially between families by marriage and states by compact, treaty, or league; as, matrimonial alliances; an alliance between church and state; an alliance between France and England. 2. Any union resembling that of families or states; union by relationship in qualities; affinity. The alliance of the principles of the world with those of the gospel. C. J. Smith. The alliance... between logic and metaphysics. Mansel. 3. The persons or parties allied. Udall. Syn. - Connection; affinity; union; confederacy; confederation; league; coalition. Al�li�ance, v. t. To connect by alliance; to ally. [Obs.] Al�li�ant (?), n. [Cf. F. alliant, p. pr.] An ally; a confederate. [Obs. & R.] Sir H. Wotton. { Al�lice, Al�lis } (?), n. (Zo�l.) The European shad (Clupea vulgaris); allice shad. See Alose. Al�li�cien�cy (?), n. Attractive power; attractiveness. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. Al�li�cient (?), a. [L. alliciens, p. pr. of allicere to allure; ad + lacere to entice.] That attracts; attracting. � n. That attracts. [Rare or Obs.] Al�lied� (?), a. United; joined; leagued; akin; related. See Ally. Al�li�gate (?), v. t. [L. alligatus, p. p. of alligare. See Ally.] To tie; to unite by some tie. Instincts alligated to their nature. Sir M. Hale. Al�li�ga�tion (?), n. [L. alligatio.] 1. The act of tying together or attaching by some bond, or the state of being attached. [R.] 2. (Arith.) A rule relating to the solution of questions concerning the compounding or mixing of different ingredients, or ingredients of different qualities or values. � The rule is named from the method of connecting together the terms by certain ligature�like signs. Alligation is of two kinds, medial and alternate; medial teaching the method of finding the price or quality of a mixture of several simple ingredients whose prices and qualities are known; alternate, teaching the amount of each of several simple ingredients whose prices or qualities are known, which will be required to make a mixture of given price or quality. Al�li�ga�tor (?), n. [Sp. el lagarto the lizard (el lagarto de Indias, the cayman or American crocodile), fr. L. lacertus, lacerta, lizard. See Lizard.] 1. (Zo�l.) A large carnivorous reptile of the Crocodile family, peculiar to America. It has a shorter and broader snout than the crocodile, and the large teeth of the lower jaw shut into pits in the upper jaw, which has no marginal notches. Besides the common species of the southern United States, there are allied species in South America. 2. (Mech.) Any machine with strong jaws, one of which opens like the movable jaw of an alligator; as, (a) (Metal Working) a form of squeezer for the puddle ball; (b) (Mining) a rock breaker; (c) (Printing) a kind of job press, called also alligator press. Alligator apple (Bot.), the fruit of the Anona palustris, a West Indian tree. It is said to be narcotic in its properties. Loudon. � Alligator fish (Zo�l.), a marine fish of northwestern America (Podothecus acipenserinus). � Alligator gar (Zo�l.), one of the gar pikes (Lepidosteus spatula) found in the southern rivers of the United States. The name is also applied to other species of gar pikes. � Alligator pear (Bot.), a corruption of Avocado pear. See Avocado. � Alligator snapper, Alligator tortoise, Alligator turtle (Zo�l.), a very large and voracious turtle (Macrochelys lacertina) in habiting the rivers of the southern United States. It sometimes reaches the weight of two hundred pounds. Unlike the common snapping turtle, to which the name is sometimes erroneously applied, it has a scaly head and many small scales beneath the tail. This name is sometimes given to other turtles, as to species of Trionyx. � Alligator wood, the timber of a tree of the West Indies (Guarea Swartzii). Al�lign�ment (?), n. See Alignment. Al�lin�e�ate (?), v. t. [L. ad + lineatus, p. p. of lineare to draw a line.] To align. [R.] Herschel. { Al�lin�e�a�tion (?), A�line�e�a�tion (?), } n. Alignment; position in a straight line, as of two planets with the sun. Whewell. The allineation of the two planets. C. A. Young. Al�li�sion (?), n. [L. allisio, fr. allidere, to strike or dash against; ad + laedere to dash against.] The act of dashing against, or striking upon. The boisterous allision of the sea. Woodward. Al�lit�er�al (?), a. Pertaining to, or characterized by alliteration. Al�lit�er�ate (?), v. t. To employ or place so as to make alliteration. Skeat. Al�lit�er�ate, v. i. To compose alliteratively; also, to constitute alliteration. Al�lit�er�a�tion (?), n. [L. ad + litera letter. See Letter.] The repetition of the same letter at the beginning of two or more words immediately succeeding each other, or at short intervals; as in the following lines: � Behemoth, biggest born of earth, upheaved His vastness. Milton. Fly o'er waste fens and windy fields. Tennyson. � The recurrence of the same letter in accented parts of words is also called alliteration. Anglo�Saxon poetry is characterized by alliterative meter of this sort. Later poets also employed it. In a somer seson whan soft was the sonne, I shope me in shroudes as I a shepe were. P. Plowman. Al�lit�er�a�tive (?; 277), a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, alliteration; as, alliterative poetry. � Al�lit�er�a�tive�ly, adv. � Al�lit�er �a�tive�ness, n. Al�lit�er�a�tor (?), n. One who alliterates. � Al�li�um (?), n. [L., garlic.] (bot.) A genus of plants, including the onion, garlic, leek, chive, etc. All�mouth� (?), n. (Zo�l.) The angler. All�ness (?), n. Totality; completeness. [R.] The allness of God, including his absolute spirituality, supremacy, and eternity. R. Turnbull. All�night� (?), n. Light, fuel, or food for the whole night. [Obs.] Bacon. Al�lo�cate (?), v. t. [LL. allocatus, p. p. of allocare, fr. L. ad + locare to place. See Allow.] 1. To distribute or assign; to allot. Burke. 2. To localize. [R.] Al�lo�ca�tion (?), n. [LL. allocatio: cf. F. allocation.] 1. The act of putting one thing to another; a placing; disposition; arrangement. Hallam. 2. An allotment or apportionment; as, an allocation of shares in a company. The allocation of the particular portions of Palestine to its successive inhabitants. A. R. Stanley. 3. The admission of an item in an account, or an allowance made upon an account; � a term used in the English exchequer. � Al�lo�ca�tur (?), n. [LL., it is allowed, fr. allocare to allow.] (Law) �Allowed.� The word allocatur expresses the allowance of a proceeding, writ, order, etc., by a court, judge, or judicial officer. Al�lo�chro�ic (?), a. Changeable in color. Al�loch�ro�ite (?), n. (Min.) See Garnet. Al�loch�ro�ous (?), a. [Gr. ? changed in color, fr. ? other + ? color.] Changing color. Al�lo�cu�tion (?), n. [L. allocuto, fr. alloqui to speak to; ad + loqui to speak: cf. F. allocution.] 1. The act or manner of speaking to, or of addressing in words. 2. An address; a hortatory or authoritative address as of a pope to his clergy. Addison. Al�lod (?), n. See Allodium. Al�lo�di�al (?), a. [LL. allodialis, fr. allodium: cf. F. allodial. See Allodium.] (Law) Pertaining to allodium; freehold; free of rent or service; held independent of a lord paramount; � opposed to feudal; as, allodial lands; allodial system. Blackstone. Al�lo�di�al, a. Anything held allodially. W. Coxe. Al�lo�di�al�ism (?), n. The allodial system. Al�lo�i�al�ist, n. One who holds allodial land. Al�lo�di�al�ly, adv. By allodial tenure. Al�lo�di�a�ry (?), n. One who holds an allodium. Al�lo�di�um (?), n. [LL. allodium, alodium, alodis, alaudis, of Ger. origin; cf. OHG. al all, and ?t (AS. e�d) possession, property. It means, therefore, entirely one's property.] (Law) Freehold estate; land which is the absolute property of the owner; real estate held in absolute independence, without being subject to any rent, service, or acknowledgment to a superior. It is thus opposed to feud. Blackstone. Bouvier. Al�log�a�mous (?), a. (Bot.) Characterized by allogamy. Al�log�a�my (?)(?) n. [Gr. ? other + ? marriage.] (Bot.) Fertilization of the pistil of a plant by pollen from another of the same species; cross�fertilization. Al�lo�ge�ne�ous (?), a. [Gr. ?.] Different in nature or kind. [R.] Al�lo�graph (?), n. [Gr. ? another + �graph.] A writing or signature made by some person other than any of the parties thereto; � opposed to autograph. <-- Allomer; Allomeric --> Al�lom�er�ism (?), n. [Gr. ? other + ? part.] (Chem.) Variability in chemical constitution without variation in crystalline form. Al�lom�er�ous (?), a. (Chem.) Characterized by allomerism. Al�lo�morph (?), n. [Gr. ? other + ? form.] (Min.) (a) Any one of two or more distinct crystalline forms of the same substance; or the substance having such forms; � as, carbonate of lime occurs in the allomorphs calcite and aragonite. (b) A variety of pseudomorph which has undergone partial or complete change or substitution of material; � thus limonite is frequently an allomorph after pyrite. G. H. Williams. Al�lo�mor�phic (?), a. (Min.) Of or pertaining to allomorphism. Al�lo�mor�phism (?), n. (Min.) The property which constitutes an allomorph; the change involved in becoming an allomorph. Al�longe� (?), n. [F. allonge, earlier alonge, a lengthening. See Allonge, v., and cf. Lunge.] 1. (Fencing) A thrust or pass; a lunge. 2. A slip of paper attached to a bill of exchange for receiving indorsements, when the back of the bill itself is already full; a rider. [A French usage] Abbott. Al�lomge�, v. i. [F. allonger; � (L. ad) + long (L. longus) long.] To thrust with a sword; to lunge. Al�lo�nym (?), n. [F. allonyme, fr. Gr. ? other + ? name.] 1. The name of another person assumed by the author of a work. 2. A work published under the name of some one other than the author. Al�lon�y�mous (?), a. Published under the name of some one other than the author. Al�loo� (?), v. t. or i. [See Halloo.] To incite dogs by a call; to halloo. [Obs.] Al�lo�path (?), n. [Cf. F. allopathe.] An allopathist. Ed. Rev. Al�lo�path�ic (?), a. [Cf. F. allopathique.] Of or pertaining to allopathy. Al�lo�path�ic�al�ly (?), adv. In a manner conformable to allopathy; by allopathic methods. Al�lop�a�thist (?), n. One who practices allopathy; one who professes allopathy. Al�lop�a�thy (?), n. [Gr. ? other + ? suffering, ?, ?, to suffer: cf. G. allopathie, F. allopathie. See Pathos.] That system of medical practice which aims to combat disease by the use of remedies which produce effects different from those produced by the special disease treated; � a term invented by Hahnemann to designate the ordinary practice, as opposed to homeopathy. { Al�lo�phyl�ic (?), Al�lo�phyl�i�an (?), } a. [Gr. ? of another tribe; ? other + ? class or tribe.] Pertaining to a race or a language neither Aryan nor Semitic. J. Prichard. Al�lo�quy (?), n. [L. alloquim, fr. alloqui.] A speaking to another; an address. [Obs.] Al�lot� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Allotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Allotting.] [OF. aloter, F. allotir; a (L. ad) + lot lot. See Lot.] 1. To distribute by lot. 2. To distribute, or parcel out in parts or portions; or to distribute to each individual concerned; to assign as a share or lot; to set apart as one's share; to bestow on; to grant; to appoint; as, let every man be contented with that which Providence allots him. Ten years I will allot to the attainment of knowledge. Johnson. Al�lo�the�ism (?), n. [Gr. ? other + ? god.] The worship of strange gods. Jer. Taylor. Al�lot�ment (?), n. [Cf. OF. alotement, F. allotement.] 1. The act of allotting; assignment. 2. That which is allotted; a share, part, or portion granted or distributed; that which is assigned by lot, or by the act of God; anything set apart for a special use or to a distinct party. The alloments of God and nature. L'Estrange. A vineyard and an allotment for olives and herbs. Broome. 3. (law) The allowance of a specific amount of scrip or of a particular thing to a particular person. Cottage allotment, an allotment of a small portion of land to a country laborer for garden cultivation. [Eng.] <-- P. 42 --> Al�lo�tri�oph�a�gy (?), n. [Gr. ? strange + ? to eat: cf. F. allotriophagie.] (Med.) A depraved appetite; a desire for improper food. { Al�lo�trop�ic (?), Al�lo�trop�ic�al (?), } a. [Cf. F. allotropique.] Of or pertaining to allotropism. � Al�lo�trop�ic�al�ly, adv. Allotropic state, the several conditions which occur in a case of allotropism. Al�lot�ro�pic�i�ty (?), n. Allotropic property or nature. { Al�lot�ro�pism (?), Al�lot�ro�py (?), } n. [Gr. ? other + direction, way, ? to turn: cf. F. allotropie.] (Chem.) The property of existing in two or more conditions which are distinct in their physical or chemical relations. � Thus, carbon occurs crystallized in octahedrons and other related forms, in a state of extreme hardness, in the diamond; it occurs in hexagonal forms, and of little hardness, in black lead; and again occurs in a third form, with entire softness, in lampblack and charcoal. In some cases, one of these is peculiarly an active state, and the other a passive one. Thus, ozone is an active state of oxygen, and is distinct from ordinary oxygen, which is the element in its passive state. Al�lot�ro�pize (?), v. t. To change in physical properties but not in substance. [R.] Al�lot�ta�ble (?), a. Capable of being allotted. Al�lot�tee� (?), n. One to whom anything is allotted; one to whom an allotment is made. Al�lot�ter (?), n. One who allots. Al�lot�ter�y (?), n. Allotment. [Obs.] Shak. Al�low� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Allowed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Allowing.] [OE. alouen, OF. alouer, aloer, aluer, F. allouer, fr. LL. allocare to admit as proved, to place, use; confused with OF. aloer, fr. L. allaudare to extol; ad + laudare to praise. See Local, and cf. Allocate, Laud.] 1. To praise; to approve of; hence, to sanction. [Obs. or Archaic] Ye allow the deeds of your fathers. Luke xi. 48. We commend his pains, condemn his pride, allow his life, approve his learning. Fuller. 2. To like; to be suited or pleased with. [Obs.] How allow you the model of these clothes? Massinger. 3. To sanction; to invest; to intrust. [Obs.] Thou shalt be... allowed with absolute power. Shak. 4. To grant, give, admit, accord, afford, or yield; to let one have; as, to allow a servant his liberty; to allow a free passage; to allow one day for rest. He was allowed about three hundred pounds a year. Macaulay. 5. To own or acknowledge; to accept as true; to concede; to accede to an opinion; as, to allow a right; to allow a claim; to allow the truth of a proposition. I allow, with Mrs. Grundy and most moralists, that Miss Newcome's conduct... was highly reprehensible. Thackeray. 6. To grant (something) as a deduction or an addition; esp. to abate or deduct; as, to allow a sum for leakage. 7. To grant license to; to permit; to consent to; as, to allow a son to be absent. Syn. - To allot; assign; bestow; concede; admit; permit; suffer; tolerate. See Permit. Al�low�, v. i. To admit; to concede; to make allowance or abatement. Allowing still for the different ways of making it. Addison. To allow of, to permit; to admit. Shak. Al�low�a�ble (?), a. [F. allouable.] 1. Praiseworthy; laudable. [Obs.] Hacket. 2. Proper to be, or capable of being, allowed; permissible; admissible; not forbidden; not unlawful or improper; as, a certain degree of freedom is allowable among friends. Al�low�a�ble�ness, n. The quality of being allowable; permissibleness; lawfulness; exemption from prohibition or impropriety. South. Al�low�a�bly, adv. In an allowable manner. Al�low�ance (?), n. [OF. alouance.] 1. Approval; approbation. [Obs.] Crabbe. 2. The act of allowing, granting, conceding, or admitting; authorization; permission; sanction; tolerance. Without the king's will or the state's allowance. Shak. 3. Acknowledgment. The censure of the which one must in your allowance o'erweigh a whole theater of others. Shak. 4. License; indulgence. [Obs.] Locke. 5. That which is allowed; a share or portion allotted or granted; a sum granted as a reimbursement, a bounty, or as appropriate for any purpose; a stated quantity, as of food or drink; hence, a limited quantity of meat and drink, when provisions fall short. I can give the boy a handsome allowance. Thackeray. 6. Abatement; deduction; the taking into account of mitigating circumstances; as, to make allowance for the inexperience of youth. After making the largest allowance for fraud. Macaulay. 7. (com.) A customary deduction from the gross weight of goods, different in different countries, such as tare and tret. Al�low�ance, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Allowancing (?).] [See Allowance, n.] To put upon a fixed ~ (esp. of provisions and drink); to supply in a fixed and limited quantity; as, the captain was obliged to allowance his crew; our provisions were allowanced. Al�low�ed�ly (?)(?) adv. By allowance; admittedly. Shenstone. Al�low�er (?), n. 1. An approver or abettor. [Obs.] 2. One who allows or permits. Al�lox�an (?), n. [Allantoin + oxalic, as containing the elements of allantion and oxalic acid.] (Chem.) An oxidation product of uric acid. It is of a pale reddish color, readily soluble in water or alcohol. Al�lox�a�nate (?), n. (Chem.) A combination of alloxanic acid and a base or base or positive radical. Al�lox�an�ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to alloxan; � applied to an acid obtained by the action of soluble alkalies on alloxan. Al�lox�an�tin (?), n. (Chem.) A substance produced by acting upon uric with warm and very dilute nitric acid. Al�loy� , n. [OE. alai, OF. alei, F. aloyer, to alloy, alier to ally. See Alloy, v. t.] 1. Any combination or compound of metals fused together; a mixture of metals; for example, brass, which is an alloy of copper and zinc. But when mercury is one of the metals, the compound is called an amalgam. 2. The quality, or comparative purity, of gold or silver; fineness. 3. A baser metal mixed with a finer. Fine silver is silver without the mixture of any baser metal. Alloy is baser metal mixed with it. Locke. 4. Admixture of anything which lessens the value or detracts from; as, no happiness is without alloy. �Pure English without Latin alloy.� F. Harrison. Al�loy�, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alloyed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Alloying.] [ F. aloyer, OF. alier, allier, later allayer, fr. L. aligare. See Alloy, n., Ally, v. t., and cf. Allay.] 1. To reduce the purity of by mixing with a less valuable substance; as, to alloy gold with silver or copper, or silver with copper. 2. To mix, as metals, so as to form a compound. 3. To abate, impair, or debase by mixture; to allay; as, to alloy pleasure with misfortunes. Al�loy�, v. t. To form a metallic compound. Gold and iron alloy with ease. Ure. Al�loy�age (?), n. [F. aloyage.] The act or art of alloying metals; also, the combination or alloy. All��pos�sessed� (?), a. Controlled by an evil spirit or by evil passions; wild. [Colloq.] { All� Saints� (?), All� Saints' (?), } The first day of November, called, also, Allhallows or Hallowmas; a feast day kept in honor of all the saints; also, the season of this festival. All� Souls' Day� (?). The second day of November; a feast day of the Roman Catholic church., on which supplications are made for the souls of the faithful dead. All�spice� (?), n. The berry of the pimento (Eugenia pimenta), a tree of the West Indies; a spice of a mildly pungent taste, and agreeably aromatic; Jamaica pepper; pimento. It has been supposed to combine the flavor of cinnamon, nutmegs, and cloves; and hence the name. The name is also given to other aromatic shrubs; as, the Carolina allspice (Calycanthus floridus); wild allspice (Lindera benzoin), called also spicebush, spicewood, and feverbush. All�thing� (?), adv. [For in all (= every) thing.] Altogether. [Obs.] Shak. Al�lude� (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Alluded; p. pr. & vb. n. Alluding.] [L. alludere to play with, to allude; ad + ludere to play.] To refer to something indirectly or by suggestion; to have reference to a subject not specifically and plainly mentioned; � followed by to; as, the story alludes to a recent transaction. These speeches... do seem to allude unto such ministerial garments as were then in use. Hooker. Syn. - To refer; point; indicate; hint; suggest; intimate; signify; insinuate; advert. See Refer. Al�lude�, v. t. To compare allusively; to refer (something) as applicable. [Obs.] Wither. � Al�lu�mette (?), n. [F., from allumer to light.] A match for lighting candles, lamps, etc. Al�lu�mi�nor (?), n. [OF. alumineor, fr. L. ad + liminare. See Luminate.] An illuminator of manuscripts and books; a limner. [Obs.] Cowell. Al�lur�ance (?), n. Allurement. [R.] Al�lure� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alluded (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Alluring.] [OF. aleurrer, alurer, fr. a (L. ad) + leurre lure. See Lure.] To attempt to draw; to tempt by a lure or bait, that is, by the offer of some good, real or apparent; to invite by something flattering or acceptable; to entice; to attract. With promised joys allured them on. Falconer. The golden sun in splendor likest Heaven Allured his eye. Milton. Syn. - To attract; entice; tempt; decoy; seduce. � To Allure, Entice, Decoy, Seduce. These words agree in the idea of acting upon the mind by some strong controlling influence, and differ according to the image under which is presented. They are all used in a bad sense, except allure, which has sometimes (though rarely) a good one. We are allured by the prospect or offer (usually deceptive) of some future good. We are commonly enticed into evil by appeals to our passions. We are decoyed into danger by false appearances or representations. We are seduced when drawn aside from the path of rectitude. What allures draws by gentle means; what entices leads us by promises and persuasions; what decoys betrays us, as it were, into a snare or net; what seduces deceives us by artful appeals to the passions. Al�lure�, n. Allurement. [R.] Hayward. � Al�lure� (?), n. [F.; aller to go.] Gait; bearing. The swing, the gait, the pose, the allure of these men. Harper's Mag. Al�lure�ment (?), n. 1. The act alluring; temptation; enticement. Though Adam by his wife's allurement fell. Milton. 2. That which allures; any real or apparent good held forth, or operating, as a motive to action; as, the allurements of pleasure, or of honor. Al�lur�er (?), n. One who, or that which, allures. Al�lur�ing, a. That allures; attracting; charming; tempting. � Al�lur�ing�ly, adv. � Al�lur�ing�ness, n. Al�lu�sion (?), n. [L. allusio, fr. alludere to allude: cf. F. allusion.] 1. A figurative or symbolical reference. [Obs.] 2. A reference to something supposed to be known, but not explicitly mentioned; a covert indication; indirect reference; a hint. Al�lu�sive (?), a. 1. Figurative; symbolical. 2. Having reference to something not fully expressed; containing an allusion. Al�lu�sive�ly, adv. Figuratively [Obs.]; by way of allusion; by implication, suggestion, or insinuation. Al�lu�sive�ness, n. The quality of being allusive. Al�lu�so�ry (?), a. Allusive. [R.] Warburton. Al�lu�vi�al (?), a. [Cf. F. alluvial. See Alluvion.] Pertaining to, contained in, or composed of, alluvium; relating to the deposits made by flowing water; washed away from one place and deposited in another; as, alluvial soil, mud, accumulations, deposits. Al�lu�vi�on (?), n. [F. alluvion, L. alluvio, fr. alluere to wash against; ad + luere, equiv. to lavare, to wash. See Lave.] 1. Wash or flow of water against the shore or bank. 2. An overflowing; an inundation; a flood. Lyell. 3. Matter deposited by an inundation or the action of flowing water; alluvium. The golden alluvions are there [in California and Australia] spread over a far wider space: they are found not only on the banks of rivers, and in their beds, but are scattered over the surface of vast plains. R. Cobden. 4. (Law) An accession of land gradually washed to the shore or bank by the flowing of water. See Accretion.] Al�lu�vi�ous (?), n. [L. alluvius. See Alluvion.] Alluvial. [R.] Johnson. Al�lu�vi�um (?), n.; pl. E. Alluviums, L. Alluvia (?). [L., neut. of alluvius. See Alluvious.] (Geol.) Deposits of earth, sand, gravel, and other transported matter, made by rivers, floods, or other causes, upon land not permanently submerged beneath the waters of lakes or seas. Lyell. All�where� (?), adv. Everywhere. [Archaic] All�work� (?), n. Domestic or other work of all kinds; as, a maid of allwork, that is, a general servant. Al�ly� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Allied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Allying.] [OE. alien, OF. alier, F. alier, fr. L. alligare to bind to; ad + ligare to bind. Cf. Alligate, Alloy, Allay, Ligament.] 1. To unite, or form a connection between, as between families by marriage, or between princes and states by treaty, league, or confederacy; � often followed by to or with. O chief! in blood, and now in arms allied. Pope. 2. To connect or form a relation between by similitude, resemblance, friendship, or love. These three did love each other dearly well, And with so firm affection were allied. Spenser. The virtue nearest to our vice allied. Pope. � Ally is generally used in the passive form or reflexively. Al�ly� (?), n.; pl. Allies (?). [See Ally, v.] 1. A relative; a kinsman. [Obs.] Shak. 2. One united to another by treaty or league; � usually applied to sovereigns or states; a confederate. The English soldiers and their French allies. Macaulay. 3. Anything associated with another as a helper; an auxiliary. Science, instead of being the enemy of religion, becomes its ally. Buckle. 4. Anything akin to another by structure, etc. Al�ly (?), n. See Alley, a marble or taw. Al�lyl (?), n. [L. allium garlic + �yl.] (Chem.) An organic radical, C3H5, existing especially in oils of garlic and mustard. Al�ly�lene (?), n. (Chem.) A gaseous hydrocarbon, C3H4, homologous with acetylene; propine<--; propyne -->. Al�ma, Al�mah (?), n. Same as Alme. Al�ma�can�tar (?), n. (Astron.) (a) Same as Almucantar. (b) A recently invented instrument for observing the heavenly bodies as they cross a given almacantar circle. See Almucantar. { � Al�ma�di�a (?), � Al�ma�die (?), } n. [F. almadie (cf. Sp. & Pg. almadia), fr. Ar. alma'd�yah a raft, float.] (Naut.) (a) A bark canoe used by the Africans. (b) A boat used at Calicut, in India, about eighty feet long, and six or seven broad. Al�ma�gest (?), n. [F. almageste, LL. almageste, Ar. al�majist�, fr. Gr. ? (sc. ?), the greatest composition.] The celebrated work of Ptolemy of Alexandria, which contains nearly all that is known of the astronomical observations and theories of the ancients. The name was extended to other similar works. � Al�ma�gra (?), n. [Sp. almagra, almagre, fr. Ar. al�maghrah red clay or earth.] A fine, deep red ocher, somewhat purplish, found in Spain. It is the sil atticum of the ancients. Under the name of Indian red it is used for polishing glass and silver. { Al�main (?), Al�mayne (?), Al�man (?), } n. [OF. Aleman, F. Allemand, fr. L. Alemanni, ancient Ger. tribes.] [Obs.] 1. A German. Also adj., German. Shak. 2. The German language. J. Foxe. 3. A kind of dance. See Allemande. Almain rivets, Almayne rivets, or Alman rivets, a sort of light armor from Germany, characterized by overlapping plates, arranged to slide on rivets, and thus afford great flexibility. � Al�ma Ma�ter (?). [L., fostering mother.] A college or seminary where one is educated. Al�ma�nac (?; 277), n. [LL. almanac, almanach: cf. F. almanach, Sp. almanaque, It. almanacco, all of uncertain origin.] A book or table, containing a calendar of days, and months, to which astronomical data and various statistics are often added, such as the times of the rising and setting of the sun and moon, eclipses, hours of full tide, stated festivals of churches, terms of courts, etc. Nautical almanac, an almanac, or year book, containing astronomical calculations (lunar, stellar, etc.), and other information useful to mariners. <-- P. 43 --> Al�man�dine (?), n. [LL. almandina, alamandina, for L. alabandina a precious stone, named after Alabanda, a town in Caria, where it was first and chiefly found: cf. F. almandine.] (Min.) The common red variety of garnet. { � Al�me, � Al�meh } (?), n. [Ar. 'almah (fem.) learned, fr. 'alama to know: cf. F. alm�e.] An Egyptian dancing girl; an Alma. The Almehs lift their arms in dance. Bayard Taylor. � Al�men�dron� (?), n. [Sp., fr. almendra almond.] The lofty Brazil�nut tree. Al�mer�y (?), n. See Ambry. [Obs.] Alm�esse (?), n. See Alms. [Obs.] { Al�might�ful (?), Al�might�i�ful (?), } a. All�powerful; almighty. [Obs.] Udall. Al�might�i�ly, adv. With almighty power. Al�might�i�ness, n. Omnipotence; infinite or boundless power; unlimited might. Jer. Taylor. Al�might�y (?), a. [AS. ealmihtig, �lmihtig; eal (OE. al) ail + mihtig mighty.] 1. Unlimited in might; omnipotent; all�powerful; irresistible. I am the Almighty God. Gen. xvii. 1. 2. Great; extreme; terrible. [Slang] Poor Aroar can not live, and can not die, � so that he is in an almighty fix. De Quincey. The Almighty, the omnipotent God. Rev. i. 8. Alm�ner (?), n. An almoner. [Obs.] Spenser. Alm�ond (?), n. [OE. almande, almaunde, alemaunde, F. amande, L. amygdala, fr. Gr. ?: cf. Sp. almendra. Cf. Amygdalate.] 1. The fruit of the almond tree. � The different kinds, as bitter, sweet, thin�shelled, thick�shelled almonds, and Jordan almonds, are the products of different varieties of the one species, Amygdalus communis, a native of the Mediterranean region and western Asia. 2. The tree bears the fruit; almond tree. 3. Anything shaped like an almond. Specifically: (Anat.) One of the tonsils. Almond oil, fixed oil expressed from sweet or bitter almonds. � Oil of bitter almonds, a poisonous volatile oil obtained from bitter almonds by maceration and distillation; benzoic aldehyde. � Imitation oil of bitter almonds, nitrobenzene. � Almond tree (Bot.), the tree bearing the almond. � Almond willow (Bot.), a willow which has leaves that are of a light green on both sides; almond�leaved willow (Salix amygdalina). Shenstone. Al�mond fur�nace (?). [Prob. a corruption of Almain furnace, i. e., German furnace. See Almain.] A kind of furnace used in refining, to separate the metal from cinders and other foreign matter. Chambers. Al�mon�dine (?), n. See Almandine Al�mon�er (?), n. [OE. aumener, aulmener, OF. almosnier, aumosnier, F. aum�nier, fr. OF. almosne, alms, L. eleemosyna. See Alms.] One who distributes alms, esp. the doles and alms of religious houses, almshouses, etc.; also, one who dispenses alms for another, as the almoner of a prince, bishop, etc. Al�mon�er�ship, n. The office of an almoner. Al�mon�ry (?), n.; pl. Almonries (?). [OF. aumosnerie, F. aum�nerie, fr. OF. aumosnier. See Almoner.] The place where an almoner resides, or where alms are distributed. Al�mose (?), n. Alms. [Obs.] Cheke. Al�most (?), adv. [AS. ealm�st, �lm�st, quite the most, almost all; eal (OE. al) all + m?st most.] Nearly; well nigh; all but; for the greatest part. Almost thou persuadest me to be a Christian. Acts xxvi. 28. Almost never, scarcely ever. � Almost nothing, scarcely anything. Alm�ry (?), n. See Almonry. [Obs.] Alms (?), n. sing. & pl. [OE. almes, almesse, AS. �lmysse, fr. L. eleemosyna, Gr. ? mercy, charity, alms, fr. ? to pity. Cf. Almonry, Eleemosynary.] Anything given gratuitously to relieve the poor, as money, food, or clothing; a gift of charity. A devout man... which gave much alms to the people. Acts x. 2. Alms are but the vehicles of prayer. Dryden. Tenure by free alms. See Frankalmoign. Blackstone. � This word alms is singular in its form (almesse), and is sometimes so used; as, �asked am alms.� Acts iii. 3.�Received an alms.� Shak. It is now, however, commonly a collective or plural noun. It is much used in composition, as almsgiver, almsgiving, alms bag, alms chest, etc. Alms�deed� (?), n. An act of charity. Acts ix. 36. Alms�folk� (?), n. Persons supported by alms; almsmen. [Archaic] Holinshed. Alms�giv�er (?), n. A giver of alms. Alms�giv�ing (?), n. The giving of alms. Alms�house� (?), n. A house appropriated for the use of the poor; a poorhouse. Alms�man (?), n.; fem. Almswoman. 1. A recipient of alms. Shak. 2. A giver of alms. [R.] Halliwell. Al�mu�can�tar (?), n. [F. almucantarat, almicantarat, ultimately fr. Ar. al�muqantar�t, pl., fr. qantara to bend, arch.] (Astron.) A small circle of the sphere parallel to the horizon; a circle or parallel of altitude. Two stars which have the same almucantar have the same altitude. See Almacantar. [Archaic] Almucanter staff, an ancient instrument, having an arc of fifteen degrees, formerly used at sea to take observations of the sun's amplitude at the time of its rising or setting, to find the variation of the compass. Al�muce (?), n. Same as Amice, a hood or cape. � Al�mude� (?), n. [Pg. almude, or Sp. almud, a measure of grain or dry fruit, fr. Ar. al�mudd a dry measure.] A measure for liquids in several countries. In Portugal the Lisbon almude is about 4.4, and the Oporto almude about 6.6, gallons U. S. measure. In Turkey the �almud� is about 1.4 gallons. { Al�mug (?), Al�gum (?), } n. [Heb., perh. borrowed fr. Skr. valguka sandalwood.] (Script.) A tree or wood of the Bible (2 Chron. ii. 8; 1 K. x. ??). � Most writers at the present day follow Celsius, who takes it to be the red sandalwood of China and the Indian Archipelago. W. Smith. Al�nage (?), n., [OF. alnage, aulnage, F. aunage, fr. OF. alne ell, of Ger. origin: cf. OHG. elina, Goth. aleina, cubit. See Ell.] (O. Eng. Law) Measurement (of cloth) by the ell; also, a duty for such measurement. Al�na�ger (?), n. [See Alnage.] A measure by the ell; formerly a sworn officer in England, whose duty was to inspect act measure woolen cloth, and fix upon it a seal. Al�oe (?), n.; pl. Aloes (?). [L. alo�, Gr. ?, aloe: cf. OF. aloe, F. alo�s.] 1. pl. The wood of the agalloch. [Obs.] Wyclif. 2. (Bot.) A genus of succulent plants, some classed as trees, others as shrubs, but the greater number having the habit and appearance of evergreen herbaceous plants; from some of which are prepared articles for medicine and the arts. They are natives of warm countries. 3. pl. (Med.) The inspissated juice of several species of aloe, used as a purgative. [Plural in form but syntactically singular.] American aloe, Century aloe, the agave. See Agave. Al�oes wood� (?). See Agalloch. Al�o�et�ic (?), a. [Cf. F. alo�tique.] Consisting chiefly of aloes; of the nature of aloes. Al�o�et�ic, n. A medicine containing chiefly aloes. A�loft� (?; 115), adv. [Pref. a� + loft, which properly meant air. See Loft.] 1. On high; in the air; high above the ground. �He steers his flight aloft.� Milton. 2. (Naut.) In the top; at the mast head, or on the higher yards or rigging; overhead; hence (Fig. and Colloq.), in or to heaven. A�loft�, prep. Above; on top of. [Obs.] Fresh waters run aloft the sea. Holland. A�lo�gi�an (?), n. [LL. Alogiani, Alogii, fr. Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? word.] (Eccl.) One of an ancient sect who rejected St. John's Gospel and the Apocalypse, which speak of Christ as the Logos. Shipley. Al�o�gy (?), n. [L. alogia, Gr. ?, fr. ? priv. + ? reason.] Unreasonableness; absurdity. [Obs.] Al�o�in (?), n. (Chem.) A bitter purgative principle in aloes. Al�o�man�cy (?), n. [Gr. ?, salt + �mancy: cf. F. alomancie, halomancie.] Divination by means of salt. [Spelt also halomancy.] Morin. A�lone� (?), a. [All + one. OE. al one all allone, AS. �n one, alone. See All, One, Lone.] 1. Quite by one's self; apart from, or exclusive of, others; single; solitary; � applied to a person or thing. Alone on a wide, wide sea. Coleridge. It is not good that the man should be alone. Gen. ii. 18. 2. Of or by itself; by themselves; without any thing more or any one else; without a sharer; only. Man shall not live by bread alone. Luke iv. 4. The citizens alone should be at the expense. Franklin. 3. Sole; only; exclusive. [R.] God, by whose alone power and conversation we all live, and move, and have our being. Bentley. 4. Hence; Unique; rare; matchless. Shak. � The adjective alone commonly follows its noun. To let or leave alone, to abstain from interfering with or molesting; to suffer to remain in its present state. A�lone�, adv. Solely; simply; exclusively. A�lone�ly, adv. Only; merely; singly. [Obs.] This said spirit was not given alonely unto him, but unto all his heirs and posterity. Latimer. A�lone�ly, a. Exclusive. [Obs.] Fabyan. A�lone�ness, n. A state of being alone, or without company; solitariness. [R.] Bp. Montagu. A�long� (?; 115), adv. [OE. along, anlong, AS. andlang, along; pref. and� (akin to OFris. ond�, OHG. ant�, Ger. ent�, Goth. and�, anda�, L. ante, Gr. ?, Skr. anti, over against) + lang long. See Long.] 1. By the length; in a line with the length; lengthwise. Some laid along... on spokes of wheels are hung. Dryden. 2. In a line, or with a progressive motion; onward; forward. We will go along by the king's highway. Numb. xxi. 22. He struck with his o'ertaking wings, And chased us south along. Coleridge. 3. In company; together. He to England shall along with you. Shak. All along, all trough the course of; during the whole time; throughout. �I have all along declared this to be a neutral paper.� Addison. � To get along, to get on; to make progress, as in business. �She 'll get along in heaven better than you or I.� Mrs. Stowe. A�long�, prep. By the length of, as distinguished from across. �Along the lowly lands.� Dryden. The kine... went along the highway. 1 Sam. vi. 12. A�long�. [AS. gelang owing to.] (Now heard only in the prep. phrase along of.) Along of, Along on, often shortened to Long of, prep. phr., owing to; on account of. [Obs. or Low. Eng.] �On me is not along thin evil fare.� Chaucer. �And all this is long of you.� Shak. �This increase of price is all along of the foreigners.� London Punch. A�long�shore� (?), adv. Along the shore or coast. A�long�shore�man (?), n. See Longshoreman. A�long�side� (?), adv. Along or by the side; side by side with; � often with of; as, bring the boat alongside; alongside of him; alongside of the tree. A�longst� (?; 115), prep. & adv. [Formed fr. along, like amongst fr. among.] Along. [Obs.] A�loof� (?), n. (Zo�l.) Same as Alewife. A�loof�, adv. [Pref. a� + loof, fr. D. loef luff, and so meaning, as a nautical word, to the windward. See Loof, Luff.] 1. At or from a distance, but within view, or at a small distance; apart; away. Our palace stood aloof from streets. Dryden. 2. Without sympathy; unfavorably. To make the Bible as from the hand of God, and then to look at it aloof and with caution, is the worst of all impieties. I. Taylor. A�loof� (?), prep. Away from; clear from. [Obs.] Rivetus... would fain work himself aloof these rocks and quicksands. Milton. A�loof�ness, n. State of being aloof. Rogers (1642). The... aloofness of his dim forest life. Thoreau. { � Al�o�pe�ci�a (?), A�lop�e�cy (?), } n. [L. alopecia, Gr. ?, fr. ? fox, because loss of the hair is common among foxes.] (med.) Loss of the hair; baldness. A�lop�e�cist (?), n. A practitioner who tries to prevent or cure baldness. A�lose� (?), v. t. [OE. aloser.] To praise. [Obs.] A�lose (?), n. [F., fr. L. alosa or alausa.] (Zo�l.) The European shad (Clupea alosa); � called also allice shad or allis shad. The name is sometimes applied to the American shad (Clupea sapidissima). See Shad. � Al�ou�atte� (?), n. [Of uncertain origin.] (Zo�l.) One of the several species of howling monkeys of South America. See Howler, 2. A�loud� (?), adv. [Pref. a� + loud.] With a loud voice, or great noise; loudly; audibly. Cry aloud, spare not, lift up thy voice. Isa. lviii. 1. A�low� (?), adv. [Pref. a� + low.] Below; in a lower part. �Aloft, and then alow.� Dryden. Alp (?), n. [L. Alpes the Alps, said to be of Celtic origin; cf. Gael. alp a high mountain, Ir. ailp any huge mass or lump: cf. F. Alpes.] 1. A very high mountain. Specifically, in the plural, the highest chain of mountains in Europe, containing the lofty mountains of Switzerland, etc. Nor breath of vernal air from snowy alp. Milton. Hills peep o'er hills, and alps on alps arise. Pope. 2. Fig.: Something lofty, or massive, or very hard to be surmounted. � The plural form Alps is sometimes used as a singular. �The Alps doth spit.� Shak. Alp, n. A bullfinch. Rom. of R. Al�pac�a (?), n. [Sp. alpaca, fr. the original Peruvian name of the animal. Cf. Paco.] 1. (Zo�l.) An animal of Peru (Lama paco), having long, fine, wooly hair, supposed by some to be a domesticated variety of the llama. 2. Wool of the alpaca. 3. A thin kind of cloth made of the wooly hair of the alpaca, often mixed with silk or with cotton. Al�pen (?), a. Of or pertaining to the Alps. [R.] �The Alpen snow.� J. Fletcher. � Al�pen�stock� (?), n. [G.; Alp, gen. pl. Alpen + stock stick.] A long staff, pointed with iron, used in climbing the Alps. Cheever. Al�pes�trine (?), a. [L. Alpestris.] Pertaining to the Alps, or other high mountains; as, Alpestrine diseases, etc. Al�pha (?), n. [L. alpha, Gr. ?, from Heb. �leph, name of the first letter in the alphabet, also meaning ox.] The first letter in the Greek alphabet, answering to A, and hence used to denote the beginning. In am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end, the first and the last. Rev. xxii. 13. Formerly used also denote the chief; as, Plato was the alpha of the wits. � In cataloguing stars, the brightest star of a constellation in designated by Alpha (?); as, ? Lyr�. Al�pha�bet (?), n. [L. alphabetum, fr. Gr. ? + ?, the first two Greek letters; Heb. �leph and beth: cf. F. alphabet.] 1. The letters of a language arranged in the customary order; the series of letters or signs which form the elements of written language. 2. The simplest rudiments; elements. The very alphabet of our law. Macaulay. Deaf and dumb alphabet. See Dactylology. Al�pha�bet, v. t. To designate by the letters of the alphabet; to arrange alphabetically. [R.] Al�pha�bet�a�ri�an (?), n. A learner of the alphabet; an abecedarian. Abp. Sancroft. { Al�pha�bet�ic (?), Al�pha�bet�ic�al (?), } a. [Cf. F. alphab�tique.] 1. Pertaining to, furnished with, expressed by, or in the order of, the letters of the alphabet; as, alphabetic characters, writing, languages, arrangement. 2. Literal. [Obs.] �Alphabetical servility.� Milton. Al�pha�bet�ic�al�ly, adv. In an alphabetic manner; in the customary order of the letters. Al�pha�bet�ics (?), n. The science of representing spoken sounds by letters. Al�pha�bet�ism (?), n. The expression of spoken sounds by an alphabet. Encyc. Brit. Al�pha�bet�ize (?), v. t. 1. To arrange alphabetically; as, to alphabetize a list of words. 2. To furnish with an alphabet. Al�phen�ic (?), n. [F. alf�nic, alph�nic, Sp. alfe?ique, Ar. al�f�n�d sweetness, sugar, fr. Per. f�n�d, p�n�d, sugar, cheese preserved in sugar.] (Med.) The crystallized juice of the sugarcane; sugar candy. Al�phit�o�man�cy (?), n. [Gr. ? barley meal + �mancy: cf. F. alphitomancie.] Divination by means of barley meal. Knowles. <-- p. 44 --> Al�phon�sine (?), a. Of or relating to Alphonso X., the Wise, King of Castile (1252�1284). Alphonsine tables, astronomical tables prepared under the patronage of Alphonso the Wise. Whewell. Al�pi�gene (?), a. [L. Alpes Alps + �gen.] Growing in Alpine regions. Al�pine (?), a. [L. Alpinus, fr. Alpes the Alps: cf. F. Alpin.] 1. Of or pertaining to the Alps, or to any lofty mountain; as, Alpine snows; Alpine plants. 2. Like the Alps; lofty. �Gazing up an Alpine height.� Tennyson. Al�pin�ist (?), n. A climber of the Alps. { Al�pist (?), Al�pi�a (?), } n. [F.: cf. Sp. & Pg. alpiste.] The seed of canary grass (Phalaris Canariensis), used for feeding cage birds. � Al�qui�fou (?), n. [Equiv. to arquifoux, F. alquifoux, Sp. alquif�l, fr. the same Arabic word as alcohol. See Alcohol.] A lead ore found in Cornwall, England, and used by potters to give a green glaze to their wares; potter's ore. Al�read�y (?), adv. [All (OE. al) + ready.] Prior to some specified time, either past, present, or future; by this time; previously. �Joseph was in Egypt already.� Exod. i. 5. I say unto you, that Elias is come already. Matt. xvii. 12. � It has reference to past time, but may be used for a future past; as, when you shall arrive, the business will be already completed, or will have been already completed. Als (?), adv. 1. Also. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. As. [Obs.] Chaucer. Al�sa�tian (?), a. Pertaining to Alsatia. Al�sa�tian, n. An inhabitant of Alsatia or Alsace in Germany, or of Alsatia or White Friars (a resort of debtors and criminals) in London. � Al� se�gno (?). [It., to the mark or sign.] (Mus.) A direction for the performer to return and recommence from the sign ?. Al�sike (?), n. [From Alsike, in Sweden.] A species of clover with pinkish or white flowers; Trifolium hybridum. Al�so (?), adv. & conj. [All + so. OE. al so, AS. ealsw�, alsw?, �lsw�; eal, al, �l, all + sw� so. See All, So, As.] 1. In like manner; likewise. [Obs.] 2. In addition; besides; as well; further; too. Lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven... for where your treasure is, there will your heart be also. Matt. vi. 20. 3. Even as; as; so. [Obs.] Chaucer. Syn. - Also, Likewise, Too. These words are used by way of transition, in leaving one thought and passing to another. Also is the widest term. It denotes that what follows is all so, or entirely like that which preceded, or may be affirmed with the same truth; as, �If you were there, I was there also;� �If our situation has some discomforts, it has also many sources of enjoyment.� Too is simply less formal and pointed than also; it marks the transition with a lighter touch; as, �I was there too;� �a courtier yet a patriot too.� Pope. Likewise denotes literally �in like manner,� and hence has been thought by some to be more specific than also. �It implies,� says Whately, �some connection or agreement between the words it unites. We may say, ? He is a poet, and likewise a musician; 'but we should not say, ? He is a prince, and likewise a musician, because there is no natural connection between these qualities.� This distinction, however, is often disregarded. Alt (?), a. & n. [See Alto.] (Mus.) The higher part of the scale. See Alto. To be in ~, to be in an exalted state of mind. Al�ta�ian (?), Al�ta�ic (?), a. [Cf. F. alta�que.] Of or pertaining to the Altai, a mountain chain in Central Asia. Al�tar (?), n. [OE. alter, auter, autier, fr. L. altare, pl. altaria, ~, prob. fr. altus high: cf. OF. alter, autier, F. autel. Cf. Altitude.] 1. A raised structure (as a square or oblong erection of stone or wood) on which sacrifices are offered or incense burned to a deity. Noah builded an altar unto the Lord. Gen. viii. 20. 2. In the Christian church, a construction of stone, wood, or other material for the celebration of the Holy Eucharist; the communion table. � Altar is much used adjectively, or as the first part of a compound; as, altar bread or altar�bread. � cloth or ��cloth, the cover for an ~ in a Christian church, usually richly embroidered. � � cushion, a cushion laid upon the ~ in a Christian church to support the service book. � � frontal. See Frontal. � � rail, the railing in front of the ~ or communion table. � � screen, a wall or partition built behind an ~ to protect it from approach in the rear. � � tomb, a tomb resembling an ~ in shape, etc. � Family ~, place of family devotions. � To ?ead (as a bride) to the ~, to marry; � said of a woman. Al�tar�age (?), n. [Cf. OF. auterage, autelage.] 1. The offerings made upon the altar, or to a church. 2. The profit which accrues to the priest, by reason of the altar, from the small tithes. Shipley. Al�tar�ist (?), n. [Cf. LL. altarista, F. altariste.] (Old Law) (a) A chaplain. (b) A vicar of a church. Al�tar�piece� (?), n. The painting or piece of sculpture above and behind the altar; reredos. Al�tar�wise� (?), adv. In the proper position of an altar, that is, at the east of a church with its ends towards the north and south. Shipley. Alt�az�i�muth (?), n. [Alltude + azimuth.] (Astron.) An instrument for taking azimuths and altitudes simultaneously. Al�ter (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Altered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Altering.] [F. alt�rer, LL. alterare, fr. L. alter other, alius other. Cf. Else, Other.] 1. To make otherwise; to change in some respect, either partially or wholly; to vary; to modify. �To alter the king's course.� �To alter the condition of a man.� �No power in Venice can alter a decree.� Shak. It gilds all objects, but it alters none. Pope. My covenant will I not break, nor alter the thing that is gone out of my lips. Ps. lxxxix. 34. 2. To agitate; to affect mentally. [Obs.] Milton. 3. To geld. [Colloq.] Syn. - Change, Alter. Change is generic and the stronger term. It may express a loss of identity, or the substitution of one thing in place of another; alter commonly expresses a partial change, or a change in form or details without destroying identity. Al�ter, v. i. To become, in some respects, different; to vary; to change; as, the weather alters almost daily; rocks or minerals alter by exposure. �The law of the Medes and Persians, which altereth not.� Dan. vi. 8. Al�ter�a�bil�i�ty (?), n. [Cf. F. alt�rabilit�.] The quality of being alterable; alterableness. Al�ter�a�ble (?), a. [Cf. F. alt�rable.] Capable of being altered. Our condition in this world is mutable and uncertain, alterable by a thousand accidents. Rogers. Al�ter�a�ble�ness, n. The quality of being alterable; variableness; alterability. Al�ter�a�bly, adv. In an alterable manner. Al�ter�ant (?), a. [LL. alterans, p. pr.: cf. F. alt�rant.] Altering; gradually changing. Bacon. Al�ter�ant, n. An alterative. [R.] Chambers. Al�ter�a�tion (?), n. [Cf. F. alt�ration.] 1. The act of altering or making different. Alteration, though it be from worse to better, hath in it incoveniences. Hooker. 2. The state of being altered; a change made in the form or nature of a thing; changed condition. Ere long might perceive Strange alteration in me. Milton. Appius Claudius admitted to the senate the sons of those who had been slaves; by which, and succeeding alterations, that council degenerated into a most corrupt. Swift. Al�ter�a�tive (?), a. [L. alterativus: cf. F. alt�ratif.] Causing alteration. Specifically: (Med.) Gradually changing, or tending to change, a morbid state of the functions into one of health. Burton. Al�ter�a�tive, n. A medicine or treatment which gradually induces a change, and restores healthy functions without sensible evacuations. Al�ter�cate (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Altercated; p. pr. & vb. n. Altercating.] [L. altercatus, p. p. of altercare, altercari, fr. alter another. See Alter.] The contend in words; to dispute with zeal, heat, or anger; to wrangle. Al�ter�ca�tion (?; 277), n. [F. altercation, fr. L. altercatio.] Warm contention in words; dispute carried on with heat or anger; controversy; wrangle; wordy contest. �Stormy altercations.� Macaulay. Syn. - Altercation, Dispute, Wrangle. The term dispute is in most cases, but not necessarily, applied to a verbal contest; as, a dispute on the lawfulness of war. An altercation is an angry dispute between two parties, involving an interchange of severe language. A wrangle is a confused and noisy altercation. Their whole life was little else than a perpetual wrangling and altercation. Hakewill. Al�ter�ca�tive (?), a. Characterized by wrangling; scolding. [R.] Fielding. Al�ter�i�ty (?), n. [F. alt�rit�.] The state or quality of being other; a being otherwise. [R.] For outness is but the feeling of otherness (alterity) rendered intuitive, or alterity visually represented. Coleridge. Al�tern (?), a. [L. alternus, fr. alter another: cf. F. alterne.] Acting by turns; alternate. Milton. � base (Trig.), a second side made base, in distinction a side previously regarded as base. Al�ter�na�cy (?), n. Alternateness; alternation. [R.] Mitford. Al�ter�nant (?), a. [L. alternans, p. pr.: cf. F. alternant. See Alternate, v. t.] (Geol.) Composed of alternate layers, as some rocks. Al�ter�nate (?; 277), a. [L. alternatus, p. p. of alternate, fr. alternus. See Altern, Alter.] 1. Being or succeeding by turns; one following the other in succession of time or place; by turns first one and then the other; hence, reciprocal. And bid alternate passions fall and rise. Pope. 2. Designating the members in a series, which regularly intervene between the members of another series, as the odd or even numbers of the numerals; every other; every second; as, the alternate members 1, 3, 5, 7, etc.; read every alternate line. 3. (Bot.) Distributed, as leaves, singly at different heights of the stem, and at equal intervals as respects angular divergence. Gray. � alligation. See Alligation. � � angles (Geom.), the internal and angles made by two lines with a third, on opposite sides of it. It the parallels AB, CD, are cut by the line EF, the angles AGH, GHD, as also the angles BGH and GHC, are called alternate angles. � � generation. (Biol.) See under Generation. Al�ter�nate (?; 277), n. 1. That which alternates with something else; vicissitude. [R.] Grateful alternates of substantial. Prior. 2. A substitute; one designated to take the place of another, if necessary, in performing some duty. 3. (Math.) A proportion derived from another proportion by interchanging the means. Al�ter�nate (?; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Alternated; p. pr. & vb. n. Alternating.] [L. alternatus, p. p. of alternare. See Altern.] To perform by turns, or in succession; to cause to succeed by turns; to interchange regularly. The most high God, in all things appertaining unto this life, for sundry wise ends alternates the disposition of good and evil. Grew. Al�ter�nate, v. i. 1. To happen, succeed, or act by turns; to follow reciprocally in place or time; � followed by with; as, the flood and ebb tides alternate with each other. Rage, shame, and grief alternate in his breast. J. Philips. Different species alternating with each other. Kirwan. 2. To vary by turns; as, the land alternates between rocky hills and sandy plains. Al�ter�nate�ly (?), adv. 1. In reciprocal succession; succeeding by turns; in alternate order. 2. (Math.) By alternation; when, in a proportion, the antecedent term is compared with antecedent, and consequent. Al�ter�nate�ness, n. The quality of being alternate, or of following by turns. Al�ter�na�tion (?), n. [L. alternatio: cf. F. alternation.] 1. The reciprocal succession of things in time or place; the act of following and being followed by turns; alternate succession, performance, or occurrence; as, the alternation of day and night, cold and heat, summer and winter, hope and fear. 2. (Math.) Permutation. 3. The response of the congregation speaking alternately with the minister. Mason. � of generation. See under Generation. Al�ter�na�tive (?), a. [Cf. F. alternatif.] 1. Offering a choice of two things. 2. Disjunctive; as, an alternative conjunction. 3. Alternate; reciprocal. [Obs.] Holland. Al�ter�na�tive, n. [Cf. F. alternative, LL. alternativa.] 1. An offer of two things, one of which may be chosen, but not both; a choice between two things, so that if one is taken, the other must be left. There is something else than the mere alternative of absolute destruction or unreformed existence. Burke. 2. Either of two things or propositions offered to one's choice. Thus when two things offer a choice of one only, the two things are called alternatives. Having to choose between two alternatives, safety and war, you obstinately prefer the worse. Jowett (Thucyd.). 3. The course of action or the thing offered in place of another. If this demand is refused the alternative is war. Lewis. With no alternative but death. Longfellow. 4. A choice between more than two things; one of several things offered to choose among. My decided preference is for the fourth and last of th?? alternatives. Gladstone. Al�ter�na�tive�ly, adv. In the manner of alternatives, or that admits the choice of one out of two things. Al�ter�na�tive�ness, n. The quality of being alternative, or of offering a choice between two. Al�ter�ni�ty (?), n. [LL. alternitas.] Succession by turns; alternation. [R.] Sir T. Browne. { � Al�th��a , � Al�the�a } (?), n. [L. althaea, Gr. ?.] (Bot.) (a) A genus of plants of the Mallow family. It includes the officinal marsh mallow, and the garden hollyhocks. (b) An ornamental shrub (Hibiscus Syriacus) of the Mallow family. Al�the�ine (?), n.�(Chem.) Asparagine. Al�tho� (?), conj. Altough. [Reformed spelling.] Alt�horn� (?), n. [Alt + horn.] (Mus.) An instrument of the saxhorn family, used exclusively in military music, often replacing the French horn. Grove. Al�though� (?), conj. [All + though; OE. al thagh.] Grant all this; be it that; supposing that; notwithstanding; though. Although all shall be offended, yet will no I. Mark xiv. 29. Syn. - Although, Though. Although, which originally was perhaps more emphatic than though, is now interchangeable with it in the sense given above. Euphonic consideration determines the choice. Al�til�o�quence (?), n. Lofty speech; pompous language. [R.] Bailey. Al�til�o�quent (?), a. [L. altus (adv. alte) high + loquens, p. pr. of loqui to speak.] High�sounding; pompous in speech. [R.] Bailey. Al�tim�e�ter (?), n. [LL. altimeter; altus high + metrum, Gr. ?, measure: cf. F. altim�tre.] An instrument for taking altitudes, as a quadrant, sextant, etc. Knight. Al�tim�e�try (?), n. [Cf. F. altim�trie.] The art of measuring altitudes, or heights. Al�tin�car (?), n. See Tincal. Al�ti�scope (?), n. [L. altus high + Gr. ? to view.] An arrangement of lenses and mirrors. <-- p. 45 --> which enables a person to see an object in spite of interning. Al�tis�o�nant (?), a. [L. altus high + ?onans, p. pr. of sonare to sound.] High�sounding; lofty or pompous. Skelton. Al�tis�o�nous (?), a. [L. altisonus.] Altisonant. � Al�tis�si�mo (?), n. [It.; superl. of alto.] (Mus.) The part or notes situated above F in alt. Al�ti�tude (?), n. [L. altitudo, fr. altus high. Cf. Altar, Haughty, Enhance.] 1. Space extended upward; height; the perpendicular elevation of an object above its foundation, above the ground, or above a given level, or of one object above another; as, the altitude of a mountain, or of a bird above the top of a tree. 2. (Astron.) The elevation of a point, or star, or other celestial object, above the horizon, measured by the arc of a vertical circle intercepted between such point and the horizon. It is either true or apparent; true when measured from the rational or real horizon, apparent when from the sensible or apparent horizon. 3. (Geom.) The perpendicular distance from the base of a figure to the summit, or to the side parallel to the base; as, the altitude of a triangle, pyramid, parallelogram, frustum, etc. 4. Height of degree; highest point or degree. He is [proud] even to the altitude of his virtue. Shak. 5. Height of rank or excellence; superiority. Swift. 6. pl. Elevation of spirits; heroics; haughty airs. [Colloq.] Richardson. The man of law began to get into his altitude. Sir W. Scott. Meridian ~, an arc of the meridian intercepted between the south point on the horizon and any point on the meridian. See Meridian, 3. Al�ti�tu�di�nal (?), a. Of or pertaining to height; as, altitudinal measurements. Al�ti�tu�di�na�ri�an (?), a. Lofty in doctrine, aims, etc. [R.] Coleridge. Al�tiv�o�lant (?), a. [L. altivolans. See Volant.] Flying high. [Obs.] Blount. Al�to (?), n.; pl. Altos (?). [It. alto high, fr. L. altus. Cf. Alt.] 1. (Mus.) Formerly the part sung by the highest male, or counter�tenor, voices; now the part sung by the lowest female, or contralto, voices, between in tenor and soprano. In instrumental music it now signifies the tenor. 2. An alto singer. � clef (Mus., the counter�tenor clef, or the C clef, placed so that the two strokes include the middle line of the staff. Moore. Al�to�geth�er (?), adv. [OE. altogedere; al all + togedere together. See Together.] 1. All together; conjointly. [Obs.] Altogether they wen? at once. Chaucer. 2. Without exception; wholly; completely. Every man at his best state is altogether vanity. Ps. xxxix. 5. Al�tom�e�ter (?), n. [L. altus high + �meter.] A theodolite. Knight. Al�to�re�lie�vo (?), n. Alto�rilievo. � Al�to�ri�lie�vo (?), n.; pl. Alto�rilievos (?). [It.] (Sculp.) High relief; sculptured work in which the figures project more than half their thickness; as, this figure is an alto�rilievo or in alto�rilievo. � When the figure stands only half out, it is called mezzo�rilievo, or medium relief; when its projection is less than one half, basso�rilievo, bas�relief, or low relief. Al�tri�cal (?), a. (Zo�l.) Like the articles. � Al�tri�ces (?), n. pl. [L., nourishes, pl. of altrix.] (Zo�l.) Nursers, � a term applied to those birds whose young are hatched in a very immature and helpless condition, so as to require the care of their parents for some time; � opposed to pr�coces. Al�tru�ism (?), n. [F. altruisme (a word of Comte's), It. altrui of or to others, fr. L. alter another.] Regard for others, both natural and moral; devotion to the interests of others; brotherly kindness; � opposed to egoism or selfishness. [Recent] J. S. Mill. Al�tru�ist, n. One imbued with altruism; � opposed to egoist. Al�tru�is�tic (?), a. [Cf. F. altruiste, a. See Altruism..] Regardful of others; beneficent; unselfish; � opposed to egoistic or selfish. Bain. � Al�tru�is�tic�al�ly, adv. Al�u�del (?), n. [F. & Sp. aludel, fr. Ar. aluth�l.] (Chem.) One of the pear�shaped pots open at both ends, and so formed as to be fitted together, the neck of one into the bottom of another in succession; � used in the process of sublimation. Ure. � Al�u�la (?), n. [NL., dim. of L. ala a wing.] (Zo�l.) A false or bastard wing. See under Bastard. Al�u�lar (?), a. (Zo�l.) Pertaining to the alula. Al�um (?), n. [OE. alum, alom, OF. alum, F. alun, fr. L. alumen alum.] (Chem.) A double sulphate formed of aluminium and some other element (esp. an alkali metal) or of aluminium. It has twenty�four molecules of water of crystallization. � Common alum is the double sulphate of aluminium and potassium. It is white, transparent, very astringent, and crystallizes easily in octahedrons. The term is extended so as to include other double sulphates similar to ~ in formula. Al�um (?), v. t. To steep in, or otherwise impregnate with, a solution of ~; to treat with ~. Ure. � A�lu�men (?), n. [L.] (Chem.) Alum. A�lu�mi�na (?), n. [L. alumen, aluminis. See Alum.] (Chem.) One of the earths, consisting of two parts of aluminium and three of oxygen, Al2O3. � It is the oxide of the metal aluminium, the base of aluminous salts, a constituent of a large part of the earthy siliceous minerals, as the feldspars, micas, scapolites, etc., and the characterizing ingredient of common clay, in which it exists as an impure silicate with water, resulting from the decomposition of other aluminous minerals. In its natural state, it is the mineral corundum. A�lu�mi�nate (?), n. (Chem.) A compound formed from the hydrate of aluminium by the substitution of a metal for the hydrogen. A�lu�mi�na�ted (?). a. Combined with alumina. Al�u�mine (?), n. [F.] Alumina. Davy. Al�u�min�ic (?), a. Of or containing aluminium; as, aluminic phosphate. A�lu�mi�nif�er�ous (?), a. [L. alumen alum + �ferous: cf. F. aluminif�re.] Containing alum. A�lu�mi�ni�form (?), a. [L. alumen + �form.] pertaining the form of alumina. Al�u�min�i�um (?), n. [L. alumen. See Alum.] (Chem.) The metallic base of alumina. This metal is white, but with a bluish tinge, and is remarkable for its resistance to oxidation, and for its lightness, pertaining a specific gravity of about 2.6. Atomic weight 27.08. Symbol Al. � bronze or gold, a pale gold�colored alloy of aluminium and copper, used for journal bearings, etc. A�lu�mi�nize (?), v. t. To treat impregnate with alum; to alum. A�lu�mi�nous (?), a. [L. aluminosus, fr. alumen alum: cf. F. alumineux.] Pertaining to or containing alum, or alumina; as, aluminous minerals, aluminous solution. A�lu�mi�num (?), n. See Aluminium. Al�um�ish (?), a. Somewhat like alum. � A�lum�na (?), n. fem.; pl. Alumn� . [L. See Alumnus.] A female pupil; especially, a graduate of a school or college. � A�lum�nus (?), n.; pl. Alumni (?). [L., fr. alere to nourish.] A pupil; especially, a graduate of a college or other seminary of learning. Al�um root� (?). (Bot.) A North American herb (Heuchera Americana) of the Saxifrage family, whose root has astringent properties. { Al�um schist� (?), Al�um shale� (?), } (Min.) A variety of shale or clay slate, containing iron pyrites, the decomposition of which leads to the formation of alum, which often effloresces on the rock. Al�um stone� (?). (Min.) A subsulphate of alumina and potash; alunite. Al�u�nite (?), n. (Min.) Alum stone. A�lu�no�gen (?), n. [F. alun alum + �gen.] (Min.) A white fibrous mineral frequently found on the walls of mines and quarries, chiefly hydrous sulphate of alumina; � also called feather alum, and hair salt. Al�ure (?), n. [OF. alure, aleure, walk, gait, fr. aler (F. aller) to go.] A walk or passage; � applied to passages of various kinds. The sides of every street were covered with fresh alures of marble. T. Warton. Al�u�ta�ceous (?), a. [L. alutacius, fr. aluta soft leather.] 1. Leathery. 2. Of a pale brown color; leather�yellow. Brande. Al�lu�ta�tion (?), n. [See Alutaceous.] The tanning or dressing of leather. [Obs.] Blount. Al�ve�a�ry (?), n.; pl. Alvearies (?). [L. alvearium, alveare, beehive, fr. alveus a hollow vessel, beehive, from alvus belly, beehive.] 1. A beehive, or something resembling a beehive. Barret. 2. (Anat.) The hollow of the external ear. Quincy. Al�ve�a�ted (?), a. [L. alveatus hollowed out.] Formed or vaulted like a beehive. Al�ve�o�lar (?; 277), a. [L. alveolus a small hollow or cavity: cf. F. alv�olaire.] (Anat.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, alveoli or little cells, sacs, or sockets. � processes, the processes of the maxillary bones, containing the sockets of the teeth. Al�ve�o�la�ry (?), a. Alveolar. [R.] Al�ve�o�late (?), a. [L. alveolatus, fr. alveolus.] (Bot.) Deeply pitted, like a honeycomb. Al�ve�ole (?), n. Same as Alveolus. Al�ve�o�li�form (?), a. [L. alvelous + �form.] Having the form of alveoli, or little sockets, cells, or cavities. � Al�ve�o�lus (?), n.; pl. Alveoli (?). [L., a small hollow or cavity, dim. of alveus: cf. F. alv�ole. See Alveary.] 1. A cell in a honeycomb. 2. (Zo�l.) A small cavity in a coral, shell, or fossil 3. (Anat.) A small depression, sac, or vesicle, as the socket of a tooth, the air cells of the lungs, the ultimate saccules of glands, etc. � Al�ve�us (?), n.; pl. Alvei (?). [L.] The channel of a river. Weate. Al�vine (?), a. [L. alvus belly: cf. F. alvin.] Of, from, in, or pertaining to, the belly or the intestines; as, alvine discharges; alvine concretions. Al�way (?), adv. Always. [Archaic or Poetic] I would not live alway. Job vii. 16. Al�ways (?), adv. [All + way. The s is an adverbial (orig. a genitive) ending.] 1. At all times; ever; perpetually; throughout all time; continually; as, God is always the same. Even in Heaven his [Mammon's] looks and thoughts. Milton. 2. Constancy during a certain period, or regularly at stated intervals; invariably; uniformly; � opposed to sometimes or occasionally. He always rides a black galloway. Bulwer. � A�lys�sum (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ?, name of a plant, perh. fr. ? priv. + ? raging madness.] (Bot.) A genus of cruciferous plants; madwort. The sweet alyssum (A. maritimum), cultivated for bouquets, bears small, white, sweet�scented flowers. Am (?). [AS. am, eom, akin to Gothic im, Icel. em, Olr. am, Lith. esmi, L. sum., Gr. ?, Zend ahmi, Skr. asmi, fr. a root as to be. ?. See Are, and cf. Be, Was.] The first person singular of the verb be, in the indicative mode, present tense. See Be. God said unto Moses, I am that am. Exod. iii. 14. Am�a�bil�i�ty (?), n. [L. amabilitas.] Lovableness. Jer. Taylor. � The New English Dictionary (Murray) says this word is �usefully distinct from Amiability.� Am�a�crat�ic (?), a. [Gr. ? together + ? power.] (Photog.) Amasthenic. Sir J. Herschel. � Am�a�da�vat� (?), n. [Indian name. From Ahmedabad, a city from which it was imported to Europe.] (Zo�l.) The strawberry finch, a small Indian song bird (Estrelda amandava), commonly caged and kept for fighting. The female is olive brown; the male, in summer, mostly crimson; � called also red waxbill. [Written also amaduvad and avadavat.] Am�a�dou (?), n. [F. amadou tinder, prop. lure, bait, fr. amadouer to allure, caress, perh. fr. Icel. mata to feed, which is akin to E. meat.] A spongy, combustible substance, prepared from fungus (Boletus and Polyporus) which grows on old trees; German tinder; punk. It has been employed as a styptic by surgeons, but its common use is as tinder, for which purpose it is prepared by soaking it in a strong solution of niter. Ure. A�main� (?), adv. [Pref. a� + main. See 2d Main, n.] 1. With might; with full force; vigorously; violently; exceedingly. They on the hill, which were not yet come to blows, perceiving the fewness of their enemies, came down amain. Milton. That striping giant, ill�bred and scoffing, shouts amain. T. Parker. 2. At full speed; in great haste; also, at once. �They fled amain.� Holinshed. A�main�, v. t. [F. amener. See Amenable.] (Naut.) To lower, as a sail, a yard, etc. A�main�, v. i. (Naut.) To lower the topsail, in token of surrender; to yield. A�mal�gam (?), n. [F. amalgame, prob. fr. L. malagma, Gr. ?, emollient, plaster, poultice, fr. ? to make soft, fr. ? soft.] 1. An alloy of mercury with another metal or metals; as, an amalgam of tin, bismuth, etc. � Medalists apply the term to soft alloys generally. 2. A mixture or compound of different things. 3. (Min.) A native compound of mercury and silver. A�mal�gam, v. t. ? i. [Cf. F. amalgamer] To amalgamate. Boyle. B. Jonson. � A�mal�ga�ma (?), n. Same as Amalgam. They divided this their amalgam into a number of incoherent republics. Burke. A�mal�ga�mate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Amalgamated; p. pr. & vb. n. Amalgamating.] 1. To compound or mix, as quicksilver, with another metal; to unite, combine, or alloy with mercury. 2. To mix, so as to make a uniform compound; to unite or combine; as, to amalgamate two races; to amalgamate one race with another. Ingratitude is indeed their four cardinal virtues compacted and amalgamated into one. Burke. A�mal�ga�mate, v. i. 1. To unite in an amalgam; to blend with another metal, as quicksilver. 2. To coalesce, as a result of growth; to combine into a uniform whole; to blend; as, two organs or parts amalgamate. { A�mal�ga�mate (?), A�mal�ga�ma�ted (?), } a. Coalesced; united; combined. A�mal�ga�ma�tion (?), n. [Cf. F. amalgamation.] 1. The act or operation of compounding mercury with another metal; � applied particularly to the process of separating gold and silver from their ores by mixing them with mercury. Ure. 2. The mixing or blending of different elements, races, societies, etc.; also, the result of such combination or blending; a homogeneous union. Macaulay. A�mal�ga�ma�tive (?), a. Characterized by amalgamation. A�mal�ga�ma�tor (?), n. One who, or that which, amalgamates. Specifically: A machine for separating precious metals from earthy particles by bringing them in contact with a body of mercury with which they form an amalgam. A�mal�ga�mize (?), v. t. To amalgamate. [R.] A�man�dine (?), n. [F. amande almond. See Almond.] 1. The vegetable casein of almonds. 2. A kind of cold cream prepared from almonds, for chapped hands, etc. Al�man�i�tine (?), n. [Gr. ? a sort of fungus.] The poisonous principle of some fungi. A�man�u�en�sis (?), n.; pl. Amanuenses (?). [L., fr. a, ab + manus hand.] A person whose employment is to write what another dictates, or to copy what another has written. � A�mar�a�cus (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. ?.] A fragrant flower. Tennyson. Am�a�rant (?), n. Amaranth, 1. [Obs.] Milton. Am�a�ran�ta�ceous (?), a. (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the family of plants of which the amaranth is the type. Am�a�ranth (?), n. [L. amarantus, Gr. ?, unfading, amaranth; ? priv. + ? to quench, cause to wither, fr. a root meaning to die, akin to E. mortal; � so called because its flowers do not soon wither: cf. F. amarante. The spelling with th seems to be due to confusion with Gr. ? flower.] 1. An imaginary flower supposed never to fade. [Poetic] 2. (Bot.) A genus of ornamental annual plants (Amaranthus) of many species, with green, purplish, or crimson flowers. 2. A color inclining to purple. Am�a�ran�thine (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to amaranth. �Amaranthine bowers.� Pope. <-- p. 46 --> 2. Unfading, as the poetic amaranth; undying. They only amaranthine flower on earth Is virtue. Cowper. 3. Of a purplish color. Buchanan. { Am�a�ran�thus (?), � Am�a�ran�tus (?), } n. Same as Amaranth. Am�a�rine (?), n. [L. amarus bitter.] (Chem.) A characteristic crystalline substance, obtained from oil of bitter almonds. A�mar�i�tude (?), n. [L. amaritudo, fr. amarus bitter: cf. OF. amaritude.] Bitterness. [R.] { Am�a�ryl�li�da�ceous (?), Am�a�ryl�lid�e�ous (?), } a. (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, an order of plants differing from the lily family chiefly in having the ovary below the ?etals. The narcissus and daffodil are members of this family. � Am�a�ryl�lis (?), n. [L. Amaryllis, Gr. ?, ?, the name of a country girl in Theocritus and Virgil.] 1. A pastoral sweetheart. To sport with Amaryllis in the shade. Milton. 2. (bot.) (a) A family of plants much esteemed for their beauty, including the narcissus, jonquil, daffodil, agave, and others. (b) A genus of the same family, including the Belladonna lily. A�mass� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Amassed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Amassing.] [F. ambusher, LL. amassare; L. ad + massa lump, mass. See Mass.] To collect into a mass or heap; to gather a great quantity of; to accumulate; as, to amass a treasure or a fortune; to amass words or phrases. The life Homer has been written by amassing all the traditions and hints the writers could meet with. Pope. Syn. - To accumulate; heap up; pile. A�mass�, n. [OF. amasse, fr. ambusher.] A mass; a heap. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton. A�mass�a�ble (?), a. Capable of being amassed. A�mass�er (?), n. One who amasses. � A�mas�sette� (?), n. [F. See Amass.] An instrument of horn used for collecting painters' colors on the stone in the process of grinding. A�mass�ment (?), n. [Cf. OF. amassement.] An amassing; a heap collected; a large quantity or number brought together; an accumulation. An amassment of imaginary conceptions. Glanvill. Am�as�then�ic (?), a. [Gr. ? together + ? force.] (Photog.) Uniting the chemical rays of light into one focus, as a certain kind of lens; amacratic. A�mate� (?), v. t. [OF. amater, amatir.] To dismay; to dishearten; to daunt. [Obs. or Archaic] The Silures, to amate the new general, rumored the overthrow greater than was true. Milton. A�mate�, v. t. [Pref. a� + mate.] To be a mate to; to match. [Obs.] Spenser. Am�a�teur� (?), n. [F., fr. L. amator lover, fr. amare to love.] A person attached to a particular pursuit, study, or science as to music or painting; esp. one who cultivates any study or art, from taste or attachment, without pursuing it professionally. Am�a�teur�ish, a. In the style of an amateur; superficial or defective like the work of an amateur. � Am�a�teur�ish�ly, adv. � Am�a�teur�ish�ness, n. Am�a�teur�ism (?), n. The practice, habit, or work of an amateur. Am�a�teur�ship, n. The quality or character of an amateur. Am�a�tive (?), a. [L. amatus, p. p. of amare to love.] Full of love; amatory. Am�a�tive�ness, n. (Phren.) The faculty supposed to influence sexual desire; propensity to love. Combe. Am�a�to�ri�al (?), a. [See Amatorious.] Of or pertaining to a lover or to love making; amatory; as, amatorial verses. Am�a�to�ri�al�ly, adv. In an amatorial manner. Am�a�to�ri�an (?), a. Amatory. [R.] Johnson. Am�a�to�ri�ous (?), a. [L. amatorius, fr. amare to love.] Amatory. [Obs.] �Amatorious poem.� Milton. Am�a�to�ry (?), a. Pertaining to, producing, or expressing, sexual love; as, amatory potions. � Am�au�ro�sis (?), n. [Gr. ?, fr. ? dark, dim.] (Med.) A loss or decay of sight, from loss of power in the optic nerve, without any perceptible external change in the eye; � called also gutta ?erena, the �drop serene� of Milton. Am�au�rot�ic (?), a. Affected with amaurosis; having the characteristics of amaurosis. A�maze� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Amazed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Amazing.] [Pref. a� + maze.] 1. To ??wilder; to stupefy; to bring into a maze. [Obs.] A labyrinth to amaze his foes. Shak. 2. To confound, as by fear, wonder, extreme surprise; to overwhelm with wonder; to astound; to astonish greatly. �Amazing Europe with her wit.� Goldsmith. And all the people were amazed, and said, Is not this the son of David? Matt. xii. 23. Syn. - To astonish; astound; confound; bewilder; perplex; surprise. � Amaze, Astonish. Amazement includes the notion of bewilderment of difficulty accompanied by surprise. It expresses a state in which one does not know what to do, or to say, or to think. Hence we are amazed at what we can not in the least account for. Astonishment also implies surprise. It expresses a state in which one is stunned by the vastness or greatness of something, or struck with some degree of horror, as when one is overpowered by the ?normity of an act, etc. A�maze�, v. i. To be astounded. [Archaic] B. Taylor. A�maze�, v. t. Bewilderment, arising from fear, surprise, or wonder; amazement. [Chiefly poetic] The wild, bewildered Of one to stone converted by amaze. Byron. A�maz�ed�ly (?), adv. In amazement; with confusion or astonishment. Shak. A�maz�ed�ness, n. The state of being amazed, or confounded with fear, surprise, or wonder. Bp. Hall. A�maze�ful (?), a. Full of amazement. [R.] A�maze�ment (?), n. 1. The condition of being amazed; bewilderment [Obs.]; overwhelming wonder, as from surprise, sudden fear, horror, or admiration. His words impression left Of much amazement. Milton. 2. Frenzy; madness. [Obs.] Webster (1661). A�maz�ing (?), a. Causing amazement; very wonderful; ; as, amazing grace. � A�maz�ing�ly, adv. Am�a�zon (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. ?.] 1. One of a fabulous race of female warriors in Scythia; hence, a female warrior. 2. A tall, strong, masculine woman; a virago. 3. (Zo�l.) A name numerous species of South American parrots of the genus Chrysotis � ant�(Zo�l.), a species of ant (Polyergus rufescens), of Europe and America. They seize by conquest the larv� and nymphs other species and make slaves of them in their own nests. Am�a�zo�ni�an (?), a. 1. Pertaining to or resembling an Amazon; of masculine manners; warlike. Shak. 2. Of or pertaining to the river Amazon in South America, or to its valley. { Am�a�zon�ite (?), Am�a�zon stone� (?), } n. [Named from the river Amazon.] (Min.) A variety of feldspar, having a verdigris�green color. Amb�, Am�bi�. [L. prefix ambi�, amb�, akin to Gr. ?, Skr. abhi, AS. embe, emb, OHG. umbi, umpi, G. um, and also L. ambo both. Cf. Amphi�, Both, By.] A prefix meaning about, around; � used in words derived from the Latin. � Am�ba�ges (?), n. pl. [L. (usually in pl.); pref. ambi�, amb� + agere to drive: cf. F. ambage.] A circuit; a winding. Hence: Circuitous way or proceeding; quibble; circumlocution; indirect mode of speech. After many ambages, perspicuously define what this melancholy is. Burton. Am�bag�i�nous (?), a. Ambagious. [R.] Am�ba�gious (?), a. [L. ambagiosus.] Circumlocutory; circuitous. [R.] Am�bag�i�to�ry (?), a. Ambagious. [R.] Am�bas�sade (?), Em�bas�sade (?), n. [F. ambassade. See Embassy.] 1. The mission of an ambassador. [Obs.] Carew. 2. An embassy. [Obs.] Strype. Am�bas�sa�dor (?), Em�bas�sa�dor (?), n. [See Embassador.] 1. A minister of the highest rank sent a foreign court to represent there his sovereign or country. � Ambassador are either ordinary [or resident] or extraordinary, that is, sent upon some special or unusual occasion or errand. Abbott. 2. An official messenger and representative. Am�bas�sa�do�ri�al (?), a. Of or pertaining to an ambassador. H. Walpole. Am�bas�sa�dor�ship (?), n. The state, office, or functions of an ambassador. Am�bas�sa�dress (?), n. A female ambassador; also, the wife of an ambassador. Prescott. Am�bas�sage (?), n. Same as Embassage. [Obs. or R.] Luke xiv. 32. Am�bas�sy (?), n. See Embassy, the usual spelling. Helps. Am�ber , n. [OE. aumbre, F. ambre, Sp. �mbar, and with the Ar. article, al�mbar, fr. Ar. 'anbar ambergris.] 1. (Min.) A yellowish translucent resin resembling copal, found as a fossil in alluvial soils, with beds of lignite, or on the seashore in many places. It takes a fine polish, and is used for pipe mouthpieces, beads, etc., and as a basis for a fine varnish. By friction, it becomes strongly electric. 2. � color, or anything ~�colored; a clear light yellow; as, the amber of the sky. 3. Ambergris. [Obs.] You that smell of amber at my charge. Beau. & Fl. 4. The balsam, liquidambar. Black ~, and old and popular name for jet. Am�ber, a. 1. Consisting of ~; made of ~. �Amber bracelets.� Shak. 2. Resembling ~, especially in color; ~�colored. �The amber morn.� Tennyson. Am�ber, v. t. [p. p. & p. a. Ambered .] 1. To scent or flavor with ambergris; as, ambered wine. 2. To preserve in ~; as, an ambered fly. Am�ber fish (?). (Zo�l.) A fish of the southern Atlantic coast (Seriola Carolinensis.) Am�ber�grease (?), n. See Ambergris. Am�ber�gris (?), n. [F. ambre gris, i. e., gray amber; F. gris gray, which is of German origin: cf. OS. gr�s, G. greis, gray�haired. See Amber.] A substance of the consistence of wax, found floating in the Indian Ocean and other parts of the tropics, and also as a morbid secretion in the intestines of the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus), which is believed to be in all cases its true origin. In color it is white, ash�gray, yellow, or black, and often variegated like marble. The floating masses are sometimes from sixty to two hundred and twenty�five pounds in weight. It is wholly volatilized as a white vapor at 2120 Fahrenheit, and is highly valued in perfumery. Dana. Am�ber seed� (?). Seed of the Hibiscus abelmoschus, somewhat resembling millet, brought from Egypt and the West Indies, and having a flavor like that of musk; musk seed. Chambers. Am�ber tree� (?). A species of Anthospermum, a shrub with evergreen leaves, which, when bruised, emit a fragrant odor. Ambes��as (?), n. Ambs�ace. [Obs.] Chaucer. Am�bi�dex�ter (?), a. [LL., fr. L. ambo both + dexter right, dextra (sc. manus) the right hand.] Using both hands with equal ease. Smollett. Am�bi�dex�ter, n. 1. A person who uses both hands with equal facility. 2. Hence; A double�dealer; one equally ready to act on either side in party disputes. The rest are hypocrites, ambidexters, so ??any turning pictures � a lion on one side, a lamb on the other. Burton. 3. (Law) A juror who takes money from both parties for giving his verdict. Cowell. Am�bi�dex�ter�i�ty (?), n. 1. The quality of being ambidex?rous; the faculty of using both hands with equal facility. Hence: Versatility; general readiness; as, ambidexterity of argumentation. Sterne. Ignorant I was of the human frame, and of its latent powers, as regarded speed, force, and ambidexterity. De Quincey. 2. Double�dealing. (Law) A juror's taking of money from the both parties for a verdict. Am�bi�dex�tral (?), a. Pertaining equally to the right�hand side and the left�hand side. Earle. Am�bi�dex�trous (?), a. 1. Pertaining the faculty of using both hands with equal ease. Sir T. Browne. 2. Practicing or siding with both parties. All false, shuffling, and ambidextrous dealings. L'Estrange. Am�bi�dex�trous�ly, adv. In an ambidextrous manner; cunningly. Am�bi�dex�trous�ness (?), n. The quality of being ambidextrous; ambidexterity. Am�bi�ent (?), a. [L. ambiens, p. pr. of ambire to go around; amb� + ire to go.] Encompassing on all sides; circumfused; investing. �Ambient air.� Milton. �Ambient clouds.� Pope. Am�bi�ent, n. Something that surrounds or invests; as, air... being a perpetual ambient. Sir H. Wotton. Am�big�e�nous (?), a. [L. ambo both + genus kind.] Of two kinds. (bot.) Partaking of two natures, as the perianth of some endogenous plants, where the outer surface is calycine, and the inner petaloid. Am�bi�gu (?), n. [F., fr. ambigu doubtful, L. ambiquus. See Ambiguous.] An entertainment at which a medley of dishes is set on at the same time. Am�bi�gu�i�ty (?), n.; pl. Ambiguities (?). [L. ambiguitas, fr. ambiguus: cf. F. ambiguit�.] The quality or state of being ambiguous; doubtfulness or uncertainty, particularly as to the signification of language, arising from its admitting of more than one meaning; an equivocal word or expression. No shadow of ambiguity can rest upon the course to be pursued. I. Taylor. The words are of single signification, without any ambiguity. South. Am�big�u�ous (?), a. [L. ambiguus, fr. ambigere to wander about, waver; amb� + agere to drive.] Doubtful or uncertain, particularly in respect to signification; capable of being understood in either of two or more possible senses; equivocal; as, an ambiguous course; an ambiguous expression. What have been thy answers? What but dark, Ambiguous, and with double sense deluding? Milton. Syn. - Doubtful; dubious; uncertain; unsettled; indistinct; indeterminate; indefinite. See Equivocal. Am�big�u�ous�ly, adv. In an ambiguous manner; with doubtful meaning. Am�big�u�ous�ness, n. Ambiguity. Am�bi�le�vous (?), a. [L. ambo both + laevus left.] Left�handed on both sides; clumsy; � opposed to ambidexter. [R.] Sir T. Browne. Am�bil�o�quy (?), n. Doubtful or ambiguous language. [Obs.] Bailey. Am�bip�a�rous (?), a. [L. ambo both + parere to bring forth.] (Bot.) Characterized by containing the rudiments of both flowers and leaves; � applied to a bud. Am�bit (?), n. [L. ambitus circuit, fr. ambire to go around. See Ambient.] Circuit or compass. His great parts did not live within a small ambit. Milward. Am�bi�tion (?), n. [F. ambition, L. ambitio a going around, especially of candidates for office is Rome, to solicit votes (hence, desire for office or honor? fr. ambire to go around. See Ambient, Issue.] 1. The act of going about to solicit or obtain an office, or any other object of desire; canvassing. [Obs.] [I] used no ambition to commend my deeds. Milton. 2. An eager, and sometimes an inordinate, desire for preferment, honor, superiority, power, or the attainment of something. Cromwell, I charge thee, fling a way ambition: By that sin fell the angels. Shak. The pitiful ambition of possessing five or six thousand more acres. Burke. Am�bi�tion, v. t. [Cf. F. ambitionner.] To seek after ambitiously or eagerly; to covet. [R.] Pausanias, ambitioning the sovereignty of Greece, bargains with Xerxes for his daughter in marriage. Trumbull. Am�bi�tion�ist, n. One excessively ambitious. [R.] Am�bi�tion�less, a. Devoid of ambition. Pollok. Am�bi�tious (?), a. [L. ambitiosus: cf. F. ambitieux. See Ambition.] 1. Possessing, or controlled by, ambition; greatly or inordinately desirous of power, honor, office, superiority, or distinction. Yet Brutus says he was ambitious, And Brutus is an honorable man. Shak. 2. Strongly desirous; � followed by of or the infinitive; as, ambitious to be or to do something. I was not ambitious of seeing this ceremony. Evelyn. Studious of song, and yet ambitious not to sing in vain. Cowper. 3. Springing from, characterized by, or indicating, ambition; showy; aspiring; as, an ambitious style. A giant statue... Pushed by a wild and artless race, From off wide, ambitious base. Collins. Am�bi�tious�ly, adv. In an ambitious manner. <-- p. 47 --> Am�bi�tious�ness (?), n. The quality of being ambitious; ambition; pretentiousness. � Am�bi�tus (?), n. [L. See Ambit, Ambition.] 1. The exterior edge or border of a thing, as the border of a leaf, or the outline of a bivalve shell. 2. (Rom. Antiq.) A canvassing for votes. Am�ble (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ambled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ambling (?).] [F. ambler to amble, fr. L. ambulare to walk, in LL., to amble, perh. fr. amb�, ambi�, and a root meaning to go: cf. Gr. ? to go, E. base. Cf. Ambulate.] 1. To go at the easy gait called an ~; � applied to the horse or to its rider. 2. To move somewhat like an ambling horse; to go easily or without hard shocks. The skipping king, he ambled up and down. Shak. Sir, your wit ambles well; it goes easily. Shak. Am�ble, n. 1. A peculiar gait of a horse, in which both legs on the same side are moved at the same time, alternating with the legs on the other side. �A fine easy amble.� B. Jonson. 2. A movement like the ~ of a horse. Am�bler (?), n. A horse or a person that ambles. Am�bling�ly, adv. With an ambling gait. Am�blot�ic (?), a. [Gr. ?, ?, fr. ? an abortion.] Tending to cause abortion. Am�bly�gon (?), n. [Gr. ? obtuse + ? angle: cf. F. amblygone.] (Geom.) An obtuse�angled figure, esp. and obtuse�angled triangle. [Obs.] Am�blyg�o�nal (?), a. Obtuse�angled. [Obs.] Hutton. { � Am�bly�o�pi�a (?), Am�bly�o�py (?), } n. [Gr. ?; ? blunt, dim + ? eye: cf. F. amblyopie.] (Med.) Weakness of sight, without and opacity of the cornea, or of the interior of the eye; the first degree of amaurosis. Am�bly�op�ic (?), a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to amblyopy. Quain. � Am�blyp�o�da (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? blunt + ?, ?, foot.] (Paleon.) A group of large, extinct, herbivorous mammals, common in the Tertiary formation of the United States. � Am�bo (?), n.; pl. Ambos (?). [LL. ambo, Gr. ?, any rising, a raised stage, pulpit: cf. F. ambon.] A large pulpit or reading desk, in the early Christian churches. Gwilt. � Am�bon (?), n. Same as Ambo. Am�boy�na wood (?). A beautiful mottled and curled wood, used in cabinetwork. It is obtained from the Pterocarpus Indicus of Amboyna, Borneo, etc. Am�bre�ate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt formed by the combination of ambreic acid with a base or positive radical. Am�bre�ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to ambrein; � said of a certain acid produced by digesting ambrein in nitric acid. Am�bre�in (?), n. [Cf. F. ambr�ine. See Amber.] (Chem.) A fragrant substance which is the chief constituent of ambergris. Am�brite (?), n. [From amber.] A fossil resin occurring in large masses in New Zealand. Am�brose (?), n. A sweet�scented herb; ambrosia. See Ambrosia, 3. Turner. Am�bro�sia (?; 277), n. [L. ambrosia, Gr. ?, properly fem. of ?, fr. ? immortal, divine; ? priv. + ? mortal (because it was supposed to confer immortality on those who partook of it). ? stands for ?, akin to Skr. mrita, L. mortuus, dead, and to E. mortal.] 1. (Myth.) (a) The fabled food of the gods (as nectar was their drink), which conferred immortality upon those who partook of it. (b) An unguent of the gods,. His dewy locks distilled ambrosia. Milton. 2. A perfumed unguent, salve, or draught; something very pleasing to the taste or smell. Spenser. 3.�Formerly, a kind of fragrant plant; now (Bot.), a genus of plants, including some coarse and worthless weeds, called ragweed, hogweed, etc. Am�bro�si�ac (?), a. [L. ambrosiacus: cf. F. ambrosiaque.] Having the qualities of ambrosia; delicious. [R.]�Ambrosiac odors.� B. Jonson. Am�bro�sial (?), a. [L. ambrosius, Gr. ?.] 1. Consisting of, or partaking of the nature of, ambrosia; delighting the taste or smell; delicious. �Ambrosial food.� �Ambrosial fragrance.� Milton. 2. Divinely excellent or beautiful. �Shakes his ambrosial curls.� Pope. Am�bro�sial�ly, adv. After the manner of ambrosia; delightfully. �Smelt ambrosially.� Tennyson. Am�bro�sian (?), a. Ambrosial. [R.] .. Jonson. Am�bro�sian, a. Of or pertaining to St. Ambrose; as, the Ambrosian office, or ritual, a formula of worship in the church of Milan, instituted by St. Ambrose. � chant, the mode of signing or chanting introduced by St. Ambrose in the 4th century. Am�bro�sin (?), n. [LL. Ambrosinus nummus.] An early coin struck by the dukes of Milan, and bearing the figure of St. Ambrose on horseback. Am�bro�type (?), n. [Gr. ? immortal + �type.] (Photog.) A picture taken on a place of prepared glass, in which the lights are represented in silver, and the shades are produced by a dark background visible through the unsilvered portions of the glass. Am�bry (?), n.; pl. Ambries (?). [OE. aumbry, almery, OF. almarie, armarie, aumaire, F. armoire, LL. armarium chest, cupboard, orig. a repository for arms, fr. L. arama arms. The word has been confused with almonry. See Armory.] 1. In churches, a kind of closet, niche, cupboard, or locker for utensils, vestments, etc. 2. A store closet, as a pantry, cupboard, etc. 3. Almonry. [Improperly so used] Ambs��ace (?), n. [OF. ambesas; ambes both (fr. L. ambo) + as ace. See Ace.] Double aces, the lowest throw of all at dice. Hence: Bad luck; anything of no account or value. Am�bu�la�cral (?), a. (Zo�l.) Of or pertaining to ambulacra; avenuelike; as, the ambulacral ossicles, plates, spines, and suckers of echinoderms. Am�bu�la�cri�form (?), a. [Ambulacrum + �form.] (Zo�l.)�Having the form of ambulacra. � Am�bu�la�crum (?), n. pl; pl. Ambulacra (?). [L., an alley or covered way.] (Zo�l.) (a) One of the radical zones of echinoderms, along which run the principal nerves, blood vessels, and water tubes. These zones usually bear rows of locomotive suckers or tentacles, which protrude from regular pores. In star fishes they occupy the grooves along the under side of the rays. (b) One of the suckers on the feet of mites. Am�bu�lance (?), n. [F. ambulance, h�pital ambulant, fr. L. ambulare to walk. See Amble.] (Mil.) (a) A field hospital, so organized as to follow an army in its movements, and intended to succor the wounded as soon as possible. Often used adjectively; as, an ambulance wagon; ambulance stretcher; ambulance corps. (b) An ~ wagon or cart for conveying the wounded from the field, or to a hospital. Am�bu�lant (?), a. [L. ambulans, p. pr. of ambulare to walk: cf. F. ambulant.] Walking; moving from place to place. Gayton. Am�bu�late (?), v. i. [L. ambulare to walk. See Amble.] To walk; to move about. [R.] Southey. Am�bu�la�tion (?), n. [L. ambulatio.] The act of walking. Sir T. Browne. Am�bu�la�tive (?), a. Walking. [R.] Am�bu�la�tor (?), n. 1. One who walks about; a walker. 2. (Zo�l.) (a) A beetle of the genus Lamia. (b) A genus of birds, or one of this genus. 3. An instrument for measuring distances; � called also perambulator. Knight. Am�bu�la�to�ri�al (?), a. Ambulatory; fitted for walking. Verrill. Am�bu�la�to�ry (?), a. [L. ambulatorius.] 1. Of or pertaining to walking; having the faculty of walking; formed or fitted for walking; as, an ambulatory animal. 2. Accustomed to move from place to place; not stationary; movable; as, an ambulatory court, which exercises its jurisdiction in different places. The priesthood... before was very ambulatory, and dispersed into all families. Jer. Taylor. 3. Pertaining to a walk. [R.] The princess of whom his majesty had an ambulatory view in his travels. Sir H. Wotton. 4. (Law) Not yet fixed legally, or settled past alteration; alterable; as, the dispositions of a will are ambulatory until the death of the testator. Am�bu�la�to�ry, n.; pl. Ambulatories (?). [Cf. LL. ambulatorium.] (Arch.) A place to walk in, whether in the open air, as the gallery of a cloister, or within a building. Am�bur�ry (?), n. Same as Anbury. Am�bus�cade� (?), n. [F. embuscade, fr. It. imboscata, or Sp. emboscada, fr. emboscar to ambush, fr. LL. imboscare. See Ambush, v. t.] 1. A lying in a wood, concealed, for the purpose of attacking an enemy by surprise. Hence: A lying in wait, and concealed in any situation, for a like purpose; a snare laid for an enemy; an ambush. 2. A place in which troops lie hid, to attack an enemy unexpectedly. [R.] Dryden. 3. (Mil.) The body of troops lying in ambush. Am�bus�cade�, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ambuscaded (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ambuscading (?).] 1. To post or conceal in ambush; to ambush. 2. To lie in wait for, or to attack from a covert or lurking place; to waylay. Am�bus�cade�, v. i. To lie in ambush. Am�bus�ca�do (?), n. Ambuscade. [Obs.] Shak. Am�bus�ca�doed (?), p. p. Posted in ambush; ambuscaded. [Obs.] Am�bush (?), n. [F. emb�che, fr. the verb. See Ambush, v. t.] 1. A disposition or arrangement of troops for attacking an enemy unexpectedly from a concealed station. Hence: Unseen peril; a device to entrap; a snare. Heaven, whose high walls fear no assault or siege Or ambush from the deep. Milton. 2. A concealed station, where troops or enemies lie in wait to attack by surprise. Bold in close ambush, base in open field. Dryden. 3. The troops posted in a concealed place, for attacking by surprise; liers in wait. [Obs.] The ambush arose quickly out of their place. Josh. viii. 19. To lay an ~, to post a force in ~. Am�bush (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ambushed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ambushing.] [OE. enbussen, enbushen, OF. embushier, embuissier, F. emb�cher, embusquer, fr. LL. imboscare; in + LL. boscus, buscus, a wood; akin to G. bush, E. bush. See Ambuscade, Bu?h.] 1. To station in ~ with a view to surprise an enemy. By ambushed men behind their temple ?ai?, We have the king of Mexico betrayed. Dryden. 2. To attack by ~; to waylay. Am�bush, v. i. To lie in wait, for the purpose of attacking by surprise; to lurk. Nor saw the snake that ambushed for his prey. Trumbull. Am�bush�er (?), n. One lying in ~. Am�bush�ment (?), n. [OF. embuschement. See Ambush, v. t.] An ~. [Obs.] 2 Chron. xiii. 13. Am�bus�tion (?; 106), n. [L. ambustio.] (Med.) A burn or scald. Blount. Am�e�be�an (?), a. (Zo�l.) See Am?bean. A�meer�, A�mir� (?), n. [See Emir.] 1. Emir. [Obs.] 2. One of the Mohammedan nobility of Afghanistan and Scinde. Am�el (?), n. [OE. amell, OF. esmail, F. �mail, of German origin; cf. OHG. smelzi, G. schmelz. See Smelt, v. t.] Enamel. [Obs.] Boyle. Am�el, v. t. [OE. amellen, OF. esmailler, F. �mailler, OF. esmail, F. �mail.] To enamel. [Obs.] Enlightened all with stars, And richly ameled. Chapman. Am�el�corn� (?), n. [Ger. amelkorn: cf. MHG. amel, amer, spelt, and L. amylum starch, Gr. ?.] A variety of wheat from which starch is produced; � called also French rice. A�mel�io�ra�ble (?), a. Capable of being ameliorated. A�mel�io�rate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ameliorated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ameliorating.] [L. ad + meliorare to make better: cf. F. am�liorer. See Meliorate.] To make better; to improve; to meliorate. In every human being there is a wish to ameliorate his own condition. Macaulay. A�mel�io�rate, v. i. To grow better; to ~; as, wine ameliorates by age. A�mel�io�ra�tion (?), n. [Cf. F. am�lioration.] The act of ameliorating, or the state of being ameliorated; making or becoming better; improvement; melioration. �Amelioration of human affairs.� J. S. Mill. A�mel�io�ra�tive (?), a. Tending to ameliorate; producing amelioration or improvement; as, ameliorative remedies, efforts. A�mel�io�ra�tor (?), n. One who ameliorates. A�men� (?; 277), interj., adv., & n. [L. amen, Gr. ?, Heb. �m?n certainly, truly.] An expression used at the end of prayers, and meaning, So be it. At the end of a creed, it is a solemn asseveration of belief. When it introduces a declaration, it is equivalent to truly, verily. It is used as a noun, to demote: (a) concurrence in belief, or in a statement; assent; (b) the final word or act; (c) Christ as being one who is true and faithful. And let all the people say, Amen. Ps. cvi. 48. Amen, amen, I say to thee, except a man be born again, he can not see the kingdom of Gods. John ii. 3. Rhemish Trans. To say � to, to approve warmly; to concur in heartily or emphatically; to ratify; as, I say Amen to all. A�men�, v. t. To say � to; to sanction fully. A�men�na�bil�i�ty (?), n. The quality of being amenable; amenableness. Coleridge. A�me�na�ble (?), a. [F. amener to lead; ? (L. ad) = mener to lead, fr. L. minare to drive animals (properly by threatening cries), in LL. to lead; L. minari, to threaten, minae threats. See Menace.] 1. (Old Law) Easy to be led; governable, as a woman by her husband. [Obs.] Jacob. 2. Liable to be brought to account or punishment; answerable; responsible; accountable; as, amenable to law. Nor is man too diminutive... to be amenable to the divine government. I. Taylor. 3. Liable to punishment, a charge, a claim, etc. 4. Willing to yield or submit; responsive; tractable. Sterling... always was amenable enough to counsel. Carlyle. A�me�na�ble�ness, n. The quality or state of being amenable; liability to answer charges; answerableness. A�me�na�bly, adv. In an amenable manner. Am�ee�nage (?), v. t. [OF. amesnagier. See Manage.] To manage. [Obs.] Spenser. Am�e�nance (?), n. [OF. See Amenable.] Behavior; bearing. [Obs.] Spenser. A�mend� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Amended; p. pr. & vb. n. Amending.] [F. amender, L. emendare; e(ex) + mendum, menda, fault, akin to Skr. minda personal defect. Cf. Emend, Mend.] To change or modify in any way for the better; as, (a) by simply removing what is erroneous, corrupt, superfluous, faulty, and the like; (b) by supplying deficiencies; (c) by substituting something else in the place of what is removed; to rectify. Mar not the thing that can not be amended. Shak. An instant emergency, granting no possibility for revision, or opening for amended thought. De Quincey. We shall cheer her sorrows, and amend her blood, by wedding her to a Norman. Sir W. Scott. To amend a bill, to make some change in the details or provisions of a bill or measure while on its passage, professedly for its improvement. Syn. - To Amend, Emend, Correct, Reform, Rectify. These words agree in the idea of bringing things into a more perfect state. We correct (literally, make <-- p. 48 --> straight) when we conform things to some standard or rule; as, to correct proof sheets. We amend by removing blemishes, faults, or errors, and thus rendering a thing more a nearly perfect; as, to amend our ways, to amend a text, the draft of a bill, etc. Emend is only another form of amend, and is applied chiefly to editions of books, etc. To reform is literally to form over again, or put into a new and better form; as, to reform one's life. To rectify is to make right; as, to rectify a mistake, to rectify abuses, inadvertencies, etc. A�mend� (?), v. i. To grow better by rectifying something wrong in manners or morals; to improve. �My fortune... amends.� Sir P. Sidney. A�mend�a�ble (?), a. Capable of being amended; as, an amendable writ or error. � A�mend�a�ble�ness, n. A�mend�a�to�ry (?), a. Supplying amendment; corrective; emendatory. Bancroft. � A�mende� (?), n. [F. See Amend.] A pecuniary punishment or fine; a reparation or recantation. � honorable (?). (Old French Law) A species of infamous punishment in which the offender, being led into court with a rope about his neck, and a lighted torch in his hand, begged pardon of his God, the court, etc. In popular language, the phrase now denotes a public apology or recantation, and reparation to an injured party, for improper language or treatment. A�mend�er (?), n. One who amends. A�mend�ful (?), a. Much improving. [Obs.] A�mend�ment (?), n. [F. amendement, LL. amendamentum.] 1. An alteration or change for the better; correction of a fault or of faults; reformation of life by quitting vices. 2. In public bodies; Any alternation made or proposed to be made in a bill or motion by adding, changing, substituting, or omitting. 3. (Law) Correction of an error in a writ or process. Syn. - Improvement; reformation; emendation. A�mends� (?), n. sing. & pl. [F. amendes, pl. of amende. Cf. Amende.] Compensation for a loss or injury; recompense; reparation. [Now const. with sing. verb.] �An honorable amends.� Addison. Yet thus far fortune maketh us amends. Shak. A�men�i�ty (?), n. pl. Amenities (?). [F. am�nit�, L. amoenitas, fr. amoenus pleasant.] The quality of being pleasant or agreeable, whether in respect to situation, climate, manners, or disposition; pleasantness; civility; suavity; gentleness. A sweetness and amenity of temper. Buckle. This climate has not seduced by its amenities. W. Howitt. � A�men�or�rh?�a (?), n. [Gr. ? priv. + ? month + ? to flow: cf. F. am�norrh�e.] (Med.) Retention or suppression of the menstrual discharge. A�men�or�rh?�al (?), a. Pertaining to amenorrh?a. � A men�sa et tho�ro (?). [L., from board and bed.] (Law) A kind of divorce which does not dissolve the marriage bong, but merely authorizes a separate life of the husband and wife. Abbott. Am�ent (?), n. [L. amentum thong or strap.] (Bot.) A species of inflorescence; a catkin. The globular ament of a buttonwood. Coues. Am�en�ta�ceous (?), a. [LL. amentaceus.] (Bot.) (a) Resembling, or consisting of, an ament or aments; as, the chestnut has an amentaceous inflorescence. (b) Bearing aments; having flowers arranged in aments; as, amentaceous plants. � A�men�ti�a (?), n. [L.] (Med.) Imbecility; total want of understanding. Am�en�tif�er�ous (?), a. [L. amentum + �ferous.] (Bot.) Bearing catkins. Balfour. A�men�ti�form (?), a. [L. amentum + �form.] (Bot.) Shaped like a catkin. � A�men�tum (?), n.; pl. Amenta (?). Same as Ament. Am�e�nuse (?), v. t. [OF. amenuisier. See Minute.] To lessen. [Obs.] Chaucer. A�merce� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Amerced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Amercing.] [OF. amercier, fr. a merci at the mercy of, liable to a punishment. See Mercy.] 1. To punish by a pecuniary penalty, the amount of which is not fixed by law, but left to the discretion of the court; as, the amerced the criminal in the sum on the hundred dollars. � The penalty of fine may be expressed without a preposition, or it may be introduced by in, with, or of. 2. To punish, in general; to mulct. Millions of spirits for his fault amerced Of Heaven. Milton. Shall by him be amerced with penance due. Spenser. A�merce�a�ble (?), a. Liable to be amerced. A�merce�ment (?), n. [OF. amerciment.] The infliction of a penalty at the discretion of the court; also, a mulct or penalty thus imposed. It differs from a fine,in that the latter is, or was originally, a fixed and certain sum prescribed by statue for an offense; but an amercement is arbitrary. Hence, the act or practice of affeering. [See Affeer.] Blackstone. � This word, in old books, is written amerciament. � royal, a penalty imposed on an officer for a misdemeanor in his office. Jacobs. A�mer�cer (?), n. One who amerces. A�mer�cia�ment (?), n. [LL. amerciamentum.] Same as Amercement. Mozley & W. A�mer�i�can (?), a. [Named from Ameri?us Vespucius.] 1. Of or pertaining to America; as, the American continent: American Indians. 2. Of or pertaining to the United States. �A young officer of the American navy.� Lyell. � ivy. See Virginia creeper. � � Party (U. S. Politics), a party, about 1854, which opposed the influence of foreign�born citizens, and those supposed to owe allegiance to a foreign power. � Native ~ Party (U. S. Politics), a party of principles similar to those of the � party. It arose about 1843, but soon died out. A�mer�i�can (?), n. A native of America; � originally applied to the aboriginal inhabitants, but now applied to the descendants of Europeans born in America, and especially to the citizens of the United States. The name American must always exalt the pride of patriotism. Washington. A�mer�i�can�ism (?), n. 1. Attachment to the United States. 2. A custom peculiar to the United States or to America; an American characteristic or idea. 3. A word or phrase peculiar to the United States. A�mer�i�can�i�za�tion (?), n. The process of Americanizing. A�mer�i�can�ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Americanizer (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Americanizing.] To render American; to assimilate to the Americans in customs, ideas, etc.; to stamp with American characteristics. Ames��ace (?), n. Same as Ambs�ace. Am�ess (?), n. (Eccl.) Amice, a hood or cape. See 2d Amice. � Am�e�tab�o�la (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zo�l.) A group of insects which do not undergo any metamorphosis. [Written also Ametabolia.] A�met�a�bo�li�an (?), a. [Gr. ? unchangeable; ? priv. + ? changeable, ? to change.] (Zo�l.) Of or pertaining to insects that do undergo any metamorphosis. { A�me�a�bol�ic (?), Am�e�tab�o�lous, } a. (Zo�l.) Not undergoing any metamorphosis; as, ametabolic insects. A�meth�o�dist (?), n. [Pref. a� not + methodist.] One without method; a quack. [Obs.] Am�e�thyst (?), [F. ametiste, amatiste, F. am�thyste, L. amethystus, fr. Gr. ? without drunkenness; as a noun, a remedy for drunkenness, the amethyst, supposed to have this power; ? priv. + ? to be drunken, ? strong drink, wine. See Mead.] 1. (Min.) A variety of crystallized quartz, of a purple or bluish violet color, of different shades. It is much used as a jeweler's stone. Oriental ~, the violet�blue variety of transparent crystallized corundum or sapphire. 2. (Her.) A purple color in a nobleman's escutcheon, or coat of arms. Am�e�thys�tine (?), a. [L. amethystinus, Gr. ?.] 1. Resembling amethyst, especially in color; bluish violet. 2. Composed of, or containing, amethyst. � Am�e�tro�pi�a (?), n. [Gr. ? irregular + ?, ?, eye.] (Med.) Any abnormal condition of the refracting powers of the eye. � Am�e�trop�ic (?), a. Am�har�ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to Amhara, a division of Abyssinia; as, the Amharic language is closely allied to the Ethiopic. � n. The Amharic language (now the chief language of Abyssinia). � Am�i�a (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. ? a kind of tunny.] (Zo�l.) A genus of fresh�water ganoid fishes, exclusively confined to North America; called bowfin in Lake Champlain, dogfish in Lake Erie, and mudfish in South Carolina, etc. See Bowfin. A�mi�a�bil�i�ty (?), n. The quality of being amiable; amiableness; sweetness of disposition. Every excellency is a degree of amiability. Jer. Taylor. A�mi�a�ble (?), a. [F. amiable, L. amicabilis friendly, fr. amicus friend, fr. amare to love. The meaning has been influenced by F. aimable, L. amabilis lovable, fr. amare to love. Cf. Amicable, Amorous, Amability.] 1. Lovable; lovely; pleasing. [Obs. or R.] So amiable a prospect. Sir T. Herbert. 2. Friendly; kindly; sweet; gracious; as, an amiable temper or mood; amiable ideas. 3. Possessing sweetness of disposition; having sweetness of temper, kind�heartedness, etc., which causes one to be liked; as, an amiable woman. 4. Done out of love. [Obs.] Lay an amiable siege to the honesty of this Ford's wife. Shak. A�mi�a�ble�ness, n. The quality of being amiable; amiability. A�mi�a�bly, adv. In an amiable manner. Am�i�anth (?), n. See Amianthus. [Poetic] Am�i�an�thi�form (?), a. [Amianthus + �form.] Resembling amianthus in form. Am�i�an�thoid (?), a. [Amianthus + �oid: cf. F. amianto�de.] Resembling amianthus. Am�i�an�thus (?), n. [L. amiantus, Gr. ? ? (lit., unsoiled stone) a greenish stone, like asbestus; ? priv. + ? to stain, to defile; so called from its incombustibility.] (Min.) Earth flax, or mountain flax; a soft silky variety of asbestus. Am�ic (?), a. [L. ammonia + �ic.] (Chem.) Related to, or derived, ammonia; � used chiefly as a suffix; as, amic acid; phosphamic acid. � acid (Chem.), one of a class of nitrogenized acids somewhat resembling amides. Am�i�ca�bil�i�ty (?), n. The quality of being amicable; friendliness; amicableness. Ash. Am�i�ca�ble (?), a. [L. amicabilis, fr. amicus friend, fr. amare to love. See Amiable.] Friendly; proceeding from, or exhibiting, friendliness; after the manner of friends; peaceable; as, an amicable disposition, or arrangement. That which was most remarkable in this contest was... the amicable manner in which it was managed. Prideoux. � action (Law.), an action commenced and prosecuted by ~ consent of the parties, for the purpose of obtaining a decision of the court on some matter of law involved in it. Bouvier. Burrill. � � numbers (Math.), two numbers, each of which is equal to the sum of all the aliquot parts of the other. Syn. - Friendly; peaceable; kind; harmonious. � Amicable, Friendly. Neither of these words denotes any great warmth of affection, since friendly has by no means the same strength as its noun friendship. It does, however, imply something of real cordiality; while amicable supposes very little more than that the parties referred to are not disposed to quarrel. Hence, we speak of amicable relations between two countries, an amicable adjustment of difficulties. �Those who entertain friendly feelings toward each other can live amicably together.� Am�i�ca�ble�ness (?), n. The quality of being amicable; amicability. Am�i�ca�bly, adv. In an amicable manner. Am�ice (?), n. [OE. amyse, prob. for amyt, OF. amit, ameit, fr. L. amictus cloak, the word being confused with amice, almuce, a hood or cape. See next word.] A square of white linen worn at first on the head, but now about the neck and shoulders, by priests of the Roman Catholic Church while saying Mass. � Examples of the use of the words amice, a square of linen, and amice, amess, or amyss, a hood or cape, show confusion between them from an early date. Am�ice, n. [OE. amuce, amisse, OF. almuce, aumuce, F. aumusse, LL. almucium, almucia, aumucia: of unknown origin; cf. G. m�tze cap, prob. of the same origin. Cf. Mozetta.] (Eccl.) A hood, or cape with a hood, made of lined with gray fur, formerly worn by the clergy; � written also amess, amyss, and almuce. A�mid� (?), prep. See Amidst. Am�ide (?; 277), n. [Ammonia + �ide.] (Chem.) A compound formed by the union of amidogen with an acid element or radical. It may also be regarded as ammonia in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by an acid atom or radical. Acid ~, a neutral compound formed by the substitution of the amido group for hydroxyl in an acid. Am�i�din (?), n. [Cf. F. amidine, fr. amido? starch, fr. L. amylum, Gr. ? fine meal, neut. of ? not ground at the mill, � hence, of the finest meal; ? priv. + ?, ?, mill. See Meal.] (Chem.) Start modified by heat so as to become a transparent mass, like horn. It is soluble in cold water. A�mi�do (?), a. [From Amide.] (Chem.) Containing, or derived from, amidogen. � acid, an acid in which a portion of the nonacid hydrogen has been replaced by the ~ group. The ~ acids are both basic and acid. � � group, amidogen, NH2. A�mid�o�gen (?), n. [Amide + �gen.] (Chem.) A compound radical, NH2, not yet obtained in a separate state, which may be regarded as ammonia from the molecule of which one of its hydrogen atoms has been removed; � called also the amido group, and in composition represented by the form amido. A�mid�ships (?), adv. (Naut.) In the middle of a ship, with regard to her length, and sometimes also her breadth. Totten. { A�midst� (?) , A�mid� (?), } prep. [OE. amidde, amiddes, on midden, AS. on middan, in the middle, fr. midde the middle. The s is an adverbial ending, originally marking the genitive; the t is a later addition, as in whilst, amongst, alongst. See Mid.] In the midst or middle of; surrounded or encompassed by; among. �This fair tree amidst the garden.� �Unseen amid the throng.� �Amidst thick clouds.� Milton. �Amidst acclamations.� �Amidst the splendor and festivity of a court.� Macaulay. But rather famish them amid their plenty. Shak. Syn. � Amidst, Among. These words differ to some extent from each other, as will be seen from their etymology. Amidst denotes in the midst or middle of, and hence surrounded by; as, this work was written amidst many interruptions. Among denotes a mingling or intermixing with distinct or separable objects; as, �He fell among thieves.� �Blessed art thou among women.� Hence, we say, among the moderns, among the ancients, among the thickest of trees, among these considerations, among the reasons I have to offer. Amid and amidst are commonly used when the idea of separate or distinguishable objects is not prominent. Hence, we say, they kept on amidst the storm, amidst the gloom, he was sinking amidst the waves, he persevered amidst many difficulties; in none of which cases could among be used. In like manner, Milton speaks of Abdiel, � The seraph Abdiel, faithful found; Among the faithless faithful only he, because he was then considered as one of the angels. But when the poet adds, � From amidst them forth he passed, we have rather the idea of the angels as a collective body. Those squalid cabins and uncleared woods amidst which he was born. Macaulay. Am�ine (?; 277), n. [Ammonia + �ine.] (Chem.) One of a class of strongly basic substances derived from ammonia by replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by a basic atom or radical. Am�i�oid (?), a. (Zo�l.) Like or pertaining to the Amioidei. � n. One of the Amioidei. � Am�i�oi�de�i (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Amia + �oid.] (Zo�l.) An order of ganoid fishes of which Amis is type. See Bowfin and Ganoidei. � A�mir� (?), n. Same as Ameer. A�miss� (?), adv. [Pref. a� + miss.] Astray; faultily; improperly; wrongly; ill. What error drives our eyes and ears amiss? Shak. Ye ask and receive not, because ye ask amiss. James iv. 3. To take (an act, thing) amiss, to impute a wrong motive to (an act or thing); to take offense at' to take unkindly; as, you must not take these questions amiss. <-- p. 49 --> A�miss� (?), a. Wrong; faulty; out of order; improper; as, it may not be amiss to ask advice. [Used only in the predicate.] Dryden. His wisdom and virtue can not always rectify that which is amiss in himself or his circumstances. Wollaston. A�miss�, n. A fault, wrong, or mistake. [Obs.] Each toy seems prologue to some great amiss. Shak. A�mis�si�bil�i�ty (?), [Cf. F. amissibilit�. See Amit.] The quality of being amissible; possibility of being lost. [R.] Notions of popular rights and the amissibility of sovereign power for misconduct were alternately broached by the two great religious parties of Europe. Hallam. A�mis�si�ble (?), a. [L. amissibilis: cf. F. amissible.] Liable to be lost. [R.] A�mis�sion (?), n. [L. amissio: cf. F. amission.] Deprivation; loss. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. A�mit� (?), v. t. [L. amittere, amissum, to lose; a (ab) + mittere to send. See Missile.] To lose. [Obs.] A lodestone fired doth presently amit its proper virtue. Sir T. Browne. Am�i�ty (?), n.; pl. Amities (?). [F. amiti�, OF. amisti�, amist�, fr. an assumed LL. amisitas, fr. L. amicus friendly, from amare to love. See Amiable.] Friendship, in a general sense, between individuals, societies, or nations; friendly relations; good understanding; as, a treaty of amity and commerce; the amity of the Whigs and Tories. To live on terms of amity with vice. Cowper. Syn. - Harmony; friendliness; friendship; affection; good will; peace. � Am�ma (?), n. [LL. amma, prob. of interjectional or imitative origin: cf. Sp. ama, G. amme, nurse, Basque ama mother, Heb. ?m, Ar. immun, ummun.] An abbes or spiritual mother. Am�me�ter (?), n. (Physics) A contraction of amperometer or amp�remeter. Am�mi�ral (?), n. An obsolete form of admiral. �The mast of some great ammiral.� Milton. Am�mite (?), n. [Gr. ?, ?, sandstone, fr. ? or ? sand.] (Geol.) O�lite or roestone; � written also hammite. [Obs.] Am�mo�dyte (?), n. [L. ammodytes, Gr. ? sand burrower, a kind of serpent; ? sand + ? diver, ? to dive.] (Zo�l.) (a) One of a genus of fishes; the sand eel. (b) A kind of viper in southern Europe. [Obs.] Am�mo�ni�a (?), n. [From sal ammoniac, which was first obtaining near the temple of Jupiter Ammon, by burning camel's dung. See Ammoniac.] (Chem.) A gaseous compound of hydrogen and nitrogen, NH3, with a pungent smell and taste: � often called volatile alkali, and spirits of hartshorn. { Am�mo�ni�ac (?), Am�mo�ni�a�cal (?), } a. Of or pertaining to ammonia, or possessing its properties; as, an ammoniac salt; ammoniacal gas. Ammoniacal engine, an engine in which the vapor of ammonia is used as the motive force. � Sal ammoniac [L. sal ammoniacus], the salt usually called chloride of ammonium, and formerly muriate of ammonia. Am�mo�ni�ac (or Gum� am�mo�ni�ac), n. [L. Ammoniacum, Gr. ? a resinous gum, said to distill from a tree near the temple of Jupiter Ammon; cf. F. ammoniac. See Ammonite.] (Med.) The concrete juice (gum resin) of an umbelliferous plant, the Dorema ammoniacum. It is brought chiefly from Persia in the form of yellowish tears, which occur singly, or are aggregated into masses. It has a peculiar smell, and a nauseous, sweet taste, followed by a bitter one. It is inflammable, partially soluble in water and in spirit of wine, and is used in medicine as an expectorant and resolvent, and for the formation of certain plasters. Am�mo�ni�a�ted (?), a. (Chem.) Combined or impregnated with ammonia. Am�mo�nic (?), a. Of or pertaining to ammonia. Am�mon�ite (?), n. [L. cornu Ammonis born of Ammon; L. Ammon, Gr. ? an appellation of Jupiter, as represented with the horns of a ram. It was originally the name of an. Egyptian god, Amun.] (Paleon.) A fossil cephalopod shell related to the nautilus. There are many genera and species, and all are extinct, the typical forms having existed only in the Mesozoic age, when they were exceedingly numerous. They differ from the nautili in having the margins of the septa very much lobed or plaited, and the siphuncle dorsal. Also called serpent stone, snake stone, and cornu Ammonis. Am�mon�i�tif�er�ous (?), a. [Ammonite + �ferous.] Containing fossil ammonites. � Am�mon�i�toid�e�a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Ammonite + �oid.] (Zo�l.) An extensive group of fossil cephalopods often very abundant in Mesozoic rocks. See Ammonite. Am�mo�ni�um (?), n. [See Ammonia.] (Chem.) A compound radical, NH4, having the chemical relations of a strongly basic element like the alkali metals. Am�mu�ni�tion (?), n. [F. amunition, for munition, prob. caused by taking la munition as l'amunition. See Munition.] 1. Military stores, or provisions of all kinds for attack or defense. [Obs.] 2. Articles used in charging firearms and ordnance of all kinds; as powder, balls, shot, shells, percussion caps, rockets, etc. 3. Any stock of missiles, literal or figurative. � bread, shoes, etc., such as are contracted for by government, and supplied to the soldiers. [Eng.] Am�mu�ni�tion (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ammunitioned (?); p pr. & vb. n. Ammunitioning.] To provide with ammunition. � Am�ne�si�a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? to remember.] (Med.) Forgetfulness; also, a defect of speech, from cerebral disease, in which the patient substitutes wrong words or names in the place of those he wishes to employ. Quian. Am�ne�sic (?), a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to amnesia. �Amnesic or co�rdinate defects.� Quian. Am�nes�tic (?), a. Causing loss of memory. Am�nes�ty (?), n. [L. amnestia, Gr. ?, a forgetting, fr. ? forgotten, forgetful; ? priv. + ? to remember: cf. F. amnistie, earlier amnestie. See Mean, v.] 1. Forgetfulness; cessation of remembrance of wrong; oblivion. 2. An act of the sovereign power granting oblivion, or a general pardon, for a past offense, as to subjects concerned in an insurrection. Am�nes�ty, v. t. [imp. p. p. Amnestied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Amnestying.] To grant ~ to. Am�nic�o�list (?), n. [L. amnicola, amnis a river + colere to dwell.] One who lives near a river. [Obs.] Bailey. Am�nig�e�nous (?), a. [L. amnigena; amnis a river + root gen of gignere to beget.] Born or bred in, of, or near a river. [Obs.] Bailey. Am�ni�on (?), n. [Gr. ? the membrane round the fetus, dim. of ? lamb.] (Anat.) A thin membrane surrounding the embryos of mammals, birds, and reptiles. Am�ni�os (?), n. Same as Amnion. � Am�ni�o�ta (?), n. pl. [NL. See Amnion.] (Zo�l.) That group of vertebrates which develops in its embryonic life the envelope called the amnion. It comprises the reptiles, the birds, and the mammals. Am�ni�ot�ic (?), a. [Cf. F. amniotique.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the amnion; characterized by an amnion; as, the amniotic fluid; the amniotic sac. � acid. (Chem.) [R.] See Allantoin. A�m?�ba (?), n; pl. L. Am?b� (?); E. Am?bas (?). [NL., fr. Gr. ? change.] (Zo�l.) A rhizopod. common in fresh water, capable of undergoing many changes of form at will. See Rhizopoda. � Am�?�b��um (?), n. [L. amoebaeus, Gr. ?, alternate; L. amoebaeum carmen, Gr. ? ?, a responsive song, fr. ? change.] A poem in which persons are represented at speaking alternately; as the third and seventh eclogues of Virgil. � Am�?�be�a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zo�l.) That division of the Rhizopoda which includes the am?ba and similar forms. Am�?�be�an (?), a. Alternately answering. A�m?�bi�an (?), n. (Zo�l.) One of the Am?bea. { A�m?�bi�form (?), A�m?�boid (?), } a. [Am?ba + �form or �oid.] (Biol.) Resembling an am?ba; am?ba�shaped; changing in shape like an am?ba. � movement, movement produced, as in the am?ba, by successive processes of prolongation and retraction. A�m?�bous (?), a. Like an am?ba in structure. Am�o�li�tion (?), n. [L. amolitio, fr. amoliri to remove; a (ab) + moliri to put in motion.] Removal; a putting away. [Obs.] Bp. Ward (1673). � A�mo�mum (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. ? an Indian spice plant.] (Bot.) A genus of aromatic plants. It includes species which bear cardamoms, and grains of paradise. A�mon�este (?), v. t. To admonish. [Obs.] { A�mong� (?), A�mongst� (?), } prep. [OE. amongist, amonges, amonge, among, AS. onmang, ongemang, gemang, in a crowd or mixture. For the ending �st see Amidst. See Mingle.] 1. Mixed or mingled; surrounded by. They heard, And from his presence hid themselves among The thickest trees. Milton. 2. Conjoined, or associated with, or making part of the number of; in the number or class of. Blessed art thou among women. Luke i. 28. 3. Expressing a relation of dispersion, distribution, etc.; also, a relation of reciprocal action. What news among the merchants? Shak. Human sacrifices were practiced among them. Hume. Divide that gold amongst you. Marlowe. Whether they quarreled among themselves, or with their neighbors. Addison. Syn. - Amidst; between. See Amidst, Between. � A�mon�til�la�do (?), n. [Sp.] A dry kind of cherry, of a light color. Simmonds. Am�o�ret (?), n. [OF. amorette, F. amourette, dim. of amour.] 1. An amorous girl or woman; a wanton. [Obs.] J. Warton. 2. A love knot, love token, or love song. (pl.) Love glances or love tricks. [Obs.] 3. A petty love affair or amour. [Obs.] Am�o�rette� (?), n. An amoret. [Obs.] Rom. of R. Am�o�rist (?), n. [L. armor love. See Amorous.] A lover; a gallant. [R.] Milton. It was the custom for an amorist to impress the name of his mistress in the dust, or upon the damp earth, with letters fixed upon his shoe. Southey. A�morn�ings (?), adv. [See Amorwe. The �s is a genitival ending. See �wards.] In the morning; every morning. [Obs.] And have such pleasant walks into the woods A�mornings. J. Fletcher. � Am�o�ro�sa (?), n. [It. amoroso, fem. amorosa.] A wanton woman; a courtesan. Sir T. Herbert. Am�o�ros�i�ty (?), n. The quality of being amorous; lovingness. [R.] Galt. � Am�o�ro�so (?), n. [It. amoroso, LL. amorosus.] A lover; a man enamored. � Am�o�ro�so, adv. [It.] (Mus.) In a soft, tender, amatory style. Am�o�rous (?), a. [OF. amoros, F. amoreux, LL. amorosus, fr. L. amor love, fr. amare to love.] 1. Inclined to love; having a propensity to love, or to sexual enjoyment; loving; fond; affectionate; as, an amorous disposition. 2. Affected with love; in love; enamored; � usually with of; formerly with on. Thy roses amorous of the moon. Keats. High nature amorous of the good. Tennyson. Sure my brother is amorous on Hero. Shak. 3. Of or relating to, or produced by, love. �Amorous delight.� Milton. �Amorous airs.� Waller. Syn. - Loving; fond; tender; passionate; affectionate; devoted; ardent. Am�o�rous�ly, adv. In an amorous manner; fondly. Am�o�rous�ness, n. The quality of being amorous, or inclined to sexual love; lovingness. A�mor�pha (?), n.; pl. Amorphas (?). [Gr. ? shapeless.] (Bot.) A genus of leguminous shrubs, having long clusters of purple flowers; false or bastard indigo. Longfellow. A�mor�phism (?), n. [See Amorphous.] A state of being amorphous; esp. a state of being without crystallization even in the minutest particles, as in glass, opal, etc. There are stony substances which, when fused, may cool as glass or as stone; the glass state is (Chem.) spoken of as a state of amorphism. A�mor�phous (?), a. [Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? form.] 1. Having no determinate form; of irregular; shapeless. Kirwan. 2. Without crystallization in the ultimate texture of a solid substance; uncrystallized. 3. Of no particular kind or character; anomalous. Scientific treatises... are not seldom rude and amorphous in style. Hare. � A�mor�phous�ly, adv. � A�mor�phous�ness, n. � A�mor�pho�zo�a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? shapeless; ? priv. + ? form + ? animal.] (Zo�l.) Animals without a mouth or regular internal organs, as the sponges. A�mor�pho�zo�ic (?), a. (Zo�l.) Of or pertaining to the Amorphozoa. A�mor�phy (?), n. [Gr. ?: cf. F. amorphie. See Amorphous.] Shapelessness. [Obs.] Swift. A�mort� (?), a. [Pref. a� + F. mort death, dead; all amort is for alamort.] As if dead; lifeless; spiritless; dejected; depressed. Shak. A�mor�tise (?), v., A�mor�ti�sa�tion (?), n., A�mor�tis�a�ble (?), a. A�mor�tise�ment (?), n. Same as Amortize, Amortization, etc. A�mor�tiz�a�ble (?), a. [Cf. F. amortissable.] Capable of being cleared off, as a debt. A�mor�ti�za�tion (?), n. [LL. amortisatio, admortizatio. See Amortize, and cf. Admortization.] 1. (Law) The act or right of alienating lands to a corporation, which was considered formerly as transferring them to dead hands, or in mortmain. 2. The extinction of a debt, usually by means of a sinking fund; also, the money thus paid. Simmonds. A�mor�tize (?), v. t. [OE. amortisen, LL. amortisare, admortizare, F. amortir to sell in mortmain, to extinguish; L. ad + mors death. See Mortmain. 1. To make as if dead; to destroy. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. (Law) To alienate in mortmain, that is, to convey to a corporation. See Mortmain. 3. To clear off or extinguish, as a debt, usually by means of a sinking fund. A�mor�tize�ment (?), n. [F. amortissement.] Same as Amortization. A�mor�we (?), adv. [Pref. a� on + OE. morwe. See Morrow.] 1. In the morning. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. On the following morning. [Obs.] Chaucer. A�mo�tion (?), n. [L. amotio. See Amove.] 1. Removal; ousting; especially, the removal of a corporate officer from his office. 2. Deprivation of possession. � A�mo�tus (?), a. [L., withdrawn (from it?place).] (Zo�l.) Elevated, � as a toe, when raised so high that the tip does not touch the ground. A�mount� (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Amounted; p. pr. & vb. n. Amounting.] [OF. amonter to increase, advance, ascend, fr. amont (equiv. to L. ad montem to the mountain) upward, F. amont up the river. See Mount, n.] 1. To go up; to ascend. [Obs.] So up he rose, and thence amounted straight. Spenser. 2. To rise or reach by an accumulation of particular sums or quantities; to come (to) in the aggregate or whole; � with to or unto. 3. To rise, reach, or extend in effect, substance, or influence; to be equivalent; to come practically (to); as, the testimony amounts to very little. A�mount�, v. t. To signify; to ~ to. [Obs.] A�mount�, n. 1. The sum total of two or more sums or quantities; the aggregate; the whole quantity; a totality; as, the amount of 7 and 9 is 16; the amount of a bill; the amount of this year's revenue. 2. The effect, substance, value, significance, or result; the sum; as, the amount of the testimony is this. The whole amount of that enormous fame. Pope. A�mour� (?), n. [F., fr. L. amor love.] 1. Love; affection. [Obs.] 2. Love making; a love affair; usually, an unlawful connection in love; a love intrigue; an illicit love affair. In amours with, in love with. [Obs.] <-- p. 50 --> � A�mour� pro�pre (?). [F.] Self�love; self�esteem. A�mov�a�bil�i�ty (?), n. Liability to be removed or dismissed from office. [R.] T. Jefferson. A�mov�a�ble (?), a. [Cf. F. amovible.] Removable. A�move� (?), v. t. [L. amovere; a� (ab) + movere to move: cf. OF. amover.] 1. To remove, as a person or thing, from a position. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. 2. (Law) To dismiss from an office or station. A�move�, v. t. & i. [OE. amovir, L. admovere to move to, to excite; ad + movere.] To move or be moved; to excite. [Obs.] Spenser. Am�pe�lite (?), n. [L. ampelitis, Gr. ?, fr. ? vine.] (Min.) An earth abounding in pyrites, used by the ancients to kill insects, etc., on vines; � applied by Brongniart to a carbonaceous alum schist. { � Am�p�re� (?), Am�pere� (?),} n. [From the name of a French electrician.] (Elec.) The unit of electric current; � defined by the International Electrical Congress in 1893 and by U. S. Statute as, one tenth of the unit of current of the C. G. S. system of electro�magnetic units, or the practical equivalent of the unvarying current which, when passed through a standard solution of nitrate of silver in water, deposits silver at the rate of 0.001118 grams per second. Called also the international amp�re. { � Am�p�re�me�ter (?), Am�pe�rom�e�ter (?),} n. [Amp�re + meter.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring the strength of an electrical current in amp�res. Am�per�sand (?), n. [A corruption of and, per se and, i. e., ? by itself makes and.] A word used to describe the character ?, ?, or &. Halliwell. Am�phi�. [Gr. ?.] A prefix in words of Greek origin, signifying both, of both kinds, on both sides, about, around. Am�phi�ar�thro�di�al (?), a. [Pref. amphi� + arthrodial.] Characterized by amphiarthrosis. Am�phi�ar�thro�sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ? + ? a joining, ? a joint.] (Anat.) A form of articulation in which the bones are connected by intervening substance admitting slight motion; symphysis. Am�phi�as�ter (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ? + ? a star.] (Biol.) The achromatic figure, formed in mitotic cell�division, consisting of two asters connected by a spindle�shaped bundle of rodlike fibers diverging from each aster, and called the spindle. � Am�phib�i�a (?), n. pl. [See Amphibium.] (Zo�l.) One of the classes of vertebrates. � The Amphibia are distinguished by having usually no scales, by having eggs and embryos similar to those of fishes, and by undergoing a complete metamorphosis, the young having gills. There are three living orders: (1) The tailless, as the frogs (Anura); (2) The tailed (Urodela), as the salamanders, and the siren group (Sirenoidea), which retain the gills of the young state (hence called Perennibranchiata) through the adult state, among which are the siren, proteus, etc.; (3) The C?cilians, or serpentlike Amphibia (Ophiomorpha or Gymnophiona), with minute scales and without limbs. The extinct Labyrinthodouts also belonged to this class. The term is sometimes loosely applied to both reptiles and amphibians collectively. Am�phib�i�al (�al), & n. Amphibian. [R.] Am�phib�i�an (�an), a. (Zo�l.) Of or pertaining to the Amphibia; as, amphibian reptiles. Am�phib�i�an, n. (Zo�l.) One of the Amphibia. Am�phib�i�o�log�ic�al (?), a. Pertaining to amphibiology. Am�phib�i�ol�o�gy (?), n. [Gr. ? amphibious + �logy: cf. F. amphibiologie.] A treatise on amphibious animals; the department of natural history which treats of the Amphibia. � Am�phib�i�ot�i�ca (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? + ? pertaining to life.] (Zo�l.) A division of insects having aquatic larv�. Am�phib�i�ous (?), a. [Gr. ? living a double life, i. e., both on land in water; ? + ? life.] 1. Having the ability to live both on land and in water, as frogs, crocodiles, beavers, and some plants. 2. Pertaining to, adapted for, or connected with, both land and water. The amphibious character of the Greeks was already determined: they were to be lords of land and sea. Hare. 3. Of a mixed nature; partaking of two natures. Not in free and common socage, but in this amphibious subordinate class of villein socage. Blackstone. Am�phib�i�ous�ly, adv. Like an amphibious being. Am�phib�i�ous�ness, n. The quality of being amphibious; ability to live in two elements. � Am�phib�i�um (?), n.; pl. L. Amphibia (?); E. Amphibiums (?). [NL., fr. Gr. ? (sc. ? an animal). See Amphibious.] An amphibian. Am�phi�bias�tic (?), a. [Gr. ? + ? tending to sprout.] (Biol.) Segmenting unequally; � said of telolecithal ova with complete segmentation. Am�phi�bole (?), n. [Gr. ? doubtful, equivocal, fr. ? to throw round, to doubt: cf. F. amphibole. Ha�y so named the genus from the great variety of color and composition assumed by the mineral.] (Min.) A common mineral embracing many varieties varying in color and in composition. It occurs in monoclinic crystals; also massive, generally with fibrous or columnar structure. The color varies from white to gray, green, brown, and black. It is a silicate of magnetism and calcium, with usually aluminium and iron. Some common varieties are tremolite, actinolite, asbestus, edenite, hornblende (the last name being also used as a general term for the whole species). Amphibole is a constituent of many crystalline rocks, as syenite, diorite, most varieties of trachyte, etc. See Hornblende. Am�phi�bol�ic (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to amphiboly; ambiguous; equivocal. 2. Of or resembling the mineral amphibole. Am�phib�o�log�ic�al (?), a. Of doubtful meaning; ambiguous. �Amphibological expressions.� Jer. Taylor. � Am�phib�o�log�ic�al�ly, adv. Am�phi�bol�o�gy (?), n.; pl. Amphibologies (?). [L. amphibologia, for amphibolia, fr. Gr. ?, with the ending �logia as if fr. Gr. ? ambiguous + ? speech: cf. F. amphibologie. See Amphiboly.] A phrase, discourse, or proposition, susceptible of two interpretations; and hence, of uncertain meaning. It differs from equivocation, which arises from the twofold sense of a single term. Am�phib�o�lous (?), a. [L. amphibolus, Gr. ? thrown about, doubtful. [Obs.] Never was there such an amphibolous quarrel � both parties declaring themselves for the king. Howell. 2. (Logic) Capable of two meanings. An amphibolous sentence is one that is capable of two meanings, not from the double sense of any of the words, but from its admitting of a double construction; e. g., �The duke yet lives that Henry shall depose.� Whately. Am�phib�o�ly (?), n.; pl. Amphibolies (?). [L. amphibolia, Gr. ?: cf. OE. amphibolie. See Amphibolous.] Ambiguous discourse; amphibology. If it oracle contrary to our interest or humor, we will create an amphiboly, a double meaning where there is none. Whitlock. Am�phi�branch (?), n. [L. ?, Gr. ? short at both ends; ? + ? short.] (Anc. Pros.) A foot of three syllables, the middle one long, the first and last short (? � ?); as, h?b?r?. In modern prosody the accented syllable takes the place of the long and the unaccented of the short; as, pro�phet�ic. { Am�phi�car�pic (?), Am�phi�car�pous (?),} a. [Gr. ? + ? fruit.] (Bot.) Producing fruit of two kinds, either as to form or time of ripening. Am�phi�chro�ic (?), a. [Gr. ? + ? color.] (Chem.) Exhibiting or producing two colors, as substances which in the color test may change red litmus to blue and blue litmus to red. { Am�phi�c?�li�an (?), Am�phi�c?�lous (?),} a. [Gr. ? hollowed all round; ? + ? hollow.] (Zo�l.) Having both ends concave; biconcave; � said of vertebr�. Am�phi�come (?), n. [Gr. ? with hair all round; ? + ? hair.] A kind of figured stone, rugged and beset with eminences, anciently used in divination. [Obs.] Encyc. Brit. Am�phic�ty�on�ic (?), a. [Gr. ?.] Of or pertaining to the Amphictyons or their League or Council; as, an Amphictyonic town or state; the Amphictyonic body. W. Smith. Am�phic�ty�ons (?), n. pl. [L. Amphictyones, Gr. ?. Prob. the word was orig. ? dwellers around, neighbors.] (Grecian Hist.) Deputies from the confederated states of ancient Greece to a congress or council. They considered both political and religious matters. Am�phic�ty�o�ny (?), n.; pl. Amphictyonies (?). [Gr. ?.] (Grecian Hist.) A league of states of ancient Greece; esp. the celebrated confederation known as the Amphictyonic Council. Its object was to maintain the common interests of Greece. Am�phid (?), n. [Gr. ? both: cf. F. amphide.] (Chem.) A salt of the class formed by the combination of an acid and a base, or by the union of two oxides, two sulphides, selenides, or tellurides, as distinguished from a haloid compound. [R.] Berzelius. Am�phi�disc (?), n. [Gr. ? + ? a round plate.] (Zo�l.) A peculiar small siliceous spicule having a denticulated wheel at each end; � found in freshwater sponges. Am�phi�drom�ic�al (?), a. [Gr. ? running about or around.] Pertaining to an Attic festival at the naming of a child; � so called because the friends of the parents carried the child around the hearth and then named it. Am�phig�a�mous (?), a. [Gr. ? + ? marriage.] (Bot.) Having a structure entirely cellular, and no distinct sexual organs; � a term applied by De Candolle to the lowest order of plants. Am�phi�ge�an (?), a. [Gr. ? + ?, ?, the earth.] Extending over all the zones, from the tropics to the polar zones inclusive. Am�phi�gen (?), n. [Gr. ? + �gen: cf. F. amphig�ne.] (Chem.) An element that in combination produces amphid salt; � applied by Berzelius to oxygen, sulphur, selenium, and tellurium. [R.] Am�phi�gene (?), n. (Min.) Leucite. Am�phi�gen�e�sis (?), n. [Gr. ? + ? generation.] (Biol.) Sexual generation; amphigony. Am�phig�e�nous (?), a. (Bot.) Increasing in size by growth on all sides, as the lichens. Am�phi�gon�ic (?), a. Pertaining to amphigony; sexual; as, amphigonic propagation. [R.] Am�phig�o�nous (?), a. [Gr. ? + ? a begetting.] Relating to both parents. [R.] Am�phig�o�ny (?), n. Sexual propagation. [R.] Am�phi�gor�ic (?), a. [See Amphigory.] Nonsensical; absurd; pertaining to an amphigory. Am�phi�go�ry (?), n. [F. amphigouri, of uncertain derivation; perh. fr. Gr. ? + ? a circle.] A nonsense verse; a rigmarole, with apparent meaning, which on further attention proves to be meaningless. [Written also amphigouri.] { Am�phil�o�gism (?), Am�phil�o�gy (?),} n. [Gr. ? + �logy.] Ambiguity of speech; equivocation. [R.] Am�phim�a�cer (?), n. [L. amphimacru?, Gr. ?; ? on both sides + ? long.] (Anc. Pros.) A foot of three syllables, the middle one short and the others long, as in c�st?t�s. Andrews. � Am�phi�neu�ra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. ? + ? sinew, nerve.] (Zo�l.) A division of Mollusca remarkable for the bilateral symmetry of the organs and the arrangement of the nerves. � Am�phi�ox�us (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ? + ? sharp.] (Zo�l.) A fishlike creature (Amphioxus lanceolatus), two or three inches long, found in temperature seas; � also called the lancelet. Its body is pointed at both ends. It is the lowest and most generalized of the vertebrates, having neither brain, skull, vertebr�, nor red blood. It forms the type of the group Acrania, Leptocardia, etc. Am�phip�neust (?), n. [Gr. ? + ? one who breathes, ? to breathe.] (Zo�l.) One of a tribe of Amphibia, which have both lungs and gills at the same time, as the proteus and siren. Am�phi�pod (?), n. (Zo�l.) One of the Amphipoda. { Am�phi�pod (?), Am�phip�o�dan (?),} a. (Zo�l.) Of or pertaining to the Amphipoda. � Am�phip�o�da (?), n. pl. [NL., FR. Gr. ? + ?, ? foot.] (Zo�l.) A numerous group of fourteen � footed Crustacea, inhabiting both fresh and salt water. The body is usually compressed laterally, and the anterior pairs or legs are directed downward and forward, but the posterior legs are usually turned upward and backward. The beach flea is an example. See Tetradecapoda and Arthrostraca. Am�phip�o�dous (?), a. (Zo�l.) Of or pertaining to the Amphipoda. Am�phip�ro�style (?), a. [L. amphiprostylos, Gr. ? having a double prostyle: cf. F. amphiprostyle. See Prostyle.] (Arch.) Doubly prostyle; having columns at each end, but not at the sides. � n. An amphiprostyle temple or edifice. � Am�phi�rhi�na (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? + ?, ?, nose.] (Zo�l.) A name applied to the elasmobranch fishes, because the nasal sac is double. � Am�phis�b��na (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. ?; ? on both ends + ? to go.] 1. A fabled serpent with a head at each end, moving either way. Milton. 2. (Zo�l.) A genus of harmless lizards, serpentlike in form, without legs, and with both ends so much alike that they appear to have a head at each, and ability to move either way. See Illustration in Appendix. � The Gordius aquaticus, or hairworm, has been called an amphisb�na; but it belongs among the worms. � Am�phis�b��noid (?), a. [NL., fr. L. amphisbaena + �oid.] (Zo�l.) Like or pertaining to the lizards of the genus Amphisb�na. { � Am�phis�ci�i (?), Am�phis�cians (?),} n. pl. [Gr. ? throwing a shadow both ways; ? + ? shadow.] The inhabitants of the tropic, whose shadows in one part of the year are cast to the north, and in the order to the south, according as the sun is south or north of their zenith. Am�phis�to�mous (?), a. [Gr. ? + ? mouth.] (Zo�l.) Having a sucker at each extremity, as certain entozoa, by means of which they adhere. Am�phi�sty�lic (?), a. [Gr. ? + ? pillar, support.] (Anat.) Having the mandibular arch articulated with the hyoid arch and the cranium, as in the cestraciont sharks; � said of a skull. { Am�phi�the�a�ter, Am�phi�the�a�tre,} (?), n. [L. amphitheatrum, fr. Gr. ?; ? + ? theater: cf. F. amphith��tre. See Theater.] 1. An oval or circular building with rising tiers of seats about an open space called the arena. � The Romans first constructed amphitheaters for combats of gladiators and wild beasts. 2. Anything resembling an amphitheater in form; as, a level surrounded by rising slopes or hills, or a rising gallery in a theater. Am�phi�the�a�tral (?), a. [L. amphitheatralis: cf. F. amphith��tral.] Amphitheatrical; resembling an amphitheater. { Am�phi�the�at�ric (?), Am�phi�the�at�ric�al (?),} a. [L. amphitheatricus.] Of, pertaining to, exhibited in, or resembling, an amphitheater. Am�phi�the�at�ric�al�ly, adv. In the form or manner of an amphitheater. � Am�phit�ro�cha (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ? + ? a wheel.] (Zo�l.) A kind of annelid larva having both a dorsal and a ventral circle of special cilia. { Am�phit�ro�pal (?), Am�phit�ro�pous (?),} a. [Gr. ? + ? to turn.] (Bot.) Having the <-- p. 51 --> ovule inverted, but with the attachment near the middle of one side; half anatropous. � Am�phi�u�ma (?), n. (Zo�l.) A genus of amphibians, inhabiting the Southern United States, having a serpentlike form, but with four minute limbs and two persistent gill openings; the Congo snake. Am�pho�pep�tone (?), n. [Gr. ? + E. peptone.] (Physiol.) A product of gastric digestion, a mixture of hemipeptone and antipeptone. � Am�pho�ra (?), n.; pl. Amophor� (?). [L., fr. Gr. ?, ?, a jar with two handles; ? + ? bearer, ? to bear. Cf. Ampul.] Among the ancients, a two�handled vessel, tapering at the bottom, used for holding wine, oil, etc. Am�pho�ral (?), a. [L. amphoralis.] Pertaining to, or resembling, an amphora. Am�phor�ic (?), a. (Med.) Produced by, or indicating, a cavity in the lungs, not filled, and giving a sound like that produced by blowing into an empty decanter; as, amphoric respiration or resonance. Am�pho�ter�ic (?), a. [Gr. ? both.] Partly one and partly the other; neither acid nor alkaline; neutral. [R.] Smart. Am�ple (?), a. [F. ample, L. amplus, prob. for ambiplus full on both sides, the last syllable akin to L. plenus full. See Full, and cf. Double.] Large; great in size, extent, capacity, or bulk; spacious; roomy; widely extended. All the people in that ample house Did to that image bow their humble knees. Spenser. 2. Fully sufficient; abundant; liberal; copious; as, an ample fortune; ample justice. 3. Not contracted of brief; not concise; extended; diffusive; as, an ample narrative. Johnson. Syn. - Full; spacious; extensive; wide; capacious; abundant; plentiful; plenteous; copious; bountiful; rich; liberal; munificent. � Ample, Copious, Abundant, Plenteous. These words agree in representing a thing as large, but under different relations, according to the image which is used. Ample implies largeness, producing a sufficiency or fullness of supply for every want; as, ample stores or resources, ample provision. Copious carries with it the idea of flow, or of collection at a single point; as, a copious supply of materials. �Copious matter of my song.� Milton. Abundant and plenteous refer to largeness of quantity; as, abundant stores; plenteous harvests. Am�plec�tant (?), a. [L. amplecti to embrace.] (Bot.) Clasping a support; as, amplectant tendrils. Gray. Am�ple�ness (?), n. The state or quality of being ample; largeness; fullness; completeness. Am�plex�a�tion (?), n. [L. amplexari to embrace.] An embrace. [Obs.] An humble amplexation of those sacred feet. Bp. Hall. Am�plex�i�caul (?), a. [L. amplexus, p. p. of amplecti to encircle, to embrace + caulis stem: cf. F. amplexicaule.] (Bot.) Clasping or embracing a stem, as the base of some leaves. Gray. Am�pli�ate (?), v. t. [L. ampliatus, p. p. of ampliare to make wider, fr. amplus. See Ample.] To enlarge. [R.] To maintain and ampliate the external possessions of your empire. Udall. Am�pli�ate (?), a. (Zo�l.) Having the outer edge prominent; said of the wings of insects. Am�pli�a�tion (?), n. [L. ampliatio: cf. F. ampliation.] 1. Enlargement; amplification. [R.] 2. (Civil Law) A postponement of the decision of a cause, for further consideration or re�argument. Am�pli�a�tive (?), a. (Logic) Enlarging a conception by adding to that which is already known or received. �All bodies possess power of attraction� is an ampliative judgment; because we can think of bodies without thinking of attraction as one of their immediate primary attribute. Abp. W. Thomson. Am�plif�i�cate (?), v. t. [L. amplificatus, p. p. of amplificare.] To amplify. [Obs.] Bailey. Am�pli�fi�ca�tion (?), n. [L. amplificatio.] 1. The act of amplifying or enlarging in dimensions; enlargement; extension. 2. (Rhet.) The enlarging of a simple statement by particularity of description, the use of epithets, etc., for rhetorical effect; diffuse narrative or description, or a dilating upon all the particulars of a subject. Exaggeration is a species of amplification. Brande & C. I shall summarily, without any amplification at all, show in what manner defects have been supplied. Sir J. Davies. 3. The matter by which a statement is amplified; as, the subject was presented without amplifications. Am�plif�i�ca�tive (?), a. Amplificatory. Am�plif�i�ca�to�ry (?), a. Serving to amplify or enlarge; amplificative. Morell. Am�pli�fi�er (?), n. One who or that which amplifies. Am�pli�fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Amplified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Amplifying.] [F. amplifier, L. amplificare. See Ample, �fy.] 1. To render larger, more extended, or more intense, and the like; � used especially of telescopes, microscopes, etc. 2. (Rhet.) To enlarge by addition or discussion; to treat copiously by adding particulars, illustrations, etc.; to expand; to make much of. Troilus and Cressida was written by a Lombard author, but much amplified by our English translator. Dryden. Am�pli�fy (?), v. i. 1. To become larger. [Obs.] Strait was the way at first, withouten light, But further in did further amplify. Fairfax. 2. To speak largely or copiously; to be diffuse in argument or description; to dilate; to expatiate; � often with on or upon. Watts. He must often enlarge and amplify upon the subject he handles. South. Am�pli�tude (?), n. [L. amplitudo, fr. amplus: cf. F. amplitude. See Ample.] 1. State of being ample; extent of surface or space; largeness of dimensions; size. The cathedral of Lincoln... is a magnificent structure, proportionable to the amplitude of the diocese. Fuller. 2. Largeness, in a figurative sense; breadth; abundance; fullness. (a) Of extent of capacity or intellectual powers. �Amplitude of mind.� Milton. �Amplitude of comprehension.� Macaulay. (b) Of extent of means or resources. �Amplitude of reward.� Bacon. 3. (Astron.) (a) The arc of the horizon between the true east or west point and the center of the sun, or a star, at its rising or setting. At the rising, the ~ is eastern or ortive: at the setting, it is western, occiduous, or occasive. It is also northern or southern, when north or south of the equator. (b) The arc of the horizon between the true east or west point and the foot of the vertical circle passing through any star or object. 4. (Gun.) The horizontal line which measures the distance to which a projectile is thrown; the range. 5. (Physics) The extent of a movement measured from the starting point or position of equilibrium; � applied especially to vibratory movements. 6. (math.) An angle upon which the value of some function depends; � a term used more especially in connection with elliptic functions. Magnetic ~, the angular distance of a heavenly body, when on the horizon, from the magnetic east or west point as indicated by the compass. The difference between the magnetic and the true or astronomical ~ (see 3 above) is the �variation of the compass.� Am�ply (?), adv. In an ample manner. Am�pul (?), n. [AS. ampella, ampolla, L. ampulla: cf. OF. ampolle, F. ampoule.] Same as Ampulla, 2. � Am�pul�la, n.; pl. Ampull� (?). [L. ] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A narrow�necked vessel having two handles and bellying out like a jug. 2. (Eccl.) (a) A cruet for the wine and water at Mass. (b) The vase in which the holy oil for chrism, unction, or coronation is kept. Shipley. 3. (Biol.) Any membranous bag shaped like a leathern bottle, as the dilated end of a vessel or duct; especially the dilations of the semicircular canals of the ear. Am�pul�la�ceous (?), a. [L. ampullaceus, fr. ampulla.] Like a bottle or inflated bladder; bottle�shaped; swelling. Kirby. � sac (Zo�l.), one of the peculiar cavities in the tissues of sponges, containing the zooidal cells. { Am�pul�lar (?), Am�pul�la�ry (?), } a. Resembling an ampulla. { Am�pul�late (?), Am�pul�la�ted (?) } a. Having an ampulla; flask�shaped; bellied. Am�pul�li�form (?), a. [Ampulla + �form.] Flask�shaped; dilated. Am�pu�tate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Amputated; p. pr. & vb. n. Amputating.] [L. amputatus, p. p. of amputare: amb� + putare to prune, putus clean, akin to E. pure. See Putative.] 1. To prune or lop off, as branches or tendrils. 2. (Surg.) To cut off (a limb or projecting part of the body). Wiseman. Am�pu�ta�tion (?), n. [L. amputatio: cf. F. amputation.] The act amputating; esp. the operation of cutting of a limb or projecting part of the body. Am�pu�ta�tor (?), n. One who amputates. � Am�pyx (?), n. [Gr. ?.] (Greek Antiq.) A woman's headband (sometimes of metal), for binding the front hair. � Am�ri�ta (?), n. [Skr. amrita.] (Hind. Myth.) Immorality; also, the nectar conferring immortality. � a. Ambrosial; immortal. Am�sel, Am�zel (?), n. [Ger. See Ousel.] (Zo�l.) The European ring ousel (Turdus torquatus). A�muck� (?), a. & adv. [Malay amoq furious.] In a frenzied and reckless. To run ~, to rush out in a state of frenzy, as the Malays sometimes do under the influence of �bhang,� and attack every one that comes in the way; to assail recklessly and indiscriminately. Satire's my weapon, but I'm too discreet To run amuck, and tilt at all I meet. Pope. Am�u�let (?), n. [L. amuletum: cf. F. amulette.] An ornament, gem, or scroll, or a package containing a relic, etc., worn as a charm or preservative against evils or mischief, such as diseases and witchcraft, and generally inscribed with mystic forms or characters. [Also used figuratively.] Am�u�let�ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to an amulet; operating as a charm. A�mur�cous (?), a. [LL. amurcous, L. amurca the dregs of olives, Gr. ?, fr. ? to pluck.] Full off dregs; foul. [R.] Knowles. A�mus�a�ble (?), a. [Cf. F. amusable.] Capable of being amused. A�muse� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Amused (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Amusing.] [F. amuser to make stay, to detain, to ~, ? (L. ad) + OF. muser. See Muse, v.] 1. To occupy or engage the attention of; to lose in deep thought; to absorb; also, to distract; to bewilder. [Obs.] Camillus set upon the Gauls when they were amused in receiving their gold. Holland. Being amused with grief, fear, and fright, he could not find the house. Fuller. 2. To entertain or occupy in a pleasant manner; to stir with pleasing or mirthful emotions; to divert. A group children amusing themselves with pushing stones from the top [of the cliff], and watching as they plunged into the lake. Gilpin. 3. To keep in extraction; to beguile; to delude. He amused his followers with idle promises. Johnson. Syn. - To entertain; gratify; please; divert; beguile; deceive; occupy. � To Amuse, Divert, Entertain. We are amused by that which occupies us lightly and pleasantly. We are entertained by that which brings our minds into agreeable contact with others, as conversation, or a book. We are diverted by that which turns off our thoughts to something of livelier interest, especially of a sportive nature, as a humorous story, or a laughable incident. Whatever amuses serves to kill time, to lull the faculties, and to banish reflection. Whatever entertains usually a wakens the understanding or gratifies the fancy. Whatever diverts is lively in its nature, and sometimes tumultuous in its effects. Crabb. A�muse�, v. i. To muse; to mediate. [Obs.] A�mused� (?), a. 1. Diverted. 2. Expressing amusement; as, an amused look. A�muse�ment (?), n. [Cf. F. amusement.] 1. Deep thought; muse. [Obs.] Here I... fell into a strong and deep amusement, revolving in my mind, with great perplexity, the amazing change of our affairs. Fleetwood. 2. The state of being amused; pleasurable excitement; that which amuses; diversion. His favorite amusements were architecture and gardening. Macaulay. Syn. - Diversion; entertainment; recreation; relaxation; pastime; sport. A�mus�er (?), n. One who amuses. � Am�u�sette� (?), n. [F.] A light field cannon, or stocked gun mounted on a swivel. A�mus�ing (?), a. Giving amusement; diverting; as, an amusing story. � A�mus�ing�ly, adv. A�mu�sive (?; 277), a.�Having power to amuse or entertain the mind; fitted to excite mirth. [R.] � A�mu�sive�ly, adv. � A�mu�sive�ness, n. A�my� (?), n. [F. ami, fr. L. amicus.] A friend. [Obs.] Chaucer. A�my�e�lous (?), a. [Gr. ? without marrow.] (Med.) Wanting the spinal cord. A�myg�da�la�ceous (?), a. (Bot.) Akin to, or derived from, the almond. A�myg�da�late (?), a. [L. amygdala, amygdalum, almond, Gr. ?, ?. See Almond.] Pertaining to, resembling, or made of, almonds. A�myg�da�late, n. 1. (Med.) An emulsion made of almonds; milk of almonds. Bailey. Coxe. 2.�(Chem.) A salt amygdalic acid. Am�yg�dal�ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to almonds; derived from amygdalin; as, amygdalic acid. A�myg�da�lif�er�ous (?), a. [L. amygdalum almond + �ferous.] Almond�bearing. A�myg�da�lin (?), n. (Chem.) A glucoside extracted from bitter almonds as a white, crystalline substance. A�myg�da�line (?), a. [L. amygdalinus.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling, almonds. A�myg�da�loid (?), n. [Gr. ? almond + �oid: cf. F. amygdalo�de.] (Min.) A variety of trap or basaltic rock, containing small cavities, occupied, wholly or in part, by nodules or geodes of different minerals, esp. agates, quartz, calcite, and the zeolites. When the imbedded minerals are detached or removed by decomposition, it is porous, like lava. { A�myg�da�loid (?), A�myg�da�loid�al (?), } a. 1. Almond�shaped. 2. Pertaining to, or having the nature of, the rock amygdaloid. Am�yl (?), n. [L. amylum starch + �yl. Cf. Amidin.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon radical, C5H11, of the paraffine series found in ~ alcohol or fusel oil, etc. Am�y�la�ceous (?), a. [L. amylum starch, Gr. ?. See Amidin.] Pertaining to starch; of the nature of starch; starchy. Am�y�late (?), n. (Chem.) A compound of the radical amyl with oxygen and a positive atom or radical. Am�y�lene (?), n.�(Chem.) One of a group of metameric hydrocarbons, C5H10, of the ethylene series. The colorless, volatile, mobile liquid commonly called amylene is a mixture of different members of the group. A�myl�ic (?), a. (Chem.)�Pertaining to, or derived from, amyl; as, amylic ether. � alcohol (Chem.), one of the series of alcohol?, a transparent, colorless liquid, having a peculiar odor. It is the hydroxide of amyl. � � fermentation (Chem.), a process of fermentation in starch or sugar in which ~ alcohol is produced. Gregory. Am�y�lo�bac�ter , n. [L. amylum starch + NL. bacterium. See Bacterium.] (Biol.) A micro�rganism (Bacillus amylobacter) which develops in vegetable tissue during putrefaction. Sternberg. { Am�y�loid (?), Am�y�loid�al (?), } a. [L. amylum starch + �oid.] Resembling or containing amyl; starchlike. Amyloid degeneration (Med.), a diseased condition of various organs of the body, produced by the deposit of an albuminous substance, giving a blue color with iodine and sulphuric acid; � called also waxy or lardaceous degeneration. <-- p. 52 --> Am�y�loid (?), n. 1. A non-nitrogenous starchy food; a starchlike substance. 2. (Med.) The substance deposited in the organs in ~ degeneration. Am�y�lo�ly�tic (?), a. [Gr. ? starch + ? solvent; ? to dissolve.] (Physiol.) Effecting the conversion of starch into soluble dextrin and sugar; as, an amylolytic ferment. Foster. Am�y�lose� (?), n. (Chem.) One of the starch group (C6H10O5)? of the carbohydrates; as, starch, arabin, dextrin, cellulose, etc. Am�y�ous (?), a. [Gr. ?.] (Med.) Wanting in muscle; without flesh. Am�yss (?), n. Same as Amice, a hood or cape. An (?). [AS. �n one, the same word as the numeral. See One, and cf. A.] This word is property an adjective, but is commonly called the indefinite article. It is used before nouns of the singular number only, and signifies one, or any, but somewhat less emphatically. In such expressions as �twice an hour,� �once an age,� a shilling an ounce (see 2d A, 2), it has a distributive force, and is equivalent to each, every. � An is used before a word beginning with a vowel sound; as, an enemy, an hour. It in also often used before h sounded, when the accent of the word falls on the second syllable; as, an historian, an hyena, an heroic deed. Many writers use a before h in such positions. Anciently an was used before consonants as well as vowels. An, conj. [Shortened fr. and, OE. an., and, sometimes and if, in introducing conditional clauses, like Icel. enda if, the same word as and. Prob. and was originally pleonastic before the conditional clause.] If; � a word used by old English authors. Shak. Nay, an thou dalliest, then I am thy foe. B. Jonson. � if, and if; if. An�a�. [Gr. ? on; in comp., on, up, upwards.] A prefix in words from the Greek, denoting up, upward, throughout, backward, back, again, anew. A�na (?), adv. [Gr. ? (used distributively).] (Med.) Of each; an equal quantity; as, wine and honey, ana (or, contracted, aa), ? ij., that is, of wine and honey, each, two ounces. An apothecary with a... long bill of anas. Dryden. �a�na (?). [The neut. pl. ending of Latin adjectives in �anus.] A suffix to names of persons or places, used to denote a collection of notable sayings, literary gossip, anecdotes, etc. Thus, Scaligerana is a book containing the sayings of Scaliger, Johnsoniana of Johnson, etc. Used also as a substantive; as, the French anas. It has been said that the table�talk of Selden is worth all the ana of the Continent. Hallam. An�a�bap�tism (?), n. [L. anabaptismus, Gr. ?: cf. F. anabaptisme. See Anabaptize.] The doctrine of the Anabaptists. An�a�bap�tist (?), n. [LL. anabaptista, fr. Gr. as if ?: cf. F. anabaptiste.] A name sometimes applied to a member of any sect holding that rebaptism is necessary for those baptized in infancy. � In church history, the name Anabaptists usually designates a sect of fanatics who greatly disturbed the peace of Germany, the Netherlands, etc., in the Reformation period. In more modern times the name has been applied to those who do not regard infant baptism as real and valid baptism. { An�a�bap�tis�tic (?), An�a�bap�tis�tic�al (?), } a. Relating or attributed to the Anabaptists, or their doctrines. Milton. Bp. Bull. An�a�bap�tist�ry (?), n. The doctrine, system, or practice, of Anabaptists. [R.] Thus died this imaginary king; and Anabaptistry was suppressed in Munster. Pagitt. An�a�bap�tize� (?), v. t. [Gr. ?, fr. ? again + ? to baptize. See Baptize.] To rebaptize; to rechristen; also, to rename. [R.] Whitlock. � An�a�bas (?), n. [Gr. ?, p. p. of ? to advance.] (Zo�l.) A genus of fishes, remarkable for their power of living long out of water, and of making their way on land for considerable distances, and for climbing trees; the climbing fishes. � A�nab�a�sis (?), n. [Gr. ?, fr. ? to go up; ? up + ? to go.] 1. A journey or expedition up from the coast, like that of the younger Cyrus into Central Asia, described by Xenophon in his work called �The Anabasis.� The anabasis of Napoleon. De Quincey. 2. (Med.) The first period, or increase, of a disease; augmentation. [Obs.] An�a�bat�ic (?), a. [Gr. ?.] Pertaining to anabasis; as, an anabatic fever. [Obs.] An�a�bol�ic (?), a. [Gr. ? something heaped up; ? + ? a stroke.] (Physiol.) Pertaining to anabolism; an anabolic changes, or processes, more or less constructive in their nature. A�nab�o�lism (?), n. (Physiol.) The constructive metabolism of the body, as distinguished from katabolism. An�a�camp�tic (?), a. [Gr. ? to bend back; ? back + ? to bend.] Reflecting of reflected; as, an anacamptic sound (and echo). � The word was formerly applied to that part of optics which treats of reflection; the same as what is now called catoptric. See Catoptrics. An�a�camp�tic�al�ly (?), adv. By reflection; as, echoes are sound produced anacamptically. Hutton. An�a�camp�tics (?), n. 1. The science of reflected light, now called catoptrics. 2. The science of reflected sounds. { � An�a�can�thi�ni (?), An�a�canths (?), } n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? priv. + ? thorny, fr. ? thorn.] (Zo�l.) A group of teleostean fishes destitute of spiny fin�rays, as the cod. An�a�can�thous (?), a. Spineless, as certain fishes. An�a�car�di�a�ceous (?), a. (Bot.) Belonging to, or resembling, a family, or order, of plants of which the cashew tree is the type, and the species of sumac are well known examples. An�a�car�dic (?), a. Pertaining to, or derived from, the cashew nut; as, anacardic acid. � An�a�car�di�um (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ? similar to + ? heart; � the fruit of this plant being thought to resemble the heart of a bird.] (Bot.) A genus of plants including the cashew tree. See Cashew. An�a�ca�thar�tic (?), a. [Gr. ?, fr. ? to cleanse upward, i. e., by vomiting; ? + ?. See Cathartic.] (Med.) Producing vomiting or expectoration. � n. An anacatharic medicine; an expectorant or an emetic. � An�ach�a�ris (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ? up + ? grace.] (Bot.) A fresh�water weed of the frog'sbit family (Hydrocharidace�), native to America. Transferred to England it became an obstruction to navigation. Called also waterweed and water thyme. An�ach�o�ret (?), n. An�ach�o�ret�ic�al (?), a. See Anchoret, Anchoretic. [Obs.] An�ach�o�rism (?), n. [Gr. ? + ? place.] An error in regard to the place of an event or a thing; a referring something to a wrong place. [R.] { An�a�chron�ic (?), An�a�chron�ic�al (?), } a. Characterized by, or involving, anachronism; anachronistic. An�ach�ro�nism (?), n. [Gr. ?, fr. ? to refer to a wrong time, to confound times; ? + ? time: cf. F. anachronisme.] A misplacing or error in the order of time; an error in chronology by which events are misplaced in regard to each other, esp. one by which an event is placed too early; falsification of chronological relation. An�ach�ro�nis�tic (?), a. Erroneous in date; containing an anachronism. T. Warton. An�ach�ro�nize (?), v. t. [Gr. ?.] To refer to, or put into, a wrong time. [R.] Lowell. An�ach�ro�nous (?), a. Containing an anachronism; anachronistic. � An�ach�ro�nous�ly, adv. An�a�clas�tic (?), a. [Gr. ? to bend back and break; to reflect (light); ? + ? to break.] 1. (Opt.) Produced by the refraction of light, as seen through water; as, anaclastic curves. Hutton. 2. Springing back, as the bottom of an anaclastic glass. � glass, a glass or phial, shaped like an inverted funnel, and with a very thin convex bottom. By sucking out a little air, the bottom springs into a concave form with a smart crack; and by breathing or blowing gently into the orifice, the bottom, with a like noise, springs into its former convex form. An�a�clas�tics (?), n. (Opt.) That part of optics which treats of the refraction of light; � commonly called dioptrics. Encyc. Brit. � An�a�c?�no�sis (?), n. [Gr. ?, fr. ?, to communicate; ? up + ? to make common, ? common.] (Rhet.) A figure by which a speaker appeals to his hearers or opponents for their opinion on the point in debate. Walker. An�a�co�lu�thic (?), a. Lacking grammatical sequence. � An�a�co�lu�thic�al�ly (?), adv. � An�a�co�lu�thon (?), n. [Gr. ?, ?, not following, wanting sequence; ? priv. + ? following.] (Gram.) A want of grammatical sequence or coherence in a sentence; an instance of a change of construction in a sentence so that the latter part does not syntactically correspond with the first part. An�a�con�da (?), n. [Of Ceylonese origin?] (Zo�l.) A large South American snake of the Boa family (Eunectes murinus), which lives near rivers, and preys on birds and small mammals. The name is also applied to a similar large serpent (Python tigris) of Ceylon. A�nac�re�on�tic (?), a. [L. Anacreonticus.] Pertaining to, after the manner of, or in the meter of, the Greek poet Anacreon; amatory and convivial. De Quincey. A�nac�re�on�tic, n. A poem after the manner of Anacreon; a sprightly little poem in praise of love and wine. An�a�crot�ic (?), a. (Physiol.) Pertaining to anachronism. A�nac�ro�tism (?), n. [Gr. ?, up, again + ? a stroke.] (Physiol.) A secondary notch in the pulse curve, obtained in a sphygmographic tracing. � An�a�cru�sis (?), n. [Gr. ?, fr. ? to push up or back; ? + ? to strike.] (Pros.) A prefix of one or two unaccented syllables to a verse properly beginning with an accented syllable. An�a�dem (?), n. [L. anadema, Gr. ?, fr. ? to wreathe; ? up + ? to bind.] A garland or fillet; a chaplet or wreath. Drayton. Tennyson. � An�a�di�plo�sis (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. ?; ? + ? to double, ?, ?, twofold, double.] (Rhet.) A repetition of the last word or any prominent word in a sentence or clause, at the beginning of the next, with an adjunct idea; as, �He retained his virtues amidst all his misfortunes � misfortunes which no prudence could foresee or prevent.� An�a�drom (?), n. [Cf. F. anadrome.] (Zo�l.) A fish that leaves the sea and ascends rivers. A�nad�ro�mous (?), a. [Gr. ? running upward; ? + ? a running, ? to run.] 1. (Zo�l.) Ascending rivers from the sea, at certain seasons, for breeding, as the salmon, shad, etc. 2. (Bot.) Tending upwards; � said of terns in which the lowest secondary segments are on the upper side of the branch of the central stem. D. C. Eaton. � A�n��mi�a (?), a. [NL., fr. Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? blood.] (Med.) A morbid condition in which the blood is deficient in quality or in quantity. A�n�m�ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to an�mis. An�a���rob�ic (?), a. (Biol.) Relating to, or like, ana�robies; ara�robiotic. An�a��r�o�bies (?), n. pl. [Gr. ? priv. + ?, ?, air + ? life.] (Biol.) Micro�rganisms which do not require oxygen, but are killed by it. Sternberg. An�a��r�o�bi�ot�ic (?), a. (Anat.) Related to, or of the nature of, ana�robies. � An��s�the�si�a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? feeling, ? to feel: cf. F. anesth�sie. See �sthetics.] (Med.) Entire or partial loss or absence of feeling or sensation; a state of general or local insensibility produced by disease or by the inhalation or application of an an�sthetic. � An��s�the�sis (?), n. See An�sthesia. An��s�thet�ic (?), a. (Med.) (a) Capable of rendering insensible; as, an�sthetic agents. (b) Characterized by, or connected with, insensibility; as, an an�sthetic effect or operation. An��s�thet�ic, n. (Med.) That which produces insensibility to pain, as chloroform, ether, etc. Anϑs�the�ti�za�tion (?), n. The process of an�sthetizing; also, the condition of the nervous system induced by an�sthetics. Anϑs�the�tize (?), v. t. (Med.) To render insensible by an an�sthetic. Encyc. Brit. An�a�glyph (?), n. [Gr. ? wrought in low relief, ? embossed work; ? + ? to engrave.] Any sculptured, chased, or embossed ornament worked in low relief, as a cameo. { An�a�glyph�ic (?), An�a�glyph�ic�al (?), } a. Pertaining to the art of chasing or embossing in relief; anaglyptic; � opposed to diaglyptic or sunk work. An�a�glyph�ic, n. Work chased or embossed relief. An�a�glyp�tic (?), a. [L. anaglypticus, Gr. ?, ?. See Anaglyph.] Relating to the art of carving, enchasing, or embossing in low relief. An�a�glyp�tics (?), n. The art of carving in low relief, embossing, etc. An�a�glyp�to�graph (?), n. [Gr. ? + �graph.] An instrument by which a correct engraving of any embossed object, such as a medal or cameo, can be executed. Brande & C. An�a�glyp�to�graph�ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to anaglyptography; as, analyptographic engraving. An�a�glyp�tog�ra�phy (?), n. [Gr. ? embossed + �graphy.] The art of copying works in relief, or of engraving as to give the subject an embossed or raised appearance; � used in representing coins, bas�reliefs, etc. � An�ag�nor�i�sis (?), n. [Latinized fr. Gr. ?; ? + ? to recognize.] The unfolding or d�nouement. [R.] De Quincey. An�a�go�ge (?), n. [Gr. ? a leading up; ? + ? a leading, ? to lead.] 1. An elevation of mind to things celestial. 2. The spiritual meaning or application; esp. the application of the types and allegories of the Old Testament to subjects of the New. { An�a�gog�ic (?), An�a�gog�ic�al (?), } a. Mystical; having a secondary spiritual meaning; as, the rest of the Sabbath, in an anagogical sense, signifies the repose of the saints in heaven; an anagogical explication. � An�a�gog�ic�al�ly, adv. An�a�gog�ics (?), n. pl. Mystical interpretations or studies, esp. of the Scriptures. L. Addison. An�a�go�gy (?), n. Same as Anagoge. An�a�gram (?), n. [F. anagramme, LL. anagramma, fr. Gr. ? back, again + ? to write. See Graphic.] Literally, the letters of a word read backwards, but in its usual wider sense, the change or one word or phrase into another by the transposition of its letters. Thus Galenus becomes angelus; William Noy (attorney�general to Charles I., and a laborious man) may be turned into I moyl in law. An�a�gram, v. t. To anagrammatize. Some of these anagramed his name, Benlowes, into Benevolus. Warburton. { An�a�gram�mat�ic (?), An�a�gram�mat�ic�al (?), } a. [Cf. F. anagramtique.] Pertaining to, containing, or making, anagram. � An�a�gram�mat�ic�al�ly, adv. An�a�gram�ma�tism (?), n. [Gr. ?: cf. F. anagrammatisme.] The act or practice of making anagrams. Camden. An�a�gram�ma�tist, n. [Cf. F. anagrammatiste.] A maker anagrams. An�a�gram�ma�tize (?), v. t. [Gr. ? cf. F. anagrammatiser.] To transpose, as the letters of a word, so as to form an anagram. Cudworth. An�a�graph (?), n. [Gr. ? a writing out, fr. ? to write out, to record; ? + ? to write.] An inventory; a record. [Obs.] Knowles. { � An�a�kim (?), A�naks (?), } n. pl. [Heb.] (Bibl.) A race of giants living in Palestine. A�nal (?), a. [From Anus.] (Anat.) Pertaining to, or situated near, the anus; as, the anal fin or glands. A�nal�cime (?), n. [Gr. ? priv. + ? strong, ? strength: cf. F. analcime.] (Min.) A white or flesh�red mineral, of the zeolite, occurring in isometric crystals. By friction, it acquires a weak electricity; hence its name. A�nal�cite (?), n. [Gr. ? weak.] Analcime. An�a�lec�tic (?), a. Relating to analects; made up of selections; as, an analectic magazine. { An�a�lects (?), � An�a�lec�ta (?), } n. pl. [Gr. ?, fr. ? to collect; ? + ? to gather.] A collection of literary fragments. � An�a�lem�ma (?), n. [L. analemma a sun dial on a pedestal, showing the latitude and meridian of a place, Gr. ? a support, or thing supported, a <-- p. 53 --> sun dial, fr. ? to take up; ? + ? to take.] 1. (Chem.) An orthographic projection of the sphere on the plane of the meridian, the eye being supposed at an infinite distance, and in the east or west point of the horizon. 2. An instrument of wood or brass, on which this projection of the sphere is made, having a movable horizon or cursor; � formerly much used in solving some common astronomical problems. 3. A scale of the sun's declination for each day of the year, drawn across the torrid zone on an artificial terrestrial globe. { � An�a�lep�sis (?), An�a�lep�sy (?), } [Gr. ? a taking up, or again, recovery, from ?. See Analemma.] (Med.) (a) Recovery of strength after sickness. (b) A species of epileptic attack, originating from gastric disorder. An�a�lep�tic (?), a. [Gr. ? restorative: cf. F. analeptique. See Analepsis.] (Med.) Restorative; giving strength after disease. � n. A restorative. � An�al�ge�si�a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? sense of pain.] (Med.) Absence of sensibility to pain. Quain. An�al�lag�mat�ic (?), a. [Gr. ? priv. + ? a change.] (Math.) Not changed in form by inversion. � curves, a class of curves of the fourth degree which have certain peculiar relations to circles; � sometimes called bicircular quartics. � � surfaces, a certain class of surfaces of the fourth degree. An�al�lan�to�ic (?), a. (Anat.) Without, or not developing, an allantois. � An�al�lan�toid�e�a (?), n. pl. [Gr. ? priv. + E. allantoidea.] (Zo�l.) The division of Vertebrata in which no allantois is developed. It includes amphibians, fishes, and lower forms. A�nal�o�gal (?), a. Analogous. [Obs.] Donne. An�a�log�ic (?), a. [See Analogous.] Of or belonging to analogy. Geo. Eliot. An�a�log�ic�al (?), a. 1. Founded on, or of the nature of, analogy; expressing or implying analogy. When a country which has sent out colonies is termed the mother country, the expression is analogical. J. S. Mill. 2. Having analogy; analogous. Sir M. Hale. An�a�log�ic�al�ly, adv. In an analogical sense; in accordance with analogy; by way of similitude. A prince is analogically styled a pilot, being to the state as a pilot is to the vessel. Berkeley. An�a�log�ic�al�ness, n. Quality of being analogical. A�nal�o�gism (?), n. [Gr. ? course of reasoning, fr. ? to think over, to the effect; an a priori argument. Johnson. 2. Investigation of things by the analogy they bear to each other. Crabb. A�nal�o�gist (?), n. One who reasons from analogy, or represent, by analogy. Cheyne. A�nal�o�gize, v. i. To employ, or reason by, analogy. � A�nal�o�gon (?), n. [Gr. ?.] Analogue. A�nal�o�gous (?), a. [L. analogous, Gr. ? according to a due ratio, proportionate; ? + ? ratio, proportion. See Logic.] Having analogy; corresponding to something else; bearing some resemblance or proportion; � often followed by to. Analogous tendencies in arts and manners. De Quincey. Decay of public spirit, which may be considered analogous to natural death. J. H. Newman. � pole (Pyroelect.), that pole of a crystal which becomes positively electrified when heated. Syn. - Correspondent; similar; like. � A�nal�o gous�ly, adv. � A�nal�o�gous�ness, n. An�a�logue (?; 115), n. [F., fr. Gr. ?.] 1. That which is analogous to, or corresponds with, some other thing. The vexatious tyranny of the individual despot meets its analogue in the insolent tyranny of the many. I. Taylor. 2. (Philol.) A word in one language corresponding with one in another; an analogous term; as, the Latin �pater� is the analogue of the English �father.� 3. (Nat. Hist.) (a) An organ which is equivalent in its functions to a different organ in another species or group, or even in the same group; as, the gill of a fish is the analogue of a lung in a quadruped, although the two are not of like structural relations. (b) A species in one genus or group having its characters parallel, one by one, with those of another group. (c) A species or genus in one country closely related to a species of the same genus, or a genus of the same group, in another: such species are often called representative species, and such genera, representative genera. Dana. A�nal�o�gy (?), n.; pl. Analogies (?). [L. analogia, Gr. ?, fr. ?: cf. F. analogie. See Analogous.] 1. A resemblance of relations; an agreement or likeness between things in some circumstances or effects, when the things are otherwise entirely different. Thus, learning enlightens the mind, because it is to the mind what light is to the eye, enabling it to discover things before hidden. Followed by between, to, or with; as, there is an analogy between these objects, or one thing has an analogy to or with another. � Analogy is very commonly used to denote similarity or essential resemblance; but its specific meaning is a similarity of relations, and in this consists the difference between the argument from example and that from analogy. In the former, we argue from the mere similarity of two things; in the latter, from the similarity of their relations. Karslake. 2. (Biol.) A relation or correspondence in function, between organs or parts which are decidedly different. 3. (Geom.) Proportion; equality of ratios. 4. (Gram.) Conformity of words to the genius, structure, or general rules of a language; similarity of origin, inflection, or principle of pronunciation, and the like, as opposed to anomaly. Johnson. An�a�lyse (?), v., An�a�ly�ser (?), n., etc. Same as Analyze, Analyzer, etc. A�nal�y�sis (?), n.; pl. Analyses (?). [Gr. ?, fr. ? to unloose, to dissolve, to resolve into its elements; ? up + ? to loose. See Loose.] 1. A resolution of anything, whether an object of the senses or of the intellect, into its constituent or original elements; an examination of the component parts of a subject, each separately, as the words which compose a sentence, the tones of a tune, or the simple propositions which enter into an argument. It is opposed to synthesis. 2. (Chem.) The separation of a compound substance, by chemical processes, into its constituents, with a view to ascertain either (a) what elements it contains, or (b) how much of each element is present. The former is called qualitative, and the latter quantitative analysis. 3. (Logic) The tracing of things to their source, and the resolving of knowledge into its original principles. 4. (Math.) The resolving of problems by reducing the conditions that are in them to equations. 5. (a) A syllabus, or table of the principal heads of a discourse, disposed in their natural order. (b) A brief, methodical illustration of the principles of a science. In this sense it is nearly synonymous with synopsis. 6. (Nat. Hist.) The process of ascertaining the name of a species, or its place in a system of classification, by means of an analytical table or key. Ultimate, Proximate, Qualitative, Quantitative, and Volumetric ~. (Chem.) See under Ultimate, Proximate, Qualitative, etc. An�a�lyst (?), n. [F. analyste. See Analysis.] One who analyzes; formerly, one skilled in algebraical geometry; now commonly, one skilled in chemical analysis. { An�a�lyt�ic (?), An�a�lyt�ic�al (?), } a. [Gr. ?: cf. F. analytique. See Analysis.] Of or pertaining to analysis; resolving into elements or constituent parts; as, an analytical experiment; analytic reasoning; � opposed to synthetic. Analytical or co�rdinate geometry. See under Geometry. � Analytic language, a noninflectional language or one not characterized by grammatical endings. � Analytical table (Nat. Hist.), a table in which the characteristics of the species or other groups are arranged so as to facilitate the determination of their names. An�a�lyt�ic�al�ly, adv. In an analytical manner. An�a�lyt�ics (?), n. The science of analysis. An�a�ly�za�ble (?), a. That may be analyzed. An�a�ly�za�tion (?), n. The act of analyzing, or separating into constituent parts; analysis. An�a�lyze (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Analyzed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Analyzing.] [Cf. F. analyser. See Analysis.] To subject to analysis; to resolve (anything complex) into its elements; to separate into the constituent parts, for the purpose of an examination of each separately; to examine in such a manner as to ascertain the elements or nature of the thing examined; as, to analyze a fossil substance; to analyze a sentence or a word; to analyze an action to ascertain its morality. No one, I presume, can analyze the sensations of pleasure or pain. Darwin. An�a�ly�zer (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, analyzes. 2. (Opt.) The part of a polariscope which receives the light after polarization, and exhibits its properties. An�a�mese� (?), a. Of or pertaining to Anam, to southeastern Asia. � n. A native of Anam. � An�am�ne�sis (?), n. [Gr. ?, fr. ? to remind, recall to memory; ? + ? to put in mind.] (Rhet.) A recalling to mind; recollection. An�am�nes�tic (?), a. [Gr. ?.] Aiding the memory; as, anamnestic remedies. An�am�ni�ot�ic (?), a. (Anat.) Without, or not developing, an amnion. An�a�mor�phism (?), n. [Gr. ? again + ? form.] 1. A distorted image. 2. (Biol.) A gradual progression from one type to another, generally ascending. Huxley. An�a�mor�pho�sis (?), n. [Gr. ?, fr. ? to form anew; ? again + ? to form; ? form.] 1. (Persp.) A distorted or monstrous projection or representation of an image on a plane or curved surface, which, when viewed from a certain point, or as reflected from a curved mirror or through a polyhedron, appears regular and in proportion; a deformation of an image. 2. (Biol.) Same as Anamorphism, 2. 3. (Bot.) A morbid or monstrous development, or change of form, or degeneration. An�a�mor�pho�sy (?), n. Same as Anamorphosis. A�nan� (?), interj. [See Anon.] An expression equivalent to What did you say? Sir? Eh? [Obs.] Shak. � A�na�nas (?), n. [Sp. ananas, from the native American name.] (Bot.) The pineapple (Ananassa sativa). An�an�drous (?), a. [Gr. ? priv. + ? a man.] (Bot.) Destitute of stamen? as certain female flowers. An�an�gu�lar (?), a. [Gr. ? priv. + E. angular.] Containing no angle. [R.] An�an�ther�ous (?), a. [Gr. ? priv. + E. anther.] (Bot.) Destitute of anthers. Gray. An�an�thous (?), a. [Gr. ? priv. + ? a flower.] (Bot.) Destitute of flowers; flowerless. An�a�p�st (?), An�a�p�s�tic (?). Same as Anapest, Anapestic. An�a�pest (?), n. [L. anapaestus, Gr. ? an �, i. e., a dactyl reserved, or, as it were, struck back; fr. ?; ? back + ? to strike.] 1. (Pros.) A metrical foot consisting of three syllables, the first two short, or unaccented, the last long, or accented (?); the reverse of the dactyl. In Latin d?�?�t�s, and in English in�ter�vene?, are examples of anapests. 2. A verse composed of such feet. An�a�pes�tic (?), a. [L. anapaesticus, Gr. ?.] Pertaining to an anapest; consisting of an anapests; as, an anapestic meter, foot, verse. � n. Anapestic measure or verse. An�a�pes�tic�al (?), a. Anapestic. � A�naph�o�ra (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. ?, fr. ? to carry up or back; ? + ? to carry.] (Rhet.) A repetition of a word or of words at the beginning of two or more successive clauses. � An�aph�ro�dis�i�a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ? priv. + ? sexual pleasure, ? the goddess of love.] (Med.) Absence of sexual appetite. An�aph�ro�dis�i�ac (?), a. & n. [Gr. ? priv. + ? pertaining to venery.] (Med.) Same as Antaphrodisiac. Dunglison. An�aph�ro�dit�ic (?), a. [Gr. ? without love.] (Biol.) Produced without concourse of sexes. An�a�plas�tic (?), a. Of or pertaining to anaplasty. An�a�plas�ty (?), n. [Gr. ? again + ? to form: cf. F. anaplastie.] (Surg.) The art of operation of restoring lost parts or the normal shape by the use of healthy tissue. An�a�ple�rot�ic (?), a. [L. anapleroticus, fr. Gr. ? to fill up; ? + ? to fill.] (Med.) Filling up; promoting granulation of wounds or ulcers. � n. A remedy which promotes such granulation. A�nap�no�graph (?), n. [Gr. ? respiration + �graph.] A form of spirometer. An�ap�no�ic (?), a. [Gr. ? respiration.] (Med.) Relating to respiration. An�ap�o�deic�tic (?), a. [Gr. ?; ? priv. + ?. See Apodeictic.] Not apodeictic; undemonstrable. [R.] � An�a�poph�y�sis (?), n. [Gr. ? back + ? offshoot.] (Anat.) An accessory process in many lumbar vertebr�. An�ap�tot�ic (?), a. [Gr. ? back + ? belonging to case.] Having lost, or tending to lose, inflections by phonetic decay; as, anaptotic languages. � An�ap�ty�chus (?), n.; pl. Anaptichi (?). [NL., fr. Gr. ? unfolding; ? back + ? to fold.] (Paleon.) One of a pair of shelly plates found in some cephalopods, as the ammonites. An�arch (?), n. [Gr. ? without head or chief; ? priv. + ? beginning, the first place, magistracy, government.] The author of anarchy; one who excites revolt. Milton. Imperial anarchs doubling human woes. Byron. A�nar�chal (?), a. Lawless; anarchical. [R.] We are in the habit of calling those bodies of men anarchal which are in a state of effervescence. Landor. { A�nar�chic (?), A�nar�chic�al (?), } a. [Cf. F. anarchique.] Pertaining to anarchy; without rule or government; in political confusion; tending to produce anarchy; as, anarchic despotism; anarchical opinions. An�arch�ism (?), n. [Cf. F. anarchisme.] The doctrine or practice of anarchists. An�arch�ist (?), n. [Cf. F. anarchiste.] An anarch; one who advocates anarchy of aims at the overthrow of civil government. An�arch�ize (?), v. t. To reduce to anarchy. An�arch�y (?), n. [Gr. ?: cf. F. anarchie. See Anarch.] 1. Absence of government; the state of society where there is no law or supreme power; a state of lawlessness; political confusion. Spread anarchy and terror all around. Cowper. 2. Hence, confusion or disorder, in general. There being then... an anarchy, as I may term it, in authors and their re?koning of years. Fuller. � An�ar�throp�o�da (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. ? without joints + �poda. See Anarthrous.] (Zo�l.) One of the divisions of Articulata in which there are no jointed legs, as the annelids; � opposed to Arthropoda. An�ar�throp�o�dous (?), a. (Zo�l.) Having no jointed legs; pertaining to Anarthropoda. An�ar�throus (?), a. [Gr. ? without joints, without the article; ? priv. + ? joint, the article.] 1. (Gr. Gram.) Used without the article; as, an anarthrous substantive. 2.�(Zo�l.) Without joints, or having the joints indistinct, as some insects. � A�nas (?), n. [L., duck.] (Zo�l.) A genus of water fowls, of the order Anseres, including certain species of fresh�water ducks. � An�a�sar�ca (?), n. [NL., from Gr. ? throughout + ?, ?, flesh.] (Med.) Dropsy of the subcutaneous cellular tissue; an effusion of serum into the cellular substance, occasioning a soft, pale, inelastic swelling of the skin. An�a�sar�cous (?), a. Belonging, or affected by, anasarca, or dropsy; dropsical. Wiseman. An�a�stal�tic (?), a. & n. [Gr. ? <-- p. 54 --> fitted for checking, fr. ? + ? to send.] (Med.) Styptic. [Obs.] Coxe. An�a�state (?), n. [Gr. ? up + ? to make to stand.] (Physiol.) One of a series of substances formed, in secreting cells, by constructive or anabolic processes, in the production of protoplasm; � opposed to katastate. Foster. An�a�stat�ic (?), a. [Gr. ? up + ? to make to stand: cf. ? causing to stand.] Pertaining to a process or a style of printing from characters in relief on zinc plates. In this process the letterpress, engraving, or design of any kind is transferred to a zinc plate; the parts not covered with ink are eaten out, leaving a facsimile in relief to be printed from. A�nas�to�mose (?), v. i. [imp. p. p. Anastomozed (?); p. pr. ? vb. n. Anastomosing.] [Cf. F. anastomoser, fr. anastomose. See Anastomosis.] (Anat. & Bot.) To inosculate; to intercommunicate by anastomosis, as the arteries and veins. The ribbing of the leaf, and the anastomosing network of its vessels. I. Taylor. � A�nas�to�mo�sis (?), n.; pl. Anastomoses (?). [NL., fr. Gr. ? opening, fr. ? to furnish with a mouth or opening, to open; ? + ? mouth;: cf. F. anastomose.] (Anat. & Bot.) The inosculation of vessels, or intercommunication between two or more vessels or nerves, as the cross communication between arteries or veins. A�nas�to�mot�ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to anastomosis. � A�nas�tro�phe (?), n. [Gr. ?, fr. ? to turn up or back; ? + ? to turn.] (Rhet. & Gram.) An inversion of the natural order of words; as, echoed the hills, for, the hills echoed. A�nath�e�ma (?), n.; pl. Anathemas (?). [L. anath?ma, fr. Gr. ? anything devoted, esp. to evil, a curse; also L. anath?ma, fr. Gr. ? a votive offering; all fr. ? to set up as a votive gift, dedicate; ? up + ? to set. See Thesis.] 1. A ban or curse pronounced with religious solemnity by ecclesiastical authority, and accompanied by excommunication. Hence: Denunciation of anything as accursed. [They] denounce anathemas against unbelievers. Priestley. 2. An imprecation; a curse; a malediction. Finally she fled to London followed by the anathemas of both [families]. Thackeray. 3. Any person or thing anathematized, or cursed by ecclesiastical authority. The Jewish nation were an anathema destined to destruction. St. Paul... says he could wish, to save them from it, to become an anathema, and be destroyed himself. Locke. � Maranatha (?) (see 1 Cor. xvi. 22), an expression commonly considered as a highly intensified form of anathema. Maran atha is now considered as a separate sentence, meaning, �Our Lord cometh.� { A�nath�e�mat�ic (?), A�nath�e�mat�ic�al (?), } a. Pertaining to, or having the nature of, an anathema. � A�nath�e�mat�ic�al�ly, adv. A�nath�e�ma�tism (?), n. [Gr. ? a cursing; cf. F. anath�matisme.] Anathematization. [Obs.] We find a law of Justinian forbidding anathematisms to be pronounced against the Jewish Hellenists. J. Taylor. A�nath�e�ma�ti�za�tion (?), n. [LL. anathematisatio.] The act of anathematizing, or denouncing as accursed; imprecation. Barrow. A�nath�e�ma�tize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anathematized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Anathematizing.] [L. anathematizare, Gr. ? to devote, make accursed: cf. F. anath�matiser.] To pronounce an anathema against; to curse. Hence: To condemn publicly as something accursed. Milton. A�nath�e�ma�ti�zer (?), n. One who pronounces an anathema. Hammond. � A�nat�i�fa (?), n.; pl. Anatif� (?). [NL., contr. fr. anatifera. See Anatiferous.] (Zo�l.) An animal of the barnacle tribe, of the genus Lepas, having a fleshy stem or peduncle; a goose barnacle. See Cirripedia. � The term Anatif�, in the plural, is often used for the whole group of pedunculated cirripeds. A�nat�i�fer, (?), n. (Zo�l.) Same as Anatifa. An�a�tif�er�ous (?), a. [L. anas, anatis, a duck + �ferous.] (Zo�l.) Producing ducks; � applied to Anatif�, under the absurd notion of their turning into ducks or geese. See Barnacle. An�a�tine (?), a. [L. anatinus, fr. anas, anatis, a duck.] (Zo�l.) Of or pertaining to the ducks; ducklike. A�nat�o�cism (?), n. [L. anatocismus, Gr. ?; ? again + ? to lend on interest.] (Law) Compound interest. [R.] Bouvier. { An�a�tom�ic (?), An�a�tom�ic�al (?), } a. [L. anatomicus, Gr. ?: cf. F. anatomique. See Anatomy.] Of or relating to anatomy or dissection; as, the anatomic art; anatomical observations. Hume. An�a�tom�ic�al�ly, adv. In an anatomical manner; by means of dissection. A�nat�o�mism (?), n. [Cf. F. anatomisme.] 1. The application of the principles of anatomy, as in art. The stretched and vivid anatomism of their [i. e., the French] great figure painters. The London Spectator. 2. The doctrine that the anatomical structure explains all the phenomena of the organism or of animal life. A�nat�o�mist (?), n. [Cf. F. anatomiste.] One who is skilled in the art of anatomy, or dissection. A�nat�o�mi�za�tion (?), n. The act of anatomizing. A�nat�o�mize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anatomized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Anatomizing.] [Cf. F. anatomiser.] 1. To dissect; to cut in pieces, as an animal vegetable body, for the purpose of displaying or examining the structure and use of the several parts. 2. To discriminate minutely or carefully; to analyze. If we anatomize all other reasonings of this nature, we shall find that they are founded on the relation of cause and effect. Hume. A�nat�o�mi�zer (?), n. A dissector. A�nat�o�my (?), n.; pl. Anatomies (?). [F. anatomie, L. anatomia, Gr. ? dissection, fr. ? to cut up; ? + ? to cut.] 1. The art of dissecting, or artificially separating the different parts of any organized body, to discover their situation, structure, and economy; dissection. 2. The science which treats of the structure of organic bodies; anatomical structure or organization. Let the muscles be well inserted and bound together, according to the knowledge of them which is given us by anatomy. Dryden. � �Animal ~� is sometimes called zo�tomy; �vegetable ~,� phytotomy; �human ~,� anthropotomy. Comparative ~ compares the structure of different kinds and classes of animals. 3. A treatise or book on ~. 4. The act of dividing anything, corporeal or intellectual, for the purpose of examining its parts; analysis; as, the anatomy of a discourse. 5. A skeleton; anything anatomized or dissected, or which has the appearance of being so. The anatomy of a little child, representing all parts thereof, is accounted a greater rarity than the skeleton of a man in full stature. Fuller. They brought one Pinch, a hungry, lean�faced villain, A mere anatomy. Shak. An�a�trep�tic (?), a. [Gr. ? overturning, fr. ? to turn up or over; ? + ? too turn.] Overthrowing; defeating; � applied to Plato's refutative dialogues. Enfield. � An�a�tron (?), n. [F. anatron, natron, Sp. anatron, natron, fr. Ar. al�natr?n. See Natron, Niter.] [Obs.] 1. Native carbonate of soda; natron. 2. Glass gall or sandiver. 3. Saltpeter. Coxe. Johnson. { A�nat�ro�pal (?), A�nat�ro�pous (?), } a. [Gr. ? up + ? to turn.] (Bot.) Having the ovule inverted at an early period in its development, so that the chalaza is as the apparent apex; � opposed to orthotropous. Gray. A�nat�to (?), n. Same as Annotto. An�bur�y (?), Am�bur�y (?), n. [AS. ampre, ompre, a crooked swelling vein: cf. Prov. E. amper a tumor with inflammation. Cf. the first syllable in agnail, and berry a fruit.] 1. (Far.) A soft tumor or bloody wart on horses or oxen. 2. A disease of the roots of turnips, etc.; � called also fingers and toes. �ance. [F. �ance, fr. L. �antia and also fr. �entia.] A suffix signifying action; also, quality or state; as, assistance, resistance, appearance, elegance. See �ancy. � All recently adopted words of this class take either �ance or �ence, according to the Latin spelling. An�ces�tor (?), n. [OE. ancestre, auncestre, also ancessour; the first forms fr. OF. ancestre, F. anc�tre, fr. the L. nom. antessor one who goes before; the last form fr. OF. ancessor, fr. L. acc. antecessorem, fr. antecedere to go before; ante before + cedere to go. See Cede, and cf. Antecessor.] 1. One from whom a person is descended, whether on the father's or mother's side, at any distance of time; a progenitor; a fore father. 2. (Biol.) An earlier type; a progenitor; as, this fossil animal is regarded as the ancestor of the horse. 3. (Law) One from whom an estate has descended; � the correlative of heir. An�ces�to�ri�al (?), a. Ancestral. Grote. An�ces�to�ri�al�ly, adv. With regard to ancestors. An�ces�tral (?; 277), a. Of, pertaining to, derived from, or possessed by, an ancestor or ancestors; as, an ancestral estate. �Ancestral trees.� Hemans. An�ces�tress (?), n. A female ancestor. An�ces�try (?), n. [Cf. OF. ancesserie. See Ancestor.] 1. Condition as to ancestors; ancestral lineage; hence, birth or honorable descent. Title and ancestry render a good man more illustrious, but an ill one more contemptible. Addison. 2. A series of ancestors or progenitors; lineage, or those who compose the line of natural descent. An�chor (?), n. [OE. anker, AS. ancor, oncer, L. ancora, sometimes spelt anchora, fr. Gr. ?, akin to E. angle: cf. F. ancre. See Angle, n.] 1. A iron instrument which is attached to a ship by a cable (rope or chain), and which, being cast overboard, lays hold of the earth by a fluke or hook and thus retains the ship in a particular station. � The common ~ consists of a straight bar called a shank, having at one end a transverse bar called a stock, above which is a ring for the cable, and at the other end the crown, from which branch out two or more arms with flukes, forming with the shank a suitable angle to enter the ground. Formerly the largest and strongest ~ was the sheet anchor (hence, Fig., best hope or last refuge), called also waist anchor. Now the bower and the sheet anchor are usually alike. Then came the best bower and the small bower (so called from being carried on the bows). The stream anchor is one fourth the weight of the bower ~. Kedges or kedge anchors are light anchors used in warping. 2. Any instrument or contrivance serving a purpose like that of a ship's ~, as an arrangement of timber to hold a dam fast; a contrivance to hold the end of a bridge cable, or other similar part; a contrivance used by founders to hold the core of a mold in place. 3. Fig.: That which gives stability or security; that on which we place dependence for safety. Which hope we have as an anchor of the soul. Heb. vi. 19. 4. (Her.) An emblem of hope. 5. (Arch.) (a) A metal tie holding adjoining parts of a building together. (b) Craved work, somewhat resembling an ~ or arrowhead; � a part of the ornaments of certain moldings. It is seen in the echinus, or egg�and�anchor (called also egg�and�dart, egg�and�tongue) ornament. 6. (Zo�l.) One of the anchor�shaped spicules of certain sponges; also, one of the calcareous spinules of certain Holothurians, as in species of Synapta. � ice. See under Ice. � � ring. (math.) Same as Annulus, 2 (b). � � stock (Naut.), the crossbar at the top of the shank at right angles to the arms. � The ~ comes home, when it drags over the bottom as the ship drifts. � Foul ~, the ~ when it hooks, or is entangled with, another ~, or with a cable or wreck, or when the slack cable entangled. � The ~ is acockbill, when it is suspended perpendicularly from the cathead, ready to be let go. � The ~ is apeak, when the cable is drawn in do tight as to bring to ship directly over it. � The ~ is atrip, or aweigh, when it is lifted out of the ground. � The ~ is awash, when it is hove up to the surface of the water. � At ~, anchored. � To back an ~, to increase the holding power by laying down a small ~ ahead of that by which the ship rides, with the cable fastened to the crown of the latter to prevent its coming home. � To cast ~, to drop or let go an ~ to keep a ship at rest. � To cat the ~, to hoist the ~ to the cathead and pass the ring�stopper. � To fish the ~, to hoist the flukes to their resting place (called the bill�boards), and pass the shank painter. � To weigh ~, to heave or raise the ~ so as to sail away. An�chor (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anchored (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Anchoring.] [Cf. F. ancrer.] 1. To place at ~; to secure by an ~; as, to anchor a ship. 2. To fix or fasten; to fix in a stable condition; as, to anchor the cables of a suspension bridge. Till that my nails were anchored in thine eyes. Shak. An�chor, v. i. 1. To cast ~; to come to ~; as, our ship (or the captain) anchored in the stream. 2. To stop; to fix or rest. My invention...anchors on Isabel. Shak. An�chor, n. [OE. anker, ancre, AS. ancra, fr. L. anachoreta. See Anchoret.] An anchoret. [Obs.] Shak. An�chor�a�ble (?), a. Fit for anchorage. An�chor�age (?), n. 1. The act of anchoring, or the condition of lying at anchor. 2. A place suitable for anchoring or where ships anchor; a hold for an anchor. 3. The set of anchors belonging to a ship. 4. Something which holds like an anchor; a hold; as, the anchorages of the Brooklyn Bridge. 5. Something on which one may depend for security; ground of trust. 6. A toll for anchoring; ~ duties. Johnson. An�cho�rage (?), n. Abode of an anchoret. An�chor�ate (?), a. Anchor�shaped. An�chored (?), a. 1. Held by an anchor; at anchor; held safely; as, an anchored bark; also, shaped like an anchor; forked; as, an anchored tongue. 2. (Her.) Having the extremities turned back, like the flukes of an anchor; as, an anchored cross. [Sometimes spelt ancred.] An�cho�ress (?), n. A female anchoret. And there, a saintly anchoress, she dwelt. Wordsworth. An�cho�ret (?), An�cho�rite (?), n. [F. anachor�te, L. anachoreta, fr. Gr. ?, fr. ? to go back, retire; ? + ? to give place, retire, ? place; perh. akin to Skr. h� to leave. Cf. Anchor a hermit.] One who renounces the world and secludes himself, usually for religious reasons; a hermit; a r?cluse. [Written by some authors anachoret.] Our Savior himself... did not choose an anchorite's or a monastic life, but a social and affable way of conversing with mortals. Boyle. { An�cho�ret�ic (?), An�cho�ret�ic�al (?), } a. [Cf. Gr. ?.] Pertaining to an anchoret or hermit; after the manner of an anchoret. An�cho�ret�ish (?), a. Hermitlike. An�cho�ret�ism (?), n. The practice or mode of life of an anchoret. An�chor�hold� (?), n. 1. The hold or grip of an anchor, or that to which it holds. 2. Hence: Firm hold: security. An�cho�rite (?), n. Same as Anchoret. An�cho�ri�tess (?), n. An anchoress. [R.] An�chor�less (?), a. Without an anchor or stay. Hence: Drifting; unsettled. An�cho�vy (?), n. [Sp. anchoa, anchova, or Pg. anchova, prob. of Iberian origin, and lit. a dried or pickled fish, fr. Bisc. antzua dry: cf. D. anchovis, F. anchois.] (Zo�l.) A small fish, about three inches in length, of the Herring family (Engraulis encrasicholus), caught in vast numbers in the Mediterranean, and pickled for exportation. The name is also applied to several allied species. <-- p. 55 --> An�cho�vy pear� (?). (Bot.) A West Indian fruit like the mango in taste, sometimes pickled; also, the tree (Grias cauliflora) bearing this fruit. An�chu�sin (?), n. [L. anchusa the plant alkanet, Gr. ?.] (Chem.) A resinoid coloring matter obtained from alkanet root. An�chy�lose (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Anchylosed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Anchylosing.] [Cf. F. ankyloser.] To affect or be affected with anchylosis; to unite or consolidate so as to make a stiff joint; to grow together into one. [Spelt also ankylose.] Owen. � An�chy�lo�sis, An�ky�lo�sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ?, fr. ?, fr. ? to crook, stiffen, fr. ? crooked: cf. F. ankylose.] 1. (Med.) Stiffness or fixation of a joint; formation of a stiff joint. Dunglison. 2. (Anat.) The union of two or more separate bones to from a single bone; the close union of bones or other structures in various animals. An�chy�lot�ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to anchylosis. An�cient (?), a. [OE. auncien, F. ancien, LL. antianus, fr. L. ante before. See Ante�, pref.] 1. Old; that happened or existed in former times, usually at a great distance of time; belonging to times long past; specifically applied to the times before the fall of the Roman empire; � opposed to modern; as, ancient authors, literature, history; ancient days. Witness those ancient empires of the earth. Milton. Gildas Albanius... much ancienter than his namesake surnamed the Wise. Fuller. 2. Old; that has been of long duration; of long standing; of great age; as, an ancient forest; an ancient castle. �Our ancient bickerings.� Shak. Remove not the ancient landmarks, which thy fathers have set. Prov. xxii. 28. An ancient man, strangely habited, asked for quarters. Scott. 3. Known for a long time, or from early times; � opposed to recent or new; as, the ancient continent. A friend, perhaps, or an ancient acquaintance. Barrow. 4. Dignified, like an aged man; magisterial; venerable. [Archaic] He wrought but some few hours of the day, and then would he seem very grave and ancient. Holland. 5. Experienced; versed. [Obs.] Though [he] was the youngest brother, yet he was the most ancient in the business of the realm. Berners. 6. Former; sometime. [Obs.] They mourned their ancient leader lost. Pope. � demesne (Eng. Law), a tenure by which all manors belonging to the crown, in the reign of William the Conqueror, were held. The numbers, names, etc., of these were all entered in a book called Domesday Book. � � lights (Law), windows and other openings which have been enjoined without molestation for more than twenty years. In England, and in some of the United States, they acquire a prescriptive right. Syn. - Old; primitive; pristine; antique; antiquated; old�fashioned; obsolete. � Ancient, Antiquated, Obsolete, Antique, Antic, Old. � Ancient is opposed to modern, and has antiquity; as, an ancient family, ancient landmarks, ancient institutions, systems of thought, etc. Antiquated describes that which has gone out of use or fashion; as, antiquated furniture, antiquated laws, rules, etc. Obsolete is commonly used, instead of antiquated, in reference to language, customs, etc.; as, an obsolete word or phrase, an obsolete expression. Antique is applied, in present usage, either to that which has come down from the ancients; as, an antique cameo, bust, etc.; or to that which is made to imitate some ~ work of art; as, an antique temple. In the days of Shakespeare, antique was often used for ancient; as, �an antique song,� �an antique Roman;� and hence, from singularity often attached to what is ~, it was used in the sense of grotesque; as, �an oak whose antique root peeps out; � and hence came our present word antic, denoting grotesque or ridiculous. We usually apply both ancient and old to things subject to gradual decay. We say, an old man, an ancient record; but never, the old stars, an old river or mountain. In general, however, ancient is opposed to modern, and old to new, fresh, or recent. When we speak of a thing that existed formerly, which has ceased to exist, we commonly use ancient; as, ancient republics, ancient heroes; and not old republics, old heroes. But when the thing which began or existed in former times is still in existence, we use either ancient or old; as, ancient statues or paintings, or old statues or paintings; ancient authors, or old authors, meaning books. An�cient, n. 1. pl. Those who lived in former ages, as opposed to the moderns. 2. An aged man; a patriarch. Hence: A governor; a ruler; a person of influence. The Lord will enter into judgment with the ancients of his people, and the princes thereof. Isa. iii. 14. 3. A senior; an elder; a predecessor. [Obs.] Junius and Andronicus... in Christianity... were his ancients. Hooker. 4. pl. (Eng. Law) One of the senior members of the Inns of Court or of Chanc?y. Council of Ancients (French Hist.), one of the two assemblies composing the legislative bodies in 1795. Brande. An�cient, n. [Corrupted from ensign.] 1. An ensign or flag. [Obs.] More dishonorable ragged than an old�faced ancient. Shak. 2. The bearer of a flag; an ensign. [Obs.] This is Othello's ancient, as I take it. Shak. An�cient�ly, adv. 1. In ancient times. 2. In an ancient manner. [R.] An�cient�ness, n. The quality of being ancient; antiquity; existence from old times. An�cient�ry (?), n. 1. Antiquity; what is ancient. They contain not word of ancientry. West. 2. Old age; also, old people. [R.] Wronging the ancientry. Shak. 3. Ancient lineage; ancestry; dignity of birth. A gentleman of more ancientry than estate. Fuller. An�cient�y (?), n. [F. anciennet�, fr. ancien. See Ancient.] 1. Age; antiquity. [Obs.] Martin. 2. Seniority. [Obs.] � An�ci�le (?), n. [L.] (Rom. Antiq.) The sacred shield of the Romans, said to have�fallen from heaven in the reign of Numa. It was the palladium of Rome. An�cil�la�ry (?), a. [L. ancillaris, fr. ancilla a female servant.] Subservient or subordinate, like a handmaid; auxiliary. The Convocation of York seems to have been always considered as inferior, and even ancillary, to the greater province. Hallam. An�cille� (?), n. [OF. ancelle, L. ancilla.] A maidservant; a handmaid. [Obs.] Chaucer. { An�cip�i�tal (?), An�cip�i�tous (?), } a. [L. anceps, ancipitis, two�headed, double; an� for amb� on both sides + caput head.] (Bot.) Two�edged instead of round; � said of certain flattened stems, as those of blue grass, and rarely also of leaves. An�cis�troid (?), a. [Gr. ?; ? a hook + ? shape.] Hook�shaped. An�cle (?), n. See Ankle. An�come (?), n. [AS. ancuman, oncuman, to come.] A small ulcerous swelling, coming suddenly; also, a whitlow. [Obs.] Boucher. � An�con (?), n.; L. pl. Ancones (?). [L., fr. Gr. ? the bent arm, elbow; any hook or bend.] (Anat.) The olecranon, or the elbow. � sheep (Zo�l.), a breed of sheep with short crooked legs and long back. It originated in Massachusetts in 1791; � called also the otter breed. { An�con (?), An�cone (?), } n. [See Ancon, above.] (Arch.) (a) The corner or quoin of a wall, cross�beam, or rafter. [Obs.] Gwilt. (b) A bracket supporting a cornice; a console. { An�co�nal (?), An�co�ne�al (?), } a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the ancon or elbow. �The olecranon on anconeal process.� Flower. � An�co�ne�us (?), n. [NL., fr. L. ancon elbow.] (Anat.) A muscle of the elbow and forearm. An�co�noid (?), a. Elbowlike; anconal. An�co�ny (?), n. [Origin unknown.] (Iron Work) A piece of malleable iron, wrought into the shape of a bar in the middle, but unwrought at the ends. �an�cy. [L. �antia.� A suffix expressing more strongly than �ance the idea of quality or state; as, constancy, buoyancy, infancy. And (?), conj. [AS. and; akin to OS. endi, Icel. enda, OHG. anti, enti, inti, unti, G. und, D. en, OD. ende. Cf, An if, Ante�.] 1. A particle which expresses the relation of connection or addition. It is used to conjoin a word with a word, a clause with a clause, or a sentence with a sentence. (a) It is sometimes used emphatically; as, �there are women and women,� that is, two very different sorts of women. (b) By a rhetorical figure, notions, one of which is modificatory of the other, are connected by and; as, �the tediousness and process of my travel,� that is, the tedious process, etc.; �thy fair and outward character,� that is, thy outwardly fair character, Schmidt's Shak. Lex. 2. In order to; � used instead of the infinitival to, especially after try, come, go. At least to try and teach the erring soul. Milton. 3. It is sometimes, in old songs, a mere expletive. When that I was and a little tiny boy. Shak. 4. If; though. See An, conj. [Obs.] Chaucer. As they will set an house on fire, and it were but to roast their eggs. Bacon. � so forth, and others; and the rest; and similar things; and other things or ingredients. The abbreviation, etc. (et cetera), or & c., is usually read and so forth. An�da�ba�tism (?), n. [L. andabata a kind of Roman gladiator, who fought hoodwinked.] Doubt; uncertainty. [Obs.] Shelford. An�da�lu�site (?), n. (Min.) A silicate of aluminium, occurring usually in thick rhombic prisms, nearly square, of a grayish or pale reddish tint. It was first discovered in Andalusia, Spain. � An�dan�te (?), a. [It. andante, p. pr. of andare to go.] (Mus.) Moving moderately slow, but distinct and flowing; quicker than larghetto, and slower than allegretto. � n. A movement or piece in andante time. � An�dan�ti�no (?), a. [It., dim. of andante.] (Mus.) Rather quicker than andante; between that allegretto. � Some, taking andante in its original sense of �going,� and andantino as its diminutive, or �less going,� define the latter as slower than andante. An�da�rac (?), n. [A corruption of sandarac.] Red orpiment. Coxe. A�de�an , a. Pertaining to the Andes. An�des�ine (?), n. (Min.) A kind of triclinic feldspar found in the Andes. An�des�ite (?), n. (Min.) An eruptive rock allied to trachyte, consisting essentially of a triclinic feldspar, with pyroxene, hornblende, or hypersthene. An�dine (?), a. Andean; as, Andine flora. And�i�ron (?), n. [OE. anderne, aunderne, aundyre, OF. andier, F. landier, fr. LL. andena, andela, anderia, of unknown origin. The Eng. was prob. confused with brand�iron, AS. brand��sen.] A utensil for supporting wood when burning in a fireplace, one being placed on each side; a firedog; as, a pair of andirons. An�dra�nat�o�my (?), n. [Gr. ?, ?, man + ?: cf. F. andranatomie. See Anatomy, Androtomy.] The dissection of a human body, especially of a male; androtomy. Coxe. � An�dr?�ci�um (?), n. [NL., from Gr. ?, ?, man + ? house.] (bot.) The stamens of a flower taken collectively. An�dro�gyne (?), n. 1. An hermaphrodite. 2. (Bot.) An androgynous plant. Whewell. { An�drog�y�nous (?), An�drog�y�nal (?), } a. [L. androgynus, Gr. ?; ?, ?, man + ? woman: cf. F. androgyne.] 1. Uniting both sexes in one, or having the characteristics of both; being in nature both male and female; hermaphroditic. Owen. The truth is, a great mind must be androgynous. Coleridge. 2. (Bot.) Bearing both staminiferous and pistilliferous flowers in the same cluster. { An�drog�y�ny (?), An�drog�y�nism (?), } n. Union of both sexes in one individual; hermaphroditism. { An�droid (?), � An�droi�des (?), } n. [Gr. ? of man's form; ?, ?, man + ? form.] A machine or automation in the form of a human being. An�droid, a. Resembling a man. An�drom�e�da (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. ?, the daughter of Cepheus and Cassiopeia. When bound to a rock and exposed to a sea monster, she was delivered by Perseus.] 1. (Astron.) A northern constellation, supposed to represent the mythical �. 2. (bot.) A genus of ericaceous flowering plants of northern climates, of which the original species was found growing on a rock surrounded by water. � An�dron (?), n. [L. andron, Gr. ?, fr. ?, ?, man.] (Gr. & Rom. Arch.) The apartment appropriated for the males. This was in the lower part of the house. An�dro�pet�al�ous (?), a. [Gr. ?, ?, man + ? leaf.] (Bot.) Produced by the conversion of the stamens into petals, as double flowers, like the garden ranunculus. Brande. � An�droph�a�gi (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ?; ?, ?, man + ? to eat.] Cannibals; man�eaters; anthropophagi. [R.] An�droph�a�gous (?), a. Anthropophagous. An�dro�phore (?), n. [Gr. ?, ?, man + ? to bear.] 1. (Bot.) A support or column on which stamens are raised. Gray. 2. (Zo�l.) The part which in some Siphonophora bears the male gonophores. An�dro�sphinx (?), n. [Gr. ?, ?, man + ? sphinx.] (Egypt. Art.) A man sphinx; a sphinx having the head of a man and the body of a lion. An�dro�spore (?), n. [Gr. ?, ?, a man + ? a seed.] (Bot.) A spore of some alg�, which has male functions. An�drot�o�mous (?), a. (Bot.) Having the filaments of the stamens divided into two parts. An�drot�o�my (?), n. [Gr. ?, ?, man + ? a cutting. Cf. Anatomy.] Dissection of the human body, as distinguished from zo�tomy; anthropotomy. [R.] �an�drous (?). [Gr. ?, ?, a man.] (Bot.) A terminal combining form: Having a stamen or stamens; staminate; as, monandrous, with one stamen; polyandrous, with many stamens. A�near� (?), prep. & adv. [Pref. a� + near.] Near. [R.] �It did not come anear.� Coleridge. The measure of misery anear us. I. Taylor. A�near�, v. t. & i. To near; to approach. [Archaic] A�neath� (?), prep. & adv. [Pref. a� + neath for beneath.] Beneath. [Scot.] An�ec�do�tage (?), n. Anecdotes collectively; a collection of anecdotes. All history, therefore, being built partly, and some of it altogether, upon anecdotage, must be a tissue of lies. De Quincey. An�ec�do�tal (?), a. Pertaining to, or abounding with, anecdotes; as, anecdotal conversation. An�ec�dote (?), n. [F. anecdote, fr. Gr. ? not published; ? priv. + ? given out, ? to give out, to publish; ? out + ? to give. See Dose, n.] 1. pl. Unpublished narratives. Burke. 2. A particular or detached incident or fact of an interesting nature; a biographical incident or fragment; a single passage of private life. { An�ec�dot�ic (?), An�ec�dot�ic�al (?), } a. Pertaining to, consisting of, or addicted to, anecdotes. �Anecdotical traditions.� Bolingbroke. An�ec�do�tist (?), n. One who relates or collects anecdotes. An�e�lace (?), n. Same as Anlace. A�nele� (?), v. t. [OE. anelien; an on + AS. ele oil, L. oleum. See Oil, Anoil.] 1. To anoit. Shipley. 2. To give extreme unction to. [Obs.] R. of Brunne. An�e�lec�tric (?), a. [Gr. ? priv. + E. electric.] (Physics) Not becoming electrified by friction; � opposed to idioelectric. � n. A substance incapable of being electrified by friction. Faraday. An�e�lec�trode (?), n. [Gr. ? up + E. electrode.] (Elec.) The positive pole of a voltaic battery. � An�e�lec�trot�o�nus (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ? up + E. electrotonus.] (Physiol.) The condition of decreased irritability of a nerve in the region of the positive electrode or anode on the passage of a current of electricity through it. Foster. A�nem�o�gram (?), n. [Gr. ? wind + �gram.] A record made by an anemograph. A�nem�o�graph (?), n. [Gr. ? wind + �graph.] <-- p. 56 --> An instrument for measuring and recording the direction and force of the wind. Knight. A�nem�o�graph�ic (?), a. Produced by an anemograph; of or pertaining to anemography. An�e�mog�ra�phy (?), n. [Gr. ? wind + �graphy.] 1. A description of the winds. 2. The art of recording the direction and force of the wind, as by means of an anemograph. An�e�mol�o�gy (?), n. [Gr. ? wind + �logy.] The science of the wind. An�e�mom�e�ter (?), n. [Gr. ? wind + �meter.] An instrument for measuring the force or velocity of the wind; a wind gauge. { An�e�mo�met�ric (?), An�e�mo�met�ric�al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to anemometry. An�e�mo�met�ro�graph (?), n. [Anemometer + �graph.] An anemograph. Knight. An�e�mom�e�try (?), n. The act or process of ascertaining the force or velocity of the wind. A�nem�o�ne (?), n. [L. anemone, Gr. ?, fr. ? wind.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of plants of the Ranunculus or Crowfoot family; windflower. Some of the species are cultivated in gardens. 2. (Zo�l.) The sea ~. See Actinia, and Sea anemone. � This word is sometimes pronounced ?n??�m??�n?, especially by classical scholars. An�e�mon�ic (?), a. (Chem.) An acrid, poisonous, crystallizable substance, obtained from, the anemone, or from anemonin. A�nem�o�nin (?), n. (Chem.) An acrid, poisonous, crystallizable substance, obtained from some species of anemone. A�nem�o�ny (?), n. See Anemone. Sandys. An�e�morph�i�lous (?), a. [Gr. ? wind + ? lover.] (Bot.) Fertilized by the agency of the wind; � said of plants in which the pollen is carried to the stigma by the wind; wind�Fertilized. Lubbock. A�nem�o�scope (?), n. [Gr. ? wind + �scope: cf. F. an�moscope.] An instrument which shows the direction of the wind; a wind vane; a weath�ercock; � usually applied to a contrivance consisting of a vane above, connected in the building with a dial or index with pointers to show the changes of the wind. { An�en�ce�phal�ic (?), An�en�ceph�a�lous (?), } a. [Gr. ?, priv. + ? the brain: cf. Encephalon.] (Zo�l.) Without a brain; brainless. Todd & B. { A�nenst� (?), A�nent� (?), } prep. [OE. anent, anentis, anence, anens, anents, AS. onefen, onemn; an, on, on + efen even, equal; hence meaning, on an equality with, even with, beside. See Even, a.] [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] 1. Over against; as, he lives anent the church. 2. About; concerning; in respect; as, he said nothing anent this particular. An�en�ter�ous (?), a. [Gr. ? priv. + ? intestine, ? within, ? in.] (Zo�l.) Destitute of a stomach or an intestine. Owen. An�e�roid (?), a. [Gr. ? priv. + ? wet, moist + �oid: cf. F. an�ro�de.] Containing no liquid; � said of kind of barometer. ~ barometer, a barometer the action of which depends on the varying pressure of the atmosphere upon the elastic top of a metallic box (shaped like a watch) from which the air has been exhausted. An index shows the variation of pressure. An�e�roid, n. An ~ barometer. Anes (?), adv. Once. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott. � An�es�the�si�a (?), n., An�es�thet�ic (?), a. Same as An�sthesia, An�sthetic. An�et (?), n. [F. aneth, fr. L. anethum, Gr. ?. See Anise.] The herb dill, or dillseed. An�e�thol (?), n. [L. anethum (see Anise) + �ol.] (Chem.) A substance obtained from the volatile oils of anise, fennel, etc., in the form of soft shinning scales; � called also anise camphor. Watts. A�net�ic (?), a. [L. aneticus, Gr. ? relaxing; ? back + ? to send.] (Med.) Soothing. An�eu�rism (?), n. [Gr. ?, ?, a widening, an opening; ? up + ? wide.] (Med.) A soft, pulsating, hollow tumor, containing blood, arising from the preternatural dilation or rupture of the coats of an artery. [Written also aneurysm.] An�eu�ris�mal (?), a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to an aneurism; as, an aneurismal tumor; aneurismal diathesis. [Written also aneurysmal.] A�new� (?), adv. [Pref. a� + new.] Over again; another time; in a new form; afresh; as, to arm anew; to create anew. Dryden. An�frac�tu�ose� (?; 135), a. [See Anfractuous.] Anfractuous; as, anfractuose anthers. An�frac�tu�os�i�ty (?), n.; pl. Anfractuosities (?). [Cf. F. anfractuosit�.] 1. A state of being anfractuous, or full of windings and turnings; sinuosity. The anfractuosities of his intellect and temper. Macaulay. 2. (Anat.) A sinuous depression or sulcus like those separating the convolutions of the brain. An�frac�tu�ous (?), a. [L. anfractuosus, fr. anfractus a turning, a winding, fr. the unused anfringere to wind, bend; an�, for amb� + fractus, p. p. of frangere to break: cf. F. anfractueux.] Winding; full of windings and turnings; sinuous; tortuous; as, the anfractuous spires of a born. � An�frac�tu�ous�ness, n. An�frac�ture (?), n. A mazy winding. An�ga�ri�a�tion (?), n. [LL. angariatio, fr. L. angaria service to a lord, villenage, fr. anga??us, Gr. ? (a Persian word), a courier for carrying royal dispatches.] Exaction of forced service; compulsion. [Obs.] Speed. An�gei�ol�o�gy (?), n., An�gei�ot�o�my, etc. Same as Angiology, Angiotomy, etc. An�gel (?), n. [AS. �angel, engel, influenced by OF. angele, angle, F. ange. Both the AS. and the OF. words are from L. angelus, Gr. ? messenger, a messenger of God, an ~.] 1. A messenger. [R.] The dear good angel of the Spring, The nightingale. B. Jonson. 2. A spiritual, celestial being, superior to man in power and intelligence. In the Scriptures the angels appear as God's messengers. O, welcome, pure�eyed Faith, white�handed Hope, Thou hovering angel, girt with golden wings. Milton. 3. One of a class of �fallen angels;� an evil spirit; as, the devil and his angels. 4. A minister or pastor of a church, as in the Seven Asiatic churches. [Archaic] Unto�the angel of the church of Ephesus write. Rev. ii. 1. 5. Attendant spirit; genius; demon. Shak. 6. An appellation given to a person supposed to be of angelic goodness or loveliness; a darling. When pain and anguish wring the brow. Sir W. Scott. 7. (Numis.) An ancient gold coin of England, bearing the figure of the archangel Michael. It varied in value from 6s. 8d. to 10s. Amer. Cyc. � Angel is sometimes used adjectively; as, angel grace; angel whiteness. � bed, a bed without posts. � � fish. (Zo�l.) (a) A species of shark (Sq??tina angelus) from six to eight feet long, found on the coasts of Europe and North America. It takes its name from its pectoral fins, which are very large and extend horizontally like wings when spread. (b) One of several species of compressed, bright colored fishes warm seas, belonging to the family, Ch�todontid�. � � gold, standard gold. [Obs.] Fuller. � � shark. See Angel fish. � � shot (Mil.), a kind of chain shot. � � water, a perfumed liquid made at first chiefly from angelica; afterwards containing rose, myrtle, and orange�flower waters, with ambergris, etc. [Obs.] An�gel�age (?), n. Existence or state of angels. An�gel�et (?), n. [OF. angelet.] A small gold coin formerly current in England; a half angel. Eng. Cyc. An�gel fish. See under Angel. An�gel�hood (?), n. The state of being an angel; angelic nature. Mrs. Browning. { An�gel�ic (?), An�gel�ic�al (?), } a. [L. angelicus, Gr. ?: cf. F. ang�lique.] Belonging to, or proceeding from, angels; resembling, characteristic of, or partaking of the nature of, an angel; heavenly; divine. �Angelic harps.� Thomson.�Angelical actions.� Hooker. The union of womanly tenderness and angelic patience. Macaulay. Angelic Hymn, a very ancient hymn of the Christian Church; � so called from its beginning with the song of the heavenly host recorded in Luke ii. 14. Eadie. An�gel�ic, a. [From Angelica.] (Chem.) Of or derived from angelica; as, angelic acid; angelic ether. � acid, an acid obtained from angelica and some other plants. An�gel�i�ca (?), n. [NL. See Angelic.] (Bot.) 1. An aromatic umbelliferous plant (Archangelica officinalis or Angelica archangelica) the leaf stalks of which are sometimes candied and used in confectionery, and the roots and seeds as an aromatic tonic. 2. The candied leaf stalks of ~. � tree, a thorny North American shrub (Aralia spinosa), called also Hercules' club. An�gel�ic�al�ly (?), adv. Like an angel. An�gel�ic�al�ness, n. The quality of being angelic; excellence more than human. An�gel�i�fy (?), v. t. To make like an angel; to angelize. [Obs.] Farindon (1647). An�gel�ize (?), v. t. To raise to the state of an angel; to render angelic. It ought not to be our object to angelize, nor to brutalize, but to humanize man. W. Taylor. An�gel�like� (?), a. & adv. Resembling an angel. An�gel�ol�a�try (?), n. [Gr. ? angel + ? service, worship.] Worship paid to angels. An�gel�ol�o�gy (?), n. [L. angelus, Gr. ? + �logy.] A discourse on angels, or a body of doctrines in regard to angels. The same mythology commanded the general consent; the same angelology, demonology. Milman. An�gel�oph�a�ny (?), n. [Gr. ? angel + ? to appear.] The actual appearance of an angel to man. An�ge�lot (?), n. [F. angelot, LL. angelotus, angellotus, dim. of angelus. See Angel.] 1. A French gold coin of the reign of Louis XI., bearing the image of St. Michael; also, a piece coined at Paris by the English under Henry VI. [Obs.] 2. An instrument of music, of the lute kind, now disused. Johnson. R. Browning. 3. A sort of small, rich cheese, made in Normandy. � An�ge�lus (?), n. [L.] (R. C. Ch.) (a) A form of devotion in which three Ave Marias are repeated. It is said at morning, noon, and evening, at the sound of a bell. (b) The Angelus bell. Shipley. An�ger (?), n. [OE. anger, angre, affliction, ~, fr. Icel. angr affliction, sorrow; akin to Dan. anger regret, Swed. �nger regret, AS. ange oppressed, sad, L. angor a strangling, anguish, angere to strangle, Gr. ? to strangle, Skr. amhas pain, and to. anguish, anxious, quinsy, and perh. awe, ugly. The word seems to have orig. meant to choke, squeeze. ?.] 1. Trouble; vexation; also, physical pain or smart of a sore, etc. [Obs.] I made the experiment, setting the moxa where... the greatest anger and soreness still continued. Temple. 2. A strong passion or emotion of displeasure or antagonism, excited by a real or supposed injury or insult to one's self or others, or by the intent to do such injury. Anger is like A full not horse, who being allowed his way, Self�mettle tires him. Shak. Syn. - Resentment; wrath; rage; fury; passion; ire gall; choler; indignation; displeasure; vexation; grudge; spleen. � Anger, Indignation, Resentment, Wrath, Ire, Rage, Fury. Anger is a feeling of keen displeasure (usually with a desire to punish) for what we regard as wrong toward ourselves or others. It may be excessive or misplaced, but is not necessarily criminal. Indignation is a generous outburst of ~ in view of things which are indigna, or unworthy to be done, involving what is mean, cruel, flagitious, etc., in character or conduct. Resentment is often a moody feeling, leading one to brood over his supposed personal wrongs with a deep and lasting ~. See Resentment. Wrath and ire (the last poetical) express the feelings of one who is bitterly provoked. Rage is a vehement ebullition of ~; and fury is an excess of rage, amounting almost to madness. Warmth of constitution often gives rise to anger; a high sense of honor creates indignation at crime; a man of quick sensibilities is apt to cherish resentment; the wrath and ire of men are often connected with a haughty and vindictive spirit; rage and fury are distempers of the soul to be regarded only with abhorrence. An�ger (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Angered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Angering.] [Cf. Icel. angra.] 1. To make painful; to cause to smart; to inflame. [Obs.] He... angereth malign ulcers. Bacon. 2. To excite to ~; to enrage; to provoke. Taxes and impositions... which rather angered than grieved the people. Clarendon. An�ger�ly, adv. Angrily. [Obs.or Poetic] Why, how now, Hecate! you look angerly. Shak. An�ge�vine (?), a. [F. Angevin.] Of or pertaining to Anjou in France. � n. A native of Anjou. � An�gi�en�chy�ma (?), n. [Gr. ? receptacle + ?. Formed like Parenchyma.] (Bot.) Vascular tissue of plants, consisting of spiral vessels, dotted, barred, and pitted ducts, and laticiferous vessels. � An�gi�na (?), n. [L., fr. angere to strangle, to choke. See Anger, n.] (Med.) Any inflammatory affection of the throat or faces, as the quinsy, malignant sore throat, croup, etc., especially such as tends to produce suffocation, choking, or shortness of breath. � pectoris (?), a peculiarly painful disease, so named from a sense of suffocating contraction or tightening of the lower part of the chest; � called also breast pang, spasm of the chest. { An�gi�nous (?), An�gi�nose� (?), } a. (Med.) Pertaining to angina or angina pectoris. An�gi�o� (?). [Gr. ? vessel receptacle.] A prefix, or combining form, in numerous compounds, usually relating to seed or blood vessels, or to something contained in, or covered by, a vessel. An�gi�o�car�pous (?), a. [Angio� + Gr. ? fruit.] (Bot.)(a) Having fruit inclosed within a covering that does not form a part of itself; as, the filbert covered by its husk, or the acorn seated in its cupule. Brande & C. (b) Having the seeds or spores covered, as in certain lichens. Gray. An�gi�of�ra�phy (?), n. [Angio� + �graphy: cf. F. angiographie.] (Anat.) A description of blood vessels and lymphatics. An�gi�ol�o�gy (?), n. [Angio� + �logy.] (Anat.) That part of anatomy which treats of blood vessels and lymphatics. � An�gi�o�ma (?), n. [Angio� + �oma.] (Med.) A tumor composed chiefly of dilated blood vessels. An�gi�o�mon�o�sper�mous (?), a. [Angio� + monospermous.] (Bot.) Producing one seed only in a seed pod. An�gi�o�scope (?), n. [Angio� + �scope.] An instrument for examining the capillary vessels of animals and plants. Morin. An�gi�o�sperm (?), n. [Angio� + Gr. ?, ?, seed.] (Bot.) A plant which has its seeds inclosed in a pericarp. � The term is restricted to exogenous plants, and applied to one of the two grand divisions of these species, the other division including gymnosperms, or those which have naked seeds. The oak, apple, beech, etc., are angiosperms, while the pines, spruce, hemlock, and the allied varieties, are gymnosperms. An�gi�o�sper�ma�tous (?), a. (Bot.) Same as Angiospermous. An�gi�o�sper�mous (?), a. (Bot.) Having seeds inclosed in a pod or other pericarp. An�gi�os�po�rous (?), a. [Angio� + spore.] (Bot.) Having spores contained in cells or thec�, as in the case of some fungi. An�gi�os�to�mous (?), a. [Angio� + Gr. ? mouth.] (Zo�l.) With a narrow mouth, as the shell of certain gastropods. An�gi�ot�o�my (?), n. [Angio� + Gr. ? a cutting.] (Anat.) Dissection of the blood vessels and lymphatics of the body. Dunglison. An�gle (?), n. [F. angle, L. angulus angle, corner; akin to uncus hook, Gr. ? bent, crooked, angular, ? a bend or hollow, AS. angel hook, fish� <-- p. 57 --> hook, G. angel, and F. anchor.] 1. The inclosed space near the point where two lines; a corner; a nook. Into the utmost angle of the world. Spenser. To search the tenderest angles of the heart. Milton. 2. (Geom.) (a) The figure made by. two lines which meet. (b) The difference of direction of two lines. In the lines meet, the point of meeting is the vertex of the angle. 3. A projecting or sharp corner; an angular fragment. Though but an angle reached him of the stone. Dryden. 4. (Astrol.) A name given to four of the twelve astrological �houses.� [Obs.] Chaucer. 5. [AS. angel.] A fishhook; tackle for catching fish, consisting of a line, hook, and bait, with or without a rod. Give me mine angle: we 'll to the river there. Shak. A fisher next his trembling angle bears. Pope. Acute angle, one less than a right angle, or less than 900. � Adjacent or Contiguous angles, such as have one leg common to both angles. � Alternate angles. See Alternate. � Angle bar. (a) (Carp.) An upright bar at the angle where two faces of a polygonal or bay window meet. Knight. (b) (Mach.) Same as Angle iron. � Angle bead (Arch.), a bead worked on or fixed to the angle of any architectural work, esp. for protecting an angle of a wall. � Angle brace, Angle tie (Carp.), a brace across an interior angle of a wooden frame, forming the hypothenuse and securing the two side pieces together. Knight. � Angle iron (Mach.), a rolled bar or plate of iron having one or more angles, used for forming the corners, or connecting or sustaining the sides of an iron structure to which it is riveted. � Angle leaf (Arch.), a detail in the form of a leaf, more or less conventionalized, used to decorate and sometimes to strengthen an angle. � Angle meter, an instrument for measuring angles, esp. for ascertaining the dip of strata. � Angle shaft (Arch.), an enriched angle bead, often having a capital or base, or both. � Curvilineal angle, one formed by two curved lines. � External angles, angles formed by the sides of any right�lined figure, when the sides are produced or lengthened. � Facial angle. See under Facial. � Internal angles, those which are within any right�lined figure. � Mixtilineal angle, one formed by a right line with a curved line. � Oblique angle, one acute or obtuse, in opposition to a right angle. � Obtuse angle, one greater than a right angle, or more than 900. � Optic angle. See under Optic. � Rectilineal or Right�lined angle, one formed by two right lines. � Right angle, one formed by a right line falling on another perpendicularly, or an angle of 900 (measured by a quarter circle). � Solid angle, the figure formed by the meeting of three or more plane angles at one point. � Spherical angle, one made by the meeting of two arcs of great circles, which mutually cut one another on the surface of a globe or sphere. � Visual angle, the angle formed by two rays of light, or two straight lines drawn from the extreme points of an object to the center of the eye. � For Angles of commutation, draught, incidence, reflection, refraction, position, repose, fraction, see Commutation, Draught, Incidence, Reflection, Refraction, etc. An�gle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Angled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Angling (?).] 1. To fish with an angle (fishhook), or with hook and line. 2. To use some bait or artifice; to intrigue; to scheme; as, to angle for praise. The hearts of all that he did angle for. Shak. An�gle, v. t. To try to gain by some insinuating artifice; to allure. [Obs.] �He angled the people's hearts.� Sir P. Sidney. An�gled (?), a. Having an angle or angles; � used in compounds; as, right�angled, many�angled, etc. The thrice three�angled beechnut shell. Bp. Hall. An�gle�me�ter (?), n. [Angle + �meter.] An instrument to measure angles, esp. one used by geologists to measure the dip of strata. An�gler (?), n. 1. One who angles. 2. (Zo�l.) A fish (Lophius piscatorius), of Europe and America, having a large, broad, and depressed head, with the mouth very large. Peculiar appendages on the head are said to be used to entice fishes within reach. Called also fishing frog, frogfish, toadfish, goosefish, allmouth, monkfish, etc. An�gles (?), n. pl. [L. Angli. See Anglican.] (Ethnol.) An ancient Low German tribe, that settled in Britain, which came to be called Engla�land (Angleland or England). The Angles probably came from the district of Angeln (now within the limits of Schleswig), and the country now Lower Hanover, etc. An�gle�site (?), n. [From the Isle of Anglesea.] (Min.) A native sulphate of lead. It occurs in white or yellowish transparent, prismatic crystals. An�gle�wise� (?), adv. [Angle + wise, OE. wise manner.] In an angular manner; angularly. An�gle�worm� (?), n. (Zo�l.) A earthworm of the genus Lumbricus, frequently used by anglers for bait. See Earthworm. An�gli�an (?), a. Of or pertaining to the Angles. � n. One of the Angles. An�glic (?), a. Anglian. An�gli�can (?), a. [Angli the Angles, a Germanic tribe in Lower Germany. Cf. English.] 1. English; of or pertaining to England or the English nation; especially, pertaining to, or connected with, the established church of England; as, the Anglican church, doctrine, orders, ritual, etc. 2. Pertaining to, characteristic of, or held by, the high church party of the Church of England. An�gli�can (?), n. 1. A member of the Church of England. Whether Catholics, Anglicans, or Calvinists. Burke. 2. In a restricted sense, a member of the High Church party, or of the more advanced ritualistic section, in the Church of England. An�gli�can�ism (?), n. 1. Strong partiality to the principles and rites of the Church of England. 2. The principles of the established church of England; also, in a restricted sense, the doctrines held by the high�church party. 3. Attachment to England or English institutions. � An�gli�ce (?), adv. [NL.] In English; in the English manner; as, Livorno, Anglice Leghorn. An�glic�i�fy (?), v. t. [NL. Anglicus English + �fly.] To anglicize. [R.] An�gli�cism (?), n. [Cf. F. anglicisme.] 1. An English idiom; a phrase or form language peculiar to the English. Dryden. 2. The quality of being English; an English characteristic, custom, or method. An�gic�i�ty (?), n. The state or quality of being English. An�gli�ci�za�tion (?), n. The act of anglicizing, or making English in character. An�gli�cize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anglicized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Anglicizing.] To make English; to English; to anglify; render conformable to the English idiom, or to English analogies. An�gli�fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anglified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Anglifying.] [L. Angli + �fly.] To convert into English; to anglicize. Franklin. Darwin. An�gling (?), n. The act of one who angles; the art of fishing with rod and line. Walton. An�glo� (?). [NL. Anglus English. See Anglican.] A combining form meaning the same as English; or English and, or English conjoined with; as, Anglo�Turkish treaty, Anglo�German, Anglo�Irish. Anglo�American, a. Of or pertaining to the English and Americans, or to the descendants of Englishmen in America. � n. A descendant from English ancestors born in America, or the United States. Anglo�Danish, a. Of or pertaining to the English and Danes, or to the Danes who settled in England. Anglo�Indian, a. Of or pertaining to the English in India, or to the English and East Indian peoples or languages. � n. One of the ^ race born or resident in the East Indies. Anglo�Norman, a. Of or pertaining to the ^ and Normans, or to the Normans who settled in England. � n. One of the ^ Normans, or the Normans who conquered England. Anglo�Saxon. See Anglo�Saxon in the Vocabulary. An�glo�Cath�o�lic , a,. Of or pertaining to a church modeled on the English Reformation; Anglican; � sometimes restricted to the ritualistic or High Church section of the Church of England. An�glo�Cath�o�lic, n. A member of the Church of England who contends for its catholic character; more specifically, a High Churchman. An�glo�ma�ni�a (?), n. [Anglo� + mania.] A mania for, or an inordinate attachment to, English customs, institutions, etc. An�glo�ma�ni�ac, n. One affected with Anglomania. An�glo�pho�bi�a (?), n. [Anglo� + Gr. ? fear.] Intense dread of, or aversion to, England or the English. � An�glo�phobe (?), n. An�glo�Sax�on (?), n. [L. Angli�Saxones English Saxons.] 1. A Saxon of Britain, that is, an English Saxon, or one the Saxons who settled in England, as distinguished from a continental (or �Old�) Saxon. 2. pl. The Teutonic people (Angles, Saxons, Jutes) of England, or the English people, collectively, before the Norman Conquest. It is quite correct to call �thelstan �King of the Anglo�Saxons,� but to call this or that subject of �thelstan �an Anglo�Saxon� is simply nonsense. E. A. Freeman. 3. The language of the ^ people before the Conquest (sometimes called Old English). See Saxon. 4. One of the race or people who claim descent from the Saxons, Angles, or other Teutonic tribes who settled in England; a person of English descent in its broadest sense. An�glo�Sax�on, a. Of or pertaining to the Anglo�Saxons or their language. An�glo�Sax�on�dom (?), n. The Anglo�Saxon domain (i. e., Great Britain and the United States, etc.); the Anglo�Saxon race. An�glo�Sax�on�ism (?), n. 1. A characteristic of the Anglo�Saxon race; especially, a word or an idiom of the Anglo�Saxon tongue. M. Arnold. 2. The quality or sentiment of being Anglo�Saxon, or ^ in its ethnological sense. An�go�la (?), n. [A corruption of Angora.] A fabric made from the wool of the Angora goat. An�go�la pea� (?). (Bot.) A tropical plant (Cajanus indicus) and its edible seed, a kind of pulse; � so called from Angola in Western Africa. Called also pigeon pea and Congo pea. � An�gor , n. [L. See Anger.] (Med.) Great anxiety accompanied by painful constriction at the upper part of the belly, often with palpitation and oppression. An�go�ra (?), n. A city of Asia Minor (or Anatolia) which has given its name to a goat, a cat, etc. � cat (Zo�l.), a variety of the domestic cat with very long and silky hair, generally of the brownish white color. Called also Angola cat. See Cat. � � goat�(Zo�l.), a variety of the domestic goat, reared for its long silky hair, which is highly prized for manufacture. An�gos�tu�ra bark� (?). From Angostura, in Venezuela.] An aromatic bark used as a tonic, obtained from a South American of the rue family (Galipea cusparia, or officinalis). U. S. Disp. � An�gou�mois� moth� (?; 115). [So named from Angoumois in France.] (Zo�l.) A small moth (Gelechia cerealella) which is very destructive to wheat and other grain. The larva eats out the inferior of the grain, leaving only the shell. An�gri�ly (?), adv. In an angry manner; under the influence of anger. An�gri�ness, n. The quality of being angry, or of being inclined to anger. Such an angriness of humor that we take fire at everything. Whole Duty of Man. An�gry (?), a. [Compar. Angrier (?); superl. Angriest.] [See Anger.] 1. Troublesome; vexatious; rigorous. [Obs.] God had provided a severe and angry education to chastise the forwardness of a young spirit. Jer. Taylor. 2. Inflamed and painful, as a sore. 3. Touched with anger; under the emotion of anger; feeling resentment; enraged; � followed generally by with before a person, and at before a thing. Be not grieved, nor angry with yourselves. Gen. xlv. 5. Wherefore should God be angry at thy voice? Eccles. v. 6. 4. Showing anger; proceeding from anger; acting as if moved by anger; wearing the marks of anger; as, angry words or tones; an angry sky; angry waves. �An angry countenance.� Prov. xxv. 23. 5. Red. [R.] Sweet rose, whose hue, angry and brave. Herbert. 6. Sharp; keen; stimulated. [R.] I never ate with angrier appetite. Tennyson. Syn. - Passionate; resentful; irritated; irascible; indignant; provoked; enraged; incensed; exasperated; irate; hot; raging; furious; wrathful; wroth; choleric; inflamed; infuriated. An�gui�form (?), a. [L. angius snake + �form.] Snake�shaped. An�guil�li�form (?), a. [L. anguilla eel (dim. of anguis snake) + �form.] Eel�shaped. � The �Anguill�formes� of Cuvier are fishes related to thee eel. An�guine (?), a. [L. anguinus, fr. anguis snake.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling, a snake or serpent. �The anguine or snakelike reptiles.� Owen. An�quin�e�al (?), a. Anguineous. An�guin�e�ous (?), a. [L. anguineus.] Snakelike. An�guish (?), n. [OE. anguishe, anguise, angoise, F. angoisse, fr. L. angustia narrowness, difficulty, distress, fr. angustus narrow, difficult, fr. angere to press together. See Anger.] Extreme pain, either of body or mind; excruciating distress. But they hearkened not unto Moses for anguish of spirit, and for cruel bondage. Ex. vi. 9. Anguish as of her that bringeth forth her first child. Jer. iv. 31. Rarely used in the plural: � Ye miserable people, you must go to God in anguishes, and make your prayer to him. Latimer. Syn. - Agony; pang; torture; torment. See Agony. An�guish, v. t. [Cf. F. angoisser, fr. L. angustiare.] To distress with extreme pain or grief. [R.] Temple. An�gu�lar (?), a. [L. angularis, fr. angulus angle, corner. See Angle.] 1. Relating to an angle or to angles; having an angle or angles; forming an angle or corner; sharp�cornered; pointed; as, an angular figure. 2. Measured by an angle; as, angular distance. 3. Fig.: Lean; lank; raw�boned; ungraceful; sharp and stiff in character; as, remarkably angular in his habits and appearance; an angular female. � aperture, � distance. See Aperture, Distance. � � motion, the motion of a body about a fixed point or fixed axis, as of a planet or pendulum. It is equal to the angle passed over at the point or axis by a line drawn to the body. � � point, the point at which the sides of the angle meet; the vertex. � � velocity, the ratio of ~ motion to the time employed in describing. An�gu�lar, n. (Anat.) A bone in the base of the lower jaw of many birds, reptiles, and fishes. An�gu�lar�i�ty (?), n. The quality or state of being angular; angularness. An�gu�lar�ly (?), adv. In an angular manner; with of at angles or corners. B. Jonson. An�gu�lar�ness, n. The quality of being angular. { An�gu�late (?), An�gu�la�ted (?), } a. [L. angulatus, p. p. of angulare to make angular.] Having angles or corners; angled; as, angulate leaves. An�gu�late (?), v. t. To make angular. An�gu�la�tion (?), n. A making angular; angular formation. Huxley. An�gu�lo�den�tate (?), a. [L. angulus angle + dens, dentis, tooth.] (Bot.) Angularly toothed, as certain leaves. An�gu�lom�e�ter (?), n. [L. angulus angle + �meter.] An instrument for measuring external angles. An�gu�lose� (?), a. Angulous. [R.] An�gu�los�i�ty (?), n. A state of being angulous or angular. [Obs.] An�gu�lous (?), a. [L. angulosus: cf. F. anguleux.] Angular; having corners; hooked. [R.] Held together by hooks and angulous involutions. Glanvill. An�gust� (?), a. [L. angustus. See Anguish.] Narrow; strait. [Obs.] An�gus�tate (?), a. [L. angustatus, p. p. of angustare to make narrow.] Narrowed. An�gus�ta�tion (?), n. The act or making narrow; a straitening or contacting. Wiseman. <-- p. 58 -> { An�gus�ti�fo�li�ate (?), An�gus�ti�fo�li�ous (?), } a. [L. angustus narrow (see Anguish) + folium leaf.] (Bot.) Having narrow leaves. Wright. An�gus�tu�ra bark� (?). See Angostura bark. � An�gwan�ti�bo (?), n. (Zo�l.) A small lemuroid mammal (Arctocebus Calabarensis) of Africa. It has only a rudimentary tail. An�hang� (?), v. t. [AS. onhangian.] To hang. [Obs.] Chaucer. An�har�mon�ic (?), a. [F. anharmonique, fr. Gr. ? priv. + ? harmonic.] (Math.) Not harmonic. The ~ function or ratio of four points abcd on a straight line is the quantity ? : ?, where the segments are to regarded as plus or minus, according to the order of the letters. An�he�la�tion (?), n. [L. anhelatio, fr. anhelare to pant; an (perh. akin to E. on) + halare to breathe: cf. F. anh�lation.] Short and rapid breathing; a panting; asthma. Glanvill. An�hele� (?), v. i. [Cf. OF. aneler, anheler. See Anhelation.] To pant; to be breathlessly anxious or eager (for). [Obs.] They anhele... for the fruit of our convocation. Latimer. An�he�lose (?), a. Anhelous; panting. [R.] An�he�lous (?), a. [L. anhelus.] Short of breath; panting. � An�hi�ma (?), n. [Brazilian name.] A South American aquatic bird; the horned screamer or kamichi (Palamedea cornuta). See Kamichi. � An�hin�ga (?), n. [Pg.] (Zo�l.) An aquatic bird of the southern United States (Platus anhinga); the darter, or snakebird. An�his�tous (?), a. [Gr. ? priv. + ? web, tissue: cf. F. anhiste.] (Biol.) Without definite structure; as, an anhistous membrane. An�hun�gered (?), a. Ahungered; longing. [Archaic] An�hy�dride (?), n. [See Anhydrous.] (Chem.) An oxide of a nonmetallic body or an organic radical, capable of forming an acid by uniting with the elements of water; � so called because it may be formed from an acid by the abstraction of water. An�hy�drite (?), n. [See Anhydrous.] (Min.) A mineral of a white a slightly bluish color, usually massive. It is anhydrous sulphate of lime, and differs from gypsum in not containing water (whence the name). An�hy�drous (?), a. [Gr. ? wanting water; ? priv. + ? water.] Destitute of water; as, anhydrous salts or acids. � A�ni (?) or � A�no (?), n. [Native name.] (Zo�l.) A black bird of tropical America, the West Indies and Florida (Crotophaga ani), allied to the cuckoos, and remarkable for communistic nesting. � An�i�cut, � An�ni�cut (?), n. [Tamil anai kattu dam building.] A dam or mole made in the course of a stream for the purpose of regulating the flow of a system of irrigation. [India] Brande & C. An�id�i�mat�ic�al (?), a. [Gr. ? priv. + E. idiomatical.] Not idiomatic. [R.] Landor. { An�i�ent , An�i�en�tise (?), } v. t. [OF. anientir, F. an�antir.] To frustrate; to bring to naught; to annihilate. [Obs.] Chaucer. A�nigh� (?), prep. & adv. [Pref. a� + nigh.] Nigh. [Archaic] { A�night� (?), A�nights� (?), } adv. [OE. on night. [Archaic] Does he hawk anights still? Marston. An�il (?), n. [F. anil, Sp. an�l, or Pg. anil; all fr. Ar. an�n�l, for al�n�l the indigo plant, fr. Skr. n�la dark blue, n�l� indigo, indigo plant. Cf. Lilac.] (Bot.) A West Indian plant (Indigofera anil), one of the original sources of indigo; also, the indigo dye. An�ile (?), a. [L. anilis, fr. anus an old woman.] Old�womanish; imbecile. �Anile ideas.� Walpole. An�ile�ness (?), n. Anility. [R.] An�il�ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, anil; indigotic; � applied to an acid formed by the action of nitric acid on indigo. [R.] An�i�lide (?), n. (Chem.) One of a class of compounds which may be regarded as amides in which more or less of the hydrogen has been replaced by phenyl. An�i�line (?; 277), n. [See Anil.] (Chem.) An organic base belonging to the phenylamines. It may be regarded as ammonia in which one hydrogen atom has been replaced by the radical phenyl. It is a colorless, oily liquid, originally obtained from indigo by distillation, but now largely manufactured from coal tar or nitrobenzene as a base from which many brilliant dyes are made. An�i�line, a. Made from, or of the nature of, ~. A�nil�i�ty (?), n. [L. anilitas. See Anile.] The state of being and old woman; old�womanishness; dotage. �Marks of anility.� Sterne. An�i�mad�ver�sal (?), n. The faculty of perceiving; a percipient. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. An�i�mad�ver�sion (?), n. [L. animadversio, fr. animadvertere: cf. F. animadversion. See Animadvert.] 1. The act or power of perceiving or taking notice; direct or simple perception. [Obs.] The soul is the sole percipient which hath animadversion and sense, properly so called. Glanvill. 2. Monition; warning. [Obs.] Clarendon. 3. Remarks by way of criticism and usually of censure; adverse criticism; reproof; blame. He dismissed their commissioners with severe and sharp animadversions. Clarendon. 4. Judicial cognizance of an offense; chastisement; punishment. [Archaic] �Divine animadversions.� Wesley. Syn. - Stricture; criticism; censure; reproof; blame; comment. An�i�mad�ver�sive (?), a. Having the power of perceiving; percipient. [Archaic] Glanvill. I do not mean there is a certain number of ideas glaring and shining to the animadversive faculty. Coleridge. An�i�mad�vert� (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Animadverted; p. pr. & vb. n. Animadverting.] [L. animadvertere; animus mind + advertere to turn to; ad to + vertere to turn.] 1. To take notice; to observe; � commonly followed by that. Dr. H. More. 2. To consider or remark by way of criticism or censure; to express censure; � with on or upon. I should not animadvert on him... if he had not used extreme severity in his judgment of the incomparable Shakespeare. Dryden. 3. To take cognizance judicially; to inflict punishment. [Archaic] Grew. Syn. - To remark; comment; criticise; censure. An�i�mad�vert�er (?), n. One who animadverts; a censurer; also [Obs.], a chastiser. An�i�mal (?), n. [L., fr. anima breath, soul: cf. F. animal. See Animate.] 1. An organized living being endowed with sensation and the power of voluntary motion, and also characterized by taking its food into an internal cavity or stomach for digestion; by giving carbonic acid to the air and taking oxygen in the process of respiration; and by increasing in motive power or active aggressive force with progress to maturity. 2. One of the lower animals; a brute or beast, as distinguished from man; as, men and animals. An�i�mal, a. [Cf. F. animal.] 1. Of or relating to animals; as, animal functions. 2. Pertaining to the merely sentient part of a creature, as distinguished from the intellectual, rational, or spiritual part; as, the animal passions or appetites. 3. Consisting of the flesh of animals; as, animal food. � magnetism. See Magnetism and Mesmerism. � � electricity, the electricity developed in some animals, as the electric eel, torpedo, etc. � � flower (Zo�l.), a name given to certain marine animals resembling a flower, as any species of actinia or sea anemone, and other Anthozoa, hydroids, starfishes, etc. � � heat (Physiol.), the heat generated in the body of a living ~, by means of which the ~ is kept at nearly a uniform temperature. � � spirits. See under Spirit. � � kingdom, the whole class of being endowed with ~ life. It embraces several subkingdoms, and under these there are Classes, Orders, Families, Genera, Species, and sometimes intermediate groupings, all in regular subordination, but variously arranged by different writers. The following are the grand divisions, or subkingdoms, and the principal classes under them, generally recognized at the present time: � Vertebrata, including Mammalia or Mammals, Aves or Birds, Reptilia, Amphibia, Pisces or Fishes, Marsipobranchiata (Craniota); and Leptocardia (Acrania). Tunicata, including the Thaliacea, and Ascidioidea or Ascidians. Articulata or Annulosa, including Insecta, Myriapoda, Malacapoda, Arachnida, Pycnogonida, Merostomata, Crustacea (Arthropoda); and Annelida, Gehyrea (Anarthropoda). Helminthes or Vermes, including Rotifera, Ch�tognatha, Nematoidea, Acanthocephala, Nemertina, Turbellaria, Trematoda, Cestoidea, Mesozea. Molluscoidea, including Brachiopoda and Bryozoa. Mollusca, including Cephalopoda, Gastropoda, Pteropoda, Scaphopoda, Lamellibranchiata or Acephala. Echinodermata, including Holothurioidea, Echinoidea, Asterioidea, Ophiuroidea, and Crinoidea. C?lenterata, including Anthozoa or Polyps, Ctenophora, and Hydrozoa or Acalephs. Spongiozoa or Porifera, including the sponges. Protozoa, including Infusoria and Rhizopoda. For definitions, see these names in the Vocabulary. { An�i�mal�cu�lar (?), An�i�mal�cu�line (?), } a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, animalcules. �Animalcular life.� Tyndall. An�i�mal�cule (?), n. [As if fr. a L. animalculum, dim. of animal.] 1. A small animal, as a fly, spider, etc. [Obs.] Ray. 2. (Zo�l.) An animal, invisible, or nearly so, to the naked eye. See Infusoria. � Many of the so�called animalcules have been shown to be plants, having locomotive powers something like those of animals. Among these are Volvox, the Desmidiac�, and the siliceous Diatomace�. Spermatic animalcules. See Spermatozoa. An�i�mal�cu�lism (?), n. [Cf. F. animalculisme.] (Biol.) The theory which seeks to explain certain physiological and pathological by means of animalcules. An�i�mal�cu�list (?), n. [Cf. F. animalculiste.] 1. One versed in the knowledge of animalcules. Keith. 2. A believer in the theory of animalculism. � An�i�mal�cu�lum (?), n.; pl. Animalcula (?). [NL. See Animalcule.] An animalcule. � Animalcul�, as if from a Latin singular animalcula, is a barbarism. An�i�mal�ish (?), a. Like an animal. An�i�mal�ism (?), n. [Cf. F. animalisme.] The state, activity, or enjoyment of animals; mere animal life without intellectual or moral qualities; sensuality. An�i�mal�i�ty (?), n. [Cf. F. animalit�.] Animal existence or nature. Locke. An��mal�i�za�tion (?), n. [Cf. F. animalisation.] 1. The act of animalizing; the giving of animal life, or endowing with animal properties. 2. Conversion into animal matter by the process of assimilation. Owen. An�i�mal�ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Animalized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Animalizing.] [Cf. F. animaliser.] 1. To endow with the properties of an animal; to represent in animal form. Warburton. 2. To convert into animal matter by the processes of assimilation. 3. To render animal or sentient; to reduce to the state of a lower animal; to sensualize. The unconscious irony of the Epicurean poet on the animalizing tendency of his own philosophy. Coleridge. An�i�mal�ly, adv. Physically. G. Eliot. An�i�mal�ness, n. Animality. [R.] An�i�mas�tic (?), a. [L. anima breath, life.] Pertaining to mind or spirit; spiritual. An�i�mas�tic, n. Psychology. [Obs.] An�i�mate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Animated; p. pr. & vb. n. Animating.] [L. animatus, p. p. of animare, fr. anima breath, soul; akin to animus soul, mind, Gr. ? wind, Skr. an to breathe, live, Goth. us�anan to expire (us� out), Icel. �nd breath, anda to breathe, OHG. ando anger. Cf. Animal.] 1. To give natural life to; to make alive; to quicken; as, the soul animates the body. 2. To give powers to, or to heighten the powers or effect of; as, to animate a lyre. Dryden. 3. To give spirit or vigor to; to stimulate or incite; to inspirit; to rouse; to enliven. The more to animate the people, he stood on high... and cried unto them with a loud voice. Knolles. Syn. - To enliven; inspirit; stimulate; exhilarate; inspire; instigate; rouse; urge; cheer; prompt; incite; quicken; gladden. An�i�mate (?), a. [L. animatus, p. p.] Endowed with life; alive; living; animated; lively. The admirable structure of animate bodies. Bentley. An�i�ma�ted (?), a. Endowed with life; full of life or spirit; indicating animation; lively; vigorous. �Animated sounds.� Pope. �Animated bust.� Gray. �Animated descriptions.� Lewis. An�i�ma�ted�ly, adv. With animation. An�i�ma�ter (?), n. One who animates. De Quincey. An�i�ma�ting, a. Causing animation; life�giving; inspiriting; rousing. �Animating cries.� Pope. � An�i�ma�ting�ly, adv. An�i�ma�tion (?), n. [L. animatio, fr. animare.] 1. The act of animating, or giving life or spirit; the state of being animate or alive. The animation of the same soul quickening the whole frame. Bp. Hall. Perhaps an inanimate thing supplies me, while I am speaking, with whatever I posses of animation. Landor. 2. The state of being lively, brisk, or full of spirit and vigor; vivacity; spiritedness; as, he recited the story with great animation. Suspended ~, temporary suspension of the vital functions, as in persons nearly drowned. Syn. - Liveliness; vivacity; spirit; buoyancy; airiness; sprightliness; promptitude; enthusiasm; ardor; earnestness; energy. See Liveliness. An�i�ma�tive (?), a�Having the power of giving life or spirit. Johnson. An�i�ma�tor (?), n. [L. animare.] One who, or that which, animates; an animater. Sir T. Browne. � A�ni�me� (?), a. [F., animated.] (Her.) Of a different tincture from the animal itself; � said of the eyes of a rapacious animal. Brande & C. � A�ni�me (?), n. [F. anim� animated (from the insects that are entrapped in it); or native name.] A resin exuding from a tropical American tree (Hymen�a courbaril), and much used by varnish makers. Ure. An�i�mism (?), n. [Cf. F. animisme, fr. L. anima soul. See Animate.] 1. The doctrine, taught by Stahl, that the soul is the proper principle of life and development in the body. 2. The belief that inanimate objects and the phenomena of nature are endowed with personal life or a living soul; also, in an extended sense, the belief in the existence of soul or spirit apart from matter. Tylor. An�i�mist (?), n. [Cf. F. animiste.] One who maintains the doctrine of animism. An�i�mis�tic (?), a. Of or pertaining to animism. Huxley. Tylor. { An�i�mose� (?), An�i�mous (?), } a. [L. animosus, fr. animus soul, spirit, courage.] Full of spirit; hot; vehement; resolute. [Obs.] Ash. An�i�mose�ness (?), n. Vehemence of temper. [Obs.] An�i�mos�i�ty (?), n.; pl. Animosities (?). [F. animosit�, fr. L. animositas. See Animose, Animate, v. t.] 1. Mere spiritedness or courage. [Obs.] Skelton. Such as give some proof of animosity, audacity, and execution, those she [the crocodile] loveth. Holland. 2. Violent hatred leading to active opposition; active enmity; energetic dislike. Macaulay. Syn. - Enmity; hatred; opposition. � Animosity, Enmity. Enmity be dormant or concealed; animosity is active enmity, inflamed by collision and mutual injury between opposing parties. The animosities which were continually springing up among the clans in Scotland kept that kingdom in a state of turmoil and bloodshed for successive ages. The animosities which have been engendered among Christian sects have always been the reproach of the church. Such [writings] s naturally conduce to inflame hatreds and make enmities irreconcilable. Spectator. [These] factions... never suspended their animosities till they ruined that unhappy government. Hume. An�i�mus (?), n.; pl. Animi (?). [L., mind.] Animating spirit; intention; temper. � � furandi [L.] (Law), intention of stealing. An�i�on (?), n. [Gr. ?, neut. ?, p. pr. of ? to go up; ? up + ? to go.] (Chem.) <-- p. 59 --> An electro�negative element, or the element which, in electro�chemical decompositions, is evolved at the anode; � opposed to cation. Faraday. An�ise (?), n. [OE. anys, F. anis, L. anisum, anethum, fr. Gr. ?, ?.] 1. (Bot.) An umbelliferous plant (Pimpinella anisum) growing naturally in Egypt, and cultivated in Spain, Malta, etc., for its carminative and aromatic seeds. 2. The fruit or seeds of this plant. An�i�seed (?), n. The seed of the anise; also, a cordial prepared from it. �Oil of aniseed.� Brande & C. � An�i�sette� (?), n. [F.] A French cordial or liqueur flavored with anise seeds. De Colange. A�nis�ic (?), a. Of or derived from anise; as, anisic acid; anisic alcohol. { � An�i�so�dac�ty�la (?), An�i�so�dac�tyls (?), } n. pl. [NL. anisodactyla, fr. Gr. ? unequal (? priv. + ? equal) + ? finger.] (Zo�l.) (a) A group of herbivorous mammals characterized by having the hoofs in a single series around the foot, as the elephant, rhinoceros, etc. (b) A group of perching birds which are anisodactylous. An�i�so�dac�ty�lous (?), (a) (Zo�l.) Characterized by unequal toes, three turned forward and one backward, as in most passerine birds. An�i�so�mer�ic (?), a. [Gr. ? unequal + ? part.] (Chem.) Not isomeric; not made of the same components in the same proportions. An�i�som�er�ous (?), a. [See Anisomeric.] (Bot.) Having the number of floral organs unequal, as four petals and six stamens. An�i�so�met�ric (?), a. [Gr. ? priv. + E. isometric.] Not isometric; having unsymmetrical parts; � said of crystals with three unequal axes. Dana. An�i�so�pet�al�ous (?), a. [Gr. ? unequal + ? leaf.] (Bot.) Having unequal petals. An�i�soph�yl�lous (?), a. [Gr. ? unequal + ? leaf.] (Bot.) Having unequal leaves. � An�i�so�pleu�ra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? unequal + ? side.] (Zo�l.) A primary division of gastropods, including those having spiral shells. The two sides of the body are unequally developed. � An�i�sop�o�da (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? unequal + �poda.] (Zo�l.) A division of Crustacea, which, in some its characteristics, is intermediate between Amphipoda and Isopoda. An�i�so�stem�o�nous (?), a. [Gr. ? unequal + ? warp, thread; ? to stand.] (Bot.) Having unequal stamens; having stamens different in number from the petals. An�i�so�sthen�ic (?), a. [Gr. ? unequal + ? strength.] Of unequal strength. { An�i�so�trope� (?), An�i�so�trop�ic (?), } a. [Gr. ? unequal + ? a turning, ? to turn.] (Physics) Not isotropic; having different properties in different directions; thus, crystals of the isometric system are optically isotropic, but all other crystals are anisotropic. An�i�sot�ro�pous (?), a. Anisotropic. An�ker (?), n. [D. anker: cf. LL. anceria, ancheria.] A liquid measure in various countries of Europe. The Dutch anker, formerly also used in England, contained about 10 of the old wine gallons, or 8? imperial gallons. An�ker�ite (?), n. [So called from Prof. Anker of Austria: cf. F. ank�rite, G. ankerit.] (Min.) A mineral closely related to dolomite, but containing iron. An�kle (?), n. [OE. ancle, anclow, AS. ancleow; akin to Icel. �kkla, �kli, Dan. and Sw. ankel, D. enklaauw, enkel, G. enkel, and perh. OHG. encha, ancha thigh, shin: cf. Skr. anga limb, anguri finger. Cf. Haunch.] The joint which connects the foot with the leg; the tarsus. � bone, the bone of the ~; the astragalus. An�kled (?), a.�Having ankles; � used in composition; as, well�ankled. Beau. & Fl. An�klet (?), n. An ornament or a fetter for the ankle; an ankle ring. An�ky�lose (?), v. t. & i. Same as Anchylose. � An�ky�lo�sis (?), n. Same as Anchylosis. An�lace (?), n. [Origin unknown.] A broad dagger formerly worn at the girdle. [Written also anelace.] { Ann (?), An�nat (?), } n. [LL. annata income of a year, also, of half a year, fr. L. annus year: cf. F. annate annats.] (Scots Law) A half years's stipend, over and above what is owing for the incumbency, due to a minister's heirs after his decease. � An�na (?), n. [Hindi �n�.] An East Indian money of account, the sixteenth of a rupee, or about 2? cents. An�nal (?), n. See Annals. An�nal�ist, n. [Cf. F. annaliste.] A writer of annals. The monks... were the only annalists in those ages. Hume. An�nal�is�tic (?), a. Pertaining to, or after the manner of, an annalist; as, the dry annalistic style.�A stiff annalistic method.� Sir G. C. Lewis. An�nal�ize (?), v. t. To record in annals. Sheldon. An�nals (?), n. pl. [L. annalis (sc. liber), and more frequently in the pl. annales (sc. libri), chronicles, fr. annus year. Cf. Annual.] 1. A relation of events in chronological order, each event being recorded under the year in which it happened. �Annals the revolution.� Macaulay. �The annals of our religion.� Rogers. 2. Historical records; chronicles; history. The short and simple annals of the poor. Gray. It was one of the most critical periods in our annals. Burke. 3. sing. The record of a single event or item. �In deathless annal.� Young. 4. A periodic publication, containing records of discoveries, transactions of societies, etc.; �Annals of Science.� Syn. - History. See History. { An�nats (?), An�nates (?), } n. pl. [See Ann.] (Eccl. Law) The first year's profits of a spiritual preferment, anciently paid by the clergy to the pope; first fruits. In England, they now form a fund for the augmentation of poor livings. An�neal� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Annealed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Annealing.] [OE. anelen to heat, burn, AS. an?lan; an on + ?lan to burn; also OE. anelen to enamel, prob. influenced by OF. neeler, nieler, to put a black enamel on gold or silver, F. nieller, fr. LL. nigellare to blacken, fr. L. nigellus blackish, dim. of niger black. Cf. Niello, Negro.] 1. To subject to great heat, and then cool slowly, as glass, cast iron, steel, or other metal, for the purpose of rendering it less brittle; to temper; to toughen. 2. To heat, as glass, tiles, or earthenware, in order to fix the colors laid on them. An�neal�er (?), n. One who, or that which, anneals. An�neal�ing, n. 1. The process used to render glass, iron, etc., less brittle, performed by allowing them to cool very gradually from a high heat. 2. The burning of metallic colors into glass, earthenware, etc. An�nec�tent (?), a. [L. annectere to tie or bind to. See Annex.] Connecting; annexing. Owen. { An�ne�lid (?), An�nel�i�dan (?), } a. [F. ann�lide, fr. anneler to arrange in rings, OF. anel a ring, fr. L. anellus a ring, dim. of annulus a ring.] (Zo�l.) Of or pertaining to the Annelida. � n. One of the Annelida. � An�nel�i�da (?), n. pl. [NL. See Annelid.] (Zo�l.) A division of the Articulata, having the body formed of numerous rings or annular segments, and without jointed legs. The principal subdivisions are the Ch�topoda, including the Oligoch�ta or earthworms and Polych�ta or marine worms; and the Hirudinea or leeches. See Ch�topoda. An�nel�i�dous (?), a. (Zo�l.) Of the nature of an annelid. � An�nel�la�ta (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zo�l.) See Annelida. An�ne�loid (?), n. [F. annel� ringed + �oid.] (Zo�l.) An animal resembling an annelid. An�nex� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Annexed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Annexing.] [F. annexer, fr. L. annexus, p. p. of annectere to tie or bind to; ad + nectere to tie, to fasten together, akin to Skr. nah to bind.] 1. To join or attach; usually to subjoin; to affix; to append; � followed by to. �He annexed a codicil to a will.� Johnson. 2. To join or add, as a smaller thing to a greater. He annexed a province to his kingdom. Johnson. 3. To attach or connect, as a consequence, condition, etc.; as, to annex a penalty to a prohibition, or punishment to guilt. Syn. - To add; append; affix; unite; coalesce. See Add. An�nex�, v. i. To join; to be united. Tooke. An�nex� (?), n. [F. annexe, L. annexus, neut. annexum, p. p. of annectere.] Something annexed or appended; as, an additional stipulation to a writing, a subsidiary building to a main building; a wing. An�nex�a�tion (?), n. [Cf. F. annexation. See Annex, v. t.] 1. The act of annexing; process of attaching, adding, or appending; the act of connecting; union; as, the annexation of Texas to the United States, or of chattels to the freehold. 2. (a) (Law) The union of property with a freehold so as to become a fixture. Bouvier. (b) (Scots Law) The appropriation of lands or rents to the crown. Wharton. An�nex�a�tion�ist, n. One who favors annexation. An�nex�er (?), n. One who annexes. An�nex�ion (?), n. [L. annexio a tying to, connection: cf. F. annexion.] Annexation. [R.] Shak. An�nex�ion�ist, n. An annexationist. [R.] An�nex�ment (?), n. The act of annexing, or the thing annexed; appendage. [R.] Shak. An�ni�hi�la�ble (?), a. Capable of being annihilated. An�ni�hi�late (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Annihilated; p. pr. & vb. n. Annihilating.] [ L. annihilare; ad + nihilum, nihil, nothing, ne hilum (filum) not a thread, nothing at all. Cf. File, a row.] 1. To reduce to nothing or nonexistence; to destroy the existence of; to cause to cease to be. It impossible for any body to be utterly annihilated. Bacon. 2. To destroy the form or peculiar distinctive properties of, so that the specific thing no longer exists; as, to annihilate a forest by cutting down the trees. �To annihilate the army.� Macaulay. 3. To destroy or eradicate, as a property or attribute of a thing; to make of no effect; to destroy the force, etc., of; as, to annihilate an argument, law, rights, goodness. An�ni�hi�late (?), a. Anhilated. [Archaic] Swift. An�ni�hi�la�tion (?), n. [Cf. F. annihilation.] 1. The act of reducing to nothing, or nonexistence; or the act of destroying the form or combination of parts under which a thing exists, so that the name can no longer be applied to it; as, the annihilation of a corporation. 2. The state of being annihilated. Hooker. An�ni�hi�la�tion�ist, n. (Theol.) One who believes that eternal punishment consists in annihilation or extinction of being; a destructionist. An�ni�hi�la�tive (?), a. Serving to annihilate; destructive. An�ni�hi�la�tor (?), n. One who, or that which, annihilates; as, a fire annihilator. An�ni�hi�la�to�ry (?), a. Annihilative. An�ni�ver�sa�ri�ly (?), adv. Annually. [R.] Bp. Hall. An�ni�ver�sa�ry (?), a. [L. anniversarius; annus year + vertere, versum, to turn: cf. F. anniversaire.] Returning with the year, at a stated time ? annual; yearly; as, an anniversary feast. � day (R. C. Ch.). See Anniversary, n., 2. � � week, that week in the year in which the annual meetings of religious and benevolent societies are held in Boston and New York. [Eastern U. S.] An�ni�ver�sa�ry, n. pl. Anniversaries (?). [Cf. F. anniversaire.] 1. The annual return of the day on which any notable event took place, or is wont to be celebrated; as, the anniversary of the Declaration of Independence. 2. (R. C. Ch.) The day on which Mass is said yearly for the soul of a deceased person; the commemoration of some sacred event, as the dedication of a church or the consecration of a pope. 3. The celebration which takes place on an anniversary day. Dryden. An�ni�verse (?), n. [L. anni versus the turning of a year.] Anniversary. [Obs.] Dryden. An�no�da�ted (?), a. [L. ad to + nodus a knot.] (Her.) Curved somewhat in the form of the letter S. Cussans. � An�no Dom�i�ni (?). [L., in the year of [our] Lord [Jesus Christ]; usually abbrev. a. d.] In the year of the Christian era; as, a. d. 1887. An�nom�i�nate (?), v. t. To name. [R.] An�nom�i�na�tion (?), n. [L. annominatio. See Agnomination.] 1. Paronomasia; punning. 2. Alliteration. [Obs.] Tyrwhitt. An�no�tate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Annotated; p. pr. & vb. n. Annotating.] [L. annotatus; p. p. of annotare to ~; ad + notare to mark, nota mark. See Note, n.] To explain or criticize by notes; as, to annotate the works of Bacon. An�no�tate, v. i. To make notes or comments; � with on or upon. An�no�ta�tion (?), n. [L. annotatio: cf. F. annotation.] A note, added by way of comment, or explanation; � usually in the plural; as, annotations on ancient authors, or on a word or a passage. An�no�ta�tion�ist, n. An annotator. [R.] An�no�ta�tive (?), a. Characterized by annotations; of the nature of annotation. An�no�ta�tor (?), n. [L.] A writer of annotations; a commentator. An�no�ta�to�ry (?), a. Pertaining to an annotator; containing annotations. [R.] An�no�tine (?), n. [L. annotinus a year old.] (Zo�l.) A bird one year old, or that has once molted. An�not�i�nous (?), a. [L. annotinus, fr. annus year.] (Bot.) A year old; in Yearly growths. An�not�to (?), Ar�not�to (?), n. [Perh. the native name.] A red or yellowish�red dyeing material, prepared from the pulp surrounding the seeds of a tree (Bixa orellana) belonging to the tropical regions of America. It is used for coloring cheese, butter, etc. [Written also Anatto, Anatta, Annatto, Annotta, etc.] An�nounce� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Announced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Announcing (?).] [OF. anoncier, F. annoncer, fr. L. annuntiare; ad + nuntiare to report, relate, nuntius messenger, bearer of news. See Nuncio, and cf. Annunciate.] 1. To give public notice, or first notice of; to make known; to publish; to proclaim. Her [Q. Elizabeth's] arrival was announced trough the country a peal of cannon from the ramparts. Gilpin. 2. To pronounce; to declare by judicial sentence. Publish laws, announce Or life or death. Prior. Syn. - To proclaim; publish; make known; herald; declare; promulgate. � To Publish, Announce, Proclaim, Promulgate. We publish what we give openly to the world, either by oral communication or by means of the press; as, to publish abroad the faults of our neighbors. We announce what we declare by anticipation, or make known for the first time; as, to announce the speedy publication of a book; to announce the approach or arrival of a distinguished personage. We proclaim anything to which we give the widest publicity; as, to proclaim the news of victory. We promulgate when we proclaim more widely what has before been known by some; as, to promulgate the gospel. An�nounce�ment (?), n. The act of announcing, or giving notice; that which announces; proclamation; publication. An�noun�cer (?), n. One who announces. An�noy� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Annoyed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Annoying.] [OE. anoien, anuien, OF. anoier, anuier, F. ennuyer, fr. OF. anoi, anui, enui, annoyance, vexation, F. ennui. See Annoy, <-- p. 60 --> n.] To disturb or irritate, especially by continued or repeated acts; to tease; to ruffle in mind; to vex; as, I was annoyed by his remarks. Say, what can more our tortured souls annoy Than to behold, admire, and lose our joy? Prior. 2. To molest, incommode, or harm; as, to annoy an army by impeding its march, or by a cannonade. Syn. - To molest; vex; trouble; pester; embarrass; perplex; tease. An�noy� (?), n. [OE. anoi, anui, OF. anoi, anui, enui, fr. L. in odio hatred (esse alicui in odio, Cic.). See Ennui, Odium, Noisome, Noy.] A feeling of discomfort or vexation caused by what one dislike; also, whatever causes such a feeling; as, to work annoy. Worse than Tantalus' is her annoy. Shak. An�noy�ance (?), n. [OF. anoiance, anuiance.] 1. The act of annoying, or the state of being annoyed; molestation; vexation; annoy. A deep clay, giving much annoyance to passengers. Fuller. For the further annoyance and terror of any besieged place, ? would throw into it dead bodies. Wilkins. 2. That which annoys. A grain, a dust, a gnat, a wandering hair, Any annoyance in that precious sense. Shak. An�noy�er (?), n. One who, or that which, annoys. An�noy�ful (?), a. Annoying. [Obs.] Chaucer. An�noy�ing, a. That annoys; molesting; vexatious. � An�noy�ing�ly, adv. An�noy�ous (?), a. [OF. enuius, anoios.] Troublesome; annoying. [Obs.] Chaucer. An�nu�al (?; 135), a. [OE. annuel, F. annuel, fr. L. annualis, fr. annus year. Cf. Annals.] 1. Of or pertaining to a year; returning every year; coming or happening once in the year; yearly. The annual overflowing of the river [Nile]. Ray. 2. Performed or accomplished in a year; reckoned by the year; as, the annual motion of the earth. A thousand pound a year, annual support. Shak. 2. Lasting or continuing only one year or one growing season; requiring to be renewed every year; as, an annual plant; annual tickets. Bacon. An�nu�al, n. 1. A thing happening or returning yearly; esp. a literary work published once a year. 2. Anything, especially a plant, that lasts but one year or season; an ~ plant. Oaths... in some sense almost annuals;... and I myself can remember about forty different sets. Swift. 3. (R. C. Ch.) A Mass for a deceased person or for some special object, said daily for a year or on the anniversary day. An�nu�al�ist, n. One who writers for, or who edits, an annual. [R.] An�nu�al�ly, adv. Yearly; year by year. An�nu�a�ry (?), a. [Cf. F. annuaire.] Annual. [Obs.] � n. A yearbook. An�nu�el�er (?), n. A priest employed in saying annuals, or anniversary Masses. [Obs.] Chaucer. An�nu�ent (?), a. [L. annuens, p. pr. of annuere; ad + nuere to nod.] Nodding; as, annuent muscles (used in nodding). An�nu�i�tant (?), n. [See Annuity.] One who receives, or its entitled to receive, an annuity. Lamb. An�nu�i�ty (?), n.; pl. Annuities (?). [LL. annuitas, fr. L. annus year: cf. F. annuit�.] A sum of money, payable yearly, to continue for a given number of years, for life, or forever; an annual allowance. An�nul� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Annulled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Annulling.] [F. annuler, LL. annullare, annulare, fr. L. ad to + nullus none, nullum, neut., nothing. See Null, a.] 1. To reduce to nothing; to obliterate. Light, the prime work of God, to me's extinct. And all her various objects of delight Annulled. Milton. 2. To make void or of no effect; to nullify; to abolish; to do away with; � used appropriately of laws, decrees, edicts, decisions of courts, or other established rules, permanent usages, and the like, which are made void by component authority. Do they mean to annul laws of inestimable value to our liberties? Burke. Syn. - To abolish; abrogate; repeal; cancel; reverse; rescind; revoke; nullify; destroy. See Abolish. An�nu�lar (?), a. [L. annularis, fr. annulis ring: cf. F. annulaire.] 1. Pertaining to, or having the form of, a ring; forming a ring; ringed; ring�shaped; as, annular fibers. 2. Banded or marked with circles. � eclipse (Astron.), an eclipse of the sun in which the moon at the middle of the eclipse conceals the central part of the sun's disk, leaving a complete ring of light around the border. An�nu�lar�i�ty (?), n. Annular condition or form; as, the annularity of a nebula. J. Rogers. An�nu�lar�ry, adv. In an annular manner. An�nu�la�ry (?), a. [L. annularis. See Annular.] Having the form of a ring; annular. Ray. � An�nu�la�ta (?), n. pl. [Neut. pl., fr. L. annulatus ringed.] (Zo�l.) A class of articulate animals, nearly equivalent to Annelida, including the marine annelids, earthworms, Gephyrea, Gymnotoma, leeches, etc. See Annelida. An�nu�late (?), n. (Zo�l.) One of the Annulata. { An�nu�late , An�nu�la�ted (?) } a. [L. annulatus.] 1. Furnished with, or composed of, rings; ringed; surrounded by rings of color. 2. (Zo�l.) Of or pertaining to the Annulata. An�nu�la�tion (?), n. A circular or ringlike formation; a ring or belt. Nicholson. An�nu�let (?), n. [Dim. of annulus.] 1. A little ring. Tennyson. 2. (Arch.) A small, flat fillet, encircling a column, etc., used by itself, or with other moldings. It is used, several times repeated, under the Doric capital. 3. (Her.) A little circle borne as a charge. 4. (Zo�l.) A narrow circle of some distinct color on a surface or round an organ. An�nul�la�ble (?), a. That may be Annulled. An�nul�ler (?), n. One who annulus. [R.] An�nul�ment (?), n. [Cf. F. annulement.] The act of annulling; abolition; invalidation. An�nu�loid (?), a.�(Zo�l.) Of or pertaining to the Annuloida. � An�nu�loid�a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. annulus ring + �oid.] (Zo�l.) A division of the Articulata, including the annelids and allie? groups; sometimes made to include also the helmint?s and echinoderms. [Written also Annuloidea.] � An�nu�lo�sa (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zo�l.) A division of the Invertebrata, nearly equivalent to the Articulata. It includes the Arthoropoda and Anarthropoda. By some zo�logists it is applied to the former only. An�nu�lo�san (?), n. (Zo�l.) One of the Annulosa. An�nu�lose� (?; 277), a. [L. annulus ring.] 1. Furnished with, or composed of, rings or ringlike segments; ringed. 2. (Zo�l.) Of or pertaining to the Annulosa. � An�nu�lus (?), n.; pl. Annuli (?). [L.] 1. A ring; a ringlike part or space. 2. (Geom.) (a) A space contained between the circumferences of two circles, one within the other. (b) The solid formed by a circle revolving around a line which is the plane of the circle but does not cut it. 3.�(Zo�l.) Ring�shaped structures or markings, found in, or upon, various animals. An�nu�mer�ate (?), v. t. [L. annumeratus, p. p. of annumerare. See Numerate.] To add on; to count in. [Obs.] Wollaston. An�nu�mer�a�tion (?), n. [L. annumeratio.] Addition to a former number. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. An�nun�ci�a�ble (?), a. That may be announced or declared; declarable. [R.] An�nun�ci�ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Annunciated; p. pr. & vb. n. Annunciating.] [L. annuntiare. See Announce.] To announce. An�nun�ci�ate (?), p. p. & a. Foretold; preannounced. [Obs.] Chaucer. An�nun�ci�a�tion (?; 277), n. [L. annuntiatio: cf. F. annonciation.] 1. The act of announcing; announcement; proclamation; as, the annunciation of peace. 2. (Eccl.) (a) The announcement of the incarnation, made by the angel Gabriel to the Virgin Mary. (b) The festival celebrated (March 25th) by the Church of England, of Rome, etc., in memory of the angel's announcement, on that day; Lady Day. An�nun�ci�a�tive (?), a. Pertaining to annunciation; announcing. [R.] Dr. H. More. An nun�ci�a�tor (?), n. [L. annuntiator.] 1. One who announces. Specifically: An officer in the church of Constantinople, whose business it was to inform the people of the festivals to be celebrated. 2. An indicator (as in a hotel) which designates the room where attendance is wanted. An�nun�ci�a�to�ry (?), a. Pertaining to, or containing, announcement; making known. [R.] � A�noa� (?), n. [Native name.] (Zo�l.) A small wild ox of Celebes (Anoa depressicornis), allied to the buffalo, but having long nearly straight horns. An�ode (?), n. [Gr. ? up + ? way.] (Elec.) The positive pole of an electric battery, or more strictly the electrode by which the current enters the electrolyte on its way to the other pole; � opposed to cathode. � An�o�don (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ? toothless; ? priv. + ?, ?, a tooth.] (Zo�l.) A genus of fresh�water bivalves, having to teeth at the hinge. [Written also Anodonta.] An�o�dyne (?), a. [L. anodynus, Gr. ? free from pain, stilling pain; ? priv. + ? pain: cf. F. anodin.] Serving to assuage pain; soothing. The anodyne draught of oblivion. Burke. � �The word [in a medical sense] in chiefly applied to the different preparations of opium, belladonna, hyoscyamus, and lettuce.� Am. Cyc. An�o�dyne, n. [L. anodyon. See Anodyne, a.] Any medicine which allays pain, as an opiate or narcotic; anything that soothes disturbed feelings. An�o�dy�nous (?), a. Anodyne. A�noil� (?), v. t. [OF. enoilier.] The anoint with oil. [Obs.] Holinshed. A�noint� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anointed; p. pr. & vb. n. Anointing.] [OF. enoint, p. p. of enoindre, fr. L. inungere; in + ungere, unguere, to smear, anoint. See Ointment, Unguent.] 1. To smear or rub over with oil or an unctuous substance; also, to spread over, as oil. And fragrant oils the stiffened limbs anoint. Dryden. He anointed the eyes of the blind man with the clay. John ix. 6. 2. To apply oil to or to pour oil upon, etc., as a sacred rite, especially for consecration. Then shalt thou take the anointing oil, and pour it upon his [Aaron's] head and anoint him. Exod. xxix. 7. Anoint Hazael to be king over Syria. 1 Kings xix. 15. The Lord�s Anointed, Christ or the Messiah; also, a Jewish or other king by �divine right.� 1 Sam. xxvi. 9. A�noint�, p. p. Anointed. [Obs.] Chaucer. A�noit�er (?), n. One who anoints. A�noint�ment (?), n. The act of anointing, or state of being anointed; also, an ointment. Milton. � A�no�lis (?), n. [In the Antilles, anoli, anoalli, a lizard.] (Zo�l.) A genus of lizards which belong to the family Iguanid�. They take the place in the New World of the chameleons in the Old, and in America are often called chameleons. A�nom�al (?), n. Anything anomalous. [R.] { A�nom�a�li�ped (?)(?), A�nom�a�li�pede (?), } a. [L. anomalus irregular + pes, pedis, foot.] Having anomalous feet. A�nom�a�li�ped, n. (Zo�l.) One of a group of perching birds, having the middle toe more or less united to the outer and inner ones. A�nom�a�lism (?), n. An anomaly; a deviation from rule. Hooker. { A�nom�a�lis�tic (?), A�nom�a�lis�tic�al (?), } a. [Cf. F. anomalistique.] 1. Irregular; departing from common or established rules. 2. (Astron.) Pertaining to the anomaly, or angular distance of a planet from its perihelion. Anomalistic month. See under Month. � Anomalistic revolution, the period in which a planet or satellite goes through the complete cycles of its changes of anomaly, or from any point in its elliptic orbit to the same again. � Anomalistic, or Periodical year. See under Year. A�nom�a�lis�tic�al�ly, adv. With irregularity. A�nom�a�lo�flo�rous (?), a. [L. anomalus irregular + flos, floris, flower.] (Bot.)�Having anomalous flowers. A�nom�a�lous (?), a [L. anomalus, Gr. ? uneven, irregular; ? priv. + ? even, ? same. See Same, and cf. Abnormal.] Deviating from a general rule, method, or analogy; abnormal; irregular; as, an anomalousproceeding. A�nom�a�lous�ly, adv. In an anomalous manner. A�nom�a�lous�ness, n. Quality of being anomalous. A�nom�a�ly (?), n.; pl. Anomalies (?). [L. anomalia, Gr. ?. See Anomalous.] 1. Deviation from the common rule; an irregularity; anything anomalous. We are enabled to unite into a consistent whole the various anomalies and contending principles that are found in the minds and affairs of men. Burke. As Professor Owen has remarked, there is no greater anomaly in nature than a bird that can no fly. Darwin. 2. (Astron.) (a) The angular distance of a planet from its perihelion, as seen from the sun. This is the true ~. The eccentric ~ is a corresponding angle at the center of the elliptic orbit of the planet. The mean ~ is what the ~ would be if the planet's angular motion were uniform. (b) The angle measuring apparent irregularities in the motion of a planet. 3. (Nat. Hist.) Any deviation from the essential characteristics of a specific type. � A�no�mi�a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ? irregular; ? priv. + ? law.] (Zo�l.) A genus of bivalve shells, allied to the oyster, so called from their unequal valves, of which the lower is perforated for attachment. An�o�moph�yl�lous (?), a. [Gr. ? irregular + ? leaf.] (Bot.) Having leaves irregularly placed. { � An�o�mu�ra (?), � An�o�mou�ra (?), } n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? lawless + ? tail.] (Zo�l.) A group of decapod Crustacea, of which the hermit crab in an example. { An�o�mu�ral (?), An�o�mu�ran (?), } a. Irregular in the character of the tail or abdomen; as, the anomural crustaceans. [Written also anomoural, anomouran.] An�o�mu�ran, n. (Zo�l.) One of the Anomura. An�o�my (?), n. [Gr. ?. See Anomia.] Disregard or violation of law. [R.] Glanvill. A�non� (?), adv. [OE. anoon, anon, anan, lit., in one (moment), fr. AS. on in + �n one. See On and One.] 1. Straightway; at once. [Obs.] The same is he that heareth the word, and ~anon with joy receiveth it. Matt. xiii. 20. 2. Soon; in a little while. As it shall better appear anon. St??. 3. At another time; then; again. Sometimes he trots,... anon he rears upright. Shak. � right, at once; right off. [Obs.] Chaucer. � Ev?? and ~, now and then; frequently; often. A pouncet box, which ever and anon He gave his nose. Shak. � A�no�na , n. [NL. Cf. Ananas.] (Bot.) A genus of tropical or subtropical plants of the natural order Anonace�, including the soursop. An�o�na�ceous , a. Pertaining to the order of plants including the soursop, custard apple, etc. An�o�nym (?), n. [F. anonyme. See Anonymous.] 1. One who is anonymous; also sometimes used for �pseudonym.� 2. A notion which has no name, or which can not be expressed by a single English word. [R.] J. R. Seeley. An�o�nym�i�ty , n. The quality or state of being anonymous; anonymousness; also, that which anonymous. [R.] He rigorously insisted upon the rights of anonymity. Carlyle. A�non�y�mous , a. [Gr. ? without name; ? priv. + ?, Eol. for ? name. See Name.] Nameless; of unknown name; also, of unknown <-- p. 61 --> <-- p. 61 --> or unavowed authorship; as, an anonymous benefactor; on anonymous pamphlet or letter. A�non�y�mous�ly (?), adv. In an anonymous manner; without a name. Swift. A�non�y�mous�ness, n. The state or quality of being anonymous. Coleridge. An�o�phyte (?), n. [Gr. ? upward (fr. ? up) + ? a plant, ? to grow.] (Bot.) A moss or mosslike plant which cellular stems, having usually an upward growth and distinct leaves. � An�o�pla (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? unarmed.] (Zo�l.) One of the two orders of Nemerteans. See Nemertina. An�op�lo�there (?), � An�o�plo�the�ri�um (?), n. [From Gr. ? unarmed (? priv. + ? an implement, weapon) + ? beast.] (Paleon.) A genus of extinct quadrupeds of the order Ungulata, whose were first found in the gypsum quarries near Paris; characterized by the shortness and feebleness of their canine teeth (whence the name). � An�o�plu�ra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? priv. + ? weapon, sting + ? tail.] (Zo�l.) A group of insects which includes the lice. � A�nop�si�a (?), An�op�sy (?), } a. [Gr. ? priv. + ? sight.] (Med.) Want or defect of sight; blindness. � An�o�rex�i�a (?), An�o�rex�y (?) } n. [Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? desire, appetite, ? desire.] (Med.) Want of appetite, without a loathing of food. Coxe. A�nor�mal (?), a. [F. anormal. See Abnormal, Normal.] Not according to rule; abnormal. [Obs.] A�norn (?), v. t. [OF. a�rner, a�urner, fr. L. adornare to adorn. The form a�ourne was corrupted into anourne.] To adorn. [Obs.] Bp. Watson. A�nor�thic (?), a. [See Anorthite.] (Min.) Having unequal oblique axes; as, anorthic crystals. A�nor�thite (?), n. [Gr. ? priv. + ? straight (? sc. ? right angle); not in a right angle.] A mineral of the feldspar family, commonly occurring in small glassy crystals, also a constituent of some igneous rocks. It is a lime feldspar. See Feldspar. A�nor�tho�scope (?), n. [Gr. ? priv. + ? straight + �scope.] (Physics) An optical toy for producing amusing figures or pictures by means of two revolving disks, on one of which distorted figures are painted. � A�nos�mi�a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ? priv. + ? smell.] (Med.) Loss of the sense of smell. An�oth�er (?), pron. & a. [An a, one + other.] 1. One more, in addition to a former number; a second or additional one, similar in likeness or in effect. Another yet! � a seventh! I 'll see no more. Shak. Would serve to scale another Hero's tower. Shak. 2. Not the same; different. He winks, and turns his lips another way. Shak. 3. Any or some; any different person, indefinitely; any one else; some one else. Let another man praise thee, and not thine own mouth. Prov. xxvii. 2. While I am coming, another steppeth down before me. John v. 7. � As a pronoun another may have a possessive another's, pl. others, poss. pl. other'. It is much used in opposition to one; as, one went one way, another another. It is also used with one, in a reciprocal sense; as, �love one another,� that is, let each love the other or others. �These two imparadised in one another's arms.� Milton. An�oth�er�gaines� (?), a. [Corrupted fr. another�gates.] Of another kind. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. An�oth�er�gates� (?), a. [Another + gate, or gait, way. Cf. Algates.] Of another sort. [Obs.] �Another�gates adventure.� Hudibras. An�oth�er�guess (?), a. [Corrupted fr. another�gates.] Of another sort. [Archaic] It used to go in another�guess manner. Arbuthnot. A�not�ta (?), n. See Annotto. An�ou�ra (?; 277), n. See Anura. An�ou�rous (?), a. See Anurous. � An�sa (?), n.; pl. Ans� (?). [L., a handle.] (Astron.) A name given to either of the projecting ends of Saturn's ring. An�sa�ted (?), a. [L. ansatus, fr. ansa a handle.] Having a handle. Johnson. An�ser�a�ted (?), a. (Her.) Having the extremities terminate in the heads of eagles, lions, etc.; as, an anserated cross. � An�se�res (?), n. pl. [L., geese.] (Zo�l.) A Linn�an order of aquatic birds swimming by means of webbed feet, as the duck, or of lobed feet, as the grebe. In this order were included the geese, ducks, auks, divers, gulls, petrels, etc. � An�se�ri�for�mes (?), n. pl. (Zo�l.) A division of birds including the geese, ducks, and closely allied forms. An�ser�ine (?), a [L. anserinus, fr. anser a goose.] 1. Pertaining to, or resembling, a goose, or the skin of a goose. 2. (Zo�l.) Pertaining to the Anseres. An�ser�ous (?), a. [L. anser a goose.] Resembling a goose; silly; simple. Sydney Smith. An�swer (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Answered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Answering.] [OE. andswerien, AS. andswerian, andswarian, to ~, fr. andswaru, n., ~. See Answer, n.] 1. To speak in defense against; to reply to in defense; as, to answer a charge; to answer an accusation. 2. To speak or write in return to, as in return to a call or question, or to a speech, declaration, argument, or the like; to reply to (a question, remark, etc.); to respond to. She answers him as if she knew his mind. Shak. So spake the apostate angel, though in pain: ... And him thus answered soon his bold compeer. Milton. 3. To respond to satisfactorily; to meet successfully by way of explanation, argument, or justification, and the like; to refute. No man was able to answer him a word. Matt. xxii. 46. These shifts refuted, answer thine appellant. Milton. The reasoning was not and could not be answered. Macaulay. 4. To be or act in return or response to. Hence: (a) To be or act in compliance with, in fulfillment or satisfaction of, as an order, obligation, demand; as, he answered my claim upon him; the servant answered the bell. This proud king... studies day and night To answer all the debts he owes unto you. Shak. (b) To render account to or for. I will... send him to answer thee. Shak. (c) To atone; to be punished for. And grievously hath C�zar answered it. Shak. (d) To be opposite to; to face. The windows answering each other, we could just discern the glowing horizon them. Gilpin. (e) To be or act an equivalent to, or as adequate or sufficient for; to serve for; to repay. [R.] Money answereth all things. Eccles. x. 19. (f) To be or act in accommodation, conformity, relation, or proportion to; to correspond to; to suit. Weapons must needs be dangerous things, if they answered the bulk of so prodigious a person. Swift. An�swer, v. i. 1. To speak or write by way of return (originally, to a charge), or in reply; to make response. There was no voice, nor any that answered. 1 Kings xviii. 26. 2. To make a satisfactory response or return. Hence: To render account, or to be responsible; to be accountable; to make amends; as, the man must answer to his employer for the money intrusted to his care. Let his neck answer for it, if there is any martial law. Shak. 3. To be or act in return. Hence: (a) To be or act by way of compliance, fulfillment, reciprocation, or satisfaction; to serve the purpose; as, gypsum answers as a manure on some soils. Do the strings answer to thy noble hand? Dryden. (b) To be opposite, or to act in opposition. (c) To be or act as an equivalent, or as adequate or sufficient; as, a very few will answer. (d) To be or act in conformity, or by way of accommodation, correspondence, relation, or proportion; to conform; to correspond; to suit; � usually with to. That the time may have all shadow and silence in it, and the place answer to convenience. Shak. If this but answer to my just belief, I 'll remember you. Shak. As in water face answereth to face, so the heart of man to man. Pro?. xxvii. 19. An�swer, n. [OE. andsware, AS. andswaru; and against + swerian to swear. ?, ?. See Anti�, and Swear, and cf. 1st un�.] 1. A reply to a change; a defense. At my first answer no man stood with me. 2 Tim. iv. 16. 2. Something said or written in reply to a question, a call, an argument, an address, or the like; a reply. A soft answer turneth away wrath. Prov. xv. 1. I called him, but he gave me no answer. Cant. v. 6. 3. Something done in return for, or in consequence of, something else; a responsive action. Great the slaughter is Here made by the Roman; great the answer be Britons must take. Shak. 4. A solution, the result of a mathematical operation; as, the answer to a problem. 5. (Law) A counter�statement of facts in a course of pleadings; a confutation of what the other party has alleged; a responsive declaration by a witness in reply to a question. In Equity, it is the usual form of defense to the complainant's charges in his bill. Bouvier. Syn. - Reply; rejoinder; response. See Reply. An�swer�a�ble (?), a. 1. Obliged to answer; liable to be called to account; liable to pay, indemnify, or make good; accountable; amenable; responsible; as, an agent is answerable to his principal; to be answerable for a debt, or for damages. Will any man argue that... he can not be justly punished, but is answerable only to God? Swift. 2. Capable of being answered or refuted; admitting a satisfactory answer. The argument, though subtle, is yet answerable. Johnson. 3. Correspondent; conformable; hence, comparable. What wit and policy of man is answerable to their discreet and orderly course? Holland. This revelation... was answerable to that of the apostle to the Thessalonians. Milton. 4. Proportionate; commensurate; suitable; as, an achievement answerable to the preparation for it. 5. Equal; equivalent; adequate. [Archaic] Had the valor of his soldiers been answerable, he had reached that year, as was thought, the utmost bounds of Britain. Milton. An�swer�a�ble�ness, n. The quality of being answerable, liable, responsible, or correspondent. An�swer�a�bly (?), adv. In an answerable manner; in due proportion or correspondence; suitably. An�swer�er (?), n. One who answers. An�swer�less (?), a. Having no answer, or impossible to be answered. Byron. An 't (?). An it, that is, and it or if it. See An, conj. [Obs.] An't (?). A contraction for are and am not; also used for is not; � now usually written ain't. [Colloq. & illiterate speech.] Ant�. See Anti�, prefix. �ant. [F. �ant, fr. L. �antem or �entem, the pr. p. ending; also sometimes directly from L. �antem.] A suffix sometimes marking the agent for action; as, merchant, covenant, servant, pleasant, etc. Cf. �ent. Ant (?), n. [OE. ante, amete, emete, AS. �mete akin to G. ameise. Cf. Emmet.] (Zo�l.) A hymenopterous insect of the Linn�an genus Formica, which is now made a family of several genera; an emmet; a pismire. � Among ants, as among bees, there are neuter or working ants, besides the males and females; the former are without wings. Ants live together in swarms, usually raising hillocks of earth, variously chambered within, where they maintain a perfect system of order, store their provisions, and nurture their young. There are many species, with diverse habits, as agricultural ants, carpenter ants, honey ants, foraging ants, amazon ants, etc. The white ants or Termites belong to the Neuroptera. � bird (Zo�l.), one of a very extensive group of South American birds (Formicariid�), which live on ants. The family includes many species, some of which are called ant shrikes, ant thrushes, and ant wrens. � � rice (Bot.), a species of grass (Aristida oligantha) cultivated by the agricultural ants of Texas for the sake of its seed. � An�ta (?), n.; pl. Ant� (?). [L.] (Arch.) A species of pier produced by thickening a wall at its termination, treated architecturally as a pilaster, with capital and base. � Porches, when columns stand between to, ant�, are called in Latin in antis. Ant�ac�id (?), n. [Pref. anti� + acid.] (Med.) A remedy for acidity of the stomach, as an alkali or absorbent. � a. Counteractive of acidity. Ant�ac�rid (?), a. [Pref. anti� + acrid.] Corrective of acrimony of the humors. An�t��an (?), a. [Gr. ?.] Pertaining to Ant�us, a giant athlete slain by Hercules. An�tag�o�nism (?), n. [Gr. ?, fr. ? to struggle against; ? against + ? to contend or struggle, ? contest: cf. F. antagonisme. See Agony.] Opposition of action; counteraction or contrariety of things or principles. � We speak of antagonism between two things, to or against a thing, and sometimes with a thing. An�tag�o�nist (?), n. [L. antagonista, Gr. ?; ? against + ? combatant, champion, fr. ?: cf. F. antagoniste. See Antagonism.] 1. One who contends with another, especially in combat; an adversary; an opponent. Antagonist of Heaven's Almigthy King. Milton. Our antagonists in these controversies. Hooker. 2. (Anat.) A muscle which acts in opposition to another; as a flexor, which bends a part, is the antagonist of an extensor, which extends it. 3. (Med.) A medicine which opposes the action of another medicine or of a poison when absorbed into the blood or tissues. Syn. - Adversary; enemy; opponent; toe; competitor. See Adversary. An�tag�o�nist, a. Antagonistic; opposing; counteracting; as, antagonist schools of philosophy. An�tag�o�nis�tic (?), An�tag�o�nis�tic�al (?), } a. Opposing in combat, combating; contending or acting against; as, antagonistic forces. � An�tag�o�nis�tic�al�ly, adv. They were distinct, adverse, even antagonistic. Milman. An�tag�o�nize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Antagonized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Antagonozing.] [Gr. ?. See Antagonism.] To contend with; to oppose actively; to counteract. An�tag�o�nize, v. i. To act in opposition. An�tag�o�ny (?), n. [Gr. ?; ? + ? contest: cf. F. (16th century) antagonie. See Antagonism.] Contest; opposition; antagonism. [Obs.] Antagony that is between Christ and Belial. Milton. An�tal�gic (?), a. [Pref. anti� + Gr. ? pain: cf. F. antalgique.] (Med.) Alleviating pain. � n. A medicine to alleviate pain; an anodyne. [R.] An�al�ka�li (?; 277), Ant�al�ka�line (?), n. [Pref. anti� + alkali.] Anything that neutralizes, or that counteracts an alkaline tendency in the system. Hooper. Ant�al�ka�line, a. Of power to counteract alkalies. <-- p. 62 --> Ant�am�bu�la�cral (?), a. (Zo�l.) Away from the ambulacral region. � Ant�an�a�cla�sis (?), n. [Gr. ?; ? + ? a bending back and breaking. See Anaclastic.] (Rhet.) (a) A figure which consists in repeating the same word in a different sense; as, Learn some craft when young, that when old you may live without craft. (b) A repetition of words beginning a sentence, after a long parenthesis; as, Shall that heart (which not only feels them, but which has all motions of life placed in them), shall that heart, etc. � Ant�an�a�go�ge (?), n. [Pref. anti� + anagoge.] (Rhet.) A figure which consists in answering the charge of an adversary, by a counter charge. Ant�aph�ro�dis�i�ac (?), a. [Pref. anti� + aphrodisiac.] (Med.) Capable of blunting the venereal appetite. � n. Anything that quells the venereal appetite. Ant�aph�ro�dit�ic (?), a. [Pref. anti� + Gr. ? Aphrodite: cf. F. antaphroditique.] (Med.) 1. Antaphrodisiac. 2. Antisyphilitic. [R.] Ant�aph�ro�dit�ic, n. An ~ medicine. Ant�ap�o�plec�tic (?), a. [Pref. anti� + apoplectic.] (Med.) Good against apoplexy. � n. A medicine used against apoplexy. Ant�ar�chism (?), n. [Pref. anti� + Gr. ? government.] Opposition to government in general. [R.] Ant�ar�chist (?), n. One who opposes all government. [R.] Ant�ar�chis�tic (?), Ant�ar�chis�tic�al (?), } a. Opposed to all human government. [R.] Ant�arc�tic (?), a. [OE. antartik, OF. antartique, F. antarctique, L. antarcticus, fr. Gr. ?; ? + ? bear. See Arctic.] Opposite to the northern or arctic pole; relating to the southern pole or to the region near it, and applied especially to a circle, distant from the pole 230 28?. Thus we say the antarctic pole, circle, ocean, region, current, etc. � An�ta�res (?), n. [Gr. ?; ? similar to + ? Mars. It was thought to resemble Mars in color.] The principal star in Scorpio: � called also the Scorpion's Heart. Ant�ar�thrit�ic (?), a. [Pref. anti� + arthritic.] (Med.) Counteracting or alleviating gout. � n. A remedy against gout. Ant�asth�mat�ic (?; see Asthma; 277), a. [Pref. anti� + asthmatic.] (Med.) Opposing, or fitted to relieve, asthma. � n. A remedy for asthma. Ant��bear� (?), n. (Zo�l.) An edentate animal of tropical America (the Tamanoir), living on ants. It belongs to the genus Myrmecophaga. Ant� bird (?), (Zo�l.) See Ant bird, under Ant, n. Ant��cat�tle (?), n. pl. (Zo�l.) Various kinds of plant lice or aphids tended by ants for the sake of the honeydew which they secrete. See Aphips. An�te� (?). A Latin preposition and prefix; akin to Gr. ?, Skr. anti, Goth. and�, anda� (only in comp.), AS. and�, ond�, (only in comp.: cf. Answer, Along), G. ant�, ent� (in comp.). The Latin ante is generally used in the sense of before, in regard to position, order, or time, and the Gr. ? in that of opposite, or in the place of. An�te, n. (Poker Playing) Each player's stake, which is put into the pool before (ante) the game begins. An�te, v. t. & i. To put up (an ante). An�te�act� (?), n. A preceding act. An�te�al (?), a. [L. antea, ante, before. Cf. Ancient.] Being before, or in front. [R.] J. Fleming. Ant��eat�er (?), n. (Zo�l.) One of several species of edentates and monotremes that feed upon ants. See Ant�bear, Pangolin, Aard�vark, and Echidna. An�te�ce�da�ne�ous (?), a. [See Antecede.] Antecedent; preceding in time. �Capable of antecedaneous.� Barrow. An�te�cede� (?), v. t. & i. [L. antecedere; ante + cedere to go. See Cede.] To go before in time or place; to precede; to surpass. Sir M. Hale. An�te�ced�ence (?), n. 1. The act or state of going before in time; precedence. H. Spenser. 2. (Astron.) An apparent motion of a planet toward the west; retrogradation. An�te�ced�en�?y (?), n. The state or condition of being antecedent; priority. Fothherby. An�te�ced�ent (?), a. [L. antecedens, �entis, p. pr. of antecedere: cf. F. ant�c�dent.] 1. Going before in time; prior; anterior; preceding; as, an event antecedent to the Deluge; an antecedent cause. 2. Presumptive; as, an antecedent improbability. Syn. - Prior; previous; foregoing. An�te�ced�ent, n. [Cf. F. ant�c�dent.] 1. That which goes before in time; that which precedes. South. The Homeric mythology, as well as the Homeric language, has surely its antecedents. Max Miller. 2. One who precedes or goes in front. [Obs.] My antecedent, or my gentleman usher. Massinger. 3. pl. The earlier events of one's life; previous principles, conduct, course, history. J. H. Newman. If the troops... prove worthy of their antecedents, the victory is surely ours. Gen. G. McClellan. 4. (Gram.) The noun to which a relative refers; as, in the sentence �Solomon was the prince who built the temple,� prince is the antecedent of who. 5. (Logic) (a) The first or conditional part of a hypothetical proposition; as, If the earth is fixed, the sun must move. (b) The first of the two propositions which constitute an enthymeme or contracted syllogism; as, Every man is mortal; therefore the king must die. 6. (Math.) The first of the two terms of a ratio; the first or third of the four terms of a proportion. In the ratio a : b, a is the antecedent, and b the consequent. An�te�ced�ent�ly (?), adv. Previously; before in time; at a time preceding; as, antecedently to conversion. Barrow. An�te�ces�sor (?)(?), n. [L., fr. antecedere, antecessum. See Antecede, Ancestor.] 1. One who goes before; a predecessor. The successor seldom prosecuting his antecessor's devices. Sir E. Sandys. 2. An ancestor; a progenitor. [Obs.] An�te�cham�ber (?), n. [Cf. F. antichambre.] 1. A chamber or apartment before the chief apartment and leading into it, in which persons wait for audience; an outer chamber. See Lobby. 2. A space viewed as the outer chamber or the entrance to an interior part. The mouth, the antechamber to the digestive canal. Todd & Bowman. An�te�chap�el (?), n. The outer part of the west end of a collegiate or other chapel. Shipley. An�te�cians (?), n. pl. See Ant?cians. An�te�com�mun�ion (?), n. A name given to that part of the Anglican liturgy for the communion, which precedes the consecration of the elements. An�te�cur�sor (?), n. [L., fr. antecurrere to run before; ante + currere to run.] A forerunner; a precursor. [Obs.] An�te�date� (?), n. 1. Prior date; a date antecedent to another which is the actual date. 2. Anticipation. [Obs.] Donne. An�te�date� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Antedated; p. pr. & vb. n. Antedating.] 1. To date before the true time; to assign to an earlier date; thus, to antedate a deed or a bond is to give it a date anterior to the true time of its execution. 2. To precede in time. 3. To anticipate; to make before the true time. And antedate the bliss above. Pope. Who rather rose the day to antedate. Wordsworth. An�te�di�lu�vi�al (?), a. [Pref. ante� + diluvial.] Before the flood, or Deluge, in Noah's time. An�te�di�lu�vi�an (?), a. Of or relating to the period before the Deluge in Noah's time; hence, antiquated; as, an antediluvian vehicle. � n. One who lived before the Deluge. An�te�fact� (?), n. Something done before another act. [Obs.] An�te�fix� (?), n.; pl. E. Antefixes (?); L. Antefixa (?). [L. ante + fixus fixed.] (Arch.) (a) An ornament fixed upon a frieze. (b) An ornament at the eaves, concealing the ends of the joint tiles of the roof. (c) An ornament of the cymatium of a classic cornice, sometimes pierced for the escape of water. An�te�flex�ion (?), n. (Med.) A displacement forward of an organ, esp. the uterus, in such manner that its axis is bent upon itself. T. G. Thomas. Ant� egg� (?). One of the small white egg�shaped pup� or cocoons of the ant, often seen in or about ant�hills, and popularly supposed to be eggs. An�te�lope (?), n. [OF. antelop, F. antilope, fro Gr. ?, ?, Eustathius, �Hexa�m.,� p. 36, the origin of which is unknown.] (Zo�l.) One of a group of ruminant quadrupeds, intermediate between the deer and the goat. The horns are usually annulated, or ringed. There are many species in Africa and Asia. The antelope and wolf both fierce and fell. Spenser. � The common or bezoar ~ of India is Antilope bezoartica. The chamois of the Alps, the gazelle, the addax, and the eland are other species. See Gazelle. The pronghorn ~ (Antilocapra Americana) is found in the Rocky Mountains. See Pronghorn. An�te�lu�can (?), a. [L. antelucanus; ante + lux light.] Held or being before light; � a word applied to assemblies of Christians, in ancient times of persecution, held before light in the morning. �Antelucan worship.� De Quincey. An�te�me�rid�i�an (?), a. [L. antemeridianus; ante + meridianus belonging to midday or noon. See Meridian.] Being before noon; in or pertaining to the forenoon. (Abbrev. a. m.) Ant�e�met�ic (?), a. [Pref. anti� + emetic.] (Med.) Tending to check vomiting. � n. A remedy to check or allay vomiting. An�te�mo�sa�ic (?), a. Being before the time of Moses. An�te�mun�dane (?), a. Being or occurring before the creation of the world. Young. An�te�mu�ral (?), n. [L. antemurale: ante + murus wall. See Mural.] An outwork of a strong, high wall, with turrets, in front gateway (as of an old castle), for defending the entrance. An�te�na�tal (?), a. Before birth. Shelley. An�te�ni�cene (?), a. [L.] Of or in the Christian church or era, anterior to the first council of Nice, held a. d. 325; as, antenicene faith. An�ten�na (?), n.; pl. Antenn� (?). [L. antenna sail�yard; NL., a feeler, horn of an insect.] (Zo�l.) A movable, articulated organ of sensation, attached to the heads of insects and Crustacea. There are two in the former, and usually four in the latter. They are used as organs of touch, and in some species of Crustacea the cavity of the ear is situated near the basal joint. In insects, they are popularly called horns, and also feelers. The term in also applied to similar organs on the heads of other arthropods and of annelids. An�ten�nal (?), a. (Zo�l.) Belonging to the antenn�. Owen. An�ten�nif�er�ous (?), a. [Antenna + �ferous.] (Zo�l.) Bearing or having antenn�. An�ten�ni�form (?), a. [Antenna + �form.] Shaped like antenn�. An�ten�nule (?), n. [Dim. of antenna.] (Zo�l.) A small antenna; � applied to the smaller pair of antenn� or feelers of Crustacea. An�te�num�ber (?), n. A number that precedes another. [R.] Bacon. An�te�nup�tial (?), a. Preceding marriage; as, an antenuptial agreement. Kent. An�te�or�bit�al (?), a. & n. (Anat.) Same as Antorbital. An�te�pas�chal (?), a. Pertaining to the time before the Passover, or before Easter. An�te�past (?), n. [Pref. ante� + L. pastus pasture, food. Cf. Repast.] A foretaste. Antepasts of joy and comforts. Jer. Taylor. � An�te�pen�di�um (?), n. [LL., fr. L. ante + pendere to hang.] (Eccl.) The hangings or screen in front of the altar; an altar cloth; the frontal. Smollett. An�te�pe�nult (?), � An�te�pe�nult�i�ma (?), } n. [L. antepaenultima (sc. syllaba) antepenultimate; ante before + paenultimus the last but one; paene almost + ultimus last.] (Pros.) The last syllable of a word except two, as �syl in monosyllable. An�te�pe�nult�i�mate (?), a. Of or pertaining to the last syllable but two. � n. The antepenult. Ant�eph�i�al�tic (?), a. [Pref. anti� + Gr. ? nightmare.] (Med.) Good against nightmare. � n. A remedy nightmare. Dunglison. Ant�ep�i�lep�tic (?), a. [Pref. anti� + epileptic.] (Med.) Good against epilepsy. � n. A medicine for epilepsy. An�te�pone (?), v. t. [L. anteponere.] To put before; to prefer. [Obs.] Bailey. An�te�port (?), n. [Cf. LL. anteporta.] An outer port, gate, or door. An�te�por�ti�co (?), n. An outer porch or vestibule. An�te�po�si�tion (?), n. [Cf. LL. antepositio. See Position.] (Gram.) The placing of a before another, which, by ordinary rules, ought to follow it. An�te�pran�di�al (?), a. Preceding dinner. An�te�pre�dic�a�ment (?), n. (Logic) A prerequisite to a clear understanding of the predicaments and categories, such as definitions of common terms. Chambers. An�te�ri�or (?), a. [L. anterior, comp. of ante before.] 1. Before in time; antecedent. Antigonus, who was anterior to Polybius. Sir G. C. Lewis. 2. Before, or toward the front, in place; as, the anterior part of the mouth; � opposed to posterior. � In comparative anatomy, anterior often signifies at or toward the head, cephalic; and in human anatomy it is often used for ventral. Syn. - Antecedent; previous; precedent; preceding; former; foregoing. An�te�ri�or�i�ty (?), n. [LL. anterioritas.] The state of being anterior or preceding in time or in situation; priority. Pope. An�ter�ri�or�ly (?), adv. In an anterior manner; before. An�te�room (?), n. A room before, or forming an entrance to, another; a waiting room. An�te�ro� (?). A combining form meaning anterior, front; as, antero�posterior, front and back; antero�lateral, front side, anterior and at the side. An�tes (?), n. pl. Ant�. See Anta. An�te�stat�ure (?), n. (Fort.) A small intrenchment or work of palisades, or of sacks of earth. An�te�stom�ach (?), n. A cavity which leads into the stomach, as in birds. Ray. An�te�tem�ple (?), n. The portico, or narthex in an ancient temple or church. An�te�ver�sion (?), n. [Pref. ante� + L. vertere, versum, to turn.] (Med.) A displacement of an organ, esp. of the uterus, in such manner that its whole axis is directed further forward than usual. An�te�vert� (?), v. t. [L. antevertere; ante + vertere to turn.] 1. To prevent. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. 2. (Med.) To displace by anteversion. Ant�hel�ion (?; 277, 106), n.; pl. Anthelia (?). [Pref. anti + Gr. ? sun.] (Meteor.) A halo opposite the sun, consisting of a colored ring or rings around the shadow of the spectator's own head, as projected on a cloud or on an opposite fog bank. <-- p. 63 --> Ant�he�lix (?), n. (Anat.) Same as Antihelix. An�thel�min�tic (?), a. [Pref. anti� + Gr. ?, ?, worm, esp. a tapeworm, or mawworm..] (Med.) Good against intestinal worms. � n. An anthelmintic remedy. [Written also anthelmintic.] An�them (?), n. [OE. antym, antefne, AS. antefen, fr. LL. antiphona, fr. Gr. ?, neut. pl. of ? antiphon, or anthem, n. neut., from ? sounding contrary, returning a sound; ? over against + ? sound, voice: the anthem being sung by the choristers alternately, one half�choir answering the other: cf. OF. anthaine, anteine, antieune, F. antienne. See Antiphon.] 1. Formerly, a hymn sung in alternate parts, in present usage, a selection from the Psalms, or other parts of the Scriptures or the liturgy, set to sacred music. 2. A song or hymn of praise. Milton. An�them, v. t. To celebrate with anthems. [Poet.] Sweet birds antheming the morn. Keats. � An�the�mi�on (?), [NL., fr. Gr. ? flower.] A floral ornament. See Palmette. � An�the�mis (?), n. [Gr. ?, equiv. to ? flower; an herb like our chamomile.] (Bot.) Chamomile; a genus of composite, herbaceous plants. An�them�wise� (?), adv. Alternately. [Obs.] Bacon. An�ther (?), n. [F. anth�re, L. anthera a medicine composed of flowers, fr. Gr. ? flowery, fr. ? to bloom, ? flower.] (Bot.) That part of the stamen containing the pollen, or fertilizing dust, which, when mature, is emitted for the impregnation of the ovary. � An�ther�al (?), a. � An�ther�id�i�um (?), n.; pl. Antheridia (?). [Anther + ? (a Gr. diminutive ending).] (Bot.) The male reproductive apparatus in the lower, consisting of a cell or other cavity in which spermatozoids are produced; � called also spermary. � An�ther�id�i�al (?), a. An�ther�if�er�ous (?), a. [Anther + �ferous.] (Bot.) (a) Producing anthers, as plants. (b) Supporting anthers, as a part of a flower. Gray. An�ther�i�form (?), a. [Anther + �form.] Shaped like an anther; anther�shaped. An�ther�og�e�nous (?), a. [Anther + �genous.] (Bot.) Transformed from anthers, as the petals of a double flower. An�ther�oid (?), a. [Anther + �oid.] Resembling an anther. An�ther�o�zoid (?), An�ther�o�zoo�id (?), } n. [Gr. ? flowery + ? animal + �oid. See Zooid.] (Bot.) One of the mobile male reproductive bodies in the antheridia of cryptograms. � An�the�sis (?), n. [Gr. ? bloom, fr. ? to bloom, ? flower.] (Bot.) The period or state of full expansion in a flower. Gray. Ant��hill (?), n. (Zo�l.) A mound thrown up by ants or by termites in forming their nests. An�tho�bi�an (?), n. [Gr. ? flower + ? life.] (Zo�l.) A beetle which feeds on flowers. � An�tho�bran�chi�a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? flower + ? gills, n. pl.] (Zo�l.) A division of nudibranchiate Mollusca, in which the gills form a wreath or cluster upon the posterior part of the back. See Nudibranchiata, and Doris. An�tho�car�pous (?), a. [Gr. ? flower + ? fruit.] (Bot.) Having some portion of the floral envelopes attached to the pericarp to form the fruit, as in the checkerberry, the mulberry, and the pineapple. An�tho�cy�a�nin (?), n. Same as Anthokyan. � An�tho�di�um (?), n. [NL., from Gr. ? like flowers, flowery; ? flower + ? form.] (Bot.) The inflorescence of a compound flower in which many florets are gathered into a involucrate head. An�tho�ra�phy (?), n. [Gr. ? flower + �graphy.] A description of flowers. An�thoid (?), a. [Gr. ? flower + �oid.] Resembling a flower; flowerlike. An�tho�ky�an (?), n. [Gr. ? flower + ? blue.] (Chem.) The blue coloring matter of certain flowers. Same as Cyanin. An�tho�lite (?), n. [Gr. ? flower + �lite.] (Paleon.) A fossil plant, like a petrified flower. An�tho�log�ic�al (?), a. Pertaining to anthology; consisting of beautiful extracts from different authors, especially the poets. He published a geographical and anthological description of all empires and kingdoms... in this terrestrial globe. Wood. An�thol�o�gist (?), n. One who compiles an anthology. An�thol�o�gy (?), n. [Gr. ?, fr. ? flower gathering; ? flower + ? to gather.] 1. A discourses on flowers. [R.] 2. A collection of flowers; a garland. [R.] 3. A collection of flowers of literature, that is, beautiful passages from authors; a collection of poems or epigrams; � particularly applied to a collection of ancient Greek epigrams. 4. (Gr. Ch.) A service book containing a selection of pieces for the festival services. An�tho�ma�ni�a (?), n. [Gr. ? flower ? madness.] A extravagant fondness for flowers. [R.] An�tho�ny's Fire� (?). See Saint Anthony's Fire, under Saint. An�thoph�a�gous (?), a. [Gr. ? flower + ? to eat.] (Zo�l.) Eating flowers; � said of certain insects. An�tho�phore (?), n. [Gr. ? bearing flowers; ? flower + ? bearing, ? to bear.] (Bot.) The stipe when developed into an internode between calyx and corolla, as in the Pink family. Gray. An�toph�o�rous (?), a. Flower bearing; supporting the flower. An�thoph�yl�lite (?), n. [NL. anthophyllum clove.] A mineral of the hornblende group, of a yellowish gray or clove brown color. � An�tho�phyl�lit�ic (?), a. An�tho�rism (?), n. [Gr. ?; ? + ? to bound, define.] (Rhet.) A description or definition contrary to that which is given by the adverse party. [R.] An�tho�tax�y (?), n. [Gr. ? flower + ? order.] (Bot.) The arrangement of flowers in a cluster; the science of the relative position of flowers; inflorescence. � An�tho�zo�a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? flower + ? animal.] (Zo�l.) The class of the C?lenterata which includes the corals and sea anemones. The three principal groups or orders are Acyonaria, Actinaria, and Madreporaria. An�tho�zo�an (?), a. (Zo�l.) Pertaining to the Anthozoa. � n. One of the Anthozoa. An�tho�zo�ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to the Anthozoa. An�thra�cene (?), n. [Gr. ? coal.] (Chem.) A solid hydrocarbon, C6H4.C2H2.C6H4, which accompanies naphthalene in the last stages of the distillation of coal tar. Its chief use is in the artificial production of alizarin. [Written also anthracin.] An�thrac�ic (?), a. Of or relating to anthrax; as, anthracic blood. An�thra�cif�er�ous (?), a. [Gr. ? coal + �ferous.] (Min.) Yielding anthracite; as, anthraciferous strata. An�thra�cite (?), n. [L. anthracites a kind of bloodstone; fr. Gr. ? like coals, fr. ?, ?, coal or charcoal. Cf. Anthrax.] A hard, compact variety of mineral coal, of high luster, differing from bituminous coal in containing little or no bitumen, in consequence of which it burns with a nearly non luminous flame. The purer specimens consist almost wholly of carbon. Also called glance coal and blind coal. An�thra�cit�ic (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or like, anthracite; as, anthracitic formations. An�thra�coid (?), a. [Anthrax + �oid.] (Biol.) Resembling anthrax in action; of the nature of anthrax; as, an anthracoid microbe. An�thra�co�man�cy (?), n. [Gr. ?, ?, coal + �mancy.] Divination by inspecting a burning coal. An�thra�com�e�ter (?), n. [Gr. ? coal, carbon + �meter.] An instrument for measuring the amount of carbonic acid in a mixture. An�thra�co�met�ric (?), a. Of or pertaining to an anthracometer. An�thra�o�nite (?), n. [See Anthracite.] (Min.) A coal�black marble, usually emitting a fetid smell when rubbed; � called also stinkstone and swinestone. An�thra�qui�none (?), n. [Anthracene + quinone.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon, C6H4.C2O2.C6H4, subliming in shining yellow needless. It is obtained by oxidation of anthracene. An�thrax (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. ? coal, carbuncle.] 1. (Med.) (a) A carbuncle. (b) A malignant pustule. 2. (Biol.) A microscopic, bacterial organism (Bacillus anthracis), resembling transparent rods. [See Illust. under Bacillus.] 3. An infectious disease of cattle and sheep. It is ascribed to the presence of a rod�shaped bacterium (Bacillus anthracis), the spores of which constitute the contagious matter. It may be transmitted to man by inoculation. The spleen becomes greatly enlarged and filled with bacteria. Called also splenic fever. � An�thre�nus (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ? a hornet.] (Zo�l.) A genus of small beetles, several of which, in the larval state, are very destructive to woolen goods, fur, etc. The common �museum pest� is A. varius; the carpet beetle is A. scrophulari�. The larv� are commonly confounded with moths. An�throp�ic (?), An�throp�ic�al (?), } a. [Gr. ?, fr. ? man.] (Zo�l.) Like or related to man; human. [R.] Owen. � An�throp��d� (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? man.] (Zo�l.) The group that includes man only. An�thro�po�cen�tric (?), a. [Gr. ? man + ? center.] Assuming man as the center or ultimate end; � applied to theories of the universe or of any part of it, as the solar system. Draper. An�thro�po�gen�ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to anthropogeny. An�thro�pog�e�ny (?), n. [Gr. ? man + ? birth.] The science or study of human generation, or the origin and development of man. An�throp�o�glot (?), n. [Gr. ?; ? man + ?, ?, tongue.] (Zo�l.) An animal which has a tongue resembling that of man, as the parrot. An�thro�pog�ra�phy (?), n. [Gr. ? man + �graphy.] That branch of anthropology which treats of the actual distribution of the human race in its different divisions, as distinguished by physical character, language, institutions, and customs, in contradistinction to ethnography, which treats historically of the origin and filiation of races and nations. P. Cyc. An�thro�poid (?), a. [Gr. ? man + �oid.] Resembling man; � applied especially to certain apes, as the ourang or gorilla. � n. An ~ ape. An�thro�poid�al (?), a. Anthropoid. � An�thro�poid�e�a (?), n. pl. [NL. See Anthropoid.] (Zo�l.) The suborder of primates which includes the monkeys, apes, and man. An�thro�pol�a�try (?), n. [Gr. ? man + ? worship.] Man worship. An�throp�o�lite (?), n. [Gr. ? man + �lite.] (Paleon.) A petrifaction of the human body, or of any portion of it. An�thro�po�log�ic (?), An�thro�po�log�ic�al (?), } a. Pertaining to anthropology; belonging to the nature of man. �Anthropologic wisdom.� Kingsley. � An�thro�po�log�ic�al�ly, adv. An�thro�pol�o�gist (?), n. One who is versed in anthropology. An�thro�pol�o�gy (?), n. [Gr. ? man + �logy.] 1. The science of the structure and functions of the human body. 2. The science of man; � sometimes used in a limited sense to mean the study of man as an object of natural history, or as an animal. 3. That manner of expression by which the inspired writers attribute human parts and passions to God. An�thro�po�man�cy (?), n. [Gr. ? man + �mancy.] Divination by the entrails of human being. An�thro�po�met�ric (?), An�thro�po�met�ric�al (?), } a. Pertaining to anthropometry. An�thro�pom�e�try (?), n. [Gr. ? man + �mercy.] Measurement of the height and other dimensions of human beings, especially at different ages, or in different races, occupations, etc. Dunglison. � An�thro�po�mor�pha (?), n. pl. [NL. See Anthropomorphism.] (Zo�l.) The manlike, or anthropoid, apes. An�thro�po�mor�phic (?), a. Of or pertaining to anthromorphism. Hadley. � An�thro�po�mor�phic�al�ly (?), adv. An�thro�po�mor�phism (?), n. [Gr. ? of human form; ? man + ? form.] 1. The representation of the Deity, or of a polytheistic deity, under a human form, or with human attributes and affections. 2. The ascription of human characteristics to things not human. An�thro�po�mor�phist (?), n. One who attributes the human form or other human attributes to the Deity or to anything not human. An�thro�po�mor�phite (?), n. One who ascribes a human form or human attributes to the Deity or to a polytheistic deity. Taylor. Specifically, one of a sect of ancient heretics who believed that God has a human form, etc. Tillotson. An�thro�po�mor�phit�ic (?), a. (Biol.) to anthropomorphism. Kitto. An�thro�po�mor�phi�tism (?), n. Anthropomorphism. Wordsworth. An�thro�po�mor�phize (?), v. t. & i. To attribute a human form or personality to. You may see imaginative children every day anthropomorphizing. Lowell. An�thro�po�mor�phol�o�gy (?), n. [Gr. ? + �logy. See Anthropomorphism.] The application to God of terms descriptive of human beings. An�thro�po�mor�pho�sis (?), n. Transformation into the form of a human being. An�thro�po�mor�phous (?), a.�Having the figure of, or resemblance to, a man; as, an anthromorphous plant. �Anthromorphous apes.� Darwin. An�thro�po�path�ic (?), An�thro�po�path�ic�al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to anthropopathy. [R.] � An�thro�po�path�ic�al�ly, adv. The daring anthropopathic imagery by which the prophets often represent God as chiding, upbraiding, threatening. H. Rogers. An�thro�pop�a�thism (?), An�thro�pop�a�thy (?), } n. [Gr. ?; ? man + ? suffering, affection, passion, ?, ?, to suffer.] The ascription of human feelings or passions to God, or to a polytheistic deity. In its recoil from the gross anthropopathy of the vulgar notions, it falls into the vacuum of absolute apathy. Hare. � An�thro�poph�a�gi (?), n. pl. [L., fr. Gr. ? eating men; ? man + + ? to eat.] Man eaters; cannibals. Shak. An�thro�po�phag�ic (?), An�thro�po�phag�ic�al (?), } a. Relating to cannibalism or anthropophagy. An�thro�poph�a�gin�i�an (?), n. One who east human flesh. [Ludicrous] Shak. An�thro�poph�a�gite (?), n. A cannibal. W. Taylor. An�thro�poph�a�gous (?), a. Feeding on human flesh; cannibal. An�thro�poph�a�gy (?)(?), n. [Gr. ?.] The eating of human flesh; cannibalism. <-- p. 64 --> An�thro�poph�u�ism (?), n. [Gr. ? of man's nature; ? a man + ? nature.] Human nature. [R.] Gladstone. An�thro�pos�co�py (?), n. [Gr. ? man + �scopy.] The art of discovering or judging of a man's character, passions. and inclinations from a study of his visible features. [R.] An�thro�pos�o�phy (?), n. [Gr. ? man + ? wisdom, knowledge.] Knowledge of the nature of man; hence, human wisdom. An�thro�po�tom�ic�al (?), a. Pertaining to anthropotomy, or the dissection of human bodies. An�thro�pot�o�mist (?), n. One who is versed in anthropotomy, or human anatomy. An�thro�pot�o�my (?), n. [Gr. ? man + ? a cutting.] The anatomy or dissection of the human body; androtomy. Owen. Ant�hyp�not�ic (?). See Antihypnotic. Ant�hyp�o�chon�dri�ac (?), a. & n. See Antihypochondriac. Ant�hys�ter�ic (?), a. & n. See Antihysteric. An�ti (?). [Gr. ? against. See Ante.] A prefix meaning against, opposite or opposed to, contrary, or in place of; � used in composition in many English words. It is often shortened to ant�; as, antacid, antarctic. � An�tiϑ (?), n. pl. [L., forelock.] (Zo�l.) The two projecting feathered angles of the forehead of some birds; the frontal points. An�ti�al�bu�mid (?), n. [Pref. anti� + �albumin.] (Physiol. Chem.) A body formed from albumin by pancreatic and gastric digestion. It is convertible into antipeptone. An�ti�al�bu�mose� (?), n. (Physiol.) See Albumose. An�ti�A�mer�i�can (?), a. Opposed to the Americans, their aims, or interests, or to the genius of American institutions. Marshall. An�ti�aph�ro�dis�i�ac (?), a. & n. Same as Antaphrodisiac. An�ti�ap�o�plec�tic (?), a. & n. (Med.) Same as Antapoplectic. An�ti�ar (?), n. [Jav. antjar.] A Virulent poison prepared in Java from the gum resin of one species of the upas tree (Antiaris toxicaria). An�ti�a�rin (?), n. (Chem.) A poisonous principle obtained from antiar. Watts. An�ti�asth�mat�ic (?), a. & n. Same as Antasthmatic. An�ti�at�tri�tion (?), n. Anything to prevent the effects of friction, esp. a compound lubricant for machinery, etc., often consisting of plumbago, with some greasy material; antifriction grease. � An�ti�bac�chi�us (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. ? + ?. See Bacchius.] (Pros.) A foot of three syllables, the first two long, and the last short (?). An�ti�bil�lous (?), a. Counteractive of bilious complaints; tending to relieve biliousness. An�ti�branch�i�al (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the antibrachium, or forearm. � An�ti�brach�i�um (?), n. [NL.] (Anat.) That part of the fore limb between the brachium and the carpus; the forearm. An�ti�bro�mic (?), n. [Pref. anti� + Gr. ? a stink.] An agent that destroys offensive smells; a deodorizer. An�ti�burgh�er (?), n. (Eccl. Hist.) One who seceded from the Burghers (1747), deeming it improper to take the Burgess oath. An�tic (?), a. [The same word as antique; cf. It. antico ancient. See Antique.] 1. Old; antique. (Zo�l.) �Lords of antic fame.� Phaer. 2. Odd; fantastic; fanciful; grotesque; ludicrous. The antic postures of a merry�andrew. Addison. The Saxons... worshiped many idols, barbarous in name, some monstrous, all antic for shape. Fuller. An�tic, n. 1. A buffoon or merry�andrew; one that practices odd gesticulations; the Fool of the old play. 2. An odd imagery, device, or tracery; a fantastic figure. Woven with antics and wild imagery. Spenser. 3. A grotesque trick; a piece of buffoonery; a caper. And fraught with antics as the Indian bird That writhes and chatters in her wiry cage. Wordsworth. 4. (Arch.) A grotesque representation. [Obs.] 5. An antimask. [Obs. or R.] Performed by knights and ladies of his court In nature of an antic. Ford. An�tic, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anticked (?), Antickt.] To make appear like a buffoon. [Obs.] Shak. An�tic, v. i. To perform antics. An�ti�ca�tarrh�al (?), a. (Med.) Efficacious against catarrh. � n. An anticatarrhal remedy. An�ti�cath�ode (?), n. (Phys.) The part of a vacuum tube opposite the cathode. Upon it the cathode rays impinge. An�ti�cau�sod�ic (?), a. & n. (Med.) Same as Anticausotic. An�ti�cau�sot�ic (?), a. [Pref. anti� + Gr. ? fever, ? to burn.] (Med.) Good against an inflammatory fever. � n. A remedy for such a fever. An�ti�cham�ber, n. [Obs.] See Antechamber. An�ti�chlor (?), n. [Pref. anti� + chlorine.] (Chem.) Any substance (but especially sodium hyposulphite) used in removing the excess of chlorine left in paper pulp or stuffs after bleaching. An�ti�christ (?), n. [L. Antichristus, Gr. ?; ? against + ?.] A denier or opponent of Christ. Specif.: A great antagonist, person or power, expected to precede Christ's second coming. An�ti�chris�tian (?; 106), a. Opposed to the Christian religion. An�ti�chris�tian�ism (?), An�ti�chris�tian�i�ty (?), } n. Opposition or contrariety to the Christian religion. An�ti�chris�tian�ly (?), adv. In an antichristian manner. An�ti�chron�ic�al (?), a. Deviating from the proper order of time. � An�ti�chron�ic�al�ly, adv. An�tich�ro�nism (?), n. [Gr. ?; ? against + ? time.] Deviation from the true order of time; anachronism. [R.] Selden. � An�tich�thon (?), n.; pl. Antichthones (?). [Gr. ?; ? against + ? the earth.] 1. A hypothetical earth counter to ours, or on the opposite side of the sun. Grote. 2. pl. Inhabitants of opposite hemispheres. Whewell. An�tic�i�pant (?), a. [L. anticipans, p. pr. of anticipare.] Anticipating; expectant; � with of. Wakening guilt, anticipant of hell. Southey. An�tic�i�pate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Anticipated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Anticipating (?).] [L. anticipatus, p. p. of anticipare to anticipate; ante + capere to make. See Capable.] 1. To be before in doing; to do or take before another; to preclude or prevent by prior action. To anticipate and prevent the duke's purpose. R. Hall. He would probably have died by the hand of the executioner, if indeed the executioner had not been anticipated by the populace. Macaulay. 2. To take up or introduce beforehand, or before the proper or normal time; to cause to occur earlier or prematurely; as, the advocate has anticipated a part of his argument. 3. To foresee (a wish, command, etc.) and do beforehand that which will be desired. 4. To foretaste or foresee; to have a previous view or impression of; as, to anticipate the pleasures of a visit; to anticipate the evils of life. Syn. - To prevent; obviate; preclude; forestall; expect. � To Anticipate, Expect. These words, as here compared, agree in regarding some future event as about to take place. Expect is the stringer. It supposes some ground or reason in the mind for considering the event as likely to happen. Anticipate is, literally, to take beforehand, and here denotes simply to take into the mind as conception of the future. Hence, to say, �I did not anticipate a refusal,� expresses something less definite and strong than to say, � did not expect it.� Still, anticipate is a convenient word to be interchanged with expect in cases where the thought will allow. Good with bad Expect to hear; supernal grace contending With sinfulness of men. Milton. I would not anticipate the relish of any happiness, nor feel the weight of any misery, before it actually arrives. Spectator. Timid men were anticipating another civil war. Macaulay. An�tic�i�pa�tion (?), n. [L. anticipatio: cf. F. anticipation.] 1. The act of anticipating, taking up, placing, or considering something beforehand, or before the proper time in natural order. So shall my anticipation prevent your discovery. Shak. 2. Previous view or impression of what is to happen; instinctive prevision; foretaste; antepast; as, the anticipation of the joys of heaven. The happy anticipation of renewed existence in company with the spirits of the just. Thodey. 3. Hasty notion; intuitive preconception. Many men give themselves up to the first anticipations of their minds. Locke. 4. (Mus.) The commencing of one or more tones of a chord with or during the chord preceding, forming a momentary discord. Syn. - Preoccupation; preclusion; foretaste; prelibation; antepast; pregustation; preconception; expectation; foresight; forethought. An�tic�i�pa�tive (?), a. Anticipating, or containing anticipation. �Anticipative of the feast to come.� Cary. � An�tic�i�pa�tive�ly, adv. An�tic�i�pa�tor (?), n. One who anticipates. An�tic�i�pa�to�ry (?), a. Forecasting; of the nature of anticipation. Owen. Here is an anticipatory glance of what was to be. J. C. Shairp. An�ti�civ�ic (?), n. Opposed to citizenship. An�ti�civ�ism (?), n. Opposition to the body politic of citizens. [Obs.] Carlyle. An�ti�clas�tic (?), a. [Pref. anti� = Gr. ? to break.] Having to opposite curvatures, that is, curved longitudinally in one direction and transversely in the opposite direction, as the surface of a saddle. An�ti�cli�max (?), n. (Rhet.) A sentence in which the ideas fall, or become less important and striking, at the close; � the opposite of climax. It produces a ridiculous effect. Example: Next comes Dalhousie, the great god of war, Lieutenant�colonel to the Earl ?? Mar. An�ti�cli�nal (?), a. [Pref. anti� + Gr. ? to incline.] Inclining or dipping in opposite directions. See Synclinal. � line, � axis (Geol.), a line from which strata dip in opposite directions, as from the ridge of a roof. � � vertebra (Anat.), one of the dorsal vertebr�, which in many animals has an upright spine toward which the spines of the neighboring vertebr� are inclined. An�ti�cli�nal, n. (Geol.) The crest or line in which strata slope or dip in opposite directions. � An�ti�cli�no�ri�um (?), n.; pl. Anticlinoria (?). [NL., fr. Gr. ? against + ? to incline + ? mountain.]] (Geol.) The upward elevation of the crust of the earth, resulting from a geanticlinal. An�tic�ly (?), adv. Oddly; grotesquely. An�tic�mask� (?), n. An antimask. B. Jonson. An�tic�ness, n. The quality of being antic. Ford. An�ti�con�sti�tu�tion�al (?), a. Opposed to the constitution; unconstitutional. An�ti�con�ta�gious (?), a. (Med.) Opposing or destroying contagion. An�ti�con�vul�sive (?), a. (Med.) Good against convulsions. J. Floyer. An�ti�cor (?), n. [Pref. anti� + L. cor heart; cf. F. antic?ur.] (Far.) A dangerous inflammatory swelling of a horse's breast, just opposite the heart. An�ti�cous (?), a. [L. anticus in front, foremost, fr. ante before.] (Bot.) Facing toward the axis of the flower, as in the introrse anthers of the water lily. An�ti�cy�clone (?), n. (Meteorol.) A movement of the atmosphere opposite in character, as regards direction of the wind and distribution of barometric pressure, to that of a cyclone. � An�ti�cy�clon�ic (?), a. � An�ti�cy�clon�ic�al�ly (?), adv. An�ti�do�tal (?)(?) a. Having the quality an antidote; fitted to counteract the effects of poison. Sir T. Browne. � An�ti�do�tal�ly, adv. An�ti�do�ta�ry (?), a. Antidotal. � n. Antidote; also, a book of antidotes. An�ti�dote (?), n. [L. antidotum, Gr. ? (sc. ?), fr. ? given against; ? against + ? to give: cf. F. antidote. See Dose, n.] 1. A remedy to counteract the effects of poison, or of anything noxious taken into the stomach; � used with against, for, or to; as, an antidote against, for, or to, poison. 2. Whatever tends to prevent mischievous effects, or to counteract evil which something else might produce. An�ti�dote, v. t. 1. To counteract or prevent the effects of, by giving or taking an antidote. Nor could Alexander himself... antidote... the poisonous draught, when it had once got into his veins. South. 2. To fortify or preserve by an antidote. An�ti�dot�ic�al (?), a. Serving as an antidote. � An�ti�dot�ic�al�ly, adv. An�tid�ro�mous (?), a. [Pref. anti� + Gr. ? a running.] (Bot.) Changing the direction in the spiral sequence of leaves on a stem. An�ti�dys�en�ter�ic (?), a. (Med.) Good against dysentery. � n. A medicine for dysentery. An�ti�e�met�ic (?), a. ? n. (Med.) Same as Antemetic. An�ti�eph�i�al�tic (?), a. & n. (Med.) Same as Antephialtic. An�ti�ep�i�lep�tic (?), a. & n. (Med.) Same as Antepileptic. An�ti�fe�brile (?), a. & n. (Med.) Febrifuge. An�ti�feb�rine (?), n. (Med.) Acetanilide. An�ti�fed�er�al�ist (?), n. One of party opposed to a federative government; � applied particularly to the party which opposed the adoption of the constitution of the United States. Pickering. An�ti�fric�tion (?), n. Something to lesse? friction; antiattrition. � a. Tending to lessen friction. An�ti�ga�las�tic (?), a. [Pref. anti� + Gr. ?, ?, milk.] Causing a diminution or a suppression of the secretion of milk. An�ti�Gal�li�can (?), a. Opposed to what is Gallic or French. An�ti�graph (?), n. [Gr. ? a transcribing: cf. F. antigraphe.] A copy or transcript. An�ti�gug�gler (?)(?) n. [Pref. anti� + guggle or gurgle.] A crooked tube of metal, to be introduced into the neck of a bottle for drawing out the liquid without disturbing the sediment or causing a gurgling noise. An�ti�he�lix (?), n. (Anat.) The curved elevation of the cartilage of the ear, within or in front o? the helix. See Ear. An�ti�hem�or�rhag�ic (?), a. (Med.) Tending to stop hemorrhage. � n. A remedy hemorrhage. An�ti�hy�dro�phob�ic (?), a. (Med.) Counteracting or preventing hydrophobia. � n. A remedy for hydrophobia. An�ti�hy�drop�ic (?), a. (Med.) Good against dropsy. � n. A remedy for dropsy. An�ti�hyp�not�ic (?), a. (Med.) Tending to prevent sleep. � n. An antihypnotic agent. An�ti�hyp�o�chon�dri�ac (?), a. (Med.) Counteractive of hypochondria. � n. A remedy for hypochondria. An�ti�hys�ter�ic (?), a. (Med.) Counteracting hysteria. � n. A remedy for hysteria. An�ti�ic�ter�ic (?), a. (Med.) Good against jaundice. � n. A remedy for jaundice. � An�ti�le�gom�e�na (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? against + ? to speak; part. pass. ?.] (Eccl.) Certain books of the New Testament which were for a time not universally received, but which are now considered canonical. These are the Epistle to the Hebrews, the Epistles of James and Jude, the second Epistle of Peter, the second and third Epistles of John, and the Revelation. The undisputed books are called the Homologoumena. An�ti�li�bra�tion (?), n. A balancing; equipoise. [R.] De Quincey. An�ti�lith�ic (?), a. (Med.) Tending to prevent the formation of urinary calculi, or to destroy them when formed. � n. An antilithic medicine. An�ti�log�a�rithm (?), n. (Math.) The number corresponding to a logarithm. The word has been sometimes, though rarely, used to denote the complement of a given logarithm; also the logarithmic cosine corresponding to a given logarithmic sine. � An�ti�log�a�rith�mic (?), a. An�til�o�gous (?), a. Of the contrary name or character; � opposed to analogous. � pole (Eccl.), that pole of a crystal which becomes negatively electrified when heated. An�til�o�gy (?), n.; pl. Antilogies (?). [Gr. ?, fr. ? contradictory; ? against + ? to speak.] A contradiction between any words or passages in an author. Sir W. Hamilton. <-- p. 65 --> An�ti�loi�mic (?), n. (Med.) A remedy against the plague. Brande & C. An�til�o�pine (?), a. Of or relating to the antelope. An�til�o�quist (?), n. A contradicter. [Obs.] An�til�o�quy (?), n. [Pref. anti� + L. loqui to speak.] Contradiction. [Obs.] An�ti�lys�sic (?), a. & n. [Pref. anti� + Gr. ? rage, madness.] (Med.) Antihydrophobic. An�ti�ma�cas�sar (?), n. A cover for the back or arms of a chair or sofa, etc., to prevent them from being soiled by macassar or other oil from the hair. An�ti�ma�gis�tric�al (?), a. [Pref. anti� + magistrical for magistratical.] Opposed to the office or authority of magistrates. [Obs.] South. An�ti�ma�la�ri�al (?), a. Good against malaria. An�ti�mask� (?), n. A secondary mask, or grotesque interlude, between the parts of a serious mask. [Written also antimasque.] Bacon. An�ti�ma�son (?), n. One opposed to Freemasonry. � An�ti�ma�son�ic (?), a. An�ti�ma�son�ry (?), n. Opposition to Freemasonry. An�ti�me�phit�ic (?), a. (Med.) Good against mephitic or deleterious gases. � n. A remedy against mephitic gases. Dunglison. An�ti�mere (?), n. [Pref. anti� + �mere.] (Biol.) One of the two halves of bilaterally symmetrical animals; one of any opposite symmetrical or homotypic parts in animals and plants. � An�ti�me�tab�o�le (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. ?.] (Rhet.) A figure in which the same words or ideas are repeated in transposed order. � An�ti�me�tath�e�sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ?.] (Rhet.) An antithesis in which the members are repeated in inverse order. An�tim�e�ter (?), n. [Gr. ? like + ? measure.] A modification of the quadrant, for measuring small angles. [Obs.] An�ti�mo�nar�chic (?), An�ti�mo�nar�chic�al (?), } Opposed to monarchial government. Bp. Benson. Addison. An�ti�mon�arch�ist (?), n. An enemy to monarchial government. An�ti�mo�nate (?), n.�(Chem.) A compound of antimonic acid with a base or basic radical. [Written also antimoniate.] An�ti�mo�ni�al (?), a. Of or pertaining to antimony. � n. (Med.) A preparation or medicine containing antimony. � powder, a consisting of one part oxide of antimony and two parts phosphate of calcium; � also called James's powder. An�ti�mo�ni�a�ted (?), a. Combined or prepared with antimony; as, antimoniated tartar. An�ti�mon�ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, antimony; � said of those compounds of antimony in which this element has its highest equivalence; as, antimonic acid. An�ti�mo�ni�ous (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, antimony; � said of those compounds of antimony in which this element has an equivalence next lower than the highest; as, antimonious acid. An�ti�mo�nite� (?), n. 1. (Chem.) A compound of antimonious acid and a base or basic radical. 2. (Min.) Stibnite. An�ti�mo�ni�u�ret�ed (?), a. (Chem.) Combined with or containing antimony; as, antimoniureted hydrogen. [Written also antimoniuretted.] An�ti�mo�ny (?; 112), n. [LL. antimonium, of unknown origin.] (Chem.) An elementary substance, resembling a metal in its appearance and physical properties, but in its chemical relations belonging to the class of nonmetallic substances. Atomic weight, 120. Symbol, Sb. � It is of tin�white color, brittle, laminated or crystalline, fusible, and vaporizable at a rather low temperature. It is used in some metallic alloys, as type metal and bell metal, and also for medical preparations, which are in general emetics or cathartics. By ancient writers, and some moderns, the term is applied to native gray ore of antimony, or stibnite (the stibium of the Romans, and the ? of the Greeks, a sulphide of ~, from which most of the ~ of commerce is obtained. Cervantite, senarmontite, and valentinite are native oxides of ~. An�ti�na�tion�al (?), a. Antagonistic to one's country or nation, or to a national government. An�ti�ne�phrit�ic (?), a. (Med.) Counteracting, or deemed of use in, diseases of the kidneys. � n. An ~ remedy. An�ti�no�mi�an (?), a. [See Antimony.] Of or pertaining to the Antinomians; opposed to the doctrine that the moral law is obligatory. An�ti�no�mi�an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One who maintains that, under the gospel dispensation, the moral law is of no use or obligation, but that faith alone is necessary to salvation. The sect of Antinomians originated with John Agricola, in Germany, about the year 1535. Mosheim. An�ti�no�mi�an�ism (?), n. The tenets or practice of Antinomians. South. An�tin�o�mist (?), n. An Antinomian. [R.] Bp. Sanderson. An�tin�o�my (?; 277), n.; pl. Antinomies (?). [L. antinomia, Gr. ?; ? against + ? law.] 1. Opposition of one law or rule to another law or rule. Different commentators have deduced from it the very opposite doctrines. In some instances this apparent antinomy is doubtful. De Quincey. 2. An opposing law or rule of any kind. As it were by his own antinomy, or counterstatute. Milton. 3. (Metaph.) A contradiction or incompatibility of thought or language; � in the Kantian philosophy, such a contradiction as arises from the attempt to apply to the ideas of the reason, relations or attributes which are appropriate only to the facts or the concepts of experience. An�ti�o�chi�an (?), a. 1. Pertaining to Antiochus, a contemporary with Cicero, and the founder of a sect of philosophers. 2. Of or pertaining to the city of Antioch, in Syria. � epoch (Chron.), a method of computing time, from the proclamation of liberty granted to the city of Antioch, about the time of the battle of Pharsalia, b. c. 48. An�ti�o�don�tal�gic (?), a. (Med.) Efficacious in curing toothache. � n. A remedy for toothache. An�ti�or�gas�tic (?), a. [Pref. anti� + Gr. ? to swell, as with lust.] (Med.) Tending to allay venereal excitement or desire; sedative. An�ti�pa�pal (?), a. Opposed to the pope or to popery. Milton. An�ti�par�al�lel (?), a. Running in a contrary direction. Hammond. An�ti�par�al�lels (?), n. pl. (Geom.) Straight lines or planes which make angles in some respect opposite in character to those made by parallel lines or planes. An�ti�par�a�lyt�ic (?), a. (Med.) Good against paralysis. � n. A medicine for paralysis. An�ti�par�a�lyt�ic�al (?), a. Antiparalytic. An�ti�pa�thet�ic (?), An�ti�pa�thet�ic�al (?), } a. Having a natural contrariety, or constitutional aversion, to a thing; characterized by antipathy; � often followed by to. Fuller. An�ti�path�ic (?), a. [NL. antipathicus, Gr. ? of opposite feelings.] (Med.) Belonging to antipathy; opposite; contrary; allopathic. An�tip�a�thist (?), n. One who has an antipathy. [R.] �Antipathist of light.� Coleridge. An�tip�a�thous (?), a. Having a natural contrariety; adverse; antipathetic. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. An�tip�a�thize (?), v. i. To feel or show antipathy. [R.] An�tip�a�thy (?), n.; pl. Antipathies (?). [L. antipathia, Gr. ?; ? against + ? to suffer. Cf. F. antipathie. See Pathos.] 1. Contrariety or opposition in feeling; settled aversion or dislike; repugnance; distaste. Inveterate antipathies against particular nations, and passionate attachments to others, are to be avoided. Washington. 2. Natural contrariety; incompatibility; repugnancy of qualities; as, oil and water have antipathy. A habit is generated of thinking that a natural antipathy exists between hope and reason. I. Taylor. � Antipathy is opposed to sympathy. It is followed by to, against, or between; also sometimes by for. Syn. - Hatred; aversion; dislike; disgust; distaste; enmity; ill will; repugnance; contrariety; opposition. See Dislike. An�ti�pep�tone (?), n. (Physiol. Chem.) A product of gastric and pancreatic digestion, differing from hemipeptone in not being decomposed by the continued action of pancreatic juice. An�ti�pe�ri�od�ic (?), n. (Med.) A remedy possessing the property of preventing the return of periodic paroxysms, or exacerbations, of disease, as in intermittent fevers. An�ti�per�i�stal�tic (?), a. (Med.) Opposed to, or checking motion; acting upward; � applied to an inverted action of the intestinal tube. � An�ti�pe�ris�ta�sis (?), n. [Gr. ?; ? against + ? a standing around, fr. ? to stand around; ? around + ? to stand.] Opposition by which the quality opposed asquires strength; resistance or reaction roused by opposition or by the action of an opposite principle or quality. An�ti�per�i�stat�ic (?), a. Pertaining to antiperistasis. An�ti�pet�al�ous (?), a. [Pref. anti� + petal.] (Bot.) Standing before a petal, as a stamen. An�ti�phar�mic (?), a. [Pref. anti� + Gr. ? poison.] (Med.) Antidotal; alexipharmic. An�ti�phlo�gis�tian (?), n. An opposer of the theory of phlogiston. An�ti�phlo�gis�tic (?), a. 1. (Chem.) Opposed to the doctrine of phlogiston. 2. (Med.) Counteracting inflammation. An�ti�phlo�gis�tic, n. (Med.) Any medicine or diet which tends to check inflammation. Coxe. An�ti�phon (?), n. [LL. antiphona, fr. Gr. ?. See Anthem.] 1. A musical response; alternate singing or chanting. See Antiphony, and Antiphone. 2. A verse said before and after the psalms. Shipley. An�tiph�o�nal (?), a. Of or pertaining to antiphony, or alternate singing; sung alternately by a divided choir or opposite choirs. Wheatly. � An�tiph�o�nal�ly, adv. An�tiph�o�nal, n. A book of antiphons or anthems. An�tiph�o�na�ry (?), n. [LL. antiphonarium. See Antiphoner.] A book containing a collection of antiphons; the book in which the antiphons of the breviary, with their musical notes, are contained. An�ti�phone (?), n. (Mus.) The response which one side of the choir makes to the other in a chant; alternate chanting or signing. An�tiph�o�ner (?), n. [F. antiphonaire. See Antiphon.] A book of antiphons. Chaucer. An�ti�phon�ic (?), a. Antiphonal. An�tiph�o�ny (?), n.; pl. Antiphonies (?). [See Antiphon.] 1. A musical response; also, antiphonal chanting or signing. 2. An anthem or psalm sung alternately by a choir or congregation divided into two parts. Also figuratively. O! never more for me shall winds intone, With all your tops, a vast antiphony. R. Browning. � An�tiph�ra�sis (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. ?, fr. ? to express by antithesis or negation.] (Rhet.) The use of words in a sense opposite to their proper meaning; as when a court of justice is called a court of vengeance. An�ti�phras�tic (?), An�ti�phras�tic�al (?), } a. [Gr. ?.] Pertaining to antiphrasis. � An�ti�phras�tic�al�ly, adv. An�ti�phthis�ic (?), a. (Med.) Relieving or curing phthisis, or consumption. � n. A medicine for phthisis. An�ti�phys�ic�al (?), a. [Pref. anti� + physical.] Contrary to nature; unnatural. An�ti�phys�ic�al, a. [Pref. anti� + Gr. ? to inflate.] (Med.) Relieving flatulence; carminative. An�ti�plas�tic (?), a. 1. Diminishing plasticity. 2. (Med.) Preventing or checking the process of healing, or granulation. An�ti�po�dag�ric (?), a. (Med.) Good against gout. � n. A medicine for gout. An�tip�o�dal (?), a. 1. Pertaining to the antipodes; situated on the opposite side of the globe. 2. Diametrically opposite. His antipodal shadow.� Lowell. An�ti�pode (?), n. One of the antipodes; anything exactly opposite. In tale or history your beggar is ever the just antipode to your king. Lamb. � The singular, antipode, is exceptional in formation, but has been used by good writers. Its regular English plural would be ?, the last syllable rhyming with abodes, and this pronunciation is sometimes heard. The plural form (originally a Latin word without a singular) is in common use, and is pronounced, after the English method of Latin, ?. An�ti�po�de�an (?), a. Pertaining to the antipodes, or the opposite side of the world; antipodal. An�tip�o�des (?), n. [L. pl., fr. Gr. ? with the feet opposite, pl. ? ?; ? against + ?, ?, foot.] 1. Those who live on the side of the globe diametrically opposite. 2. The country of those who live on the opposite side of the globe. Latham. 3. Anything exactly opposite or contrary. Can there be a greater contrariety unto Christ's judgment, a more perfect antipodes to all that hath hitherto been gospel? Hammond. An�ti�pole (?), n. The opposite pole; anything diametrically opposed. Geo. Eliot. An�ti�pope (?), n. One who is elected, or claims to be, pope in opposition to the pope canonically chosen; esp. applied to those popes who resided at Avignon during the Great Schism. An�tip�sor�ic (?), a. (Med.) Of use in curing the itch. � n. An antipsoric remedy. � An�tip�to�sis (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. ?; ? against + ? a falling, a case, ? to fall.] (Gram.) The putting of one case for another. An�ti�pu�tre�fac�tive (?), An�ti�pu�tres�cent (?), } a. Counteracting, or preserving from, putrefaction; antiseptic. An�ti�py�ic (?), a. [Pref. anti� + Gr. ?, ?, pus.] (Med.) Checking or preventing suppuration. � n. An antipyic medicine. � An�ti�py�re�sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ? against + ? to be feverish, fr. ? fire.] (Med.) The condition or state of being free from fever. An�ti�py�ret�ic (?), a. (Med.) Efficacious in preventing or allaying fever. � n. A febrifuge. An�ti�py�rine (?), n. (Med.) An artificial alkaloid, believed to be efficient in abating fever. An�ti�py�rot�ic (?), a. (Med.) Good against burns or pyrosis. � n. Anything of use in preventing or healing burns or pyrosis. An�ti�qua�ri�an (?), a. [See Antiquary. Pertaining to antiquaries, or to antiquity; as, antiqua rian literature. An�ti�qua�ri�an, n. 1. An antiquary. 2. A drawing paper of large size. See under Paper, n. An�ti�qua�ri�an�ism (?), n. Character of an antiquary; study or love of antiquities. Warburton. An�ti�qua�ri�an�ize (?), v. i. To act the part of an antiquary. [Colloq.] An�ti�qua�ry (?), a. [L. antiquarius, fr. antiquus ancient. See Antique.] Pertaining to antiquity. [R.] �Instructed by the antiquary times.� Shak. An�ti�qua�ry, n.; pl. Antiquaries (?). One devoted to the study of ancient times through their relics, as inscriptions, monuments, remains of ancient habitations, statues, coins, manuscripts, etc.; one who searches for and studies the relics of antiquity. An�ti�quate (?), v. t. [L. antiquatus, p. p. of antiquare, fr. antiquus ancient.] To make old, or obsolete; to make antique; to make old in such a degree as to put out of use; hence, to make void, or abrogate. Christianity might reasonably introduce new laws, and antiquate or abrogate old one. Sir M. Hale. An�ti�qua�ted (?), a. Grown old. Hence: Bygone; obsolete; out of use; old�fashioned; as, an antiquated law. �Antiquated words.� Dryden. Old Janet, for so he understood his antiquated attendant was denominated. Sir W. Scott. Syn. - Ancient; old; antique; obsolete. See Ancient. An�ti�qua�ted�ness, n. Quality of being antiquated. An�ti�quate�ness (?), n. Antiquatedness. [Obs.] An�ti�qua�tion (?), n. [L. antiquatio, fr. antiquare.] The act of making antiquated, or the state of being antiquated. Beaumont. An�tique� (?), a. [F., fr. L. antiquus old, ancient, equiv. to anticus, from ante before. Cf. Antic.] 1. Old; ancient; of genuine antiquity; as, an antique statue. In this sense it usually refers to the flourishing ages of Greece and Rome. For the antique world excess and pride did hate. Spenser. <-- p. 66 --> 2. Old, as respects the present age, or a modern period of time; of old fashion; antiquated; as, an antique robe. �Antique words.� Spenser. 3. Made in imitation of antiquity; as, the antique style of Thomson's �Castle of Indolence.� 4. Odd; fantastic. [In this sense, written antic.] Syn. - Ancient; antiquated; obsolete; antic; old�fashioned; old. See Ancient. An�tique� (?), n. [F. See Antique, a. ] In general, anything very old; but in a more limited sense, a relic or object of ancient art; collectively, the antique, the remains of ancient art, as busts, statues, paintings, and vases. Misshapen monuments and maimed antiques. Byron. An�tique�ly, adv. In an antique manner. An�tique�ness, n. The quality of being antique; an appearance of ancient origin and workmanship. We may discover something venerable in the antiqueness of the work. Addison. An�ti�quist (?), n. An antiquary; a collector of antiques. [R.] Pinkerton. An�tiq�ui�ta�ri�an (?), n. An admirer of antiquity. [Used by Milton in a disparaging sense.] [Obs.] An�tiq�ui�ty (?), n.; pl. Antiquities (?). [L. antiquitas, fr. antiquus: cf. F. antiquit�. See Antique.] 1. The quality of being ancient; ancientness; great age; as, a statue of remarkable antiquity; a family of great antiquity. 2. Old age. [Obs.] It not your voice broken?... and every part about you blasted with antiquity? Shak. 3. Ancient times; former ages; times long since past; as, Cicero was an eloquent orator of antiquity. 4. The ancients; the people of ancient times. That such pillars were raised by Seth all antiquity has ?vowed. Sir W. Raleigh. 5. An old gentleman. [Obs.] You are a shrewd antiquity, neighbor Clench. B. Jonson. 6. A relic or monument of ancient times; as, a coin, a statue, etc.; an ancient institution. [In this sense, usually in the plural.] �Heathen antiquities.� Bacon. An�ti�ra�chit�ic (?), a. (Med.) Good against the rickets. An�ti�rent�er (?), n. One opposed to the payment of rent; esp. one of those who in 1840�47 resisted the collection of rents claimed by the patroons from the settlers on certain manorial lands in the State of New York. � An�ti�rent�ism (?), n. An�ti�sab�ba�ta�ri�an (?), n. (Eccl.) One of a sect which opposes the observance of the Christian Sabbath. An�ti�sac�er�do�tal (?), a. Hostile to priests or the priesthood. Waterland. An�tis�cians (?), � An�tis�ci�i (?), } n. pl. [L. antiscii, Gr. ?, pl.; ? against + ? shadow.] The inhabitants of the earth, living on different sides of the equator, whose shadows at noon are cast in opposite directions. The inhabitants of the north and south temperate zones are always Antiscians. Brande & C. An�ti�sco�let�ic (?), An�ti�scol�ic (?), } a. [Pref. anti� + Gr. ? a worm.] (Med.) Anthelmintic. An�ti�scor�bu�tic (?), a. (Med.) Counteracting scurvy. � n. A remedy for scurvy. An�ti�scor�bu�tic�al (?), a. (Med.) Antiscorbutic. An�ti�scrip�tur�al (?), a. Opposed to, or not in accordance with, the Holy Scriptures. An�ti�sep�al�ous (?), a. [Pref. anti� + sepal.] (Bot.) Standing before a sepal, or calyx leaf. An�ti�sep�tic (?), An�ti�sep�tic�al (?), } a. Counteracting or preventing putrefaction, or a putrescent tendency in the system; antiputrefactive. � surgery, that system of surgical practice which insists upon a systematic use of antiseptics in the performance of operations and the dressing of wounds. An�ti�sep�tic, n. A substance which prevents or retards putrefaction, or destroys, or protects from, putrefactive organisms; as, salt, carbolic acid, alcohol, cinchona. An�ti�sep�tic�al�ly (?), adv. By means of antiseptics. An�ti�slav�er�y (?), a. Opposed to slavery. � n. Opposition to slavery. An�ti�so�cial (?), a. Tending to interrupt or destroy social intercourse; averse to society, or hostile to its existence; as, antisocial principles. An�ti�so�cial�ist, n. One opposed to the doctrines and practices of socialists or socialism. An�ti�so�lar (?), a. Opposite to the sun; � said of the point in the heavens 1800 distant from the sun. An�ti�spas�mod�ic (?), a. (Med.) Good against spasms. � n. A medicine which prevents or allays spasms or convulsions. An�ti�spast (?), n. [L. antispastus, Gr. ?, fr. ? to draw the contrary way; ? against + ? to draw.] (Pros.) A foot of four syllables, the first and fourth short, and the second and third long (?). An�ti�spas�tic (?), a. [Gr. ?. See Antispast.] (Med.) (a) Believed to cause a revulsion of fluids or of humors from one part to another. [Obs.] (b) Counteracting spasms; antispasmodic. � n. An antispastic agent. An�ti�splen�e�tic (?; see Splenetic, 277), a. Good as a remedy against disease of the spleen. � n. An ~ medicine. � An�tis�tro�phe (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. ?, fr. ? to turn to the opposite side; ? against + ? to turn. See Strophe.] 1. In Greek choruses and dances, the returning of the chorus, exactly answering to a previous strophe or movement from right to left. Hence: The lines of this part of the choral song. It was customary, on some occasions, to dance round the altars whilst they sang the sacred hymns, which consisted of three stanzas or parts; the first of which, called strophe, was sung in turning from east to west; the other, named antistrophe, in returning from west to east; then they stood before the altar, and sang the epode, which was the last part of the song. Abp. Potter. 2. (Rhet.) (a) The repetition of words in an inverse order; as, the master of the servant and the servant of the master. (b) The retort or turning of an adversary's plea against him. An�ti�stroph�ic (?), a. [Gr. ?.] Of or pertaining to an antistrophe. � An�tis�tro�phon (?), n. [Gr. ? turned opposite ways.] (Rhet.) An argument retorted on an opponent. Milton. An�ti�stru�mat�ic (?), a. (Med.) Antistrumous. � n. A medicine for scrofula. An�ti�stru�mous (?), a. (Med.) Good against scrofulous disorders. Johnson. Wiseman. An�ti�syph�i�lit�ic (?), a. (Med.) Efficacious against syphilis. � n. A medicine for syphilis. An�ti�the�ism (?), n. The doctrine of antitheists. � An�ti�the�is�tic (?), a. An�ti�the�ist, n. A disbeliever in the existence of God. An�tith�e�sis (?), n.; pl. Antitheses (?). [L., fr. Gr. ?, fr. ? to set against, to oppose; ? against + ? to set. See Thesis.] 1. (Rhet.) An opposition or contrast of words or sentiments occurring in the same sentence; as, �The prodigal robs his heir; the miser robs himself.� He had covertly shot at Cromwell; he how openly aimed at the Queen.� 2. The second of two clauses forming an ~. 3. Opposition; contrast. An�ti�thet (?), n. [L. antitheton, fr. Gr. ?, ?, antithetic.] An antithetic or contrasted statement. Bacon. An�ti�thet�ic (?), An�ti�thet�ic�al (?), } a. [Gr. ?.] Pertaining to antithesis, or opposition of words and sentiments; containing, or of the nature of, antithesis; contrasted. An�ti�thet�ic�al�ly, adv. By way antithesis. An�ti�tox�in , An�ti�tox�ine } (?), n. [Pref. anti� + toxin.] A substance (sometimes the product of a specific micro�organism and sometimes naturally present in the blood or tissues of an animal), capable of producing immunity from certain diseases, or of counteracting the poisonous effects of pathogenic bacteria. An�ti�trade� (?), n. A tropical wind blowing steadily in a direction opposite to the trade wind. � An�tit�ra�gus (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ?.] (Anat.) A prominence on the lower posterior portion of the concha of the external ear, opposite the tragus. See Ear. � An�ti�tro�chan�ter (?), n. (Anat.) An articular surface on the ilium of birds against which the great trochanter of the femur plays. An�tit�ro�pal (?), An�tit�ro�pous (?), } a. [Pref. anti� + Gr. ? turn, ? to turn.] (Bot.) At the extremity most remote from the hilum, as the embryo, or inverted with respect to the seed, as the radicle. Lindley. An�ti�ty�pal (?), a. Antitypical. [R.] An�ti�type (?), n. [Gr. ? of corresponding form; ? against + ? type, figure. See Type.] That of which the type pattern or representation; that which is represented by the type or symbol. An�ti�typ�ic�al (?), a. Of or pertaining to an antitype; explaining the type. � An�ti�typ�ic�al�ly, adv. An�tit�y�pous (?), a. [Gr. ?.] Resisting blows; hard. [Obs.] Cudworth. An�tit�y�py (?), n. [Gr. ?.] Opposition or resistance of matter to force. [R.] Sir W. Hamilton. An�ti�vac�ci�na�tion (?), n. Opposition to vaccination. London Times. An�ti�vac�ci�na�tion�ist, n. An antivaccinist. An�ti�vac�ci�nist, n. One opposed to vaccination. An�ti�va�ri�o�lous (?), a. Preventing the contagion of smallpox. An�ti�ve�ne�re�al (?), a. Good against venereal poison; antisyphilitic. An�ti�viv�i�sec�tion (?), n. Opposition to vivisection. An�ti�viv�i�sec�tion�ist, n. One opposed to vivisection An�ti�zym�ic (?), a. Preventing fermentation. An�ti�zy�mot�ic (?), a. (Med.) Preventing fermentation or decomposition. � n. An agent so used. Ant�ler (?), n. [OE. auntelere, OF. antoillier, andoiller, endouiller, fr. F. andouiller, fr. an assumed LL. antocularis, fr. L. ante before + oculus eye. See Ocular.] (Zo�l.) The entire horn, or any branch of the horn, of a cervine animal, as of a stag. Huge stags with sixteen antlers. Macaulay. � The branch next to the head is called the brow antler, and the branch next above, the bez antler, or bay antler. The main stem is the beam, and the branches are often called tynes. Antlers are deciduous bony (not horny) growths, and are covered with a periosteum while growing. See Velvet. � moth (Zo�l.), a destructive European moth (Cerapteryx graminis), which devastates grass lands. Ant�lered (?), a. Furnished with antlers. The antlered stag. Cowper. � Ant�li�a (?), n.; pl. Antil� (?). [L., a pump, Gr. ? hold of a ship.] (Zo�l.) The spiral tubular proboscis of lepidopterous insects. See Lepidoptera. Ant��li�on (?), n. (Zo�l.) A neuropterous insect, the larva of which makes in the sand a pitfall to capture ants, etc. The common American species is Myrmeleon obsoletus, the European is M. formicarius. � An�t?�ci (?), An�t?��cians (?), n. pl. [NL. antoeci, fr. Gr. pl. ?; ? opposite + ? to live.] Those who live under the same meridian, but on opposite parallels of latitude, north and south of the equator. � An�to�no�ma�si�a (?; 277), n. [L., fr. Gr. ?, fr. ? to name instead; ? + ? to name, ? name.] (Rhet.) The use of some epithet or the name of some office, dignity, or the like, instead of the proper name of the person; as when his majesty is used for a king, or when, instead of Aristotle, we say, the philosopher; or, conversely, the use of a proper name instead of an appellative, as when a wise man is called a Solomon, or an eminent orator a Cicero. An�to�no�mas�tic (?), a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, antonomasia. � An�to�no�mas�tic�al�ly (?), adv. An�ton�o�ma�sy (?), n. Antonomasia. An�to�nym (?), n. [Gr. ? a word used in substitution for another; ? + ?, ?, a word.] A word of opposite meaning; a counterterm; � used as a correlative of synonym. [R.] C. J. Smith. Ant�or�bit�al (?), a. [Pref. anti� + orbital.] (Anat.) Pertaining to, or situated in, the region of the front of the orbit. � n. The ~ bone. Ant�or�gas�tic (?), a. See Antiorgastic. Ant�o�zone (?), n. [Pref. anti� + ozone.] (Chem.) A compound formerly supposed to be modification of oxygen, but now known to be hydrogen dioxide; � so called because apparently antagonistic to ozone, converting it into ordinary oxygen. An�tral (?), a. (Anat.) Relating to an antrum. An�tre (?), n. [F. antre, L. antrum, fr. Gr. ?.] A cavern. [Obs.] Shak. An�trorse� (?), a. [From L. ante + versun turned; apparently formed in imitation of re?rorse.] (Bot.) Forward or upward in direction. Gray. An�tro�vert� (?), v. t. To bend forward. [R.] Owen. � An�trum (?), n.; pl. Antra (?). [L., fr. Gr. ?.] A cavern or cavity, esp. an anatomical cavity or sinus. Huxley. � An�trus�tion (?), n. [F., fr. LL. antrustio.] A vassal or voluntary follower of Frankish princes in their enterprises. Ant� thrush� (?). (Zo�l.) (a) One of several species of tropical birds, of the Old World, of the genus Pitta, somewhat resembling the thrushes, and feeding chiefly on ants. (b) See Ant bird, under Ant. � A�nu�bis (?), n. [L.] (Myth.) An Egyptian deity, the conductor of departed spirits, represented by a human figure with the head of a dog or fox. � A�nu�ra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? priv. + ? a tail.] (Zo�l.) One of the orders of amphibians characterized by the absence of a tail, as the frogs and toads. [Written also anoura.] A�nu�rous (?), a. (Zo�l.) Destitute of a tail, as the frogs and toads, [Also written anourous.] An�u�ry (?), n. [Gr. ? priv. + ? urine.] (Med.) Nonsecretion or defective secretion of urine; ischury. � A�nus (?), n. [L., prob. for asnus: cf. Gr. ? to sit, Skr. �s.] (Anat.) The posterior opening of the alimentary canal, through which the excrements are expelled. An�vil (?), n. [OE. anvelt, anfelt, anefelt, AS. anfilt, onfilt; of uncertain origin; cf. OHG. anafalz, D. aanbeld.] 1. An iron block, usually with a steel face, upon which metals are hammered and shaped. 2. Anything resembling an anvil in shape or use. Specifically (Anat.), the incus. See Incus. To be on the ~, to be in a state of discussion, formation, or preparation, as when a scheme or measure is forming, but not matured. Swift. An�vil, v. t. To form or shape on an ~; to hammer out; as, anviled armor. Beau. & Fl. Anx�i�e�tude (?), n. [L. anxietudo.] The state of being anxious; anxiety. [R.] Anx�i�e�ty (?), n.; pl. Anxieties (?). [L. anxietas, fr. anxius: cf. F. anxi�t�. See Anxious.] <-- p. 67 --> 1. Concern or solicitude respecting some thing o??vent, future or uncertain, which disturbs the mind, and keeps it in a state of painful uneasiness. 2. Eager desire. J. D. Forbes 3. (Med.) A state of restlessness and agitation, often with general indisposition and a distressing sense of oppression at the epigastrium. Dunglison. Syn. - Care; solicitude; foreboding; uneasiness; perplexity; disquietude; disquiet; trouble; apprehension; restlessness. See Care. Anx�ious (?), a. [L. anxius, fr. angere to cause pain, choke; akin to Gr. ? to choke. See Anger.] 1. Full of anxiety or disquietude; greatly concerned or solicitous, esp. respecting future or unknown; being in painful suspense; � applied to persons; as, anxious for the issue of a battle. 2. Accompanied with, or causing, anxiety; worrying; � applied to things; as, anxious labor. The sweet of life, from which God hath bid dwell far off all anxious cares. Milton. 3. Earnestly desirous; as, anxious to please. He sneers alike at those who are anxious to preserve and at those who are eager for reform. Macaulay. Anxious is followed by for, about, concerning, etc., before the object of solicitude. Syn. - Solicitous; careful; uneasy; unquiet; restless; concerned; disturbed; watchful. Anx�ious�ly, adv. In an anxious manner; with painful uncertainty; solicitously. Anx�ious�ness, n. The quality of being anxious; great solicitude; anxiety. A�ny (?), a. & pron. [OE. �ni?, �ni, eni, ani, oni, AS. ?nig, fr. �n one. It is akin to OS. ?nig, OHG. einic, G. einig, D. eenig. See One.] 1. One indifferently, out of an indefinite number; one indefinitely, whosoever or whatsoever it may be. � Any is often used in denying or asserting without limitation; as, this thing ought not be done at any time; I ask any one to answer my question. No man knoweth the Son, but the Father; neither knoweth any man the Father, save the Son. Matt. xi. 27. 2. Some, of whatever kind, quantity, or number; as, are there any witnesses present? are there any other houses like it? �Who will show us any good?� Ps. iv. 6. It is often used, either in the singular or the plural, as a pronoun, the person or thing being understood; anybody; anyone; (pl.) any persons. If any of you lack wisdom, let him ask of God,... and it shall be given him. Jas. i. 5. That if he found any of this way, whether they were men or women, he might bring them bound unto Jerusalem. Acts ix. 2. At any rate, In any case, whatever may be the state of affairs; anyhow. A�ny, adv. To ~ extent; in ~ degree; at all. You are not to go loose any longer. Shak. Before you go any farther. Steele. A�ny�bod�y (?), n. 1. Any one out of an indefinite number of persons; anyone; any person. His Majesty could not keep any secret from anybody. Macaulay. 2. A person of consideration or standing. [Colloq.] All the men belonged exclusively to the mechanical and shopkeeping classes, and there was not a single banker or anybody in the list. Lond. Sat. Rev. A�ny�how� (?), adv. In any way or manner whatever; at any rate; in any event. Anyhow, it must be acknowledged to be not a simple selforiginated error. J. H. Newman. Anyhow, the languages of the two nations were closely allied. E. A. Freeman. A�ny�one (?), n. One taken at random rather than by selection; anybody. [Commonly written as two words.] A�ny�thing (?), n. 1. Any object, act, state, event, or fact whatever; thing of any kind; something or other; aught; as, I would not do it for anything. Did you ever know of anything so unlucky? A. Trollope. They do not know that anything is amiss with them. W. G. Sumner. 2. Expressing an indefinite comparison; � with as or like. [Colloq. or Low] I fear your girl will grow as proud as anything. Richardson. � Any thing, written as two words, is now commonly used in contradistinction to any person or anybody. Formerly it was also separated when used in the wider sense. �Necessity drove them to undertake any thing and venture any thing.� De Foe. � but, not at all or in any respect. �The battle was a rare one, and the victory anything but secure.� Hawthorne. � � like, in any respect; at all; as, I can not give anything like a fair sketch of his trials. A�ny�thing, adv. In any measure; anywise; at all. Mine old good will and hearty affection towards you is not... anything at all quailed. Robynson (More's Utopia). A�ny�thing�a�ri�an (?), n. One who holds to no particular creed or dogma. A�ny�way (?), A�ny�ways (?), } adv. Anywise; at all. Tennyson. Southey. A�ny�where (?), adv. In any place. Udall. A�ny�whith�er (?), adv. To or towards any place. [Archaic] De Foe. A�ny�wise (?), adv. In any wise or way; at all. �Anywise essential.� Burke. A�o�ni�an (?), a. [From Aonia, a part of ??otia, in Greece.] Pertaining to Aonia, B?otia, or to the Muses, who were supposed to dwell there. � fount, the fountain of Aganippe, at the foot of Mount Helicon, not far from Thebes, and sacred to the Muses. A�o�rist (?), n. [Gr. ? indefinite; ? priv. + ? to define, ? boundary, limit.] (Gram.) A tense in the Greek language, which expresses an action as completed in past time, but leaves it, in other respects, wholly indeterminate. A�o�ris�tic (?), a. [Gr. ?.] Indefinite; pertaining to the aorist tense. A�or�ta (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ?, fr. ? to lift, heave.] (Anat.) The great artery which carries the blood from the heart to all parts of the body except the lungs; the main trunk of the arterial system. � In fishes and the early stages of all higher vertebrates the ~ divides near its origin into several branches (the aortic arches) which pass in pairs round the ?sophagus and unite to form the systemic ~. One or more pairs of these arches persist in amphibia and reptiles, but only one arch in birds and mammals, this being on the right side in the former, and on the left in the latter. A�or�tal (?), a. Aortic; resembling the aorta. [R.] A�or�tic (?), a. Of or pertaining to the aorta. � A�or�ti�tis (?), n. [Aorta + �itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the aorta. � A�ou�dad (?), n. [The Moorish name.] (Zo�l.) An African sheeplike quadruped (the Ammotragus tragelaphus) having a long mane on the breast and fore legs. It is, perhaps, the chamois of the Old Testament. A�pace� (?), adv. [Pref. a� + pace. OE. a pas at a walk, in which a is the article. See Pace.] With a quick pace; quick; fast; speedily. His dewy locks did drop with brine apace. Spenser. A visible triumph of the gospel draw? on apace. I. Taylor. A�pa�ches (?), n. pl.; sing. Apache (?). (Ethnol.) A group of nomadic North American Indians including several tribes native of Arizona, New Mexico, etc. Ap�a�go�ge (?), n. [Gr. ? a leading away, fr. ? to lead away; ? from + ? to lead.] (Logic) An indirect argument which proves a thing by showing the impossibility or absurdity of the contrary. Ap�a�gog�ic (?), Ap�a�gog�ic�al (?), } a. Proving indirectly, by showing the absurdity, or impossibility of the contrary. Bp. Berkeley. A�paid� (?), a. Paid; pleased. [Obs.] Chaucer. A�pair� (?), v. t. & i. To impair or become impaired; to injure. [Obs.] Chaucer. Ap�a�la�chi�an , a. See Appalachian. Ap�an�age , n. Same as Appanage. A�pan�thro�py (?), n. [Gr. ?; ? from + ? man.] An aversion to the company of men; a love of solitude. � A�par (?), A�pa�ra (?), n. [Native name apara.] (Zo�l.) See Mataco. � A�pa�re�jo (?), n. [Sp.] A kind of pack saddle used in the American military service and among the Spanish Americans. It is made of leather stuffed with hay, moss, or the like. � Ap�a�rith�me�sis (?; 277), n. [Gr. ?, from ? to count off or over.] (Rhet.) Enumeration of parts or particulars. A�part� (?), adv. [F. � part; (L. ad) + part part. See Part.] 1. Separately, in regard to space or company; in a state of separation as to place; aside. Others apart sat on a hill retired. Milton. The Lord hath set apart him that is godly for himself. Ps. iv. 3. 2. In a state of separation, of exclusion, or of distinction, as to purpose, use, or character, or as a matter of thought; separately; independently; as, consider the two propositions apart. 3. Aside; away. �Wherefore lay apart all filthiness and superfluity of naughtiness.� Jas. i. 21. Let Pleasure go, put Care apart. Keble. 4. In two or more parts; asunder; to piece; as, to take a piece of machinery apart. A�part�ment (?), n. [F. appartement; cf. It. appartamento, fr. appartare to separate, set apart; all fr. L. ad + pars, partis, part. See Apart.] 1. A room in a building; a division in a house, separated from others by partitions. Fielding. 2. A set or suite of rooms. De Quincey. 3. A compartment. [Obs.] Pope. A�part�ness (?), n. The quality of standing apart. � Ap�as�tron (?), n. [Gr. ? from + ? star.] (Astron.) That point in the orbit of a double star where the smaller star is farthest from its primary. Ap�a�thet�ic (?), Ap�a�thet�ic�al (?) a. [See Apathy.] Void of feeling; not susceptible of deep emotion; passionless; indifferent. Ap�a�thet�ic�al�ly, adv. In an apathetic manner. Ap�a�thist (?), n. [Cf. F. apathiste.] One who is destitute of feeling. Ap�a�this�tic�al (?), a. Apathetic; une motional. [R.] Ap�a�thy (?), n.; pl. Apathies (?). [L. apathia, Gr. ?; ? priv. + ?, fr. ?, ?, to suffer: cf. F. apathie. See Pathos.] Want of feeling; privation of passion, emotion, or excitement; dispassion; � applied either to the body or the mind. As applied to the mind, it is a calmness, indolence, or state of indifference, incapable of being ruffled or roused to active interest or exertion by pleasure, pain, or passion. �The apathy of despair.� Macaulay. A certain apathy or sluggishness in his nature which led him... to leave events to take their own course. Prescott. According to the Stoics, apathy meant the extinction of the passions by the ascendency of reason. Fleming. � In the first ages of the church, the Christians adopted the term to express a contempt of earthly concerns. Syn. - Insensibility; unfeelingness; indifference; unconcern; stoicism; supineness; sluggishness. Ap�a�tite (?), n. [Gr. ? deceit, fr. ? to deceive; it having been often mistaken for other minerals.] (Min.) Native phosphate of lime, occurring usually in six�sided prisms, color often pale green, transparent or translucent. A�pau�m�� (?), n. See Appaum?. Ape (?), n. [AS. apa; akin to D. aap, OHG. affo, G. affe, Icel. api, Sw. apa, Dan. abe, W. epa.] 1. (Zo�l.) A quadrumanous mammal, esp. of the family Simiad�, having teeth of the same number and form as in man, having teeth of the same number and form as in man, and possessing neither a tail nor cheek pouches. The name is applied esp. to species of the genus Hylobates, and is sometimes used as a general term for all Quadrumana. The higher forms, the gorilla, chimpanzee, and ourang, are often called anthropoid apes or man apes. � The ape of the Old Testament was prqobably the rhesus monkey of India, and allied forms. 2. One who imitates servilely (in allusion to the manners of the ape); a mimic. Byron. 3. A dupe. [Obs.] Chaucer. Ape, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aped ; p. pr. & vb. n. Aping.] To mimic, as an ape imitates human actions; to imitate or follow servilely or irrationally. �How he apes his sire.� Addison. The people of England will not ape the fashions they have never tried. Burke. A�peak� (?), adv. & a. [Pref. a� + peak. Cf. F. � pic vertically.] (Naut.) In a vertical line. The anchor in apeak, when the cable has been sufficiently hove in to bring the ship over it, and the ship is them said to be hove apeak. [Spelt also a?eek.] Ape�hood (?), n. The state of being an ape. A�pel�lous (?), a. [Pref. a� not + L. pellis skin.] Destitute of skin. Brande & C. Ap�en�nine (?), a. [L. Apenninus, fr. Celtic pen, or ben, peak, mountain.] Of, pertaining to, or designating, the Apennines, a chain of mountains extending through Italy. A�pep�sy (?), n. [NL. apepsia, fr. Gr. ?, fr. ? uncooked, undigested; ? priv. + ? cooked, ? to cook, digest.] (Med.) Defective digestion, indigestion. Coxe. Ap�er (?), n. One who apes. � A�pe�re�a (?), n. [Native name.] (Zo�l.) The wild Guinea pig of Brazil (Cavia aperea). A�pe�ri�ent (?), a. [L. aperiens, p. pr. of aperire to uncover, open; ab + parire, parere, to bring forth, produce. Cf. Cover, Overt.] (Med.) Gently opening the bowels; laxative. � n. An aperient medicine or food. Arbuthnot. A�per�i�tive (?), a. [Cf. F. ap�ritif, fr. L. aperire.] Serving to open; aperient. Harvey. A�pert� (?), a. [OF. apert, L. apertus, p. p. of aperire. See Aperient, and cf. Pert, a.] Open; ev?dent; undisguised. [Archaic] Fotherby. A�pert�, adv. Openly. [Obs.] Chaucer. A�per�tion (?), n. [L. apertio.] The act of opening; an opening; an aperture. [Archaic] Wiseman. A�pert�ly, adv. Openly; clearly. [Archaic] A�pert�ness, n. Openness; frankness. [Archaic] Ap�er�ture (?; 135), n. [L. apertura, fr. aperire. See Aperient.] 1. The act of opening. [Obs.] 2. An opening; an open space; a gap, cleft, or chasm; a passage perforated; a hole; as, an aperture in a wall. An aperture between the mountains. Gilpin. The back aperture of the nostrils. Owen. 3. (Opt.) The diameter of the exposed part of the object glass of a telescope or other optical instrument; as, a telescope of four�inch aperture. � The aperture of microscopes is often expressed in degrees, called also the angular aperture, which signifies the angular breadth of the pencil of light which the instrument transmits from the object or point viewed; as, a microscope of 1000 aperture. Ap�er�y (?), n.; pl. Aperies . 1. A place where apes are kept. [R.] Kingsley. 2. The practice of aping; an apish action. Coleridge. <-- p. 68 --> A�pet�al�ous (?), a. [Pref. a� not + petal.] (Bot.) Having no petals, or flower leaves. [See Illust. under Anther. A�pet�al�ous�ness, n. The state of being apetalous. A�pex (?), n.; pl. E. Apexes (?); L. Apices (?). [L.] 1. The tip, top, point, or angular summit of anything; as, the apex of a mountain, spire, or cone; the apex, or tip, of a leaf. 2. (Mining) The end or edge of a vein nearest the surface. [U.S.] � of the earth's motion (Astron.), that point of the heavens toward which the earth is moving in its orbit. � A�ph�r�e�sis (?; 277), n. [L.] Same as Apheresis. � A�pha�ki�a (?), n. [NL.; Gr. ? priv. + ? seed of a lentil.] (Med.) An anomalous state of refraction caused by the absence of the crystalline lens, as after operations for cataract. The remedy is the use of powerful convex lenses. Dunglison. A�pha�ki�al (?), a. (Med.) Pertaining to aphakia; as, aphakial eyes. � Aph�a�nip�te�ra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? invisible (? priv. + ? to appear) + ? a wing.] (Zo�l.) A group of wingless insects, of which the flea in the type. See Flea. Aph�a�nip�ter�ous (?), a. (Zo�l.) Of or pertaining to the Aphaniptera. Aph�a�nite (?), n. [Gr. ? invisible; ? priv. + ? to appear.] (Min.) A very compact, dark�colored ?ock, consisting of hornblende, or pyroxene, and feldspar, but neither of them in perceptible grains. Aph�a�nit�ic (?), a. (Min.) Resembling aphanite; having a very fine�grained structure. � A�pha�si�a (?), Aph�a�sy (?), } n. [NL. aphasia, Gr. ?, fr. ? not spoken; ? priv. + ? to speak: cf. F. aphasie.] (Med.) Loss of the power of speech, or of the appropriate use of words, the vocal organs remaining intact, and the intelligence being preserved. It is dependent on injury or disease of the brain. A�pha�sic (?), a. Pertaining to, or affected by, aphasia; speechless. A�phel�ion (?; 277), n.; pl. Aphelia (?). [Gr. ? + ? sun.] (Astron.) That point of a planet's or comet's orbit which is most distant from the sun, the opposite point being the perihelion. A�phe�li�o�trop�ic (?), a. [Gr. ? + ? sun + ? belonging to a turning.] Turning away from the sun; � said of leaves, etc. Darwin. A�phe�li�ot�ro�pism (?), n. The habit of bending from the sunlight; � said of certain plants. � A�phe�mi�a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ? priv. + ? voice.] (Med.) Loss of the power of speaking, while retaining the power of writing; � a disorder of cerebral origin. A�pher�e�sis (?; 277), n. [L. aphaeresis, Gr. ?, fr. ? to take away; ? + ? to take.] 1. (Gram.) The dropping of a letter or syllable from the beginning of a word; e. g., cute for acute. 2. (Surg.) An operation by which any part is separated from the rest. [Obs.] Dunglison. � Aph�e�sis (?), n. [Gr. ? a letting go; ? + ? to let go.] The loss of a short unaccented vowel at the beginning of a word; � the result of a phonetic process; as, squire for esquire. New Eng. Dict. A�phet�ic (?), a. [Gr. ? letting go, fr. ? to let go.] Shortened by dropping a letter or a syllable from the beginning of a word; as, an aphetic word or form. � A�phet�ic�al�ly, adv. New Eng. Dict. Aph�e�tism (?), n. An aphetized form of a word. New Eng. Dict. Aph�e�tize (?), v. t. To shorten by aphesis. These words... have been aphetized. New Eng. Dict. A�phid (?), n. (Zo�l.) One of the genus Aphis; an aphidian. Aph�i�des (?), n. pl. (Zo�l.) See Aphis. A�phid�i�an (?), a. (Zo�l.) Of or pertaining to the family Aphid�. � n. One of the aphides; an aphid. Aph�i�div�o�rous (?)(?). [Aphis + L. vorare to devour.] (Zo�l.) Devouring aphides; aphidophagous. Aph�i�doph�a�gous (?), a. [Aphis + Gr. ? to eat.] (Zo�l.) Feeding upon aphides, or plant lice, as do beetles of the family Coccinellid�. Aph�i�lan�thro�py (?), n. [Gr. ? not loving man; ? priv. + ? to love + ? man.] Want of love to mankind; � the opposite of philanthropy. Coxe. � A�phis (?), n.; pl. Aphides (?). [NL.] (Zo�l.) A genus of insects belonging to the order Hemiptera and family Aphid�, including numerous species known as plant lice and green flies. � Besides the true males and females, there is a race of wingless asexual individuals which have the power of producing living young in rapid succession, and these in turn may produce others of the same kind for several generations, before sexual individuals appear. They suck the sap of plants by means of a tubular proboscis, and owing to the wonderful rapidity of their reproduction become very destructive to vegetation. Many of the Aphid� excrete honeydew from two tubes near the end of the body. A�phis li�on (?). (Zo�l.) The larva of the lacewinged flies (Chrysopa), which feeds voraciously upon aphids. The name is also applied to the larv� of the ladybugs (Coccinella). Aph�lo�gis��tic (?), a. [Gr. ? not inflammable; ? priv. + ? set on fire. See Phlogiston.] Flameless; as, an aphlogistic lamp, in which a coil of wire is kept in a state of continued ignition by alcohol, without flame. � A�pho�ni�a (?), Aph�o�ny (?), } n. [NL. aphonia, Gr. ?, fr. ? voiceless; ? priv. + ? voice: cf. F. aphonie.] (Med.) Loss of voice or vocal utterance. A�phon�ic (?), Aph�o�nous (?), } a. Without voice; voiceless; nonvocal. Aph�o�rism (?), n. [F. aphorisme, fr. Gr. ? definition, a short, pithy sentence, fr. ? to mark off by boundaries, to define; ? from + ? to separate, part. See Horizon.] A comprehensive maxim or principle expressed in a few words; a sharply defined sentence relating to abstract truth rather than to practical matters. The first aphorism of Hippocrates is, �Life is short, and the art is long.� Fleming. Syn. - Axiom; maxim; adage; proverb; apothegm; saying; saw; truism; dictum. See Axiom. Aph�o�ris�mat�ic (?), Aph�o�ris�mic (?), } a. Pertaining to aphorisms, or having the form of an aphorism. Aph�o�ris�mer (?)(?) n. A dealer in aphorisms. [Used in derogation or contempt.] Milton. Aph�o�rist, n. A writer or utterer of aphorisms. Aph�o�ris�tic (?)(?), Aph�o�ris�tic�al (?), } a. [Gr. ?.] In the form of, or of the nature of, an aphorism; in the form of short, unconnected sentences; as, an aphoristic style. The method of the book is aphoristic. De Quincey. Aph�o�ris�tic�al�ly, adv. In the form or manner of aphorisms; pithily. Aph�o�rize (?), v. i. To make aphorisms. Aph�rite (?), n. (Min.) See under Calcite. Aph�ro�dis�i�ac (?), Aph�ro�di�si�a�cal (?), } a. [Gr. ? pertaining to sensual love, fr. ?. See Aphrodite.] Exciting venereal desire; provocative to venery. Aph�ro�dis�i�ac, n. That which (as a drug, or some kinds of food) excites to venery. Aph�ro�dis�i�an (?), a. [Gr. ?.] Pertaining to Aphrodite or Venus. �Aphrodisian dames� [that is, courtesans]. C. Reade. � Aph�ro�di�te (?), n. [Gr. ?.] 1. (Classic Myth.) The Greek goddess of love, corresponding to the Venus of the Romans. 2. (Zo�l.) A large marine annelid, covered with long, lustrous, golden, hairlike set�; the sea mouse. 3. (Zo�l.) A beautiful butterfly (Argunnis Aphrodite) of the United States. Aph�ro�dit�ic (?), a. Venereal. [R.] Dunglison. � Aph�tha (?), n. [Sing. of Aphth�.] (Med.) (a) One of the whitish specks called aphth�. (b) The disease, also called thrush. � Aph�th� (?), n. pl. [L., fr. Gr. ? (mostly in pl. ?, Hipp.) an eruption, thrush, fr. ? to set on fire, inflame.] (Med.) Roundish pearl�colored specks or flakes in the mouth, on the lips, etc., terminating in white sloughs. They are commonly characteristic of thrush. Aph�thoid , a. [Aphtha + �oid.] Of the nature of aphth�; resembling thrush. Aph�thong (?; 277), n. [Gr. ? silent; ? priv. + ? voice, sound, fr. ? to sound.] A letter, or a combination of letters, employed in spelling a word, but in the pronunciation having no sound. � Aph�thon�gal (?), a. Aph�thous (?)(?) a. [Cf. F. aphtheux.] Pertaining to, or caused by, aphth�; characterized by apht�; as, aphthous ulcers; aphthous fever. Aph�yl�lous (?), a. [Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? leaf.] (Bot.) Destitute of leaves, as the broom rape, certain euphorbiaceous plants, etc. A�pi�a�ceous (?), a. (Bot.) Umbelliferous. A�pi�an (?), a. Belonging to bees. A�pi�a�ri�an (?), a. Of or relating to bees. A�pi�a�rist (?), n. One who keeps an apiary. A�pi�a�ry (?), n. [L. apiarium, fr. apis bee.] A place where bees are kept; a stand or shed for bees; a beehouse. Ap�ic�al (?), a. [L. apex, apicis, tip or summit.] At or belonging to an apex, tip, or summit. Gray. � Ap�i�ces (?), n. pl. See Apex. A�pi�cian (?), a. [L. Apicianus.] Belonging to Apicius, a notorious Roman epicure; hence applied to whatever is peculiarly refined or dainty and expensive in cookery. H. Rogers. A�pic�u�lar , a. [NL. apiculus, dim. of L. apex, apicis.] Situated at, or near, the apex; apical. A�pic�u�late (?), A�pic�u�la�ted (?), } a. [See Apicular.] (Bot.) Terminated abruptly by a small, distinct point, as a leaf. Ap�i�cul�ture (?; 135), n. [L. apis bee + E. culture.] Rearing of bees for their honey and wax. A�piece� (?), adv. [Pref. a� + piece.] Each by itself; by the single one; to each; as the share of each; as, these melons cost a shilling apiece. �Fined... a thousand pounds apiece.� Hume. A�pie�ces (?), adv. In pieces or to pieces. [Obs.] �Being torn apieces.� Shak. A�pik�ed (?), a. Trimmed. [Obs.] Full fresh and new here gear apiked was. Chaucer. A�pi�ol (?), n. [L. apium parsley + �ol.] (Med.) An oily liquid derived from parsley. A�pi�ol�o�gist (?), n. [L. apis bee + �logist (see �logy).] A student of bees. [R.] Emerson. � A�pis (?), n. [L., bee.] (Zo�l.) A genus of insects of the order Hymenoptera, including the common honeybee (Apis mellifica) and other related species. See Honeybee. Ap�ish (?), a. Having the qualities of an ape; prone to imitate in a servile manner. Hence: Apelike; fantastically silly; foppish; affected; trifling. The apish gallantry of a fantastic boy. Sir W. Scott. Ap�ish�ly, adv. In an apish manner; with servile imitation; foppishly. Ap�ish�ness, n. The quality of being apish; mimicry; foppery. A�pit�pat , adv. [Pref. a� + pitpat.] With quick beating or palpitation; pitapat. Congreve. Ap�la�cen�tal , a. [Pref. a� + placental.] Belonging to the Aplacentata; without placenta. � Ap�la�cen�ta�ta , n. pl. [Pref. a� not + placenta.] (Zo�l.) Mammals which have no placenta. � Ap�la�coph�o�ra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? priv. + ? a flat cake + ? to bear.] (Zo�l.) A division of Amphineura in which the body is naked or covered with slender spines or set�, but is without shelly plates. Ap�la�nat�ic (?), a. [Gr. ? priv. + ? disposed to wander, wandering, ? to wander.] (Opt.) Having two or more parts of different curvatures, so combined as to remove spherical aberration; � said of a lens. � focus of a lens (Opt.), the point or focus from which rays diverging pass the lens without spherical aberration. In certain forms of lenses there are two such foci; and it is by taking advantage of this fact that the best ~ object glasses of microscopes are constructed. A�plan�a�tism (?), n. Freedom from spherical aberration. A�plas�tic (?), a. [Pref. a� not + plastic.] Not plastic or easily molded. � A�plomb� (?), n. [F., lit. perpendicularity; ? to + plomb lead. See Plumb.] Assurance of manner or of action; self�possession. A�plot�o�my (?), n. [Gr. ? simple + ? a cutting.] (Surg.) Simple incision. Dunglison. � A�plus�tre (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. ?.] (Rom. Antiq.) An ornamental appendage of wood at the ship's stern, usually spreading like a fan and curved like a bird's feather. Audsley. � A�plys�i�a (?), n. [Gr. ? a dirty sponge, fr. ? unwashed; ? priv. + ? to wash.] (Zo�l.) A genus of marine mollusks of the order Tectibranchiata; the sea hare. Some of the species when disturbed throw out a deep purple liquor, which colors the water to some distance. See Illust. in Appendix. � Ap�neu�mo�na (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? priv. + ?, ?, a lung.] (Zo�l.) An order of holothurians in which the internal respiratory organs are wanting; � called also Apoda or Apodes. � Ap�n?�a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ? priv. + ?, ?, breath, ? to breathe, blow.] (Med.) Partial privation or suspension of breath; suffocation. Ap�o (?). [Gr. ?. See Ab�.] A prefix from a Greek preposition. It usually signifies from, away from, off, or asunder, separate; as, in apocope (a cutting off), apostate, apostle (one sent away), apocarpous. A�poc�a�lypse (?), n. [L. apocalypsis, Gr. ?, fr. ? to uncover, to disclose; ? from + ? to cover, conceal: cf. F. apocalypse.] 1. The revelation delivered to St. John, in the isle of Patmos, near the close of the first century, forming the last book of the New Testament. 2. Anything viewed as a revelation; as disclosure. The new apocalypse of Nature. Carlyle. A�poc�a�lyp�tic (?), A�poc�a�lyp�tic�al (?), } a. [Gr. ?.] Of or pertaining to a revelation, or, specifically, to the Revelation of St. John; containing, or of the nature of, a prophetic revelation. � number, the number 666, mentioned in Rev. xiii. 18. It has been variously interpreted. <-- p. 69 --> A�poc�a�lyp�tic (?), A�poc�a�lyp�tist, n. The writer of the Apocalypse. A�poc�a�lyp�tic�al�ly (?), adv. By revelation; in an apocalyptic manner. Ap�o�car�pous , a. [Pref. apo� + Gr. ? fruit.] (Bot.) Either entirely of partially separate, as the carpels of a compound pistil; � opposed to syncarpous. Lindley. A�poc�o�pate (?), v. t. [LL. apocopatus, p. p. of apocopare to cut off, fr. L. apocore. See Apocope.] (Gram.) To cut off or drop; as, to apocopate a word, or the last letter, syllable, or part of a word. A�poc�o�pate (?), A�poc�o�pa�ted (?), } a. Shortened by apocope; as, an apocopate form. A�poc�o�pa�tion (?), n. Shortening by apocope; the state of being apocopated. � A�poc�o�pe, n. [L., fr. Gr. ? a cutting off, fr. ? to cut off; ? from + ? to cut.] 1. The cutting off, or omission, of the last letter, syllable, or part of a word. 2. (Med.) A cutting off; abscission. Ap�o�cris�i�a�ry (?), � Ap�o�cris�i�a�ri�us (?), } n. [L. apocrisiarius, apocrisarius, fr. Gr. ? answer, fr. ? to answer; ? from + ? to separate.] (Eccl.) A delegate or deputy; especially, the pope's nuncio or legate at Constantinople. Ap�o�crus�tic (?), a. [Gr. ? able to drive off, fr. ? to drive off.] (Med.) Astringent and repellent. � n. An apocrustic medicine. A�poc�ry�pha (?), n. pl., but often used as sing. with pl. Apocryphas (?). [L. apocryphus apocryphal, Gr. ? hidden, spurious, fr. ? to hide; ? from + ? to hide.] 1. Something, as a writing, that is of doubtful authorship or authority; � formerly used also adjectively. [Obs.] Locke. 2. Specif.: Certain writings which are received by some Christians as an authentic part of the Holy Scriptures, but are rejected by others. � Fourteen such writings, or books, formed part of the Septuagint, but not of the Hebrew canon recognized by the Jews of Palestine. The Council of Trent included all but three of these in the canon of inspired books having equal authority. The German and English Reformers grouped them in their Bibles under the title Apocrypha, as not having dogmatic authority, but being profitable for instruction. The Apocrypha is now commonly ?mitted from the King James's Bible. A�poc�ry�phal (?), a. 1. Pertaining to the Apocrypha. 2. Not canonical. Hence: Of doubtful authority; equivocal; mythic; fictitious; spurious; false. The passages... are, however, in part from apocryphal or fictitious works. Sir G. C. Lewis. A�poc�ry�phal�ist, n. One who believes in, or defends, the Apocrypha. [R.] A�poc�ry�phal�ly, adv. In an apocryphal manner; mythically; not indisputably. A�poc�ry�phal�ness, n. The quality or state of being apocryphal; doubtfulness of credit or genuineness. A�poc�y�na�ceous (?), Ap�o�cyn�e�ous (?), a. [Gr. ? dogbane; ? from + ? dog.]] (Bot.) Belonging to, or resembling, a family of plants, of which the dogbane (Apocynum) is the type. A�poc�y�nin (?), n. [From Apocynum, the generic name of dogbane.] (Chem.) A bitter principle obtained from the dogbane (Apocynum cannabinum). Ap�od (?), Ap�o�dal (?), } a. [See Apod, n.] 1. Without feet; footless. 2. (Zo�l.) Destitute of the ventral fin, as the eels. Ap�od (?), Ap�ode (?), } n.; pl. Apods (?) or Apodes (?). [Gr. ?, ?, footless; ? priv. + ?, ?, foot.] (Zo�l.) One of certain animals that have no feet or footlike organs; esp. one of certain fabulous birds which were said to have no feet. � The bird of paradise formerly had the name Paradisea apoda, being supposed to have no feet, as these were wanting in the specimens first obtained from the East Indies. � Ap�o�da (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ?, ?. See Apod, n.] (Zo�l.) (a) A group of cirripeds, destitute of footlike organs. (b) An order of Amphibia without feet. See Ophiomorpha. (c) A group of worms without appendages, as the leech. Ap�o�dan (?), a. (Zo�l.) Apodal. Ap�o�deic�tic (?), Ap�o�dic�tic (?), Ap�o�deic�tic�al (?), Ap�o�dic�tic�al (?), } a. [L. apodicticus, Gr. ?, fr. ? to point out, to show by argument; ? from + ? to show.] Self�evident; intuitively true; evident beyond contradiction. Brougham. Sir Wm. Hamilton. Ap�o�deic�tic�al�ly, Ap�o�dic�tic�al�ly, adv. So as to be evident beyond contradiction. Ap�o�deme (?), n. [Pref. apo� + Gr. ? body.] (Zo�l.) One of the processes of the shell which project inwards and unite with one another, in the thorax of many Crustacea. � Ap�o�des (?), n. pl. [NL., masc. pl. See Apoda.] (Zo�l.) (a) An order of fishes without ventral fins, including the eels. (b) A group of holothurians destitute of suckers. See Apneumona. Ap�o�dic�tic (?), a. Same as Apodeictic. � Ap�o�dix�is (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. ?, fr. ?.] Full demonstration. � A�pod�o�sis (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. ?, fr. ? to give back; ? from, back again + ? to give.] (Gram.) The consequent clause or conclusion in a conditional sentence, expressing the result, and thus distinguished from the protasis or clause which expresses a condition. Thus, in the sentence, �Though he slay me, yet will I trust in him,� the former clause is the protasis, and the latter the apodosis. � Some grammarians extend the terms protasis and apodosis to the introductory clause and the concluding clause, even when the sentence is not conditional. Ap�o�dous (?)(?), a. (Zo�l.) Apodal; apod. � A�pod�y�te�ri�um (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. ?, fr. ? to strip one's self.] (Anc. Arch.) The apartment at the entrance of the baths, or in the palestra, where one stripped; a dressing room. Ap�o�ga�ic (?), a. [Gr. ? far from the earth.] Apogean. Ap�o�gam�ic (?), a. Relating to apogamy. A�pog�a�my (?), n. [Pref. apo� + Gr. ? marriage.] (Bot.) The formation of a bud in place of a fertilized ovule or o�spore. De Bary. Ap�o�ge�al (?), a. (Astron.) Apogean. Ap�o�ge�an (?), a. Connected with the apogee; as, apogean (neap) tides, which occur when the moon has passed her apogee. Ap�o�gee (?), n. [Gr. ? from the earth; ? from + ?, ?, earth: cf. F. apog�e.] 1. (Astron.) That point in the orbit of the moon which is at the greatest distance from the earth. � Formerly, on the hypothesis that the earth is in the center of the system, this name was given to that point in the orbit of the sun, or of a planet, which was supposed to be at the greatest distance from the earth. 2. Fig.: The farthest or highest point; culmination. Ap�o�ge�o�trop�ic (?), a. [Pref. apo� + Gr. ? earth + ? turning.] (Bot.) Bending away from the ground; � said of leaves, etc. Darwin. Ap�o�ge�ot�ro�pism (?), n. The apogeotropic tendency of some leaves, and other parts. Ap�o�graph (?), n. [Gr. ?; ? from + ? to write: cf. F. apographe.] A copy or transcript. Blount. Ap�o�hy�al (?), a. [Pref. apo� + the Gr. letter Y.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a portion of the horn of the hyoid bone. A�poise� (?), adv. [Pref. a� + poise.] Balanced. A�po�lar (?), a. [Pref. a� + polar.] (Biol.) Having no radiating processes; � applied particularly to certain nerve cells. Ap�o�laus�tic (?), a. [Gr. ?, fr. ? to enjoy.] Devoted to enjoyment. A�pol�li�na�ri�an (?), a. [L. Apollinaris, fr. Apollo.] (Rom. Antiq.) In honor of Apollo; as, the Apollinarian games. A�pol�li�na�ri�an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Apollinaris, Bishop of Laodicea in the fourth century, who denied the proper humanity of Christ. A�pol�li�na�ris wa�ter (?). An effervescing alkaline mineral water used as a table beverage. It is obtained from a spring in Apollinarisburg, near Bonn. A�pol�lo (?), n. [L. Apollo, �linis, Gr. ?.] (Classic Myth.) A deity among the Greeks and Romans. He was the god of light and day (the �sun god�), of archery, prophecy, medicine, poetry, and music, etc., and was represented as the model of manly grace and beauty; � called also Ph?bus. The � Belvedere, a celebrated statue of � in the Belvedere gallery of the Vatican palace at Rome, esteemed of the noblest representations of the human frame. Ap�ol�lo�ni�an (?), Ap�ol�lon�ic (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, Apollo. A�pol�ly�on (?), n. [Gr. ? destroying, fr. ?, ?, to destroy utterly; ? from, entirely + ? to destroy.] The Destroyer; � a name used (Rev. ix. 11) for the angel of the bottomless pit, answering to the Hebrew Abaddon. A�pol�o�ger (?), n. A teller of apologues. [Obs.] A�pol�o�get�ic (?), A�pol�o�get�ic�al (?), } a. [Gr. ?, fr. ? to speak in defense of; ? from + ? speech, ? to say, to speak. See Logic.] Defending by words or arguments; said or written in defense, or by way of apology; regretfully excusing; as, an apologetic essay. �To speak in a subdued and apologetic tone.� Macaulay. A�pol�o�get�ic�al�ly, adv. By way of apology. A�pol�o�get�ics (?), n. That branch of theology which defends the Holy Scriptures, and sets forth the evidence of their divine authority. A�pol�o�gist (?), n. [Cf. F. apologiste.] One who makes an apology; one who speaks or writes in defense of a faith, a cause, or an institution; especially, one who argues in defense of Christianity. A�pol�o�gize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Apologized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Apologizing.] [Cf. F. apologiser.] 1. To make an apology or defense. Dr. H. More. 2. To make an apology or excuse; to make acknowledgment of some fault or offense, with expression of regret for it, by way of amends; � with for; as, my correspondent apologized for not answering my letter. To apologize for his insolent language. Froude. A�pol�o�gize, v. t. To defend. [Obs.] The Christians... were apologized by Plinie. Dr. G. Benson. A�pol�o�gi�zer (?), n. One who makes an apology; an apologist. Ap�o�logue (?), n. [L. apologous, Gr. ?; ? from + ? speech, ? to speak: cf. F. apologue.] A story or relation of fictitious events, intended to convey some moral truth; a moral fable. � An apologue differs from a parable in this;: the parable is drawn from events which take place among mankind, and therefore requires probability in the narrative; the apologue is founded on supposed actions of brutes or inanimate things, and therefore is not limited by strict rules of probability. �sop's fables are good examples of apologues. A�pol�o�gy (?), n.; pl. Apologies . [L. apologia, Gr. ?; ? from + ?: cf. F. apologie. See Apologetic.] 1. Something said or written in defense or justification of what appears to others wrong, or of what may be liable to disapprobation; justification; as, Tertullian's Apology for Christianity. It is not my intention to make an apology for my poem; some will think it needs no excuse, and others will receive none. Dryden. 2. An acknowledgment intended as an atonement for some improper or injurious remark or act; an admission to another of a wrong or discourtesy done him, accompanied by an expression of regret. 3. Anything provided as a substitute; a makeshift. He goes to work devising apologies for window curtains. Dickens. Syn. - Excuse. An apology, in the original sense of the word, was a pleading off from some charge or imputation, by explaining and defending one's principles or conduct. It therefore amounted to a vindication. One who offers an apology, admits himself to have been, at least apparently, in the wrong, but brings forward some palliating circumstance, or tenders a frank acknowledgment, by way of reparation. We make an apology for some breach of propriety or decorum (like rude expressions, unbecoming conduct, etc.), or some deficiency in what might be reasonably expected. We offer an excuse when we have been guilty of some breach or neglect of duty; and we do it by way of extenuating our fault, and with a view to be forgiven. When an excuse has been accepted, an apology may still, in some cases, be necessary or appropriate. �An excuse is not grounded on the claim of innocence, but is rather an appeal for favor resting on some collateral circumstance. An apology mostly respects the conduct of individuals toward each other as equals; it is a voluntary act produced by feelings of decorum, or a desire for the good opinion of others.� Crabb. A�pol�o�gy (?), v. i. To offer an ~. [Obs.] For which he can not well apology. J. Webster. Ap�o�me�com�e�ter , n. An instrument for measuring the height of objects. Knight. Ap�o�me�com�e�try , n. [Pref. apo� + Gr. ? length + �metry.] The art of measuring the distance of objects afar off. [Obs. or R.] � Ap�o�mor�phi�a (?), Ap�o�mor�phine (?), } n. [Pref. apo� + morphia, morphine.] (Chem.) A crystalline alkaloid obtained from morphia. It is a powerful emetic. � Ap�o�neu�ro�sis (?), n.; pl. Aponeuroses (?). [Gr. ?, fr. ? to pass into a tendon; ? from + ? to strain the sinews, ? sinew, tendon, nerve.] (Anat.) Any one of the thicker and denser of the deep fasci� which cover, invest, and the terminations and attachments of, many muscles. They often differ from tendons only in being flat and thin. See Fascia. Ap�o�neu�rot�ic (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to an aponeurosis. Ap�o�neu�rot�o�my (?), n. [Aponeurosis + Gr. ? a cutting.] Dissection of aponeuroses. Ap�o�pemp�tic (?), a. [Gr. ?, fr. ? to send off or away; ? from + ? to send.] Sung or addressed to one departing; valedictory; as, apoplectic songs or hymns. � A�poph�a�sis (?), n. [Gr. ? denial, fr. ? to speak out, to deny.] (Rhet.) A figure by which a speaker formally declines to take notice of a favorable point, but in such a manner as to produce the effect desired. [For example, see Mark Antony's oration. Shak., Julius C�sar, iii. 2.] Ap�o�phleg�mat�ic (?), a. [Gr. ?; ? from + ? full of phlegm. See Phlegmatic.] (Med.) Designed to facilitate discharges of phlegm or mucus from mouth or nostrils. � n. An ~ medicine. Ap�o�phleg�ma�tism , n. [Gr. ?, Galen.] 1. (Med.) The action of apophlegmatics. 2. An apophlegmatic. [Obs.] Bacon. Ap�o�phleg�mat�i�zant (?), n. (Med.) An apophlegmatic. [Obs.] Ap�oph�thegm (?), n. See Apothegm. Ap�oph�theg�mat�ic (?), Ap�oph�theg�mat�ic�al (?), a. Same as Apothegmatic. � A�poph�y�ge (?), n. [Gr. ? escape, in arch. the curve with which the shaft escapes into its base or capital, fr. ? to ??ee away; ? from + ? to flee: cf. F. apophyge.] (Arch.) The small hollow curvature given to the top or bottom of the shaft of a column where it expands to meet the edge of the fillet; � called also the scape. Parker. A�poph�yl�lite (?), n. [Pref. apo� + Gr. ? leaf; so called from its foliated structure or easy cleavage.] (Min.) A mineral relating to the zeolites, usually occurring in square prisms or octahedrons with pearly luster on the cleavage surface. It is a hydrous silicate of calcium and potassium. � A�poph�y�sis (?), n.; pl. �ses. [NL., fr. Gr. ? offshoot, process of a bone, fr. ? to grow from; ? from + ?, ?, to grow.] 1. (Anat.) A marked prominence or process on any part of a bone. 2. (bot.) An enlargement at the top of a pedicel or stem, as seen in certain mosses. Gray. Ap�o�plec�tic (?)(?) Ap�o�plec�tic�al (?), } a. [L. apoplecticus, Gr. ?, fr. ?: cf. F. apoplectique. See Apoplexy.] Relating to apoplexy; affected with, inclined to, or symptomatic of, apoplexy; as, an apoplectic person, medicine, habit or temperament, symptom, fit, or stroke. Ap�o�plec�tic, n. One liable to, or affected with, apoplexy. Ap�o�plec�ti�form (?), Ap�o�plec�toid (?), a. [Apoplectic + �form, �oid.] Resembling apoplexy. Ap�o�plex (?), n. Apoplexy. [Obs.] Dryden. Ap�o�plexed , a. Affected with apoplexy. [Obs.] Shak. <-- p. 70 --> Ap�o�plex�y (?), n. [OE. poplexye, LL. poplexia, apoplexia, fr. Gr. ?, fr. ? to cripple by a stroke; ? from + ? to strike: cf. F. apoplexie. See Plague.] (Med.) Sudden diminution or loss of consciousness, sensation, and voluntary motion, usually caused by pressure on the brain. � The term is now usually limited to cerebral apoplexy, or loss of consciousness due to effusion of blood or other lesion within the substance of the brain; but it is sometimes extended to denote an effusion of blood into the substance of any organ; as, apoplexy of the lung. Ap�o�ret�ic�al (?), a. [Gr. ?. See Aporia.] Doubting; skeptical. [Obs.] Cudworth. � A�po�ri�a (?), n.; pl. Aporias . [L., doubt, Gr. ?, fr. ? without passage, at a loss; ? priv. + ? passage.] (Rhet.) A figure in which the speaker professes to be at a loss what course to pursue, where to begin to end, what to say, etc. � Ap�o�ro�sa (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ?. See Aporia.] (Zo�l.) A group of corals in which the coral is not porous; � opposed to Perforata. Ap�o�rose� (?), a. (Zo�l.) Without pores. A�port� (?), adv. [Pref. a� + port.] (Naut.) On or towards the port or left side; � said of the helm. � Ap�o�si�o�pe�sis (?; 277), n. [L., fr. Gr. ?, from ? to be quite silent.] (Rhet.) A figure of speech in which the speaker breaks off suddenly, as if unwilling or unable to state what was in his mind; as, �I declare to you that his conduct � but I can not speak of that, here.� Ap�o�sit�ic , a. [Gr. ?; ? from + ? food.] (Med.) Destroying the appetite, or suspending hunger. A�pos�ta�sy (?), n.; pl. Apostasies (?). [OE. apostasie, F. apostasie, L. apostasia, fr. Gr. ? a standing off from, a defection, fr. ? to stand off, revolt; ? from + ? to stand. See Off and Stand.] An abandonment of what one has voluntarily professed; a total desertion of departure from one's faith, principles, or party; esp., the renunciation of a religious faith; as, Julian's apostasy from Christianity. A�pos�tate (?), n. [L. apostata, Gr. ?, fr. ?. See Apostasy.] 1. One who has forsaken the faith, principles, or party, to which he before adhered; esp., one who has forsaken his religion for another; a pervert; a renegade. 2. (R. C. Ch.) One who, after having received sacred orders, renounces his clerical profession. A�pos�tate, a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, apostasy; faithless to moral allegiance; renegade. So spake the apostate angel. Milton. A wretched and apostate state. Steele. A�pos�tate, v. i. [L. apostatare.] To apostatize. [Obs.] We are not of them which apostate from Christ. Bp. Hall. Ap�o�stat�ic (?), a. [L. apostaticus, Gr. ?.] Apostatical. [R.] Ap�o�stat�ic�al (?), a. Apostate. An heretical and apostatical church. Bp. Hall. A�pos�ta�tize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Apostatized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Apostatizing.] [LL. apostatizare.] To renounce totally a religious belief once professed; to forsake one's church, the faith or principles once held, or the party to which one has previously adhered. He apostatized from his old faith in facts, took to believing in ?emblances. Carlyle. A�pos�te�mate (?), v. i. [See Aposteme.] To form an abscess; to swell and fill with pus. Wiseman. A�pos�te�ma�tion (?), n. [LL. apostematio: cf. F. apost�mation.] (Med.) The formation of an aposteme; the process of suppuration. [Written corruptly imposthumation.] Wiseman. Ap�os�tem�a�tous (?), a. Pertaining to, or partaking of the nature of, an aposteme. Ap�os�teme (?), n. [L. apostema, Gr. ? the separation of corrupt matter into an ulcer, fr. ? to stand off: cf. F. apost�me. See Apostasy.] (Med.) An abscess; a swelling filled with purulent matter. [Written corruptly imposthume.] � A� pos�te�ri�o�ri (?). [L. a (ab) + posterior latter.] 1. (Logic) Characterizing that kind of reasoning which derives propositions from the observation of facts, or by generalizations from facts arrives at principles and definitions, or infers causes from effects. This is the reverse of a priori reasoning. 2. (Philos.) Applied to knowledge which is based upon or derived from facts through induction or experiment; inductive or empirical. A�pos�til (?), A�pos�tille (?), } n. [F. apostille. See Postil.] A marginal note on a letter or other paper; an annotation. Motley. A�pos�tle (?), n. [OE. apostle, apostel, postle, AS. apostol, L. apostolus, fr. Gr. ? messenger, one sent forth or away, fr. ? to send off or away; ? from + ? to send; akin to G. stellen to set, E. stall: cf. F. ap�tre, Of. apostre, apostle, apostele, apostole.] 1. Literally: One sent forth; a messenger. Specifically: One of the twelve disciples of Christ, specially chosen as his companions and witnesses, and sent forth to preach the gospel. He called unto him his disciples, and of them he chose twelve, whom also he named apostles. Luke vi. 13. � The title of apostle is also applied to others, who, though not of the number of the Twelve, yet were equal with them in office and dignity; as, �Paul, called to be an apostle of Jesus Christ.� 1 Cor. i. 1. In Heb. iii. 1, the name is given to Christ himself, as having been sent from heaven to publish the gospel. In the primitive church, other ministers were called apostles (Rom. xvi. 7). 2. The missionary who first plants the Christian faith in any part of the world; also, one who initiates any great moral reform, or first advocates any important belief; one who has extraordinary success as a missionary or reformer; as, Dionysius of Corinth is called the apostle of France, John Eliot the apostle to the Indians, Theobald Mathew the apostle of temperance. 3. (Civ. & Admiralty Law) A brief letter dimissory sent by a court appealed from to the superior court, stating the case, etc.; a paper sent up on appeals in the admiralty courts. Wharton. Burrill. Apostles' creed, a creed of unknown origin, which was formerly ascribed to the apostles. It certainly dates back to the beginning of the sixth century, and some assert that it can be found in the writings of Ambrose in the fourth century. � � spoon (Antiq.), a spoon of silver, with the handle terminating in the figure of an ~. One or more were offered by sponsors at baptism as a present to the godchild. B. Jonson. A�pos�tle�ship (?), n. The office or dignity of an apostle. A�pos�to�late (?), n. [L. apostolatus, fr. apostolus. See Apostle.] 1. The dignity, office, or mission, of an apostle; apostleship. Judas had miscarried and lost his apostolate. Jer. Taylor. 2. The dignity or office of the pope, as the holder of the apostolic see. Ap�os�tol�ic (?), Ap�os�tol�ic�al (?), } a. [L. apostolicus, Gr. ?: cf. F. apostolique.] 1. Pertaining to an apostle, or to the apostles, their times, or their peculiar spirit; as, an apostolical mission; the apostolic age. 2. According to the doctrines of the apostles; delivered or taught by the apostles; as, apostolic faith or practice. 3. Of or pertaining to the pope or the papacy; papal. Apostolical brief. See under Brief. � Apostolic canons, a collection of rules and precepts relating to the duty of Christians, and particularly to the ceremonies and discipline of the church in the second and third centuries. � Apostolic church, the Christian church; � so called on account of its apostolic foundation, doctrine, and order. The churches of Rome, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem were called apostolic churches. � Apostolic constitutions, directions of a nature similar to the apostolic canons, and perhaps compiled by the same authors or author. � Apostolic fathers, early Christian writers, who were born in the first century, and thus touched on the age of the apostles. They were Polycarp, Clement, Ignatius, and Hermas; to these Barnabas has sometimes been added. � Apostolic king (or majesty), a title granted by the pope to the kings of Hungary on account of the extensive propagation of Christianity by St. Stephen, the founder of the royal line. It is now a title of the emperor of Austria in right of the throne of Hungary. � Apostolic see, a see founded and governed by an apostle; specifically, the Church of Rome; � so called because, in the Roman Catholic belief, the pope is the successor of St. Peter, the prince of the apostles, and the only apostle who has successors in the apostolic office. � Apostolical succession, the regular and uninterrupted transmission of ministerial authority by a succession of bishops from the apostles to any subsequent period. Hook. Ap�os�tol�ic, n. [L. apostolicus.] (Eccl. Hist.) A member of one of certain ascetic sects which at various times professed to imitate the practice of the apostles. Ap�os�tol�ic�al�ly, adv. In an apostolic manner. Ap�os�tol�ic�al�ness, n. Apostolicity. Dr. H. More. Ap�os�tol�i�cism (?), A�pos�to�lic�i�ty (?), } n. The state or quality of being apostolical. A�pos�tro�phe (?), n. [(1) L., fr. Gr. ? a turning away, fr. ? to turn away; ? from + ? to turn. (2) F., fr. L. apostrophus ~, the turning away or omitting of a letter, Gr. ?.] 1. (Rhet.) A figure of speech by which the orator or writer suddenly breaks off from the previous method of his discourse, and addresses, in the second person, some person or thing, absent or present; as, Milton's apostrophe to Light at the beginning of the third book of �Paradise Lost.� 2. (Gram.) The contraction of a word by the omission of a letter or letters, which omission is marked by the character ['] placed where the letter or letters would have been; as, call'd for called. 3. The mark ['] used to denote that a word is contracted (as in ne'er for never, can't for can not), and as sign of the possessive, singular and plural; as, a boy's hat, boys' hats. In the latter use it originally marked the omission of the letter e. The ~ is used to mark the plural of figures and letters; as, two 10's and three a's. It is also employed to mark the close of a quotation. Ap�os�troph�ic (?), a. Pertaining to an apostrophe, grammatical or rhetorical. A�pos�tro�phize (?), v. t., [imp. & p. p. Apostrophized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Apostrophizing.] 1. To address by apostrophe. 2. To contract by omitting a letter or letters; also, to mark with an apostrophe (') or apostrophes. A�pos�tro�phize, v. i. To use the rhetorical figure called apostrophe. Ap�os�tume (?), n. See Aposteme. [Obs.] Ap�o�tac�tite (?), n. [LL. pl. apotactitae, Gr. ?, fr. ? set apart; ? from + ? to arrange, ordain.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect of ancient Christians, who, in supposed imitation of the first believers, renounced all their possessions. A�pot�e�lesm (?), n. [See Apotelesmatic.] 1. The result or issue. [Obs.] 2. (Astrol.) The calculation and explanation of a nativity. [Obs.] Bailey. Ap�o�tel�es�mat�ic (?), a. [Gr. ?, fr. ? effect of the stars on human destiny, fr. ? to complete; ? from + ? to end, ? end.] 1. Relating to the casting of horoscopes. [Archaic] Whewell. 2. Relating to an issue of fulfillment. In this way a passage in the Old Testament may have, or rather comprise, an apotelesmatic sense, i. e, one of after or final accomplishment. M. Stuart. A�poth�e�ca�ry (?), n.; pl. Apothecaries . [OE. apotecarie, fr. LL. apothecarius, fr. L. apotheca storehouse, Gr. ?, fr. ? to pu? away; ? from + ? to put: cf. F. apothicaire, OF. apotecaire. See Thesis.] One who prepares and sell? drugs or compounds for medicinal purposes. � In England an ~ is one of a privileged class of practitioners � a kind of sub� physician. The surgeon ~ is the ordinary family medical attendant. One who sells drugs and makes up prescriptions is now commonly called in England a druggist or a pharmaceutical chemist. Apothecaries' weight, the system of weights by which medical prescriptions were formerly compounded. The pound and ounce are the same as in Troy weight; they differ only in the manner of subdivision. The ounce is divided into 8 drams, 24 scruples, 480 grains. See Troy weight. � Apo��the�ci�um , n.; pl. Apothecia (?). [NL.] (Bot.) The ascigerous fructification of lichens, forming masses of various shapes. Ap�o�thegm, Ap�oph�thegm } (?), n. [Gr. ? thing uttered, apothegm, from ? to speak out; ? from + ? to speak.] A short, pithy, and instructive saying; a terse remark, conveying some important truth; a sententious precept or maxim. [Apothegm is now the prevalent spelling in the United States.] Ap�o�theg�mat�ic (?), Ap�o�theg�mat�ic�al (?), } a. Gr. ?.] Pertaining to, or in the manner of, an apotghem; sententious; pithy. Ap�o�theg�ma�tist (?), n. A collector or maker of apothegms. Pope. Ap�o�theg�ma�tize (?), v. i. To utter apothegms, or short and sententious sayings. Ap�o�them (?), n. [Gr. ? + ? that which is placed, ? to place.] 1. (Math.) The perpendicular from the center to one of the sides of a regular polygon. 2. A deposit formed in a liquid extract of a vegetable substance by exposure to the air. Ap�o�the�o�sis (?; 277), n. pl. Apotheoses (?). [L., fr. Gr. ?, fr. ? to deify; ? from + ? to deify, ? a god.] 1. The act of elevating a mortal to the rank of, and placing him among, �the gods;� deification. 2. Glorification; exaltation. �The apotheosis of chivalry.� Prescott. �The noisy apotheosis of liberty and machinery.� F. Harrison. Ap�o�the�o�size (?), v. t. To exalt to the dignity of a deity; to declare to be a god; to deify; to glorify. � A�poth�e�sis (?), n. [Gr. ? a putting back or away, fr. ?. See Apothecary.] (Arch.) (a) A place on the south side of the chancel in the primitive churches, furnished with shelves, for books, vestments, etc. Weale. (b) A dressing room connected with a public bath. � A�pot�o�me (?), n. [Gr. ? a cutting off, fr. ? to cut off; ? from + ? to cut.] 1. (Math.) The difference between two quantities commensurable only in power, as between ?2 and 1, or between the diagonal and side of a square. 2. (Mus) The remaining part of a whole tone after a smaller semitone has been deducted from it; a major semitone. [Obs.] Ap�o�zem (?), n. [L. apozema, Gr. ?, fr. ? to extract by boiling; ? from + ? boil.] (Med.) A decoction or infusion. [Obs.] Wiseman. Ap�o�zem�ic�al (?), a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a decoction. [Obs.] J. Whitaker. Ap�pair� (?), v. t. & i. [OF. empeirier, F. empire. See Impair.] To impair; to grow worse. [Obs.] Ap�pa�la�chi�an (?), a. Of or pertaining to a chain of mountains in the United States, commonly called the Allegheny mountains. � The name Appalachian was given to the mountains by the Spaniards under De Soto, who derived it from the heighboring Indians. Am. Cyc. Ap�pall� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appalled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Appalling.] [OF. appalir to grow pale, make pale; a (L. ad) + p�lir to grow pale, to make pale, p�le pale. See Pale, a., and cf. Pall.] 1. To make pale; to blanch. [Obs.] The answer that ye made to me, my dear,... Hath so appalled my countenance. Wyatt. 2. To weaken; to enfeeble; to reduce; as, an old appalled wight. [Obs.] Chaucer. Whine, of its own nature, will not congeal and freeze, only it will lose the strength, and become appalled in extremity of cold. Holland. 3. To depress or discourage with fear; to impress with fear in such a manner that the mind shrinks, or loses its firmness; to overcome with sudden terror or horror; to dismay; as, the sight appalled the stoutest heart. The house of peers was somewhat appalled at this alarum. Clarendon. Syn. - To dismay; terrify; daunt; frighten; affright; scare; depress. See Dismay. Ap�pall�, v. i. 1. To grow faint; to become weak; to become dismayed or discouraged. [Obs.] Gower. 2. To lose flavor or become stale. [Obs.] Ap�pall�, n. Terror; dismay. [Poet.] Cowper. Ap�pall�ing, a. Such as to appall; as, an appalling accident. � Ap�pall�ing�ly, adv. Ap�pall�ment (?), n. Depression occasioned by terror; dismay. [Obs.] Bacon. Ap�pa�nage (?), n. [F. apanage, fr. OF. apaner to nourish, support, fr. LL. apanare to furnish with bread, to provision; L. ad + pains bread.] 1. The portion of land assigned by a sovereign prince for the subsistence of his younger sons. 2. A dependency; a dependent territory. <-- p. 71 --> 3. That which belongs to one by custom or right; a natural adjunct or accompaniment. �Wealth... the appanage of wit.� Swift. Ap�pan�a�gist (?), n. [F. apanagiste.] A prince to whom an appanage has been granted. Ap�pal�ail�lyng (?), n. [See Apparel, n. & v.] Preparation. [Obs.] Chaucer. Ap�pa�ratus (?), n.; pl. Apparatus, also rarely Apparatuses (?). [L., from apparare, apparatum, to prepare; ad + prepare to make ready.] 1. Things provided as means to some end. 2. Hence: A full collection or set of implements, or utensils, for a given duty, experimental or operative; any complex instrument or appliance, mechanical or chemical, for a specific action or operation; machinery; mechanism. 3. (Physiol.) A collection of organs all of which unite in a common function; as, the respiratory apparatus. Ap�par�el (?), n. [OE. apparel, apareil, OF. apareil, appareil, preparation, provision, furniture, OF. apareiller to match, prepare, F. appareiller; OF. a (L. ad) + pareil like, similar, fr. LL. pariculus, dim. of L. par equal. See Pair.] 1. External clothing; vesture; garments; dress; garb; external habiliments or array. Fresh in his new apparel, proud and young. Denham. At public devotion his resigned carriage made religion appear in the natural apparel of simplicity. Tatler. 2. A small ornamental piece of embroidery worn on ?lbs and some other ecclesiastical vestments. 3. (Naut.) The furniture of a ship, as masts, sails, rigging, anchors, guns, etc. Syn. - Dress; clothing; vesture; garments; raiment; garb; costume; attire; habiliments. Ap�par�el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appareled, or Apparelled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Appareling, or Apparelling.] [OF. apareiller.] 1. To make or get (something) ready; to prepare. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To furnish with apparatus; to equip; to fit out. Ships... appareled to fight. Hayward. 3. To dress or clothe; to attire. They which are gorgeously appareled, and live delicately, are in kings' courts. Luke vii. 25. 4. To dress with external ornaments; to cover with something ornamental; to deck; to embellish; as, trees appareled with flowers, or a garden with verdure. Appareled in celestial light. Wordsworth. Ap�par�ence (?), n. [OF. aparence.] Appearance. [Obs.] Chaucer. Ap�par�en�cy (?), n. 1. Appearance. [Obs.] 2. Apparentness; state of being apparent. Coleridge. 3. The position of being heir apparent. Ap�par�ent (?), a. [F. apparent, L. apparens, �entis, p. pr. of apparere. See Appear.] 1. Capable of being seen, or easily seen; open to view; visible to the eye; within sight or view. The moon... apparent queen. Milton. 2. Clear or manifest to the understanding; plain; evident; obvious; known; palpable; indubitable. It is apparent foul play. Shak. 3. Appearing to the eye or mind (distinguished from, but not necessarily opposed to, true or real); seeming; as the apparent motion or diameter of the sun. To live on terms of civility, and even of apparent friendship. Macaulay. What Berkeley calls visible magnitude was by astronomers called apparent magnitude. Reid. � horizon, the circle which in a level plain bounds our view, and is formed by the ~ meeting of the earth and heavens, as distinguished from the rational horizon. � � time. See Time. � Heir ~ (Law), one whose to an estate is indefeasible if he survives the ancestor; � in distinction from presumptive heir. See Presumptive. Syn. - Visible; distinct; plain; obvious; clear; certain; evident; manifest; indubitable; notorious. Ap�par�ent, n. An heir ~. [Obs.] I'll draw it [the sword] as apparent to the crown. Shak. Ap�par�ent�ly, adv. 1. Visibly. [Obs.] Hobbes. 2. Plainly; clearly; manifestly; evidently. If he should scorn me so apparently. Shak. 3. Seemingly; in appearance; as, a man may be apparently friendly, yet malicious in heart. Ap�par�ent�ness, n. Plainness to the eye or the mind; visibleness; obviousness. [R.] Sherwood. Ap�pa�ri�tion (?), n. [F. apparition, L. apparitio, fr. apparere. See Appear.] 1. The act of becoming visible; appearance; visibility. Milton. The sudden apparition of the Spaniards. Prescott. The apparition of Lawyer Clippurse occasioned much speculation in that portion of the world. Sir W. Scott. 2. The thing appearing; a visible object; a form. Which apparition, it seems, was you. Tatler. 3. An unexpected, wonderful, or preternatural appearance; a ghost; a specter; a phantom. �The heavenly bands... a glorious apparition.� Milton. I think it is the weakness of mine eyes That shapes this monstrous apparition. Shak. 4. (Astron.) The first appearance of a star or other luminary after having been invisible or obscured; � opposed to occultation. Circle of perpetual ~. See under Circle. Ap�pa�ri�tion�al (?), a. Pertaining to an apparition or to apparitions; spectral. �An apparitional soul.� Tylor. Ap�par�i�tor (?), n. [L., fr. apparere. See Appear.] 1. Formerly, an officer who attended magistrates and judges to execute their orders. Before any of his apparitors could execute the sentence, he was himself summoned away by a sterner apparitor to the other world. De Quincey. 2. (Law) A messenger or officer who serves the process of an ecclesiastical court. Bouvier. � Ap�pau�m�� (?), n. [F. appaum�; ? (l. ad) + paume the palm, fr. L. palma.] (Her.) A hand open and extended so as to show the palm. Ap�pay� (?), v. t. [OF. appayer, apaier, LL. appacare, appagare, fr. L. ad + pacare to pacify, pax, pacis, peace. See Pay, Appease.] To pay; to satisfy or appease. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. Ap�peach� (?), v. t. [OE. apechen, for empechen, OF. empeechier, F. emp�cher, to hinder. See Impeach.] To impeach; to accuse; to asperse; to inform against; to reproach. [Obs.] And oft of error did himself appeach. Spenser. Ap�peach�er , n. An accuser. [Obs.] Raleigh. Ap�peach�ment (?), n. Accusation. [Obs.] Ap�peal� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appealed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Appealing.] [OE. appelen, apelen, to ~, accuse, OF. appeler, fr. L. appellare to approach, address, invoke, summon, call, name; akin to appellere to drive to; ad + pellere to drive. See Pulse, and cf. Peal.] 1. (Law) (a) To make application for the removal of (a cause) from an inferior to a superior judge or court for a rehearing or review on account of alleged injustice or illegality in the trial below. We say, the cause was appealed from an inferior court. (b) To charge with a crime; to accuse; to institute a private criminal prosecution against for some heinous crime; as, to appeal a person of felony. 2. To summon; to challenge. [Archaic] Man to man will I appeal the Norman to the lists. Sir W. Scott. 3. To invoke. [Obs.] Milton. Ap�peal�, v. t. 1. (Law) To apply for the removal of a cause from an inferior to a superior judge or court for the purpose of re�xamination of for decision. Tomlins. I appeal unto C�sar. Acts xxv. 11. 2. To call upon another to decide a question controverted, to corroborate a statement, to vindicate one's rights, etc.; as, I appeal to all mankind for the truth of what is alleged. Hence: To call on one for aid; to make earnest request. I appeal to the Scriptures in the original. Horsley. They appealed to the sword. Macaulay. Ap�peal�, n. [OE. appel, apel, OF. apel, F. appel, fr. appeler. See Appeal, v. t.] 1. (Law) (a) An application for the removal of a cause or suit from an inferior to a superior judge or court for re�xamination or review. (b) The mode of proceeding by which such removal is effected. (c) The right of ~. (d) An accusation; a process which formerly might be instituted by one private person against another for some heinous crime demanding punishment for the particular injury suffered, rather than for the offense against the public. (e) An accusation of a felon at common law by one of his accomplices, which accomplice was then called an approver. See Approvement. Tomlins. Bouvier. 2. A summons to answer to a charge. Dryden. 3. A call upon a person or an authority for proof or decision, in one's favor; reference to another as witness; a call for help or a favor; entreaty. A kind of appeal to the Deity, the author of wonders. Bacon. 4. Resort to physical means; recourse. Every milder method is to be tried, before a nation makes an appeal to arms. Kent. Ap�peal�a�ble (?), a. 1. Capable of being appealed against; that may be removed to a higher tribunal for decision; as, the cause is appealable. 2. That may be accused or called to answer by appeal; as, a criminal is appealable for manslaughter. [Obs.] Ap�peal�ant (?), n. An appellant. [Obs.] Shak. Ap�peal�er (?), n. One who makes an appeal. Ap�peal�ing, a The appeals; imploring. � Ap�peal��ing�ly, adv. � Ap�peal�ing�ness, n. Ap�pear� (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Appeared (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Appearing.] [OE. apperen, aperen, OF. aparoir, F. apparoir, fr. L. appar?re to appear + par?reto come forth, to be visible; prob. from the same root as par?re to produce. Cf. Apparent, Parent, Peer, v. i. 1. To come or be in sight; to be in view; to become visible. And God... said, Let... the dry land appear. Gen. i. 9. 2. To come before the public; as, a great writer appeared at that time. 3. To stand in presence of some authority, tribunal, or superior person, to answer a charge, plead a cause, or the like; to present one's self as a party or advocate before a court, or as a person to be tried. We must all appear before the judgment seat. � Cor. v. 10. One ruffian escaped because no prosecutor dared to appear. Macaulay. 4. To become visible to the apprehension of the mind; to be known as a subject of observation or comprehension, or as a thing proved; to be obvious or manifest. It doth not yet appear what we shall be. 1 John iii. 2. Of their vain contest appeared no end. Milton. 5. To seem; to have a certain semblance; to look. They disfigure their faces, that they may appear unto men to fast. Matt. vi. 16. Syn. - To seem; look. See Seem. Ap�pear�, n. Appearance. [Obs.] J. Fletcher. Ap�pear�ance (?), n. [F. apparence, L. apparentia, fr. apparere. See Appear.] 1. The act of appearing or coming into sight; the act of becoming visible to the eye; as, his sudden appearance surprised me. 2. A thing seed; a phenomenon; a phase; an apparition; as, an appearance in the sky. 3. Personal presence; exhibition of the person; look; aspect; mien. And now am come to see... It thy appearance answer loud report. Milton. 4. Semblance, or apparent likeness; external show. pl. Outward sings, or circumstances, fitted to ?nake a particular impression or to determine the judg? ?nt as to the character of a person or a thing, an act o? a state; as, appearances are against him. There was upon the tab?nacle, as it were, the appearance of fire. Num. ix. 15. For man looketh on the outward appearance. 1 Sam. xvi. 7. Judge not according to the appearance. Jo?n. vii. 24. 5. The act of appearing in a particular place, or in society, a company, or any proceedings; a coming before the public in a particular character; as, a person makes his appearance as an historian, an artist, or an orator. Will he now retire, After appearance, and again prolong Our expectation? Milton. 6. Probability; likelihood. [Obs.] There is that which hath no appearance. Bacon. 7. (Law) The coming into court of either of the parties; the being present in court; the coming into court of a party summoned in an action, either by himself or by attorney, expressed by a formal entry by the proper officer to that effect; the act or proceeding by which a party proceeded against places himself before the court, and submits to its jurisdiction. Burrill. Bouvier. Daniell. To put in an ~, to be present; to appear in person. � To save appearances, to preserve a fair outward show. Syn. - Coming; arrival; presence; semblance;; pretense; air; look; manner; mien; figure; aspect. Ap�pear�er (?), n. One who appears. Sir T. Browne. Ap�pear�ing�ly, adv. Apparently. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. Ap�peas�a�ble (?), a. Capable of being appeased or pacified; placable. � Ap�peas�a�ble�ness, n. Ap�pease� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appealed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Appeasing.] [OE. apesen, apaisen, OF. apaisier, apaissier, F. apaiser, fr. a (L. ad) + OF. pais peace, F. paix, fr. L. pax, pacis. See Peace.] To make quiet; to calm; to reduce to a state of peace; to still; to pacify; to dispel (anger or hatred); as, to appease the tumult of the ocean, or of the passions; to appease hunger or thirst. Syn. - To pacify; quiet; conciliate; propitiate; assuage; compose; calm; allay; hush; soothe; tranquilize. Ap�pease�ment (?), n. The act of appeasing, or the state of being appeased; pacification. Hayward. Ap�peas�er (?), n. One who appeases; a pacifier. Ap�pea�sive (?), a. Tending to appease. Ap�pel�la�ble (?), a. Appealable. Ap�pel�lan�cy (?), n. Capability of appeal. Ap�pel�lant (?), a. [L. appellans, p. pr. of appellare; cf. F. appelant. See Appeal.] Relating to an appeal; appellate. �An appellant jurisdiction.� Hallam. Party ~ (Law), the party who appeals; appellant; � opposed to respondent, or appellee. Tomlins. Ap�pel�lant, n. 1. (Law) (a) One who accuses another of felony or treason. [Obs.] b) One who appeals, or asks for a rehearing or review of a cause by a higher tribunal. 2. A challenger. [Obs.] Milton. 3. (Eccl. Hist.) One who appealed to a general council against the bull Unigenitus. 4. One who appeals or entreats. Ap�pel�late (?), a. [L. appelatus, p. p. of appellare.] Pertaining to, or taking cognizance of, appeals. �Appellate jurisdiction.� Blackstone. �Appellate judges.� Burke. � court, a court having cognizance of appeals. Ap�pel�late, n. A person or prosecuted for a crime. [Obs.] See Appellee. Ap�pel�la�tion (?), n. [L. appellatio, fr. appellare: cf. F. appellation. See Appeal.] 1. The act of appealing; appeal. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. The act of calling by a name. 3. The word by which a particular person or thing is called and known; name; title; designation. They must institute some persons under the appellation of magistrates. Hume. Syn. - See Name. Ap�pel�la�tive (?), a. [L. appellativus, fr. appellare: cf. F. appelatif. See Appeal.] 1. Pertaining to a common name; serving as a distinctive denomination; denominative; naming. Cudworth. 2. (gram.) Common, as opposed to proper; denominative of a class ? Ap�pel�la�tive, n. [L. appelativum, sc. nomen.] 1. A common name, distinction from a proper name. A common name, or appellative, stands for a whole class, genus, or species of beings, or for universal ideas. Thus, tree is the name of all plants of a particular class; plant and vegetable are names of things that grow out of the earth. A proper name, on the other hand, stands for a single thing; as, Rome, Washington, Lake Erie. 2. An appellation or title; a descriptive name. God chosen it for one of his appellatives to be the Defender of them. Jer. Taylor. Ap�pel�la�tive�ly, adv. After the manner of nouns appellative; in a manner to express whole classes or species; as, Hercules is sometimes used appellatively, that is, as a common name, to signify a strong man. Ap�pel�la�tive�ness, n. The quality of being appellative. Fuller. Ap�pel�la�tory (?), a. [L. appellatorius, fr. appellare.] Containing an appeal. An appellatory libel ought to contain the name of the party appellant. Ayliffe. Ap�pel�lee� , n. [F. appel�, p. p. of appeler, fr. L. appellare.] (Law) (a) The defendant in a? appeal; � opposed to appellant. (b) The person who i? appealed against, or accused of crime; � opposed to appellor. Blackstone. <-- p. 72 --> Ap�pel�lor (?), n. [OF. apeleur, fr. L. appellator, fr. appellare.] (Law) (a) The person who institutes an appeal, or prosecutes another for a crime. Blackstone. (b) One who confesses a felony committed and accuses his accomplices. Blount. Burrill. � This word is rarely or never used for the plaintiff in appeal from a lower court, who is called the appellant. Appellee is opposed both to appellant and appellor. Ap�pen�age , n. See Appanage. Ap�pend� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appended; p. pr. & vb. n. Appending.] [L. appendere or F. appendre: cf. OE. appenden, apenden, to belong, OF. apendre, F. appendre, fr. L. append?re, v. i., to hang to, append?re, v. t., to hang to; ad + pend?re, v. i., to hang, pend?re, v. t., to hang. See Pendant.] 1. To hang or attach to, as by a string, so that the thing is suspended; as, a seal appended to a record; the inscription was appended to the column. 2. To add, as an accessory to the principal thing; to annex; as, notes appended to this chapter. A further purpose appended to the primary one. I. Taylor. Ap�pend�age , n. 1. Something appended to, or accompanying, a principal or greater thing, though not necessary to it, as a portico to a house. Modesty is the appendage of sobriety. Jer. Taylor. 2. (Biol.) A subordinate or subsidiary part or organ; an external organ or limb, esp. of the articulates. Antenn� and other appendages used for feeling. Carpenter. Syn. - Addition; adjunct; concomitant. Ap�pend�aged , a. Furnished with, or supplemented by, an appendage. Ap�pend�ance , n. [F.] Something appendant. Ap�pend�ant , a. [F. appendant, p. pr. of appendre. See Append, v. t.] 1. Hanging; annexed; adjunct; concomitant; as, a seal appendant to a paper. As they have transmitted the benefit to us, it is but reasonable we should suffer the appendant calamity. Jer. Taylor. 2. (Law) Appended by prescription, that is, a personal usage for a considerable time; � said of a thing of inheritance belonging to another inheritance which is superior or more worthy; as, an advowson, common, etc., which may be appendant to a manor, common of fishing to a freehold, a seat in church to a house. Wharton. Coke. Ap�pend�ant, n. 1. Anything attached to another as incidental or subordinate to it. 2. (Law) A inheritance annexed by prescription to a superior inheritance. Ap�pend�ence (?), Ap�pend�en�cy (?), } n. State of being appendant; appendance. [Obs.] Ap�pend�i�cal (?), a. Of or like an appendix. Ap�pend�i�cate (?), v. t. To append. [Obs.] Ap�pend�i�ca�tion (?), n. An appendage. [Obs.] Ap�pend�i�ci�tis (?), n. (Med.) Inflammation of the vermiform appendix. Ap�pend�i�cle (?), n. [L. appendicula, dim. of. appendix.] A small appendage. Ap�pen�dic�u�lar (?), a. Relating to an appendicle; appendiculate. [R.] � Ap�pen�dic�u�la�ri�a (?), n. [NL.] (Zo�l.) A genus of small free�swimming Tunicata, shaped somewhat like a tadpole, and remarkable for resemblances to the larv� of other Tunicata. It is the type of the order Copelata or Larvalia. See Illustration in Appendix. � Ap�pen�dic�u�la�ta (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zo�l.) An order of annelids; the Polych?ta. Ap�pen�dic�u�late (?), a. [See Appendicle.] Having small appendages; forming an appendage. Appendiculate leaf, a small appended leaf. Withering. Ap�pen�dix (?), n.; pl. E. Appendixes (?), L. Appendices (?). [L. appendix, �dicis, fr. appendere. See Append.] 1. Something appended or added; an appendage, adjunct, or concomitant. Normandy became an appendix to England. Sir M. Hale. 2. Any literary matter added to a book, but not necessarily essential to its completeness, and thus distinguished from supplement, which is intended to supply deficiencies and correct inaccuracies. Syn. - See Supplement. Ap�pen�sion (?), n. The act of appending. [Obs.] Ap�per�ceive� (?), v. t. [F. apercevoir, fr. L. ad + percipere, perceptum, to perceive. See Perceive.] To perceive; to comprehend. Chaucer. Ap�per�cep�tion (?), n. [Pref. ad� + perception: cf. F. apperception.] (Metaph.) The mind's perception of itself as the subject or actor in its own states; perception that reflects upon itself; sometimes, intensified or energetic perception. Leibnitz. Reid. This feeling has been called by philosophers the apperception or consciousness of our own existence. Sir W. Hamilton. Ap�per�il (?), n. Peril. [Obs.] Shak. Ap�per�tain� (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Appertained (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Appertaining.] [OE. apperteinen, apertenen, OF. apartenir, F. appartenir, fr. L. appertinere; ad + pertinere to reach to, belong. See Pertain.] To belong or pertain, whether by right, nature, appointment, or custom; to relate. Things appertaining to this life. Hooker. Give it unto him to whom it appertaineth. Lev. vi. 5. Ap�per�tain�ment , n. That which appertains to a person; an appurtenance. [Obs. or R.] Shak. Ap�per�ti�nance (?), Ap�per�ti�nence (?), } n. See Appurtenance. Ap�per�ti�nent (?), a. Belonging; appertaining. [Now usually written appurtenant.] �Coleridge. Ap�per�ti�nent, n. That which belongs to something else; an appurtenant. [Obs.] Shak. Ap�pete� (?), v. t. [L. appetere: cf. F. app�ter. See Appetite.] To seek for; to desire. [Obs.] Chaucer. Ap�pe�tence (?), n. [Cf. F. app�tence. See Appetency.] A longing; a desire; especially an ardent desire; appetite; appetency. Ap�pe�ten�cy (?), n.; pl. Appetencies (?). [L. appetentia, fr. appetere to strive after, long for. See Appetite.] 1. Fixed and strong desire; esp. natural desire; a craving; an eager appetite. They had a strong appetency for reading. Merivale. 2. Specifically: An instinctive inclination or propensity in animals to perform certain actions, as in the young to suck, in aquatic fowls to enter into water and to swim; the tendency of an organized body to seek what satisfies the wants of its organism. These lacteal? ?ave mouths, and by animal selection or appetency the absorb such part of the fluid as is agreeable to their palate. E. Darwin. 3. Natural tendency; affinity; attraction; � used of inanimate objects. Ap�pe�tent (?), a. [L. appetens, p. pr. of appetere.] Desiring; eagerly desirous. [R.] Appetent after glory and renown. Sir G. Buck. Ap�pe�ti�bil�i�ty (?), n. [Cf. F. app�tibilit�.] The quality of being desirable. Bramhall. Ap�pe�ti�ble (?), a. [L. appetibilis, fr. appetere: cf. F. app�tible.] Desirable; capable or worthy of being the object of desire. Bramhall. Ap�pe�tite (?), n. [OE. appetit, F. app�tit, fr. L. appetitus, fr. appetere to strive after, long for; ad + petere to seek. See Petition, and cf. Appetence.] 1. The desire for some personal gratification, either of the body or of the mind. The object of appetite it whatsoever sensible good may be wished for; the object of will is that good which reason does lead us to seek. Hooker. 2. Desire for, or relish of, food or drink; hunger. Men must have appetite before they will eat. Buckle. 3. Any strong desire; an eagerness or longing. It God had given to eagles an appetite to swim. Jer. Taylor. To gratify the vulgar appetite for the marvelous. Macaulay. 4. Tendency; appetency. [Obs.] In all bodies there as an appetite of union. Bacon. 5. The thing desired. [Obs.] Power being the natural appetite of princes. Swift. � In old authors, appetite is followed by to or of, but regularly it should be followed by for before the object; as, an appetite for pleasure. Syn. - Craving; longing; desire; appetency; passion. Ap�pe�ti�tion (?), n. [L. appetitio: cf. F. app�tition.] Desire; a longing for, or seeking after, something. Holland. Ap�pe�ti�tive (?), a. [Cf. F. app�titif.] Having the quality of desiring gratification; as, appetitive power or faculty. Sir M. Hale. Ap�pe�tize (?), v. t. To make hungry; to whet the appetite of. Sir W. Scott. Ap�pe�ti�zer (?), n. Something which creates or whets an appetite. Ap�pe�ti�zing (?), a. [Cf. F. app�tissant.] Exciting appetite; as, appetizing food. The appearance of the wild ducks is very appetizing. Sir W. Scott. Ap�pe�ti�zing, adv. So as to excite appetite. Ap�pi�an (?), a. [L. Appius, Appianus.] Of or pertaining to Appius. � Way, the great paved highway from ancient Rome trough Capua to Brundisium, now Brindisi, constructed partly by Appius Claudius, about 312 b. c. Ap�plaud� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Applauded; p. pr. & vb. n. Applauding.] [L. applaudere; ad + plaudere to clash, to clap the hands: cf. F. applaudir. Cf. Explode.] 1. To show approval of by clapping the hands, acclamation, or other significant sign. I would applaud thee to the very echo, That should applaud again. Shak. 2. To praise by words; to express approbation of; to commend; to approve. By the gods, I do applaud his courage. Shak. Syn. - To praise; extol; commend; cry up; magnify; approve. See Praise. Ap�plaud�, v. i. To express approbation loudly or significantly. Ap�plaud�er (?), n. One who applauds. Ap�plaus�a�ble (?), a. Worthy pf applause; praiseworthy. [Obs.] Ap�plause� (?), n. [L. applaudere, app?ausum. See Applaud.] The act of applauding; approbation and praise publicly expressed by clapping the hands, stamping or tapping with the feet, acclamation, huzzas, or other means; marked commendation. The brave man seeks not popular applause. Dryden. Syn. - Acclaim; acclamation; plaudit; commendation; approval. Ap�plau�sive (?), a. [LL. applausivus.] Expressing applause; approbative. � Ap�plau�sive�ly, adv. Ap�ple (?), n. [OE. appel, eppel, AS. �ppel, �pl; akin to Fries. & D. appel, OHG, aphul, aphol, G. apfel, Icel. epli, Sw. �ple, Dan. �ble, Gael. ubhall, W. afal, Arm. aval, Lith. ob?lys, Russ. iabloko; of unknown origin.] 1. The fleshy pome or fruit of a rosaceous tree (Pyrus malus) cultivated in numberless varieties in the temperate zones. � The European crab ~ is supposed to be the original kind, from which all others have sprung. 2. (bot.) Any tree genus Pyrus which has the stalk sunken into the base of the fruit; an ~ tree. 3. Any fruit or other vegetable production resembling, or supposed to resemble, the ~; as, apple of love, or love apple (a tomato), balsam apple, egg apple, oak apple. 4. Anything round like an apple; as, an apple of gold. Apple is used either adjectively or in combination; as, apple paper or apple�paper, apple�shaped, apple blossom, apple dumpling, apple pudding. � blight, an aphid which injures ~ trees. See Blight, n. � � borer (Zo�l.), a coleopterous insect (Saperda candida or bivittata), the larva of which bores into the trunk of the ~ tree and pear tree. � � brandy, brandy made from apples. � � butter, a sauce made of apples stewed down in cider. Bartlett. � � corer, an instrument for removing the cores from apples. � � fly (Zo�l.), any dipterous insect, the larva of which burrows in apples. � flies belong to the genera Drosophila and Trypeta. � � midge (Zo�l.), a small dipterous insect (Sciara mali), the larva of which bores in apples. � � of the eye, the pupil. � � of discord, a subject of contention and envy, so called from the mythological golden ~, inscribed �For the fairest,� which was thrown into an assembly of the gods by Eris, the goddess of discord. It was contended for by Juno, Minerva, and Venus, and was adjudged to the latter. � � of love, or Love ~, the tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum). � � of Peru, a large coarse herb (Nicandra physaloides) bearing pale blue flowers, and a bladderlike fruit inclosing a dry berry. � Apples of Sodom, a fruit described by ancient writers as externally of air appearance but dissolving into smoke and ashes plucked; Dead Sea apples. The name is often given to the fruit of Solanum Sodom�um, a prickly shrub with fruit not unlike a small yellow tomato. � � sauce, stewed apples. [U. S.] � � snail or � shell (Zo�l.), a fresh�water, operculated, spiral shell of the genus Ampullaria. � � tart, a tart containing ~. � � tree, a tree naturally bears apples. See Apple, 2. � � wine, cider. � � worm�(Zo�l.), the larva of a small moth (Carpocapsa pomonella) which burrows in the interior of apples. See Codling moth. � Dead Sea ~. (a) pl. Apples of Sodom. Also Fig. �To seek the Dead Sea apples of politics.� S. B. Griffin. (b) A kind of gallnut coming from Arabia. See Gallnut. Ap�ple (?), v. i. To grow like an ~; to bear apples. Holland. Ap�ple�faced� (?), a. Having a round, broad face, like an apple. �Apple�faced children.� Dickens. Ap�ple�jack� (?), n. Apple brandy. [U.S.] Ap�ple�join� , n. A kind of apple which by keeping becomes much withered; � called also Johnapple. Shak. Ap�ple pie� (?). A pie made of apples (usually sliced or stewed) with spice and sugar. Apple�pie bed, a bed in which, as a joke, the sheets are so doubled (like the cover of an apple turnove?) as to prevent any one from getting at his length between them. Halliwell, Conybeare. � Apple�pie order, perfect order or arrangement. [Colloq.] Halliwell. Ap�ple�squire� (?), n. A pimp; a kept gallant. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. Ap�pli�a�ble (?), a. [See Apply.] Applicable; also, compliant. [Obs.] Howell. Ap�pli�ance (?), n. 1. The act of applying; application; [Obs.] subservience. Shak. 2. The thing applied or used as a means to an end; an apparatus or device; as, to use various appliances; a mechanical appliance; a machine with its appliances. Ap�pli�ca�bil�i�ty (?), n. The quality of being applicable or fit to be applied. Ap�pli�ca�ble (?), a. [Cf. F. aplicable, fr. L. applicare. See Apply.] Capable of being applied; fit or suitable to be applied; having relevance; as, this observation is applicable to the case under consideration. � Ap�pli�ca�ble�ness, n. � Ap�pli�ca�bly, adv. Ap�pli�can�cy (?), n. The quality or state of being applicable. [R.] Ap�pli�cant (?), n. [L. applicans, p. pr. of applicare. See Apply.] One who apples for something; one who makes request; a petitioner. The applicant for a cup of water. Plumtre. The court require the applicant to appear in person. Z. Swift. Ap�pli�cate (?), a. [L. applicatus, p. p. of applicare. See Apply.] Applied or put to some use. Those applicate sciences which extend the power of man over the elements. I. Taylor. � number (Math.), one which applied to some concrete case. � � ordinate, right line applied at right angles to the axis of any conic section, and bounded by the curve. Ap�pli�cate (?), v. i. To apply. [Obs.] The act of faith is applicated to the object. Bp. Pearson. Ap�pli�ca�tion (?), n. [L. applicatio, fr. applicare: cf. F. application. See Apply.] 1. The act of applying or laying on, in a literal sense; as, the application of emollients to a diseased limb. 2. The thing applied. He invented a new application by which blood might be stanched. Johnson. 2. The act of applying as a means; the employment of means to accomplish an end; specific use. If a right course... be taken with children, there will not be much need of the application of the common rewards and punishments. Locke. 4. The act of directing or referring something to a particular case, to discover or illustrate agreement or disagreement, fitness, or correspondence; as, I make the remark, and leave you to make the application; the application of a theory. <-- p. 73 --> 5. Hence, in specific uses: (a) That part of a sermon or discourse in which the principles before laid down and illustrated are applied to practical uses; the �moral� of a fable. (b) The use of the principles of one science for the purpose of enlarging or perfecting another; as, the application of algebra to geometry. 6. The capacity of being practically applied or used; relevancy; as, a rule of general application. 7. The act of fixing the mind or closely applying one's self; assiduous effort; close attention; as, to injure the health by application to study. Had his application been equal to his talents, his progress night have been greater. J. Jay. 8. The act of making request of soliciting; as, an application for an office; he made application to a court of chancery. 9. A request; a document containing a request; as, his application was placed on file. Ap�pli�ca�tive (?), a. [Cf. F. applicatif, fr. L. applicare. See Apply.] Having of being applied or used; applying; applicatory; practical. Bramhall. � Ap�pli�ca�tive�ly, adv. Ap�pli�ca�to�ri�ly (?), adv. By way of application. Ap�pli�ca�to�ry, a. Having the property of applying; applicative; practical. � n. That which applies. Ap�pli�ed�ly (?), adv. By application. [R.] Ap�pli�er (?), n. He who, or that which, applies. Ap�pli�ment (?), n. Application. [Obs.] Marston � Ap�pli�qu�� (?; 277), a. [F., fr. appliquer to put on.] Ornamented with a pattern (which has been cut out of another color or stuff) applied or transferred to a foundation; as, appliqu� lace; appliqu� work. Ap�plot� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Applotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Applotting.] [Pref. ad� + plot.] To divide into plots or parts; to apportion. Milton. Ap�plot�ment (?), n. Apportionment. Ap�ply� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Applied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Applying.] [OF. aplier, F. appliquer, fr. L. applicare to join, fix, or attach to; ad + plicare to fold, to twist together. See Applicant, Ply.] 1. To lay or place; to put or adjust (one thing to another); � with to; as, to apply the hand to the breast; to apply medicaments to a diseased part of the body. He said, and the sword his throat applied. Dryden. 2. To put to use; to use or employ for a particular purpose, or in a particular case; to appropriate; to devote; as, to apply money to the payment of a debt. 3. To make use of, declare, or pronounce, as suitable, fitting, or relative; as, to apply the testimony to the case; to apply an epithet to a person. Yet God at last To Satan, first in sin, his doom applied. Milton. 4. To fix closely; to engage and employ diligently, or with attention; to attach; to incline. Apply thine heart unto instruction. Prov. xxiii. 12. 5. To direct or address. [R.] Sacred vows... applied to grisly Pluto. Pope. 6. To betake; to address; to refer; � used reflexively. I applied myself to him for help. Johnson. 7. To busy; to keep at work; to ply. [Obs.] She was skillful in applying his �humors.� Sir P. Sidney. 8. To visit. [Obs.] And he applied each place so fast. Chapman. Applied chemistry. See under Chemistry. � Applied mathematics. See under Mathematics. Ap�ply�, v. i. 1. To suit; to agree; to have some connection, agreement, or analogy; as, this argument applies well to the case. 2. To make request; to have recourse with a view to gain something; to make application. (to); to solicit; as, to apply to a friend for information. 3. To ply; to move. [R.] I heard the sound of an oar applying swiftly through the water. T. Moore. 4. To ~ or address one's self; to give application; to attend closely (to). � Ap�pog�gia�tu�ra (?), n. [It., fr. appogiarre to lean, to rest; ap� (L. ad) + poggiare to mount, ascend, poggio hill, fr. L. podium an elevated place.] (Mus.) A passing tone preceding an essential tone, and borrowing the time it occupies from that; a short auxiliary or grace note one degree above or below the principal note unless it be of the same harmony; � generally indicated by a note of smaller size, as in the illustration above. It forms no essential part of the harmony. Ap�point� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appointed; p. pr. & vb. n. Appointing.] [OE. appointen, apointen, OF. apointier to prepare, arrange, lean, place, F. appointer to give a salary, refer a cause, fr. LL. appunctare to bring back to the point, restore, to fix the point in a controversy, or the points in an agreement; L. ad + punctum a point. See Point.] 1. To fix with power or firmness; to establish; to mark out. When he appointed the foundations of the earth. Prov. viii. 29. 2. To fix by a decree, order, command, resolve, decision, or mutual agreement; to constitute; to ordain; to prescribe; to fix the time and place of. Thy servants are ready to do whatsoever my lord the king shall appoint. 2 Sam. xv. 15. He hath appointed a day, in the which he will judge the world in righteousness. Acts xvii. 31. Say that the emperor request a parley... and appoint the ??eeting. Shak. 2. To assign, designate, or set apart by authority. Aaron and his shall go in, and appoint them every one to his service. Num. iv. 19. These were cities appointed for all the children of Israel, and for the stranger that sojourneth among them. Josh. xx. 9. 4. To furnish in all points; to provide with everything necessary by way of equipment; to equip; to fit out. The English, being well appointed, did so entertain them that their ships departed terribly torn. Hayward. 5. To point at by way, or for the purpose? of censure or commendation; to arraign. [Obs.] Appoint not heavenly disposition. Milton. 6. (Law) To direct, designate, or limit; to make or direct a new disposition of, by virtue of a power contained in a conveyance; � said of an estate already conveyed. Burrill. Kent. To ~ one's self, to resolve. [Obs.] Crowley. Ap�point� (?), v. i. To ordain; to determine; to arrange. For the Lord had appointed to defeat the good counsel of Ahithoph?l. 2 Sam. xvii. 14. Ap�point�a�ble (?), a. Capable of being appointed or constituted. Ap�point�ee� (?), n. [F. appoint�, p. p. of appointer. See Appoint, v. t.] 1. A person appointed. The commission authorizes them to make appointments, and pay the appointees. Circular of Mass. Representatives (1768). 2. (law) A person in whose favor a power of appointment is executed. Kent. Wharton. Ap�point�er (?), n. One who appoints, or executes a power of appointment. Kent. Ap�point�ive (?), a. Subject to appointment; as, an appointive office. [R.] Ap�point�ment (?), n. [Cf. F. appointement.] 1. The act of appointing; designation of a person to hold an office or discharge a trust; as, he erred by the appointment of unsuitable men. 2. The state of being appointed to som? service or office; an office to which one is appointed; station; position; an, the appointment of treasurer. 3. Stipulation; agreement; the act of fixing by mutual agreement. Hence:: Arrangement for a meeting; engagement; as, they made an appointment to meet at six. 4. Decree; direction; established order or constitution; as, to submit to the divine appointments. According to the appointment of the priests. Ezra vi. 9. 5. (Law) The exercise of the power of designating (under a �power of ~�) a person to enjoy an estate or other specific property; also, the instrument by which the designation is made. 6. Equipment, furniture, as for a ship or an army; whatever is appointed for use and management; outfit; (pl.) the accouterments of military officers or soldiers, as belts, sashes, swords. The cavaliers emulated their chief in the richness of their appointments. Prescott. I'll prove it in my shackles, with these hands Void of appoinment, that thou liest. Beau. & Fl. 7. An allowance to a person, esp. to a public officer; a perquisite; � properly only in the plural. [Obs.] An expense proportioned to his appointments and fortune is necessary. Chesterfield. 8. A honorary part or exercise, as an oration, etc., at a public exhibition of a college; as, to have an appointment. [U.S.] Syn. - Designation; command; order; direction; establishment; equipment. Ap�point�or� (?), n. (Law) The person who selects the appointee. See Appointee, 2. Ap�por�ter (?), n. [Cf. F. apporter to bring in, fr. L. apportare; ad + portare to bear.] A bringer in; an importer. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale. Ap�por�tion (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Apportioned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Apportioning.] [OF. apportionner, LL. apportionare, fr. L. ad + portio. See Portion.] To divide and assign in just proportion; to divide and distribute proportionally; to portion out; to allot; as, to apportion undivided rights; to apportion time among various employments. Ap�por�tion�ate�ness (?), n. The quality of being apportioned or in proportion. [Obs. & R.] Ap�por�tion�er (?), n. One who apportions. Ap�por�tion�ment (?), n. [Cf. F. apportionnement, LL. apportionamentum.] The act of apportioning; a dividing into just proportions or shares; a division or shares; a division and assignment, to each proprietor, of his just portion of an undivided right or property. A. Hamilton. Ap�pose� (?), v. t. [F. apposer to set to; ? (L. ad) + poser to put, place. See Pose.] 1. To place opposite or before; to put or apply (one thing to another). The nymph herself did then appose, For food and beverage, to him all best meat. Chapman. 2. To place in juxtaposition or proximity. Ap�pose�, v. t. [For oppose. See Oppose.] To put questions to; to examine; to try. [Obs.] See Pose. To appose him without any accuser, and that secretly. Tyndale. Ap�posed� (?), a. Placed in apposition; mutually fitting, as the mandibles of a bird's beak. Ap�pos�er (?), n. An examiner; one whose business is to put questions. Formerly, in the English Court of Exchequer, an officer who audited the sheriffs' accounts. Ap�po�site (?), a. [L. appositus, p. p. of apponere to set or put to; ad + ponere to put, place.] Very applicable; well adapted; suitable or fit; relevant; pat; � followed by to; as, this argument is very apposite to the case. � Ap�po�site�ly, adv. � Ap�po�site�ness, n. Ap�po�si�tion (?), n. [L. appositio, fr. apponere: cf. F. apposition. See Apposite.] 1. The act of adding; application; accretion. It grows... by the apposition of new matter. Arbuthnot. 2. The putting of things in juxtaposition, or side by side; also, the condition of being so placed. 3. (Gram.) The state of two nouns or pronouns, put in the same case, without a connecting word between them; as, I admire Cicero, the orator. Here, the second noun explains or characterizes the first. Growth by ~ (Physiol.), a mode of growth characteristic of non vascular tissues, in which nutritive matter from the blood is transformed on the surface of an organ into solid unorganized substance. Ap�po�si�tion�al (?), a. Pertaining to apposition; put in apposition syntactically. Ellicott. Ap�pos�i�tive (?), a. Of or relating to apposition; in apposition. � n. A noun in apposition. � Ap�pos�i�tive�ly, adv. Appositive to the words going immediately before. Knatchbull. Ap�prais�a�ble (?), a. Capable of being appraised. Ap�prais�al (?), n. [See Appraise. Cf. Apprizal.] A valuation by an authorized person; an appraisement. Ap�praise� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appraised (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Appraising.] [Pref. ad� + praise. See Praise, Price, Apprize, Appreciate.] 1. To set a value; to estimate the worth of, particularly by persons appointed for the purpose; as, to appraise goods and chattels. 2. To estimate; to conjecture. Enoch... appraised his weight. Tennyson. 3. To praise; to commend. [Obs.] R. Browning. Appraised the Lycian custom. Tennyson. � In the United States, this word is often pronounced, and sometimes written, apprize. Ap�praise�ment (?), n. [See Appraise. Cf. Apprizement.] The act of setting the value; valuation by an appraiser; estimation of worth. Ap�prais�er (?), n. [See Appraise, Apprizer.] One who appraises; esp., a person appointed and sworn to estimate and fix the value of goods or estates. Ap�pre�ca�tion , n. [L. apprecari to pray to; ad + precari to pray, prex, precis, prayer.] Earnest prayer; devout wish. [Obs.] A solemn apprecation of good success. Bp. Hall. Ap�pre�ca�to�ry (?), a. Praying or wishing good. [Obs.]�Apprecatory benedictions.� Bp. Hall. Ap�pre�ci�a�ble (?), a. [Cf. F. appr�ciable.] Capable of being appreciated or estimated; large enough to be estimated; perceptible; as, an appreciable quantity. � Ap�pre�ci�a�bly, adv. Ap�pre�ci�ant (?), a. Appreciative. [R.] Ap�pre�ci�ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appreciated; p. pr. & vb. n. Appreciating.] [L. appretiatus, p. p. of appretiare to value at a price, appraise; ad + pretiare to prize, pretium price. Cf. Appraise.] 1. To set a price or value on; to estimate justly; to value. To appreciate the motives of their enemies. Gibbon. 2. To recognize the worth of; to esteem highly; as, I am afraid you do not appreciate my friend. 3. To raise the value of; to increase the market price of; � opposed to depreciate. [U.S.] Lest a sudden peace should appreciate the money. Ramsay. 4. To be sensible of; to distinguish. To test the power of b??s to appreciate color. Lubbock. Syn. - To Appreciate, Estimate, Esteem. Estimate is an act of judgment; esteem is an act of valuing or prizing, and when applied to individuals, denotes a sentiment of moral approbation. See Estimate. Appreciate lies between the two. As compared with estimate, it supposes a union of sensibility with judgment, producing a nice and delicate perception. As compared with esteem, it denotes a valuation of things according to their appropriate and distinctive excellence, and not simply their moral worth. Thus, with reference to the former of these (delicate perception), an able writer says. �Women have a truer appreciation of character than men;� and another remarks, �It is difficult to appreciate the true force and distinctive sense of terms which we are every day using.� So, also, we speak of the difference between two things, as sometimes hardly appreciable. With reference to the latter of these (that of valuation as the result of a nice perception), we say, �It requires a pe??liar cast of character to appreciate the poetry of Wordsworth;� �He who has no delicacy himself, can not appreciate it in others;� �The thought of death is salutary, because it leads us to appreciate worldly things aright.� Appreciate is much used in cases where something is in danger of being overlooked or undervalued; as when we speak of appreciating the difficulties of a subject, or the risk of an undertaking. So Lord Plunket, referring to an �ominous silence� which prevailed among the Irish peasantry, says, �If you knew now to appreciate that silence, it is more formidable than the most clamorous opposition.� In like manner, a person who asks some favor of another is apt to say, �I trust you will appreciate my motives in this request.� Here we have the key to a very frequent use of the word. It is hardly necessary to say that appreciate looks on the favorable side of things. we never speak of appreciating a man's faults, but his merits. This idea of regarding things favorably appears more fully in the word appreciative; as when we speak of an appreciative audience, or an appreciative review, meaning one that manifests a quick perception and a ready valuation of excellence. Ap�pre�ci�ate, v. i. To rise in value. [See note under Rise, v. i.] J. Morse. Ap�pre�ci�a�ting�ly (?), adv. In an appreciating manner; with appreciation. Ap�pre�ci�a�tion (?), n. [Cf. F. appr�ciation.] 1. A just valuation or estimate of merit, worth, weight, etc.; recognition of excellence. 2. Accurate perception; true estimation; as, an appreciation of the difficulties before us; an appreciation of colors. His foreboding showed his appreciation of Henry's character. J. R. Green. 3. A rise in value; � opposed to depreciation. Ap�pre�ci�a�tive (?), a. Having or showing a just or ready appreciation or perception; as, an appreciative audience. � Ap�pre�ci�a�tive�ly, adv. Ap�pre�ci�a�tive�ness, n. The quality of being appreciative; quick recognition of excellence. Ap�pre�ci�a�tor (?), n. One who appreciates. Ap�pre�ci�a�to�ry (?), a. Showing appreciation; appreciative; as, appreciatory commendation. � Ap�pre�ci�a�to�ri�ly (?), adv. <-- p. 74 --> Ap�pre�hend� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Apprehended; p. pr. & vb. n. Apprehending.] [L. apprehendere; ad + prehendere to lay hold of, seize; prae before + �hendere (used only in comp.); akin to Gr. ? to hold, contain, and E. get: cf. F. appr�hender. See Prehensile, Get.] 1. To take or seize; to take hold of. [Archaic] We have two hands to apprehended it. Jer. Taylor. 2. Hence: To take or seize (a person) by legal process; to arrest; as, to apprehend a criminal. 3. To take hold of with the understanding, that is, to conceive in the mind; to become cognizant of; to understand; to recognize; to consider. This suspicion of Earl Reimund, though at first but a buzz, soon got a sting in the king's head, and he violently apprehended it. Fuller. The eternal laws, such as the heroic age apprehended them. Gladstone. 4. To know or learn with certainty. [Obs.] G. You are too much distrustful of my truth. E. Then you must give me leave to apprehend The means and manner how. Beau. & Fl. 5. To anticipate; esp., to anticipate with anxiety, dread, or fear; to fear. The opposition had more reason than the king to apprehend violence. Macaulay. Syn. - To catch; seize; arrest; detain; capture; conceive; understand; imagine; believe; fear; dread. � To Apprehend, Comprehend. These words come into comparison as describing acts of the mind. Apprehend denotes the laying hold of a thing mentally, so as to understand it clearly, at least in part. Comprehend denotes the embracing or understanding it in all its compass and extent. We may apprehended many truths which we do not comprehend. The very idea of God supposes that he may be apprehended, though not comprehended, by rational beings. �We may apprehended much of Shakespeare's aim and intention in the character of Hamlet or King Lear; but few will claim that they have comprehended all that is embraced in these characters.� Trench. Ap�pre�hend�, v. i. 1. To think, believe, or be of opinion; to understand; to suppose. 2. To be apprehensive; to fear. It is worse to apprehend than to suffer. Rowe. Ap�pre�hend�er (?), n. One who apprehends. Ap�pre�hen�si�bi�i�ty (?), n. The quality of being apprehensible. [R.] De Quincey. Ap�pre�hen�si�ble (?), a. [L. apprehensibilis. See Apprehend.] Capable of being apprehended or conceived. �Apprehensible by faith.� Bp. Hall. � Ap��pre�hen�si�bly, adv. Ap�pre�hen�sion (?), n. [L. apprehensio: cf. F. appr�hension. See Apprehend.] 1. The act of seizing or taking hold of; seizure; as, the hand is an organ of apprehension. Sir T. Browne. 2. The act of seizing or taking by legal process; arrest; as, the felon, after his apprehension, escaped. 3. The act of grasping with the intellect; the contemplation of things, without affirming, denying, or passing any judgment; intellection; perception. Simple apprehension denotes no more than the soul's naked intellection of an object. Glanvill. 4. Opinion; conception; sentiment; idea. � In this sense, the word often denotes a belief, founded on sufficient evidence to give preponderation to the mind, but insufficient to induce certainty; as, in our apprehension, the facts prove the issue. To false, and to be thought false, is all one in respect of men, who act not according to truth, but apprehension. South. 5. The faculty by which ideas are conceived; understanding; as, a man of dull apprehension. 6. Anticipation, mostly of things unfavorable; distrust or fear at the prospect of future evil. After the death of his nephew Caligula, Claudius was in no small apprehension for his own life. Addison. Syn. - Apprehension, Alarm. Apprehension springs from a sense of danger when somewhat remote, but approaching; alarm arises from danger when announced as near at hand. Apprehension is calmer and more permanent; alarm is more agitating and transient. Ap�pre�hen�sive (?), a. [Cf. F. appr�hensif. See Apprehend.] 1. Capable of apprehending, or quick to do so; apt; discerning. It may be pardonable to imagine that a friend, a kind and apprehensive... friend, is listening to our talk. Hawthorne. 2. Knowing; conscious; cognizant. [R.] A man that has spent his younger years in vanity and folly, and is, by the grace of God, apprehensive of it. Jer. Taylor. 3. Relating to the faculty of apprehension. Judgment... is implied in every apprehensive act. Sir W. Hamilton. 4. Anticipative of something unfavorable' fearful of what may be coming; in dread of possible harm; in expectation of evil. Not at all apprehensive of evils as a distance. Tillotson. Reformers... apprehensive for their lives. Gladstone. 5. Sensible; feeling; perceptive. [R.] Thoughts, my tormentors, armed with deadly stings, Mangle my apprehensive, tenderest parts. Milton. Ap�pre�hen�sive�ly, adv. In an apprehensive manner; with apprehension of danger. Ap�pre�hen�sive�ness, n. The quality or state of being apprehensive. Ap�pren�tice (?), n. [OE. apprentice, prentice, OF. aprentis, nom. of aprentif, fr. apprendare to learn, L. apprendere, equiv. to apprehendere, to take hold of (by the mind), to comprehend. See Apprehend, Prentice.] 1. One who is bound by indentures or by legal agreement to serve a mechanic, or other person, for a certain time, with a view to learn the art, or trade, in which his master is bound to instruct him. 2. One not well versed in a subject; a tyro. 3. (Old law) A barrister, considered a learner of law till of sixteen years' standing, when he might be called to the rank of serjeant. [Obs.] Blackstone. Ap�pren�tice , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Apprenticed ; p. pr. & vb. n. Apprenticing .] To bind to, or put under the care of, a master, for the purpose of instruction in a trade or business. Ap�pre�tice�age , n. [F. apprentissage.] Apprenticeship. [Obs.] Ap�pren�tice�hood, n. Apprenticeship. [Obs.] Ap�pren�tice�ship, n. 1. The service or condition of an apprentice; the state in which a person is gaining instruction in a trade or art, under legal agreement. 2. The time an apprentice is serving (sometimes seven years, as from the age of fourteen to twenty�one). Ap�pressed�, Ap�prest� } , a. [p. p. appress, which is not in use. See Adpress.] (Bot.) Pressed close to, or lying against, something for its whole length, as against a stem, Gray. Ap�prise� , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Apprised ; p. pr. & vb. n. Apprising.] [ F. appris, fem. apprise, p. p. apprendre to learn, to teach, to inform. Cf. Apprehend, Apprentice.] To give notice, verbal or written; to inform; � followed by of; as, we will apprise the general of an intended attack; he apprised the commander of what he had done. Ap�prise�, n. Notice; information. [Obs.] Gower. Ap�priz�al , n. See Appraisal. Ap�prize� , v. t. [The same as Appraise, only more accommodated to the English form of the L. pretiare.] To appraise; to value; to appreciate. Ap�prize�ment , n. Appraisement. Ap�priz�er , n. 1. An appraiser. 2. (Scots Law) A creditor for whom an appraisal is made. Sir W. Scott. Ap�proach� , v. i. [imp. & p. p. Approached ; p. pr. & vb. n. Approaching.] [OE. approchen, aprochen, OF. approcher, LL. appropriare, fr. L. ad + propiare to draw near, prope near.] 1. To come or go near, in place or time; to draw ?igh; to advance nearer. Wherefore approached ye so nigh unto the city? 2 Sam. xi. 20. But exhorting one another; and so much the more, as ye see the day approaching. Heb. x. 25. 2. To draw near, in a figurative sense; to make advances; to approximate; as, he approaches to the character of the ablest statesman. Ap�proach�, v. t. 1. To bring near; to cause to draw near; to advance. [Archaic] Boyle. 2. To come near to in place, time, or character; to draw nearer to; as, to approach the city; to approach my cabin; he approached the age of manhood. He was an admirable poet, and thought even to have approached Homer. Temple. 3. (Mil.) To take approaches to. Ap�proach�, n. [Cf. F. approche. See Approach, v. i.] 1. The act of drawing near; a coming or advancing near. �The approach of summer.� Horsley. A nearer approach to the human type. Owen. 2. A access, or opportunity of drawing near. The approach to kings and principal persons. Bacon. 3. pl. Movements to gain favor; advances. 4. A way, passage, or avenue by which a place or buildings can be approached; an access. Macaulay. 5. pl. (Fort.) The advanced works, trenches, or covered roads made by besiegers in their advances toward a fortress or military post. 6. (Hort.) See Approaching. Ap�proach�a�bil�i�ty (?), n. The quality of being approachable; approachableness. Ap�proach�a�ble (?), a. Capable of being approached; accessible; as, approachable virtue. Ap�proach�a�ble�ness, n. The quality or state of being approachable; accessibility. Ap�proah�er (?), n. One who approaches. Ap�proach�ing, n. (Hort.) The act of ingrafting a sprig or shoot of one tree into another, without cutting it from the parent stock; � called, also, inarching and grafting by approach. Ap�proach�less, a. Impossible to be approached. Ap�proach�ment (?), n. [Cf. F. approachement.] Approach. [Archaic] Holland. Ap�pro�bate (?), a. [L. approbatus, p. p. of approbare to approve.] Approved. [Obs.] Elyot. Ap�pro�bate (?), v. t. To express approbation of; to approve; to sanction officially. I approbate the one, I reprobate the other. Sir W. Hamilton. � This word is obsolete in England, but is occasionally heard in the United States, chiefly in a technical sense for license; as, a person is approbated to preach; approbated to keep a public house. Pickering (1816). Ap�pro�ba�tion (?), n. [L. approbatio: cf. F. approbation. See Approve to prove.] 1. Proof; attestation. [Obs.] Shak. 2. The act of approving; an assenting to the propriety of a thing with some degree of pleasure or satisfaction; approval; sanction; commendation. Many... joined in a loud hum of approbation. Macaulay. The silent approbation of one's own breast. Melmoth. Animals... love approbation or praise. Darwin. 3. Probation or novitiate. [Obs.] This day my sister should the cloister enter, And there receive her approbation. Shak. Syn. - Approval; liking; sanction; consent; concurrence. � Approbation, Approval. Approbation and approval have the same general meaning, assenting to or declaring as good, sanction, commendation; but approbation is stronger and more positive. �We may be anxious for the approbation of our friends; but we should be still more anxious for the approval of our own consciences.� �He who is desirous to obtain universal approbation will learn a good lesson from the fable of the old man and his ass.� �The work has been examined by several excellent judges, who have expressed their unqualified approval of its plan and execution.� Ap�pro�ba�tive (?), a. [Cf. F. approbatif.] Approving, or implying approbation. Milner. Ap�pro�ba�tive�ness, n. 1. The quality of being approbative. 2. (Phren.) Love of approbation. Ap�pro�ba�tor (?), n. [L.] One who approves. [R.] Ap�pro�ba�to�ry (?), a. Containing or expressing approbation; commendatory. Sheldon. Ap�promt� (?; 215), v. t. [Pref. ad� + promt.] To quicken; to prompt. [Obs.] To appromt our invention. Bacon. Ap�proof� (?), n. [See Approve, and Proof.] 1. Trial; proof. [Archaic] Shak. 2. Approval; commendation. Shak. Ap�pro�pin�quate (?), v. i. [L. appropinquatus, p. p. of appropinquare; ad + prope near.] To approach. [Archaic] Ld. Lytton. Ap�pro�pin�qua�tion (?), n. [L. appropinquatio.] A drawing nigh; approach. [R.] Bp. Hall. Ap�pro�pin�qui�ty (?), n. [Pref. ad� + propinquity.] Nearness; propinquity. [R.] J. Gregory. Ap�pro�pre (?), v. t. [OE. appropren, apropren, OF. approprier, fr. L. appropriare. See Appropriate.] To appropriate. [Obs.] Fuller. Ap�pro�pri�a�ble (?), a. [See Appropriate.] Capable of being appropriated, set apart, sequestered, or assigned exclusively to a particular use. Sir T. Browne. Ap�pro�pri�a�ment (?), n. What is peculiarly one's own; peculiar qualification.[Obs.] If you can neglect Your own appropriaments. Ford. Ap�pro�pri�ate (?), a. [L. appropriatus, p. p. of appropriare; ad + propriare to appropriate, fr. proprius one's own, proper. See Proper.] Set apart for a particular use or person. Hence: Belonging peculiarly; peculiar; suitable; fit; proper. In its strict and appropriate meaning. Porteus. Appropriate acts of divine worship. Stillingfleet. It is not at all times easy to find words appropriate to express our ideas. Locke. Ap�pro�pri�at? (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Appropriated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Appropriating (?).] 1. To take to one's self in exclusion of others; to claim or use as by an exclusive right; as, let no man appropriate the use of a common benefit. 2. To set apart for, or assign to, a particular person or use, in exclusion of all others; � with to or for; as, a spot of ground is appropriated for a garden; to appropriate money for the increase of the navy. 3. To make suitable; to suit. [Archaic] Paley. 4. (Eng. Eccl. Law) To annex, as a benefice, to a spiritual corporation, as its property. Blackstone. Ap�pro�pri�ate (?), n. A property; attribute. [Obs.] Ap�pro�pri�ate�ly, adv. In an appropriate or proper manner; fitly; properly. Ap�pro�pri�ate�ness, n. The state or quality of being appropriate; peculiar fitness. Froude. Ap�pro�pri�a�tion (?), n. [L. appropriatio: cf. F. appropriation.] 1. The act of setting apart or assigning to a particular use or person, or of taking to one's self, in exclusion of all others; application to a special use or purpose, as of a piece of ground for a park, or of money to carry out some object. 2. Anything, especially money, thus set apart. The Commons watched carefully over the appropriation. Macaulay. 3. (Law) (a) The severing or sequestering of a benefice to the perpetual use of a spiritual corporation. Blackstone. (b) The application of payment of money by a debtor to his creditor, to one of several debts which are due from the former to the latter. Chitty. Ap�pro�pri�a�tive (?), a. Appropriating; making, or tending to, appropriation; as, an appropriative act. � Ap�pro�pri�a�tive�ness, n. Ap�pro�pri�a�tor (?), n. 1. One who appropriates. 2. (Law) A spiritual corporation possessed of an appropriated benefice; also, an impropriator. Blackstone. Ap�prov�a�ble (?), a. Worthy o? be?? approved; meritorious. � Ap�prov�a�ble�ness, n. Ap�prov�al (?), n. Approbation; sanction. A censor... without whose approval n? capital sentences are to be executed. Temple. Syn. - See Approbation. Ap�prov�ance (?), n. Approval. [Archaic] A parents... deign approvance. Thomson. Ap�prove� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Approved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Approving.] [OE. aproven, appreven, to prove, OF. aprover, F. approuver, to ~, fr. L. approbare; ad + probare to esteem as good, ~, prove. See Prove, and cf. Approbate.] 1. To show to be real or true; to prove. [Obs.] Wouldst thou approve thy constancy? Approve First thy obedience. Milton. 2. To make proof of; to demonstrate; to prove or show practically. Opportunities to approve... worth. Emerson. He had approved himself a great warrior. Macaulay. 'T is an old lesson; Time approves it true. Byron. His account... approves him a man of thought. Parkman. 3. To sanction officially; to ratify; to confirm; as, to approve the decision of a court�martial. 4. To regard as good; to commend; to be pleased with; to think well of; as, we approve the measured of the administration. 5. To make or show to be worthy of approbation or acceptance. The first care and concern must be to approve himself to God. Rog???. � This word, when it signifies to be pleased with, to think favorably (of), is often followed by of. They had not approved of the deposition of James. Macaulay. They approved of the political institutions. W. Black. <-- p. 75 --> Ap�prove� (?), v. t. [OF. aprouer; ? (L. ad) + a form apparently derived fr. the pro, prod, in L. prodest it is useful or profitable, properly the preposition pro for. Cf. Improve.] (Eng. Law) To make profit of; to convert to one's own profit; said esp. of waste or common land appropriated by the lord of the manor. Ap�prov�ed�ly (?), adv. So as to secure approbation; in an approved manner. Ap�prove�ment (?), n. [Obs.] 1. Approbation. I did nothing without your approvement. Hayward. 2. (Eng. Law) a confession of guilt by a prisoner charged with treason or felony, together with an accusation of his accomplish and a giving evidence against them in order to obtain his own pardon. The term is no longer in use; it corresponded to what is now known as turning king's (or queen's) evidence in England, and state's evidence in the United States. Burrill. Bouvier. Ap�prove�ment, n. (Old Eng. Law) Improvement of common lands, by inclosing and converting them to the uses of husbandry for the advantage of the lord of the manor. Blackstone. Ap�prov�er (?), n. 1. One who approves. Formerly, one who made proof or trial. 2. An informer; an accuser. [Obs.] Chaucer. 3.(Eng. Law) One who confesses a crime and accuses another. See 1st Approvement, 2. Ap�prov�er, n. [See 2d Approve, v. t.] (Eng. Law) A bailiff or steward; an agent. [Obs.] Jacobs. Ap�prov�ing, a. Expressing approbation; commending; as, an approving smile. � Ap�prov�ing�ly, adv. Ap�prox�i�mate (?), a. [L. approximatus, p. p. of approximare to approach; ad + proximare to come near. See Proximate.] 1. Approaching; proximate; nearly resembling. 2. Near correctness; nearly exact; not perfectly accurate; as, approximate results or values. � quantities (Math.), those which are nearly, but not, equal. Ap�prox�i�mate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Approximated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Approximating.] 1. To carry or advance near; to cause to approach. To approximate the inequality of riches to the level of nature. Burke. 2. To come near to; to approach. The telescope approximates perfection. J. Morse. Ap�prox�i�mate, v. i. To draw; to approach. Ap�prox�i�mate�ly (?), adv. With approximation; so as to approximate; nearly. Ap�prox�i�ma�tion (?). n. [Cf. F. approximation, LL. approximatio.] 1. The act of approximating; a drawing, advancing or being near; approach; also, the result of approximating. The largest capacity and the most noble dispositions are but an approximation to the proper standard and true symmetry of human nature. I. Taylor. 2. An approach to a correct estimate, calculation, or conception, or to a given quantity, quality, etc. 3. (Math.) (a) A continual approach or coming nearer to a result; as, to solve an equation by approximation. (b) A value that is nearly but not exactly correct. Ap�prox�i�ma�tive (?), a. [Cf. F. approximatif.] Approaching; approximate. � Ap�prox�i�ma�tive�ly, adv. � Ap�prox�i�ma�tive�ness, n. Ap�prox�i�ma�tor (?), n. One who, or that which, approximates. � Ap�pui� (?), n. [F., fr. L. ad + podium foothold, Gr. ?, dim. of ?, ?, foot.] A support or supporter; a stay; a prop. [Obs.] If a be to climb trees that are of any great height, there would be stays and appuies set to it. Holland. Point d'appui (?). [F., a point of support.] (Mil.) (a) A given point or body, upon which troops are formed, or by which are marched in line or column. (b) An advantageous defensive support, as a castle, morass, wood, declivity, etc. Ap�pulse (?; 277), n. [L. appulsus, fr. appellere, appulsum, to drive to; ad + pellere to drive: cf. F. appulse.] 1. A driving or running towards; approach; impulse; also, the act of striking against. In all consonants there is an appulse of the organs. Holder. 2. (Astron.) The near approach of one heavenly body to another, or to the meridian; a coming into conjunction; as, the appulse of the moon to a star, or of a star to the meridian. Ap�pul�sion (?), n. A driving or striking against; an appulse. Ap�pul�sive (?), a. Striking against; impinging; as, the appulsive influence of the planets. P. Cyc. Ap�pul�sive�ly, adv. By appulsion. Ap�pur�te�nance (?), n. [OF. apurtenaunce, apartenance, F. appartenance, LL. appartenentia, from L. appertinere. See Appertain.] That which belongs to something else; an adjunct; an appendage; an accessory; something annexed to another thing more worthy; in common parlance and legal acceptation, something belonging to another thing as principal, and which passes as incident to it, as a right of way, or other easement to land; a right of common to pasture, an outhouse, barn, garden, or orchard, to a house or messuage. In a strict legal sense, land can never pass as an appurtenance to land. Tomlins. Bouvier. Burrill. Globes... provided as appurtenances to astronomy. Bacon. The structure of the eye, and of its appurtenances. Reid. Ap�pur�te�nant (?), a. [F. appartenant, p. pr. of appartenir. See Appurtenance.] Annexed or pertaining to some more important thing; accessory; inc?dent; as, a right of way appurtenant to land or buildings. Blackstone. Common ~. (Law) See under Common, n. Ap�pur�te�nant, n, Something which belongs or appertains to another thing; an appurtenance. Mysterious appurtenants and symbols of redemption. Coleridge. Ap�ri�cate (?), v. t. & i. [ L. apricatus, p. p. of apricare, fr. apricus exposed to the sun, fr. aperire to uncover, open.] To bask in the sun. Boyle. Ap�ri�ca�tion , n. Basking in the sun. [R.] A�pri�cot , n. [OE. apricock, abricot, F. abricot, fr. Sp. albaricoque or Pg. albricoque, fr. Ar. albirq?q, al�burq?q. Though the E. and F. form abricot is derived from the Arabic through the Spanish, yet the Arabic word itself was formed from the Gr. ?, pl. (Diosc. c. 1000) fr. L. praecoquus, praecox, early ripe. The older E. form apricock was prob. taken direct from Pg. See Precocious, Cook.] (Bot.) A fruit allied to the plum, of an orange color, oval shape, and delicious taste; also, the tree (Prunus Armeniaca of Linn�us) which bears this fruit. By cultivation it has been introduced throughout the temperate zone. A�pril (?), n. [L. Aprilis. OE. also Averil, F. Avril, fr. L. Aprilis.] 1. The fourth month of the year. 2. Fig.: With reference to April being the month in which vegetation begins to put forth, the variableness of its weather, etc. The April's her eyes; it is love's spring. Shak. � fool, one who is sportively imposed upon by others on the first day of �. � A� pri�o�ri (?). [L. a (ab) + prior former.] 1. (Logic) Characterizing that kind of reasoning which deduces consequences from definitions formed, or principles assumed, or which infers effects from causes previously known; deductive or deductively. The reverse of a posteriori. 2. Presumptive; presumptively; without examination. 3.(Philos.) Applied to knowledge and conceptions assumed, or presupposed, as prior to experience, in order to make experience rational or possible. A priori, that is, form these necessities of the mind or forms of thinking, which, though first revealed to us by experience, must yet have pre�xisted in order to make experience possible. Coleridge. A�pri�o�rism (?), n. [Cf. F. apriorisme.] An a priori principle. A�pri�or�i�ty (?), n. The quality of being innate in the mind, or prior to experience; a priori reasoning. � A�proc�ta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? priv. + ? anus.] (Zo�l.) A group of Turbellaria in which there is no anal aperture. A�proc�tous (?), a.�(Zo�l.) Without an anal office. A�pron (?; 277), n. [OE. napron, OF. naperon, F. napperon, dim. of OF. nape, F. nappe, cloth, tablecloth, LL. napa, fr. L. mappa, napkin, table napkin. See Map.] 1. An article of dress, of cloth, leather, or other stuff, worn on the fore part of the body, to keep the clothes clean, to defend them from injury, or as a covering. It is commonly tied at the waist by strings. 2. Something which by its shape or use suggests an ~; as, (a) The fat skin covering the belly of a goose or duck. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. (b) A piece of leather, or other material, to be spread before a person riding on an outside seat of a vehicle, to defend him from the rain, snow, or dust; a boot. �The weather being too hot for the apron.� Hughes. (c) (Gun.) A leaden plate that covers the vent of a cannon. (d) (Shipbuilding) A piece of carved timber, just above the foremost end of the keel. Totten. (e) A platform, or flooring of plank, at the entrance of a dock, against which the dock gates are shut. (f) A flooring of plank before a dam to cause the water to make a gradual descent. (g) (Mech.) The piece that holds the cutting tool of a planer. (h) (Plumbing) A strip of lead which leads the drip of a wall into a gutter; a flashing. (i) (Zo�l.) The infolded abdomen of a crab. A�proned (?), a. Wearing an apron. A cobbler aproned, and a parson gowned. Pope. A�pron�ful (?), n.; pl. Apronfuls (?). The quality an apron can hold. A�pron�less, a. Without an apron. A�pron man� (?). A man who wears an apron; a laboring man; a mechanic. [Obs.] Shak. A�pron string� (?). The string of an apron. To be tied to a wife's or mother's apron strings, to be unduly controlled by a wife or mother. He was so made that he could not submit to be tied to the apron strings even of the best of wives. Macaulay. Ap�ro�sos� (?), a. & adv. [F. ? propos; ? (L. ad) + propos purpose, L. proposium plan, purpose, fr. proponere to propose. See Propound.] 1. Opportunely or opportune; seasonably or seasonable. A tale extremely apropos. Pope. 2. By the way; to the purpose; suitably to the place or subject; � a word used to introduce an incidental observation, suited to the occasion? though not strictly belonging to the narration. Apse (?), n. pl. Apses (?). See Apsis.] 1. (Arch.) (a) A projecting part of a building, esp. of a church, having in the plan a polygonal or semicircular termination, and, most often, projecting from the east end. In early churches the Eastern ~ was occupied by seats for the bishop and clergy. Hence: (b) The bishop's seat or throne, in ancient churches. 2. A reliquary, or case in which the relics of saints were kept. � This word is also written apsis and absis. Ap�si�dal (?), a. 1. (Astron.) Of or pertaining to the apsides of an orbit. 2. (Arch.) Of or pertaining to the apse of a church; as, the apsidal termination of the chancel. Ap�si�des (?), n. pl. See Apsis. � Ap�sis (?), n. pl. Apsides (?). See Apse. [L. apsis, absis, Gr. ?, ?, a tying, fastening, the hoop of a wheel, the wheel, a bow, arch, vault, fr. ? to fasten.] 1. (Astron.) One of the two points of an orbit, as of a planet or satellite, which are at the greatest and least distance from the central body, corresponding to the aphelion and perihelion of a planet, or to the apogee and perigee of the moon. The more distant is called the higher apsis; the other, the lower apsis; and the line joining them, the line of apsides. 2. (Math.) In a curve referred to polar co�rdinates, any point for which the radius vector is a maximum or minimum. 3. (Arch.) Same as Apse. Apt (?), a [F. apte, L. aptus, fr. obsolete apere to fasten, to join, to fit, akin to apisci to reach, attain: cf. Gr. ? to fasten, Skr. �pta fit, fr. �p to reach attain.] 1. Fit or fitted; suited; suitable; appropriate. They have always apt instruments. Burke. A river... apt to be forded by a lamb. Jer. Taylor. 2. Having an habitual tendency; habitually liable or likely; � used of things. My vines and peaches... were apt to have a soot or smuttiness upon their leaves and fruit. Temple. This tree, if unprotected, is apt to be stripped of the leaves by a leaf�cutting ant. Lubbock. 3. Inclined; disposed customarily; given; ready; � used of persons. Apter to give than thou wit be to ask. Beau. & Fl. That lofty pity with which prosperous folk are apt to remember their grandfathers. F. Harrison. 4. Ready; especially fitted or qualified (to do something); quick to learn; prompt; expert; as, a pupil apt to learn; an apt scholar. �An apt wit.� Johnson. Live a thousand years, I shall not find myself so apt to die. Shak. I find thee apt... Now, Hamlet, hear. Shak. Syn. - Fit; meet; suitable; qualified; ???line?; disposed; liable; ready; quick; prompt. Apt, v. t. [L. aptare. See Aptate.] To fit; to suit; to adapt. [Obs.] �To apt their places.� B. Jonson. That our speech be apted to edification. Jer. Taylor. Apt�a�ble (?), a. [LL. aptabilis, fr. L. aptare.] Capable of being adapted. [Obs.] Sherwood. Ap�tate (?), v. t. [L. aptatus, p. p. of aptare. See Apt.] To make fit. [Obs.] Bailey � Ap�te�ra (?), n. pl. [NL. aptera, fr. Gr. ? without wings; ? priv. + ? wing, ? to fly.] (Zo�l.) Insects without wings, constituting the seventh Linn�n order of insects, an artificial group, which included Crustacea, spiders, centipeds, and even worms. These animals are now placed in several distinct classes and orders. Ap�ter�al (?), a. 1. (Zo�l.) Apterous. 2. (Arch.) Without lateral columns; � applied to buildings which have no series of columns along their sides, but are either prostyle or amphiprostyle, and opposed to peripteral. R. Cyc. Ap�ter�an (?), n. (Zo�l.) One of the Aptera. � Ap�te�ri�a (?), n. pl. [NL. See Aptera.] (Zo�l.) Naked spaces between the feathered areas of birds. See Pteryli�. Ap�ter�ous (?), a. 1. (Zo�l.) Destitute of wings; apteral; as, apterous insects. 2. (Bot.) Destitute of winglike membranous expansions, as a stem or petiole; � opposed to atate. � Ap�ter�y�ges (?), n. pl. [NL. See Apteryx.] (Zo�l.) An order of birds, including the genus Apteryx. � Ap�te�ryx (?), n. [Gr. ? priv. + ? wing. Cf. Aptera.] (Zo�l.) A genus of New Zealand birds about the size of a hen, with only short rudiments of wings, armed with a claw and without a tail; the kiwi. It is allied to the gigantic extinct moas of the same country Five species are known. Apt�i�tude (?), n. [F. aptitude, LL. aptitudo, fr. L. aptus. See Apt, and cf. Attitude.] 1. A natural or acquired disposition or capacity for a particular purpose, or tendency to a particular action or effect; as, oil has an aptitude to burn. He seems to have had a peculiar aptitude for the management of irregular troops. Macaulay. 2. A general fitness or suitableness; adaptation. That sociable and helpful aptitude which God implanted between man and woman. Milton. 3. Readiness in learning; docility; aptness. He was a boy of remarkable aptitude. Macaulay. Apt�i�tu�di�nal (?), a. Suitable; fit. [Obs.] Apt�ly (?), adv. In an apt or suitable manner; fitly; properly; pertinently; appropriately; readily. Apt�ness, n. 1. Fitness; suitableness; appropriateness; as, the aptness of things to their end. The aptness of his quotations. J. R. Green. <-- p. 76 --> 2. Disposition of the mind; propensity; as, the aptness of men to follow example. 3. Quickness of apprehension; readiness in learning; d?cility; as, an aptness to learn is more observable in some children than in others. 4. Proneness; tendency; as, the aptness of iron to rust. Ap�tote (?), n. [L. aptotum, Gr. ? indeclinable; ? priv. + ? fallen, declined, ? to fall.] (Gram.) A noun which has no distinction of cases; an indeclinable noun. Ap�tot�ic (?), a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, aptotes; uninflected; as, aptotic languages. � Ap�ty�chus (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ? priv. + ?, ?, fold.] (Zo�l.) A shelly plate found in the terminal chambers of ammonite shells. Some authors consider them to be jaws; others, opercula. � A�pus (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ?. See Apode, n.] (Zo�l.) A genus of fresh�water phyllopod crustaceans. See Phyllopod. Ap�y�ret�ic (?), a. [Pref. a? not + pyretic.] (Med.) Without fever; � applied to days when there is an intermission of fever. Dunglison. � Ap�y�rex�i�a (?), Ap�y�rex�y (?), } n. [NL. apyrexia, fr. Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? to be feverish, fr. ? fire: cf. F. apyrexie.] (Med.) The absence of intermission of fever. Ap�y�rex�i�al (?), a. (Med.) Relating to apyrexy. �Apyrexial period.� Brande & C. Ap�y�rous (?), a. [Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? fire.] Incombustible; capable of sustaining a strong heat without alteration of form or properties. � A�qua (?), n. [L. See Ewer.] Water; � a word much used in pharmacy and the old chemistry, in various signification, determined by the word or words annexed. � ammoni�, the aqueous solution of ammonia; liquid ammonia; often called aqua ammonia. � � marine (?), or � marina (?). Same as Aquamarine. � � regia (?). [L., royal water] (Chem.), a very corrosive fuming yellow liquid consisting of nitric and hydrochloric acids. It has the power of dissolving gold, the �royal� metal. � � Tofana (?), a fluid containing arsenic, and used for secret poisoning, made by an Italian woman named Tofana, in the middle of the 17th century, who is said to have poisoned more than 600 persons. Francis. � � vit� (?) [L., water of life. Cf. Eau de vie, Usquebaugh], a name given to brandy and some other ardent spirits. Shak. � A�qua for�tis (?). [L., strong water.] (Chem.) Nitric acid. [Archaic] A�qua�ma�rine� (?), n. (Min.) A transparent, pale green variety of beryl, used as a gem. See Beryl. A�qua�punc�ture (?), n. [L. aqua water, + punctura puncture, pungere, punctum, to, prick.] (Med.) The introduction of water subcutaneously for the relief of pain. � Aq�ua�relle� (?), n. [F., fr. Ital acquerello, fr. acqua water, L. aqua.] A design or painting in thin transparent water colors; also, the mode of painting in such colors. Aq�ua�rel�list (?), n. A painter in thin transparent water colors. A�qua�ri�al (?), A�qua�ri�an (?), } a. Of or performance to an aquarium. A�qua�ri�an, n. [L. (assumed) Aquarianus, fr. aqua: cf. F. Aquarien. See Aqua.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect of Christian in the primitive church who used water instead of wine in the Lord's Supper. A�qua�ri�um (?), n.; pl. E. Aquariums (?), L. Aquaria (?). [L. See Aquarius, Ewer.] An artificial pond, or a globe or tank (usually with glass sides), in which living specimens of aquatic animals or plants are kept. � A�qua�ri�us (?), n. [L. aquarius, adj., relating to water, and n., a water�carrier, fr. aqua. See Aqua.] (Astron.) (a) The Water�bearer; the eleventh sign in the zodiac, which the sun enters about the 20th of January; � so called from the rains which prevail at that season in Italy and the East. (b) A constellation south of Pegasus. A�quat�ic (?), a. [L. aquaticus: cf. F. aquatique. See Aqua.] Pertaining to water growing in water; living in, swimming in, or frequenting the margins of waters; as, aquatic plants and fowls. A�quat�ic, n. 1. An ~ animal plant. 2. pl. Sports or exercises practiced in or on the water. A�quat�ic�al (?), a. Aquatic. [R.] Aq�ua�tile (?), a. [L. aquatilis: cf. F. aquatile.] Inhabiting the water. [R.] Sir T. Browne. A�qua�tint (?), A�qua�tin�ta (?), } n. [It. acquatinta dyed water; acqua (L. aqua) water + tinto, fem. tinta, dyed. See Tint.] A kind of etching in which spaces are bitten by the use of aqua fortis, by which an effect is produced resembling a drawing in water colors or India ink; also, the engraving produced by this method. Aq�ue�duct (?), n. [F. aqueduc, OF. aqueduct (Cotgr.), fr. L. aquaeductus; aquae, gen. of aqua water + ductus a leading, ducere to lead. See Aqua, Duke.] 1. A conductor, conduit, or artificial channel for conveying water, especially one for supplying large cities with water. � The term is also applied to a structure (similar to the ancient aqueducts), for conveying a canal over a river or hollow; more properly called an aqueduct bridge. 2. (Anat.) A canal or passage; as, the aqueduct of Sylvius, a channel connecting the third and fourth ventricles of the brain. A�que�i�ty (?), n. Wateriness. [Obs.] A�que�ous (?), a. [Cf. F. aqueux, L. aquosus, fr. aqua. See Aqua, Aquose.] 1. Partaking of the nature of water, or abounding with it; watery. The aqueous vapor of the air. Tyndall. 2. Made from, or by means of, water. An aqueous deposit. Dana. � extract, an extract obtained from a vegetable substance by steeping it in water. � � humor (Anat.), one the humors of the eye; a limpid fluid, occupying the space between the crystalline lens and the cornea. (See Eye.) � � rocks (Geol.), those which are deposited from water and lie in strata, as opposed to volcanic rocks, which are of igneous origin; � called also sedimentary rocks. A�que�ous�ness, n. Wateriness. A�quif�er�ous (?), a. [L. aqua water + �ferous.] Consisting or conveying water or a watery fluid; as, aquiferous vessels; the aquiferous system. A�qui�form (?), a. [L. aqua water + �form.] Having the form of water. � Aq�ui�la (?), n; pl. Aquil� (?). [L., an eagle.] 1. (Zo�l.) A genus of eagles. 2. (Astron.) A northern constellation southerly from Lyra and Cygnus and preceding the Dolphin; the Eagle. � alba [L., white eagle], an alchemical name of calomel. Brande & C. Aq�ui�la�ted (?), a. (Her.) Adorned with eagles' heads. Aq�ui�line (?; 277), a. [L. aquilinus, fr. aquila eagle: cf. F. aquilin. See Eagle. ] 1. Belonging to or like an eagle. 2. Curving; hooked; prominent, like the beak of an eagle; � applied particularly to the nose Terribly arched and aquiline his nose. Cowper. Aq�ui�lon (?), n. [L. aquilo, �lonis: cf. F. aquilon.] The north wind. [Obs.] Shak. A�quip�a�rous (?), a. [L. aqua water + parere to bring forth.] (Med.) Secreting water; � applied to certain glands. Dunglison. Aq�ui�ta�ni�an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Aquitania, now called Gascony. A�quose� (?), a. [L. aquosus watery, fr. aqua. See Aqua, Aqueous.] Watery; aqueous. [R.] Bailey. A�quos�i�ty (?), n. [LL. aquositas.] The condition of being wet or watery; wateriness. Huxley. Very little water or aquosity is found in their belly. Holland. Ar (?), conj. Ere; before. [Obs.] Chaucer. � A�ra (?), n. [L.] (Astron.) The Altar; a southern constellation, south of the tail of the Scorpion. � A�ra (?), n. [Native Indian name.] (Zo�l.) A name of the great blue and yellow macaw (Ara ararauna), native of South America. Ar�ab (?; 277), n. [Prob. ultimately fr. Heb. arabah a desert, the name employed, in the Old Testament, to denote the valley of the Jordan and Dead Sea. Ar. Arab, Heb. arabi, arbi, arbim: cf. F. Arabe, L. Arabs, Gr. ?.] One of a swarthy race occupying Arabia, and numerous in Syria, Northern Africa, etc. Street �, a homeless vagabond in the streets of a city, particularly and outcast boy or girl. Tylor. The ragged outcasts and street Arabs who are shivering in damp doorways. Lond. Sat. Rev. Ar�a�besque� (?), n. [F. arabesque, fr. It. arabesco, fr. Arabo Arab.] A style of ornamentation either painted, inlaid, or carved in low relief. It consists of a pattern in which plants, fruits, foliage, etc., as well as figures of men and animals, real or imaginary, are fantastically interlaced or put together. � It was employed in Roman imperial ornamentation, and appeared, without the animal figures, in Moorish and Arabic decorative art. (See Moresque.) The arabesques of the Renaissance were founded on Greco�Roman work. Ar�a�besque�, a. 1. Arabian. [Obs.] 2. Relating to, or exhibiting, the style of ornament called arabesque; as, arabesque frescoes. Ar�a�besqued� (?), a. Ornamented in the style of arabesques. A�ra�bi�an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Arabia or its inhabitants. � bird, the phenix. Shak. A�ra�bi�an, n. A native of Arabia; an Arab. Ar�a�bic (?), a. [L. Arabicus, fr. Arabia.] Of or pertaining to Arabia or the Arabians. � numerals or figures, the nine digits, 1, 2, 3, etc., and the cipher 0. � Gum ~. See under Gum. Ar�a�bic, n. The language of the Arabians. � The Arabic is a Semitic language, allied to the Hebrew. It is very widely diffused, being the language in which all Mohammedans must read the Koran, and is spoken as a vernacular tongue in Arabia, Syria, and Northern Africa. A�rab�ic�al (?), a. Relating to Arabia; Arabic. � A�rab�ic�al�ly, adv. Ar�a�bin (?), n. 1. (Chem.) A carbohydrate, isomeric with cane sugar, contained in gum arabic, from which it is extracted as a white, amorphous substance. 2. Mucilage, especially that made of gum arabic. Ar�a�bin�ose� (?), n. (Chem.) A sugar of the composition C5H10O5, obtained from cherry gum by boiling it with dilute sulphuric acid. Ar�a�bism (?), n. [Cf. F. Arabisme.] An Arabic idiom peculiarly of language. Stuart. Ar�a�bist (?), n. [Cf. F. Arabiste.] One well versed in the Arabic language or literature; also, formerly, one who followed the Arabic system of surgery. Ar�a�ble (?), a. [F. arable, L. arabilis, fr. arare to plow, akin to Gr. ?, E. ear, to plow. See Earable.] Fit for plowing or tillage; � hence, often applied to land which has been plowed or tilled. Ar�a�ble, n. � land; plow land. Ar�a�by (?), n. The country of Arabia. [Archaic & Poetic] � Ar�a�ca�nese� (?), a. Of or pertaining to Aracan, a province of British Burmah. � n. sing. & pl. A native or natives of Aracan. � A�ra�?a�ri (?), n. (Zo�l.) A South American bird, of the genus Pleroglossius, allied to the toucans. There are several species. A�race� (?), v. t. [OE. aracen, arasen, OF. arachier, esracier, F. arracher, fr. L. exradicare, eradicare. The prefix a� is perh. due to L. ab. See Eradicate.] To tear up by the roots; to draw away. [Obs.] Wyatt. A�ra�ceous (?), a. [L. arum a genus of plants, fr. Gr. ?.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to an order of plants, of which the genus Arum is the type. A�rach�nid (?), n. An arachnidan. Huxley. � A�rach�ni�da (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? spider.] (Zo�l.) One of the classes of Arthropoda. See Illustration in Appendix. � They have four pairs of legs, no antenn� nor wings, a pair of mandibles, and one pair of maxill� or palpi. The head is usually consolidated with the thorax. The respiration is either by tranche� or by pulmonary sacs, or by both. The class includes three principal orders: Araneina, or spiders; Arthrogastra, including scorpions, etc.; and Acarina, or mites and ticks. A�rach�ni�dan (?), n. [Gr. ? spider.] (Zo�l.) One of the Arachnida. Ar�ach�nid�i�al (?), a. (Zo�l.) (a) Of or pertaining to the Arachnida. (b) Pertaining to the arachnidium. � Ar�ach�nid�i�um (?), n. [NL. See Arachnida.] (Zo�l.) The glandular organ in which the material for the web of spiders is secreted. � Ar�ach�ni�tis (?), n. [Gr. ? + ?.] (Med.) Inflammation of the arachnoid membrane. A�rach�noid (?), a. [Gr. ? like a cobweb; ? spider, spider's web + ? form.] 1. Resembling a spider's web; cobweblike. 2. (Anat.) Pertaining to a thin membrane of the brain and spinal cord, between the dura mater and pia mater. 3. (Bot.) Covered with, or composed of, soft, loose hairs or fibers, so as to resemble a cobweb; cobwebby. A�rach�noid, n. 1. (Anat.) The ~ membrane. 2. (Zo�l.) One of the Arachnoidea. Ar�ach�noid�al (?), a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the arachnoid membrane; arachnoid. � Ar�ach�noid�e�a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zo�l.) Same as Arachnida. A�rach�no�log�ic�al (?), a. Of or pertaining to arachnology. Ar�ach�nol�o�gist (?), n. One who is versed in, or studies, arachnology. Ar�ach�nol�o�gy (?), n. [Gr. ? spider + �logy.] The department of zo�logy which treats of spiders and other Arachnida. A�r��om�e�ter (?; 277). See Areometer. A�r��o�style (?), a. & n. [L. araeostylos, Gr. ?; ? at intervals + ? pillar, column.] (Arch.) See Intercolumniation. A�r��o�sys�tyle (?), a. & n. [Gr. ? as intervals + ?. See Systyle.] (Arch.) See Intercolumniation. Ar�a�go�nese (?), a. Of or pertaining to Aragon, in Spain, or to its inhabitants. � n. sing. & pl. A native or natives of Aragon, in Spain. A�rag�o�nite (?), n. [From Aragon, in Spain.] (Min.) A mineral identical in composition with calcite or carbonate of lime, but differing from it in its crystalline form and some of its physical characters. � A�ra�gua�to (?), n. [Native name.] (Zo�l.) A South American monkey, the ursine howler (Mycetes ursinus). See Howler, n., 2. A�raise�� (?), v. t. To raise. [Obs.] Shak. Ar�ak (?), n. Same as Arrack. Ar�a�m�an, Ar�a�me�an } (?), a. [L. Aramaeus, Gr. ?, fr. Heb. Ar�m, i. e. Highland, a name given to Syria and Mesopotamia.] Of or pertaining to the Syrians and Chaldeans, or to their language; Aramaic. � n. A native of Aram. Ar�a�ma�ic (?), a. [See Aram�an, a.] Pertaining to Aram, or to the territory, inhabitants, language, or literature of Syria and Mesopotamia; Aram�an; � specifically applied to the northern branch of the Semitic family of languages, including Syriac and Chaldee. � n. The Aramaic language. Ar�a�ma�ism (?), n. An idiom of the Aramaic. � Ar�a�ne�i�da (?), � Ar�a�ne�oid�e�a (?), } n. pl. [NL.] (Zo�l.) See Araneina. Ar�a�ne�i�dan (?), a. (Zo�l.) Of or pertaining to the Araneina or spiders. � n. One of the Araneina; a spider. Ar�a�ne�i�form (?)(?) a. [L. aranea spider + �form.] (Zo�l.) Having the form of a spider. Kirby. � A�ra�ne�i�na (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. aranea spider.] (Zo�l.) The order of Arachnida that includes the spiders. � They have mandibles, modified a poison fa?gs, leglike palpi, simple eyes, abdomen without segments, and spinnerets for spinning a web. They breathe by pulmonary sacs and trache� in the abdomen. See Illustration in Appendix. A�ra�ne�ose� , a. [L. araneous.] Of the aspect of a spider's web; arachnoid. A�ra�ne�ous (?), a. [L. araneosus, fr. aranea spider, spider�s web.] Cobweblike; extremely thin and delicate, like a cobweb; as, the araneous membrane of the eye. See Arachnoid. Derham. <-- p. 77 --> � A�ran�go (?), n. pl. Arangoes (?). [The native name.] A bead of rough carnelian. Arangoes were formerly imported from Bombay for use in the African slave trade. M?Culloch. � A�ra�pai�ma (?), n. [Prob. native name.] (Zo�l.) A large fresh�water food fish of South America. � A�ra�ra (?), n. [Native name.] (Zo�l.) The palm (or great black) cockatoo, of Australia (Microglossus aterrimus). A�ra�tion (?), n. [L. aratio, fr. arare to plow.] Plowing; tillage. [R.] Lands are said to be in a state of aration when they are under tillage. Brande. Ar�a�to�ry (?), a. [LL. aratorius: cf. F. aratoire.] Contributing to tillage. � Ar�au�ca�ri�a (?), n. [Araucania, a territory south of Chili.] (Bot.) A genus of tall conifers of the pine family. The species are confined mostly to South America and Australia. ?he wood cells differ from those of other in having the dots in their lateral surfaces in two or three rows, and the dots of contiguous rows alternating. The seeds are edible. Ar�au�ca�ri�an (?), a. Relating to, or of the nature of, the Araucaria. The earliest conifers in geological history were mostly �. Dana. Ar�ba�lest (?), Ar�ba�list (?), } n. [OF. arbaleste, LL. arbalista, for L. arcuballista; arcus bow + ballista a military engine. See Ballista.] (Antiq.) A crossbow, consisting of a steel bow set in a shaft of wood, furnished with a string and a trigger, and a mechanical device for bending the bow. It served to throw arrows, darts, bullets, etc. [Written also arbalet and arblast.] Fosbroke. Ar�ba�lest�er (?), Ar�ba�list�er (?), } n. [OF. arblastere, OF. arbalestier. See Arbalest.] A crossbowman. [Obs.] Speed. Ar�bi�ter (?), n. [L. arbiter; ar� (for ad) + the root of betere to go; hence properly, one who comes up to look on.] 1. A person appointed, or chosen, by parties to determine a controversy between them. � In modern usage, arbitrator is the technical word. 2. Any person who has the power of judging and determining, or ordaining, without control; one whose power of deciding and governing is not limited. For Jove is arbiter of both to man. Cowper. Syn. - Arbitrator; umpire; director; referee; controller; ruler; governor. Ar�bi�ter, v. t. To act as ~ between. [Obs.] Ar�bi�tra�ble (?), a. [Cf. F. arbitrable, fr. L. arbitrari. See Arbitrate, v. t.] Capable of being decided by arbitration; determinable. [Archaic] Bp. Hall. Ar�bi�trage (?), n. [F., fr. arbiter to give judgment, L. arbitrari.] 1. Judgment by an arbiter; authoritative determination. [Archaic] 2. (Com) A traffic in bills of exchange (see Arbitration of Exchange); also, a traffic in stocks which bear differing values at the same time in different markets. Ar�bi�tral (?), a. [L. arbitralis.] Of or relating to an arbiter or an arbitration. [R.] Ar�bit�ra�ment (?), n. [LL. arbitramentum.] 1. Determination; decision; arbitration. The arbitrament of time. Everett. Gladly at this moment would MacIvor have put their quarrel to personal arbitrament. Sir W. Scott. 2. The award of arbitrators. Cowell. Ar�bi�tra�ri�ly (?), adv. In an arbitrary manner; by will only; despotically; absolutely. Ar�bi�tra�ri�ness, n. The quality of being arbitrary; despoticalness; tyranny. Bp. Hall. Ar�bi�tra�ri�ous (?), a. [L. arbitrarius. See Arbitrary.] Arbitrary; despotic. [Obs.] � Ar�bi�tra��ri�ous�ly, adv. [Obs.] Ar�bi�tra�ry (?), a. [L. arbitrarius, fr. arbiter: cf. F. arbitraire. See Arbiter.] 1. Depending on will or discretion; not governed by any fixed rules; as, an arbitrary decision; an arbitrary punishment. It was wholly arbitrary in them to do so. Jer. Taylor. Rank pretends to fix the value of every one, and is the most arbitrary of all things. Landor. 2. Exercised according to one's own will or caprice, and therefore conveying a notion of a tendency to abuse the possession of power. Arbitrary power is most easily established on the ruins of liberty abused licentiousness. Washington. 3. Despotic; absolute in power; bound by no law; harsh and unforbearing; tyrannical; as, an arbitrary prince or government. Dryden. � constant, � function (Math.), a quantity of function that is introduced into the solution of a problem, and to which any value or form may at will be given, so that the solution may be made to meet special requirements. � � quantity (Math.), one to which any value can be assigned at pleasure. Ar�bi�trate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arbitrated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Arbitrating (?).] [L. arbitratus, p. p. of arbitrari to be a hearer or beholder of something, to make a decision, to give judgment, fr. arbiter. See Arbiter.] 1. To hear and decide, as arbitrators; as, to choose to arbitrate a disputed case. 2. To decide, or determine generally. South. There shall your swords and lances arbitrate The swelling difference of your settled hate. Shak. Ar�bi�trate (?), v. i. 1. To decide; to determine. Shak. 2. To act as arbitrator or judge; as, to arbitrate upon several reports;; to arbitrate in disputes among heighbors; to arbitrate between parties to a suit. Ar�bi�tra�tion (?), n. [F. arbitration, L. arbitratio, fr. arbitrari.] The hearing and determination of a cause between parties in controversy, by a person or persons chosen by the parties. � This may be done by one person; but it is usual to choose two or three called arbitrators; or for each party to choose one, and these to name a third, who is called the umpire. Their determination is called the award. Bouvier � bond, a bond which obliges one to abide by the award of an ~. � � of Exchange, the operation of converting the currency of one country into that of another, or determining the rate of exchange between such countries or currencies. An arbitrated rate is one determined by such ~ through the medium of one or more intervening currencies. Ar�bi�tra�tor (?), n. [L., fr. arbitrari: cf. F. arbitrateur.] 1. A person, or one of two or more persons, chosen by parties who have a controversy, to determine their differences. See Arbitration. 2. One who has the power of deciding or prescribing without control; a ruler; a governor. Though Heaven be shut, And Heaven's high Arbitrators sit secure. Milton. Masters of their own terms and arbitrators of a peace. Addison. Syn. - Judge; umpire; referee; arbiter. See Judge. Ar�bi�tra�trix (?), n. [L., fem. of arbitrator.] A female who arbitrates or judges. Ar�bi�tress (?), n. [From Arbiter.] A female arbiter; an arbitratrix. Milton. Ar�blast (?), n. A crossbow. See Arbalest. Ar�bor (?), n. [OE. herber, herbere, properly a garden of herbs, F. herbier, fr. L. herbarium. See Herb, and cf. Herbarium.] A kind of latticework formed of, or covered with, vines, branches of trees, or other plants, for shade; a bower. Sir P. Sidney. Ar�bor, n. [Written also arbour.] [L., a tree, a beam.] 1. (Bot.) A tree, as distinguished from a shrub. 2. [Cf. F. arbre.] (Mech.) (a) An axle or spindle of a wheel or opinion. (b) A mandrel in lathe turning. Knight. � Day, a day appointed for planting trees and shrubs. [U.S.] Ar�bo�ra�ry (?), a. [L. arborarius, fr. arbor tree.] Of or pertaining to trees; arboreal. Ar�bo�ra�tor (?), n. [L., fr. arbor tree.] One who plants or who prunes trees. [Obs.] Evelyn. � Ar�bor Di�a�n� (?). [L., the tree of Diana, or silver.] (Chem.) A precipitation of silver, in a beautiful arborescent form. Ar�bo�re�al (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a tree, or to trees; of nature of trees. Cowley. 2. Attached to, found in or upon, or frequenting, woods or trees; as, arboreal animals. Woodpeckers are eminently arboreal. Darwin. Ar�bored (?), a. Furnished with an arbor; lined with trees. �An arboreal walk.� Pollok. Ar�bo�re�ous (?), a. [L. arboreous, fr. arbor tree.] 1. Having the form, constitution, or habits, of a proper tree, in distinction from a shrub. Loudon. 2. Pertaining to, or growing on, trees; as, arboreous moss. Quincy. Ar�bo�res�cence (?), n. The state of being arborescent; the resemblance to a tree in minerals, or crystallizations, or groups of crystals in that form; as, the arborescence produced by precipitating silver. Ar�bo�res�cent (?), a. [L. arborescens, p. pr. of arborescere to become a tree, fr. arbor tree.] Resembling a tree; becoming woody in stalk; dendritic; having crystallizations disposed like the branches and twigs of a tree. �Arborescent hollyhocks.� Evelyn. Ar�bo�ret (?), n. [OF. arboret, dim. of arbre tree, L. arbor] A small tree or shrub. [Obs.] Spenser. Among thick�woven arborets, and flowers Imbordered on each bank. Milton. � Ar�bo�re�tum (?), n.; pl. Arboreta (?). [L., a place grown with trees.] A place in which a collection of rare trees and shrubs is cultivated for scientific or educational purposes. Ar�bor�ic�al (?), a. Relating to trees. [Obs.] Ar�bor�i�cole (?), a. [L. arbor + colere to inhabit.] (Zo�l.) Tree�inhabiting; � said of certain birds. Ar�bor�i�cul�tur�al (?), a. Pertaining to arboriculture. Loudon. Ar�bor�i�cul�ture (?; 135), n. [L. arbor tree + cultura. See Culture.] The cultivation of trees and shrubs, chiefly for timber or for ornamental purposes. Ar�bor�i�cul�tur�ist, n. One who cultivates trees. Ar�bor�i�form (?), a. Treelike in shape. Ar�bor�ist (?), n. [F. arboriste, fr. L. arbor tree.] One who makes trees his study, or who is versed in the knowledge of trees. Howell. Ar�bor�i�za�tion (?), n. [Cf. F. arborisation, fr. L. arbor tree.] The appearance or figure of a tree or plant, as in minerals or fossils; a dendrite. Ar�bor�ized (?), a. Having a treelike appearance. �An arborized or moss agate.� Wright. Ar�bor�ous (?), a. Formed by trees. [Obs.] From under shady, arborous roof. Milton. Ar�bor vine� (?). A species of bindweed. � Ar�bor vi�t� (?). [L., tree of life.] 1. (Bot.) An evergreen tree of the cypress tribe, genus Thuja. The American species is the T. occidentalis. 2. (Anat.) The treelike disposition of the gray and white nerve tissues in the cerebellum, as seen in a vertical section. Ar�bus�cle (?), n. [L. arbuscula small tree, shrub, dim. of arbor tree.] A dwarf tree, one in size between a shrub and a tree; a treelike shrub. Bradley. Ar�bus�cu�lar (?), a. Of or pertaining to a dwarf tree; shrublike. Da Costa. Ar�bus�tive (?), a. [L. arbustivus, fr. arbustum place where trees are planted.] Containing copses of trees or shrubs; covered with shrubs. Bartram. Ar�bu�tus (?), Ar�bute (?), } n. [L. arbutus, akin to arbor tree.] The strawberry tree, a genus of evergreen shrubs, of the Heath family. It has a berry externally resembling the strawberry; the arbute tree. Trailing arbutus (Bot.), a creeping or trailing plant of the Heath family (Epig�a repens), having white or usually rose�colored flowers with a delicate fragrance, growing in small axillary clusters, and appearing early in the spring; in New England known as mayflower; � called also ground laurel. Gray. Arc (?), n. [F. arc, L. arcus bow, ~. See Arch, n.] 1. (Geom.) A portion of a curved line; as, the arc of a circle or of an ellipse. 2. A curvature in the shape of a circular ~ or an arch; as, the colored arc (the rainbow); the arc of Hadley's quadrant. 3. An arch. [Obs.] Statues and trophies, and triumphal arcs. Milton. 4. The apparent ~ described, above or below the horizon, by the sun or other celestial body. The diurnal arc is described during the daytime, the nocturnal arc during the night. Electric ~, Voltaic ~. See under Voltaic. Ar�cade� (?), n. [F. arcade, Sp. arcada, LL. arcata, fr. L. arcus bow, arch.] 1. (Arch.) (a) A series of arches with the columns or piers which support them, the spandrels above, and other necessary appurtenances; sometimes open, serving as an entrance or to give light; sometimes closed at the back (as in the cut) and forming a decorative feature. (b) A long, arched building or gallery. 2. An arched or covered passageway or avenue. Ar�cad�ed (?), a. Furnished with an arcade. Ar�ca�di�a (?), n. [L. Arcadia, Gr. ?.] 1. A mountainous and picturesque district of Greece, in the heart of the Peloponnesus, whose people were distinguished for contentment and rural happiness. 2. Fig.: Any region or scene of simple pleasure and untroubled quiet. Where the cow is, there is Arcadia. J. Burroughs. Ar�ca�di�an (?), Ar�ca�dic (?), } a. [L. Arcadius, Arcadicus, fr. Arcadia: cf. F. Arcadien, Arcadique.] Of or pertaining to Arcadia; pastoral; ideally rural; as, Arcadian simplicity or scenery. Ar�cane� (?), a. [L. arcanus.] Hidden; secret. [Obs.] �The arcane part of divine wisdom.� Berkeley. � Ar�ca�num (?), n.; pl. Arcana (?). [L., fr. arcanus closed, secret, fr. arca chest, box, fr. arcere to inclose. See Ark.] 1. A secret; a mystery; � generally used in the plural. Inquiries into the arcana of the Godhead. Warburton. 2. (Med.) A secret remedy; an elixir. Dunglison. � Arc��bou�tant� (?), n. [F.] (Arch.) A flying buttress. Gwilt. Arch (?), n. [F. arche, fr. LL. arca, for arcus. See Arc.] 1. (Geom.) Any part of a curved line. 2. (Arch.) (a) Usually a curved member made up of separate wedge�shaped solids, with the joints between them disposed in the direction of the radii of the curve; used to support the wall or other weight above an opening. In this sense arches are segmental, round (i. e., semicircular), or pointed. (b) A flat arch is a member constructed of stones cut into wedges or other shapes so as to support each other without rising a curve. � Scientifically considered, the ~ is a means of spanning an opening by resolving vertical pressure into horizontal or diagonal thrust. 3. Any place covered by an ~; an archway; as, to pass into the arch of a bridge. 4. Any curvature in the form of an ~; as, the arch of the aorta. �Colors of the showery arch.� Milton. Triumphal ~, a monumental structure resembling an arched gateway, with one or more passages, erected to commemorate a triumph. Arch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Arching.] 1. To cover with an ~ or arches. 2. To form or bend into the shape of an ~. The horse arched his neck. Charlesworth. Arch, v. i. To form into an arch; to curve. <-- p. 78 --> Arch� (�rch�, except in archangel and one or two other words). [L. arch�, Gr. ???. See Arch�.] A prefix signifying chief, as in archbuilder, archfiend. Arch (?), a. [See Arch�, pref.] 1. Chief; eminent; greatest ; principal. The most arch act of piteous massacre. Shak. 2. Cunning or sly; sportively mischievous; roguish; as, an arch look, word, lad. [He] spoke his request with so arch a leer. Tatler. Arch, n. [See Arch�, pref.] A chief. [Obs.] My worthy arch and patron comes to�night. Shak. �arch (?). [Gr. ? chief, commander, ? to rule. See Arch, a.] A suffix meaning a ruler, as in monarch (a sole ruler). Ar�ch��an (?), a. [Gr. ? ancient, fr. ? beginning.] Ancient; pertaining to the earliest period in geological history. Ar�ch��an, n. (Geol.) The earliest period in geological period, extending up to the Lower Silurian. It includes an Azoic age, previous to the appearance of life, and an Eozoic age, including the earliest forms of life. � This is equivalent to the formerly accepted term Azoic, and to the Eozoic of Dawson. Ar�ch��og�ra�phy (?), n. [Gr. ? ancient + �graphy.] A description of, or a treatise on, antiquity or antiquities. Ar�ch��o�lith�ic (?), a. [Gr. ? ancient + ? pertaining to a stone.] (Arch�ol.) Of or pertaining to the earliest Stone age; � applied to a prehistoric period preceding the Paleolithic age. Ar�ch��o�lo�gi�an (?), n. An arch�ologist. Ar�ch��o�log�ic (?), Ar�ch��o�log�ic�al (?), } Relating to arch�ology, or antiquities; as, arch�ological researches. � Ar��ch��o�log�ic�al�ly, adv. Ar�ch��ol�o�gist (?), n. One versed in arch�ology; an antiquary. Wright. Ar�ch��ol�o�gy (?), n. [Gr. ?; ? ancient (fr. ? beginning) + ? discourse, ? to speak.] The science or study of antiquities, esp. prehistoric antiquities, such as the remains of buildings or monuments of an early epoch, inscriptions, implements, and other relics, written manuscripts, etc. � Ar�ch��op�te�ryx (?), n. [Gr. ? ancient + ? wing.] (Paleon.) A fossil bird, of the Jurassic period, remarkable for having a long tapering tail of many vertebr� with feathers along each side, and jaws armed with teeth, with other reptilian characteristics. Ar�ch��o�stom�a�tous (?), a. [Gr. ? ancient + ? mouth.] (Biol.) Applied to a gastrula when the blastorope does not entirely up. Ar�ch��o�zo�ic (?), a. [Gr. ? ancient + ? animal.] (Zo�l.) Like or belonging to the earliest forms of animal life. Ar�cha�ic (?), a. [Gr. ? old�fashioned, fr. ? ancient.] Of or characterized by antiquity or archaism; antiquated; obsolescent. Ar�cha�ic�al (?), a. Archaic. [R.] � Ar�cha�ic�al�ly, adv. Ar�cha�ism (?), n. [Gr. ?, fr. ? ancient, fr. ? beginning: cf. F. archa�sme. See Arch, a.] 1. An ancient, antiquated, or old�fashioned, word, expression, or idiom; a word or form of speech no longer in common use. 2. Antiquity of style or use; obsoleteness. A select vocabulary corresponding (in point of archaism and remoteness from ordinary use) to our Scriptural vocabulary. De Quincey. Ar�cha�ist, n. 1. Am antiquary. 2. One who uses archaisms. Ar�cha�is�tic (?), a. Like, or imitative of, anything archaic; pertaining to an archaism. Ar�cha�ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Archaized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Archaizing.] [Gr. ?.] To make appear archaic or antique. Mahaffy. Arch�an�gel (?), n. [L. archangelus, Gr. ?: cf. OF. archangel, F. archange. See Arch�, pref., and Angel.] 1. A chief angel; one high in the celestial hierarchy. Milton. 2. (Bot.) A term applied to several different species of plants (Angelica archangelica, Lamium album, etc.). Arch�an�gel�ic (?), a. [Cf. F. archang�lique.] Of or pertaining to archangels; of the nature of, or resembling, an archangel. Milton. Arch�bish�op (?), n. [AS. arcebisceop, arcebiscop, L. archiepiscopus, fr. Gr. ?. See Bishop.] A chief bishop; a church dignitary of the first class (often called a metropolitan or primate) who superintends the conduct of the suffragan bishops in his province, and also exercises episcopal authority in his own diocese. Arch�bish�op�ric (?), n. [AS. arcebiscopr�ce. See �ric.] The jurisdiction or office of an archbishop; the see or province over which archbishop exercises archiepiscopal authority. Arch� brick� (?). A wedge�shaped brick used in the building of an arch. Arch�but�ler (?), n. [Pref. arch� + butler.] A chief butler; � an officer of the German empire. Arch�cham�ber�lain (?), n. [Cf. G. erzk�mmerer. See Arch�, pref.] A chief chamberlain; � an officer of the old German empire, whose office was similar to that of the great chamberlain in England. Arch�chan�cel�lor (?), n. [Cf. Ger. erzkanzler. See Arch�, pref.] A chief chancellor; � an officer in the old German empire, who presided over the secretaries of the court. Arch�chem�ic (?), a. Of supreme chemical powers. [R.] �The archchemic sun.� Milton. Arch�dea�con (?), n. [AS. arcediacon, archidiacon, L. archidiaconus, fr. Gr. ?. See Arch�, pref., and Deacon.] In England, an ecclesiastical dignitary, next in rank below a bishop, whom he assists, and by whom he is appointed, though with independent authority. Blackstone. Arch�dea�con�ry, n. The district, office, or residence of an archdeacon. See Benefice. Every diocese is divided into archdeaconries. Blackstone. Arch�dea�con�ship, n. The office of an archdeacon. Arch�di�o�cese (?), n. [Pref. arch� + diocese.] The diocese of an archbishop. Arch�du�cal (?), a. Of or pertaining to an archduke or archduchy. Arch�duch�ess (?), n. [Pref. arch� + duchess.] The consort of an archduke; also, a princess of the imperial family of Austria. See Archduke. Arch�duch�y, n. The territory of an archduke or archduchess. Ash. Arch�duke� (?), n. [Pref. arch� + duke.] A prince of the imperial family of Austria. � Formerly this title was assumed by the rulers of Lorraine, Brabant, Austria, etc. It is now appropriated to the descendants of the imperial family of Austria through the make line, all such male descendants being styled archduke, and all such female descendants archduchesses. Arch�duke�dom (?), n. An archduchy. � Ar�che�bi�o�sis (?), n. [Pref. arche� ? archi� + Gr. ?, ?, life.] To origination of living matter from non�living. See Abiogenesis. Bastian. Arched (?), a. Made with an arch or curve; covered with an arch; as, an arched door. Ar�che�go�ni�al (?), a. Relating to the archegonium. � Ar�che�go�ni�um (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ? the first of a race.] (Bot.) The pistillidium or female organ in the higher cryptogamic plants, corresponding to the pistil in flowering plants. Ar�cheg�o�ny (?), n. [See Archegonium.] (Biol.) Spontaneous generation; abiogenesis. Ar�chel�o�gy (?), n. [Gr. ? an element or first principle + �logy.] The science of, or a treatise on, first principles. Fleming. � Ar�chen�ceph�a�la (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. pref. ? + ? the brain.] (Zo�l.) The division that includes man alone. R. Owen. Arch�en�e�my (?), n. [Pref. arch� = enemy.] A principal enemy. Specifically, Satan, the grand adversary of mankind. Milton. Arch�en�ter�ic (?), a. (Biol.) Relating ? the archenteron; as, archenteric invagination. � Arch�en�ter�on , n. [Pref. arch� + Gr. ? intestine.] (Biol.) The primitive enteron or undifferentiated digestive sac of a gastrula or other embryo. See Illust. under Invagination. Ar�che�ol�o�gy (?), n., Ar�che�o�log�ic�al (?), a. Same as Arch�ology, etc. Arch�er (?), n. [OF. archier, F. archer, LL. arcarius, fr. L. arcus bow. See Arc, Arch, n.] A bowman, one skilled in the use of the bow and arrow. Arch�er�ess (?), n. A female archer. Markham. Arch�er fish� (?). (Zo�l.) A small fish (Toxotes jaculator), of the East Indies; � so called from ?? ejecting drops of water from its mouth at its prey. The name is also applied to Ch�todon rostratus. Arch�er�ship, n. The art or skill of an archer. Arch�er�y (?), n. [OE. archerie.] 1. The use of the bow and arrows in battle, hunting, etc.; the art, practice, or skill of shooting with a bow and arrows. 2. Archers, or bowmen, collectively. Let all our archery fall off In wings of shot a�both sides of the van. Webster (1607). Arch�es (?), pl. of Arch, n. Court of �, or � Court (Eng. Law), the court of appeal of the Archbishop of Canterbury, whereof the judge, who sits as deputy to the archbishop, is called the Dean of the Arches, because he anciently held his court in the church of St. Mary�le�Bow (de arcubus). It is now held in Westminster. Mozley & W. Ar�che�ty�pal (?), a. Of or pertaining to an archetype; consisting a model (real or ideal) or pattern; original. �One archetypal mind.� Gudworth. � Among Platonists, the archetypal world is the world as it existed as an idea of God before the creation. Ar�che�ty�pal�ly, adv. With reference to the archetype; originally. �Parts archetypally distinct.� Dana. Ar�che�type (?), n. [L. archetypum, Gr. ?, fr. ? stamped first and as model; ? ? + ? stamp, figure, pattern, ? to strike: cf. F. arch�type. See Arch�, pref.] 1. The original pattern or model of a work; or the model from which a thing is made or formed. The House of Commons, the archetype of all the representative assemblies which now meet. Macaulay. Types and shadows of that glorious archetype that was to come into the world. South. 2. (Coinage) The standard weight or coin by which others are adjusted. 3. (Biol.) The plan or fundamental structure on which a natural group of animals or plants or their systems of organs are assumed to have been constructed; as, the vertebrate archetype. Ar�che�typ�ic�al (?), a. Relating to an archetype; archetypal. � Ar�che�us (?), n. [LL. arch?us, Gr. ? ancient, primeval, fr. ? beginning. See Archi�, pref.] The vital principle or force which (according to the Paracelsians) presides over the growth and continuation of living beings; the anima mundi or plastic power of the old philosophers. [Obs.] Johnson. Ar�chi� (?). [L., archi�, Gr. ?, a prefix which is from the same root as ? to be first, to begin; ? the first place, beginning; ? chief. Cf. AS. arce�, erce�, OHG. erzi�.] A prefix signifying chief, arch; as, architect, archiepiscopal. In Biol. and Anat. it usually means primitive, original, ancestral; as, archipterygium, the primitive fin or wing. � Ar�chi�an�nel�i�da (?), n. pl. [NL.; pref. archi� + annelida.] (Zo�l.) A group of Annelida remarkable for having no external segments or distinct ventral nerve ganglions. Ar�chi�a�ter (?), n. [L. archiatrus, Gr. ?; pref. ? + ? physician, ? to heal.] Chief physician; � a term applied, on the continent of Europe, to the first or body physician of princes and to the first physician of some cities. P. Cyc. � Ar�chi�blas�tu�la (?), n. [Pref. archi + blastula.] (Biol.) A hollow blastula, supposed to be the primitive form; a c?loblastula. Ar�chi�cal (?), a. [Gr. ? able to govern, fr. ? beginning, government. See Arch�, pref.] Chief; primary; primordi?.] [Obs.] Cudworth. Ar�chi�di�ac�o�nal (?), a. [L. archidiaconus, Gr. ?, equiv. to E. archdeacon.] Of or pertaining to an archdeacon. This offense is liable to be censured in an archidiaconal visitation. Johnson. Ar�chi�e�pis�co�pa�cy (?), n. [Pref. archi� + episcopacy.] 1. That form of episcopacy in which the chief power is in the hands of archbishops. 2. The state or dignity of an archbishop. Ar�chi�e�pis�co�pal (?), a. [Pref. archi� + episcopal.] Of or pertaining to an archbishop; as, Canterbury is an archiepiscopal see. Ar�chi�e�pis�co�pal�i�ty (?), n. The station or dignity of an archbishop; archiepiscopacy. Fuller. Ar�chi�e�pis�co�pate (?), n. [Pref. archi� + episcopate.] The office of an archbishop; an archbishopric. � Ar�chi�e�rey (?), n. [Russ. archier�i, fr. Gr. ?; pref. ? (E. arch�) + � priest.] The higher order of clergy in Russia, including metropolitans, archbishops, and bishops. Pinkerton. Ar�chil (?; 277), n. [OF. orchel, orcheil, It. orcella, oricello, or OSp. orchillo. Cf. Orchil.] 1. A viole?dye obtained from several species of lichen (Roccella tinctoria, etc.), which grow on maritime rocks in the Canary and Cape Verd Islands, etc. Tomlinson. 2. The plant from which the dye is obtained. [Written also orchal and orchil.] Ar�chi�lo�chi�an (?), a. [L. Archilochius.] Of or pertaining to the satiric Greek poet Archilochus; as, Archilochian meter. Ar�chi�mage (?), � Ar�chi�ma�gus (?), } n. [NL.; pref. archi� + L. magus, Gr. ?, a Magian.] 1. The high priest of the Persian Magi, or worshipers of fire. 2. A great magician, wizard, or enchanter. Spenser. Ar�chi�man�drite (?), n. [L. archimandrita, LGr. ?; pref. ? (E. arch�) + ? an inclosed space, esp. for cattle, a fold, a monastery.] (Gr. Church) (a) A chief of a monastery, corresponding to abbot in the Roman Catholic church. (b) A superintendent of several monasteries, corresponding to superior abbot, or father provincial, in the Roman Catholic church. Ar�chi�me�de�an (?), a. [L. Archimedeus.] Of or pertaining to Archimedes, a celebrated Greek philosopher; constructed on the principle of Archimedes' screw; as, Archimedean drill, propeller, etc. � screw, or Archimedes' screw, an instrument, said to have been invented by Archimedes, for raising water, formed by winding a flexible tube round a cylinder in the form of a screw. When the screw is placed in an inclined position, and the lower end immersed in water, by causing the screw to revolve, the water is raised to the upper end. Francis. � Ar�chi�me�des (?), n. (Paleon.) An extinct genus of Bryzoa characteristic of the subcarboniferous rocks. Its form is that of a screw. Arch�ing (?), n. 1. The arched part of a structure. 2. (Naut.) Hogging; � opposed to sagging. Ar�chi�pe�lag�ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to an archipelago. Ar�chi�pel�a�go , n.; pl. �goes or �gos (?). [It. arcipelago, properly, chief sea; Gr. pref ? + ? sea, perh. akin to ? blow, and expressing the beating of the waves. See Plague.] 1. The Grecian Archipelago, or �gean Sea, separating Greece from Asia Minor. It is studded with a vast number of small islands. 2. Hence: Any sea or broad sheet of water interspersed with many islands or with a group of islands. <-- p. 79 --> � Ar�chip�te�ryg�i�um (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. pref. ? (E. arch�) + ? wing, fin.] (Anat.) The primitive form of fin, like that of Ceratodus. Ar�chi�tect (?), n. [L. architectus, architecton, Gr. ? chief artificer, master builder; pref. ? (E. archi�) + ? workman, akin to ? art, skill, ? to produce: cf. F. architecte, It. architetto. See Technical.] 1. A person skilled in the art of building; one who understands architecture, or makes it his occupation to form plans and designs of buildings, and to superintend the artificers employed. 2. A contriver, designer, or maker. The architects of their own happiness. Milton. A French woman is a perfect architect in dress. Coldsmith. Ar�chi�tec�tive (?), a. Used in building; proper for building. Derham. Ar�chi�tec�ton�ic (?), Ar�chi�tec�ton�ic�al (?), } a. [L. architectonicus, Gr. ?. See Architect.] 1. Pertaining to a master builder, or to architecture; evincing skill in designing or construction; constructive. �Architectonic wisdom.� Boyle. These architectonic functions which we had hitherto thought belonged. J. C. Shairp. 2. Relating to the systemizing of knowledge. Ar�chi�tec�ton�ic, n. [Cf. F. architectonique.] 1. The science of architecture. 2. The act of arranging knowledge into a system. Ar�chi�tec�ton�ics, n. The science of architecture. Ar�chi�tec�tor (?), n. An architect. [Obs.] North. Ar�chi�tec�tress (?), n. A female architect. Ar�chi�tec�tur�al (?), a. Of or pertaining to the art of building; conformed to the rules of architecture. � Ar�chi�tec�tur�al�ly, adv. Ar�chi�tec�ture (?; 135), n. [L. architectura, fr. architectus: cf. F. architecture. See Architect.] 1. The art or science of building; especially, the art of building houses, churches, bridges, and other structures, for the purposes of civil life; � often called civil architecture. 2. A method or style of building, characterized by certain peculiarities of structure, ornamentation, etc. Many other architectures besides Gothic. Ruskin. 3. Construction, in a more general sense; frame or structure; workmanship. The architecture of grasses, plants, and trees. Tyndall. The formation of the first earth being a piece of divine architecture. Burnet. Military ~, the art of fortifications. � Naval ~, the art of building ships. � Ar�chi�teu�this (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. pref. ? + ?, ?, a kind of squid.] (Zo�l.) A genus of gigantic cephalopods, allied to the squids, found esp. in the North Atlantic and about New Zealand. Ar�chi�trave (?), n. [F. architrave, fr. It. architrave; pref. archi� + trave beam, L. trabs.] (Arch.) (a) The lower division of an entablature, or that part which rests immediately on the column, esp. in classical architecture. See Column. (b) The group of moldings, or other architectural member, above and on both sides of a door or other opening, especially if square in form. Ar�chi�traved (?), a. Furnished with an architrave. Cowper. Ar�chi�val (?), a. Pertaining to, or contained in, archives or records. Tooke. Ar�chive (?), n. ; pl. Archives (?). [F. archives, pl., L. archivum, archium, fr. Gr. ? government house, ? ? archives, fr. ? the first place, government. See Archi�, pref.] 1. pl. The place in which public records or historic documents are kept. Our words.... become records in God's court, and are ?aid up in his archives as witnesses. Gov. of Tongue. 2. pl. Public records or documents preserved as evidence of facts; as, the archives of a country or family. [Rarely used in sing.] Some rotten archive, rummaged out of some seldom explored press. Lamb. Syn. - Registers; records; chronicles. Ar�chi�vist (?), n. [F. archiviste.] A keeper of archives or records. [R.] Ar�chi�volt (?), n. [F. archivolte, fr. It. archivolto; pref. archi� + volto vault, arch. See Vault.] (Arch.) (a) The architectural member surrounding the curved opening of an arch, corresponding to the architrave in the case of a square opening. (b) More commonly, the molding or other ornaments with which the wall face of the voussoirs of an arch is charged. Arch�lute (?), Arch�i�lute (?), } n. [Cf. F. archiluth, It. arciliuto.] (Mus.) A large theorbo, or double�necked lute, formerly in use, having the bass strings doubled with an octave, and the higher strings with a unison. Arch�ly (?), adv. In an arch manner; with attractive slyness or roguishness; slyly; waggishly. Archly the maiden smiled. Longfellow. Arch�mar�shal (?), n. [G. erzmarschall. See Arch�, pref.] The grand marshal of the old German empire, a dignity that to the Elector of Saxony. Arch�ness, n. The quality of being arch; cleverness; sly humor free from malice; waggishness. Goldsmith. Ar�chon (?), n. [L. archon, Gr. ?, ?, ruler, chief magistrate, p. pr. of ? to be first, to rule.] (Antiq.) One of the chief magistrates in ancient Athens, especially, by pre�minence, the first of the nine chief magistrates. � Ar�chon�tic (?), a. Ar�chon�ship, n. The office of an archon. Mitford. Ar�chon�tate (?), n. [Cf. F. archontat.] An archon's term of office. Gibbon. Ar�chonts (?), n. pl. [Gr. ?, p. pr. See Archon.] (Zo�l.) The group including man alone. Arch�prel�ate (?), n. [Pref. arch� + prelate.] An archbishop or other chief prelate. Arch�pres�by�ter (?), n. Same as Archpriest. Arch�pres�by�ter�y (?), n. [Pref. arch� + presbutery.] The absolute dominion of presbytery. Milton. Arch�priest� (?), n. A chief priest; also, a kind of vicar, or a rural dean. Arch�pri�mate (?), n. [Pref. arch� + primate.] The chief primate. Milton. Arch� stone� (?). A wedge�shaped stone used in an arch; a voussoir. Arch�trai�tor (?), n. [Pref. arch� + traitor.] A chief or transcendent traitor. I. Watts. Arch�treas�ur�er (?; 135), n. [Pref. arch� + treasurer.] A chief treasurer. Specifically, the great treasurer of the German empire. Arch�way (?), n. A way or passage under an arch. Arch�wife� (?), n. [Pref. arch� + wife.] A big, masculine wife. [Obs.] Chaucer. Arch�wise (?), adv. Arch�shaped. Arch�y (?), a. Arched; as, archy brows. �ar�chy (?). [Gr. ?, fr. ? chief. See Arch�, pref.] A suffix properly meaning a rule, ruling, as in monarchy, the rule of one only. Cf. �arch. Ar�ci�form (?), a. [L. arcus bow + �form.] Having the form of an arch; curved. Arc�o�graph (?), n. [L. arcus (E. arc) + �graph.] An instrument for drawing a circular arc without the use of a central point; a cyclograph. Arc�ta�tion (?), n. [L. arctus shut in, narrow, p. p. of arcere to shut in: cf. F. arctation.] (Med.) Constriction or contraction of some natural passage, as in constipation from inflammation. Arc�tic (?), a. [OE. artik, OF. artique, F. arctique, L. arcticus, fr. Gr. ?, fr. ? a bear, also a northern constellation so called; akin to L. ursus bear, Skr. ?ksha.] Pertaining to, or situated under, the northern constellation called the Bear; northern; frigid; as, the arctic pole, circle, region, ocean; an arctic expedition, night, temperature. � The arctic circle is a lesser circle, parallel to the equator, 23o 28� from the north pole. This and the antarctic circle are called the polar circles, and between these and the poles lie the frigid zones. See Zone. Arc�tic, n. 1. The arctic circle. 2. A warm waterproof overshoe. [U.S.] � Arc�tis�ca (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? bear.] (Zo�l.) A group of Arachnida. See Illust. in Appendix. Arc�to�ge�al (?), a. [Gr. ? the north + ?, ?, country.] (Zo�l.) Of or pertaining to arctic lands; as, the arctogeal fauna. � Arc�toid�e�a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? bear + �oid.] (Zo�l.) A group of the Carnivora, that includes the bears, weasels, etc. Arc�tu�rus (?), n. [L. Arcturus, Gr. ? bearward, equiv. to ?; ? bear + ? ward, guard. See Arctic.] (Anat.) A fixed star of the first magnitude in the constellation Bo�tes. � Arcturus has sometimes been incorrectly used as the name of the constellation, or even of Ursa Major. Canst thou guide Arcturus with his sons [Rev. Ver.: �the Bear with her train�]. Job xxxviii. 32. Arc�u�al (?), a. Of or pertaining to an arc. � measure of an angle (Math.), that which the unit angle has its measuring arc equal to the radius of the circle. Arc�u�ate (?), Arc�u�a�ted (?)(?), } a. [L. arcuatus, p. p. of arcuare to shape like a bow, fr. arcus. See Arc.] Bent or curved in the form of a bow. �Arcuate stalks.� Gray. Arc�u�ate�ly (?), adv. In the form of a bow. Arc�u�a�tion (?), n. [L. arcuatio.] 1. The act of bending or curving; incurvation; the state of being bent; crookedness. Coxe. 2. (Hort.) A mode of propagating trees by bending branches to the ground, and covering the small shoots with earth; layering. Chambers. Ar�cu�ba�list (?), n. [See Arbalist.] A crossbow. Fosbroke. Ar�cu�bal�ist�er (?), n. [L. arcuballistarius. Cf. Arbalister.] A crossbowman; one who used the arcubalist. Camden. Ar�cu�bus (?), n. See Arquebus. [Obs.] �ard, �art. The termination of many English words; as, coward, reynard, drunkard, mostly from the French, in which language this ending is of German origin, being orig. the same word as English hard. It usually has the sense of one who has to a high or excessive degree the quality expressed by the root; as, braggart, sluggard. � Ar�das�sine (?), n. [F. (cf. Sp. ardacina), fr. ardasse a kind of silk thread, fr. Ar. & Per. ardan a kind of raw silk.] A very fine sort of Persian silk. Ar�den�cy (?), n. 1. Heat. [R.] Sir T. Herbert. 2. Warmth of passion or affection; ardor; vehemence; eagerness; as, the ardency of love or zeal. Ar�dent (?), a. [OE. ardaunt, F. ardant, p. pr. of arder to burn, fr. L. ardere.] 1. Hot or burning; causing a sensation of burning; fiery; as, ardent spirits, that is, distilled liquors; an ardent fever. 2.�Having the appearance or quality of fire; fierce; glowing; shining; as, ardent eyes. Dryden. 3. Warm, applied to the passions and affections; passionate; fervent; zealous; vehement; as, ardent love, feelings, zeal, hope, temper. An ardent and impetuous race. Macaulay. Syn. - Burning; hot; fiery; glowing; intense; fierce; vehement; eager; zealous; keen; fervid; fervent; passionate; affectionate. Ar�dent�ly (?), adv. In an ardent manner; eagerly; with warmth; affectionately; passionately. Ar�dent�ness, n. Ardency. [R.] Ar�dor (?), n. [L. ardor, fr. ardere to burn: cf. OF. ardor, ardur, F. ardeur.] [Spelt also ardour.] 1. Heat, in a literal sense; as, the ardor of the sun's rays. 2. Warmth or heat of passion or affection; eagerness; zeal; as, he pursues study with ardor; the fought with ardor; martial ardor. 3. pl. Bright and effulgent spirits; seraphim. [Thus used by Milton.] Syn. - Fervor; warmth; eagerness. See Fervor. Ar�du�ous (?; 135), a. [L. arduus steep, high; akin to Ir. ard high, height.] 1. Steep and lofty, in a literal sense; hard to climb. Those arduous pats they trod. Pope. 2. Attended with great labor, like the ascending of acclivities; difficult; laborious; as, an arduous employment, task, or enterprise. Syn. - Difficult; trying; laborious; painful; exhausting. � Arduous, Hard, Difficult. Hard is simpler, blunter, and more general in sense than difficult; as, a hard duty to perform, hard work, a hard task, one which requires much bodily effort and perseverance to do. Difficult commonly implies more skill and sagacity than hard, as when there is disproportion between the means and the end. A work may be hard but not difficult. We call a thing arduous when it requires strenuous and persevering exertion, like that of one who is climbing a precipice; as, an arduous task, an arduous duty. �It is often difficult to control our feelings; it is still harder to subdue our will; but it is an arduous undertaking to control the unruly and contending will of others.� Ar�du�ous�ly, adv. In an arduous manner; with difficulty or laboriousness. Ar�du�ous�ness, n. The quality of being arduous; difficulty of execution. Ar�du�rous (?), a. Burning; ardent. [R.] Lo! further on, Where flames the arduous Spirit of Isidore. Cary. Are (?). [AS. (Northumbrian) aron, akin to the 1st pers. pl. forms, Icel. erum, Goth. sijum, L. sumus, Gr. ?, Skr. smas; all from a root as. ? See Am and Is, and cf. Be.] The present indicative plural of the substantive verb to be; but etymologically a different word from be, or was. Am, art, are, and is, all come from the root as. Are (?), n. [F., fr. L. area. See Area.] (Metric system) The unit of superficial measure, being a square of which each side is ten meters in length; 100 square meters, or about 119.6 square yards. A�re�a (?; 277), n. pl. Areas (?). [L. area a broad piece of level gro???. Cf. Are, n.] 1. Any plane surface, as of the floor of a room or church, or of the ground within an inclosure; an open space in a building. The Alban lake... looks like the area of some vast amphitheater. Addison. 2. The inclosed space on which a building stands. 3. The sunken space or court, giving ingress and affording light to the basement of a building. 4. An extent of surface; a tract of the earth's surface; a region; as, vast uncultivated areas. 5. (Geom.) The superficial contents of any figure; the surface included within any given lines; superficial extent; as, the area of a square or a triangle. 6. (Biol.) A spot or small marked space; as, the germinative area. 7. Extent; scope; range; as, a wide area of thought. The largest area of human history and man's common nature. F. Harrison. Dry ~. See under Dry. A�read�, A�reed� } (?), v. t. [OE. areden, AS. �r?dan to interpret. See Read.] 1. To tell, declare, explain, or interpret; to divine; to guess; as, to aread a riddle or a dream. [Obs.] Therefore more plain aread this doubtful case. Spenser. 2. To read. [Obs.] Drayton. 3. To counsel, advise, warn, or direct. But mark what I aread thee now. Avaunt! Milton. 4. To decree; to adjudge. [Archaic] Ld. Lytton. A�re�al (?), a. [Cf. L. arealis, fr. area.] Of or pertaining to an area; as, areal interstices (the areas or spaces inclosed by the reticulate vessels of leaves). A�rear� (?), v. t. & i. [AS. �r?ran. See Rear.] To raise; to set up; to stir up. [Obs.] A�rear�, adv. [See Arrear, adv.] Backward; in or to the rear; behindhand. Spenser. � A�re�ca (?), n. [Canarese adiki: cf. Pg. & Sp. areca.] (Bot.) A genus of palms, one species of which produces the ~ nut, or betel nut, which is chewed in India with the leaf of the Piper Betle and lime. A�reek� (?), adv. & a. [Pref. a� + reek.] In a reeking condition. Swift. Ar�e�fac�tion (?), n. [L. arefacere to dry.] The act of drying, or the state of growing dry. The arefaction of the earth. Sir M. Hale. Ar�e�fy (?), v. t. [L. arere to be dry + �fly.] To dry, or make dry. Bacon. A�re�na (?), n.; pl. E. Arenas (?); L. Aren� (?). [L. arena, harena, sand, a sandy place.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) The area in the central part of an amphitheater, in which the gladiators fought and other shows were exhibited; � so called because it was covered with sand. 2. Any place of public contest or exertion; any sphere of action; as, the arenaof debate; the arena of line. 3. (Med.) �Sand� or �gravel� in the kidneys. Ar�e�na�ceous (?), a. [L. arenaceus, fr. arena sand.] Sandy or consisting largely of sand; of the nature of sand; easily disintegrating into sand; friable; as, arenaceous limestone. Ar�e�na�ri�ous (?), a. [L. arenarius, fr. arena sand.] Sandy; as, arenarious soil. <-- p. 80 --> Ar�e�na�tion (?), n. [L. arenatio, fr. arena sand.] (Med.) A sand bath; application of hot sand to the body. Dunglison. � Ar�en�da�tor (?), n. [LL. arendator, arrendator, fr. arendare, arrendare, to pay rent, fr. arenda yearly rent; ad + renda, F. rente, E. rent. Cf. Arrentation and Rent.] In some provinces of Russia, one who farms the rents or revenues. � A person who rents an estate belonging to the crown is called crown arendator. Tooke. � A�reng� (?), � A�ren�ga (?), n. [Malayan.] A palm tree (Saguerus saccharifer) which furnishes sago, wine, and fibers for ropes; the gomuti palm. Ar�e�nic�o�lite (?), n. [L. arena sand + colere to cherish or live.] (Paleon.) An ancient wormhole in sand, preserved in the rocks. Dana. A�ren�i�lit�ic (?), a. [L. arena sand + Gr. ? stone.] Of or pertaining to sandstone; as, arenilitic mountains. Kirwan. Ar�e�nose (?), a. [L. arenosus, fr. arena sand.] Sandy; full of sand. Johnson. A�ren�u�lous (?), a. [L. arenula fine sand, dim. of arena.] Full of fine sand; like sand. [Obs.] A�re�o�la (?), n.; pl. Areol� (?). [L. areola, dim. of area: cf. F. ar�ole. See Area.] 1. An interstice or small space, as between the cracks of the surface in certain crustaceous lichens; or as between the fibers composing organs or vessels that interlace; or as between the nervures of an insect's wing. 2. (Anat. & Med.) The colored ring around the nipple, or around a vesicle or pustule. A�re�o�lar (?), a. Pertaining to, or like, an areola; filled with interstices or areol�. � tissue (Anat.), a form of fibrous connective tissue in which the fibers are loosely arranged with numerous spaces, or areol�, between them. A�re�o�late (?), A�re�o�la�ted, } a. [L. areola: cf. F. ar�ole.] Divided into small spaces or areolations, as the wings of insects, the leaves of plants, or the receptacle of compound flowers. A�re�o�la�tion (?), n. 1. Division into areol�. Dana. 2. Any small space, bounded by some part different in color or structure, as the spaces bounded by the nervures of the wings of insects, or those by the veins of leaves; an areola. A�re�ole (?), n. Same as Areola. A�re�o�let (?), n. [Dim. of L. areola.] (Zo�l.) A small inclosed area; esp. one of the small spaces on the wings of insects, circumscribed by the veins. A�re�om�e�ter (?; 277), n. [Gr. ? ??in, rare + �meter: cf. F. ar�om�tre.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring the specific gravity of fluids; a form hydrometer. A�re�o�met�ric (?), A�re�o�met�ric�al (?), } a. Pertaining to, or measured by, an areometer. A�re�om�e�try (?), n. [Gr. ? thin, rare + �metry.] The art or process of measuring the specific gravity of fluids. Ar�e�op�a�gist (?), n. See Areopagite. Ar�e�op�a�gite (?), n. [L. Areopagites, Gr. ?.] A member of the Areopagus. Acts xvii. 34. Ar�e�op�a�git�ic (?), a. [L. Areopagiticus, Gr. ?.] Pertaining to the Areopagus. Mitford. Ar�e�op�a�gus , n. [L., fr. Gr. ?, and ? ?, hill of Ares (Mars' Hill).] The highest judicial court at Athens. Its sessions were held on Mars' Hill. Hence, any high court or tribunal A�re�o�style (?), a. & n. See Intercolumniation, and Ar�ostyle. A�re�o�sys�tyle (?), a. & n. See Intercolumniation, and Ar�osystyle. A�rere� (?), v. t. & i. Arear. [Obs.] Ellis. A�rest� (?), n. A support for the spear when couched for the attack. [Obs.] Chaucer. A�ret� (?), v. t. [OE. aretten, OF. areter; a (L. ad) + OF. reter, L. reputare. See Repute.] To reckon; to ascribe; to impute. [Obs.] Chaucer. Ar�e�ta�ics (?), n. [Gr. ? virtue.] The ethical theory which excludes all relations between virtue and happiness; the science of virtue; � contrasted with eudemonics. J. Grote. Ar�e�tol�o�gy (?), n. [Gr. ?; ? virtue + ? discourse, ? to speak: cf. F. ar�tologie.] That part of moral philosophy which treats of virtue, its nature, and the means of attaining to it. A�rew� . adv. [See Arow, Row.] In a row. [Obs.] �All her teeth arew.� Spenser. Ar�gal (?), n. Crude tartar. See Argol. Ar�gal, adv. A ludicrous corruption of the Latin word ergo, therefore. Shak. � Ar�gal (?), � Ar�ga�li , } n. [Mongolian.] (Zo�l.) A species of wild sheep (Ovis ammon, or O. argali), remarkable for its large horns. It inhabits the mountains of Siberia and central Asia. � The bearded argali is the aoudad. See Aoudad. The name is also applied to the bighorn sheep of the Rocky Mountains. See Bighorn. � Ar�ga�la (?), n. [Native name.] (Zo�l.) The adjutant bird. Ar�gand lamp�(?) . [Named from the inventor, Aim� Argand of Geneva.] A lamp with a circular hollow wick and glass chimney which allow a current of air both inside and outside of the flame. Argand burner, a burner for and Argand lamp, or a gas burner in which the principle of that lamp is applied. � Ar�gas (?), n. A genus of venomous ticks which attack men and animals. The famous Persian Argas, also called Miana bug, is A. Persicus; that of Central America, called talaje by the natives, is A. Talaje. Ar�ge�an (?), a. Pertaining to the ship Argo. See Argo. Ar�gent (?), n. [F. argent, fr. L. argentum, silver; akin to Gr. ? silver, ?, ?, white, bright, Skr. rajata white, silver, raj to shine, Ir. arg white, milk, airgiod silver, money, and L. arguere to make clear. See Argue.] 1. Silver, or money. [Archaic] 2. (Fig. & Poet.) Whiteness; anything that is white. The polished argent of her breast. Tennyson. 3. (Her.) The white color in coats of arms, intended to represent silver, or, figuratively, purity, innocence, beauty, or gentleness; � represented in engraving by a plain white surface. Weale. Ar�gent, a. Made of silver; of a silvery color; white; shining. Yonder argent fields above. Pope. Ar�gen�tal (?), a. Of or pertaining to silver; resembling, containing, or combined with, silver. Ar�gen�tan , n. An alloy of nicked with copper and zinc; German silver. Ar�gen�tate , a. [L. argentatus silvered.] (Bot.) Silvery white. Gray. Ar�gen�ta�tion , n. [L. argentare to silver, fr. argentum silver. See Argent.] A coating or overlaying with silver. [R.] Johnson. Ar�gen�tic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, silver; � said of certain compounds of silver in which this metal has its lowest proportion; as, argentic chloride. Ar�gen�tif�er�ous (?), a. [L. argentum silver + �ferous: cf. F. argentif�re.] Producing or containing silver; as, argentiferous lead ore or veins. Ar�gen�tine (?; in the 2d sense, commonly ?), a. 1. Pertaining to, or resembling, silver; made of, or sounding like, silver; silvery. Celestial Dian, goddess argentine. Shak. 2. Of or pertaining to the Argentine Republic in South America. Ar�gen�tine, n. [Cf. F. argentin, fr. L. argentum silver.] 1. (Min.) A siliceous variety of calcite, or carbonate of lime, having a silvery�white, pearly luster, and a waving or curved lamellar structure. 2. White metal coated with silver. Simmonds. 3. (Zo�l.) A fish of Europe (Maurolicus Pennantii) with silvery scales. The name is also applied to various fishes of the genus Argentina. 4. A citizen of the Argentine Republic. Ar�gen�tite (?), n. [L. argentum silver.] (Min.) Sulphide of silver; � also called vitreous silver, or silver glance. It has a metallic luster, a lead�gray color, and is sectile like lead. Ar�gen�tous (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or containing, silver; � said of certain silver compounds in which silver has a higher proportion than in argentic compounds; as, argentous chloride. Ar�gent�ry (?), n. [F. argenterie, fr. argent silver, L. argentum.] Silver plate or vessels. [Obs.] Bowls of frosted argentry. Howell. Ar�gil (?), n. [F. argile, L. argilla white clay, akin to Gr. ? or ? ~, ? white. See Argent.] (Min.) Clay, or potter's earth; sometimes pure clay, or alumina. See Clay. Ar�gil�la�ceous (?), a. [L. argillaceus, fr. argilla.] Of the nature of clay; consisting of, or containing, argil or clay; clayey. � sandstone (Geol.), a sandstone containing much clay. � � iron ore, the clay ironstone. � � schist or state. See Argillite. Ar�gil�lif�er�ous (?), a. [L. argilla white clay + �ferous.] Producing clay; � applied to such earths as abound with argil. Kirwan. Ar�gil�lite (?), n. [Gr. ? clay + �lite.] (Min.) Argillaceous schist or slate; clay slate. Its colors is bluish or blackish gray, sometimes greenish gray, brownish red, etc. � Ar�gil�lit�ic , a. Ar�gil�lo�are�e�na�ceous (?), a. Consisting of, or containing, clay and sand, as a soil. Ar�gil�lo�cal�ca�re�ous (?), a. Consisting of, or containing, clay and calcareous earth. Ar�gil�lo�fer�ru�gi�nous (?), a. Containing clay and iron. Ar�gil�lous (?), a. [L. argillosus, fr. argilla. See Argil.] Argillaceous; clayey. Sir T. Browne. Ar�give (?), a. [L. Argivus, fr. Argos, Argi.] Of or performance to Argos, the capital of Argolis in Greece. � n. A native of Argos. Often used as a generic term, equivalent to Grecian or Greek. � Ar�go (?), n. [L. Argo, Gr. ?.] 1. (Myth.) The name of the ship which carried Jason and his fiftyfour companions to Colchis, in quest of the Golden Fleece. 2. (Astron.) A large constellation in the southern hemisphere, called also Argo Navis. In modern astronomy it is replaced by its three divisions, Carina, Puppis, and Vela. Ar�go�an (?), a. Pertaining to the ship Argo. Ar�goile (?), n. Potter's clay. [Obs.] Chaucer. Ar�gol (?), n. [Cf. Argal, Orgal. Of unknown origin.] Crude tartar; an acidulous salt from which cream of tartar is prepared. It exists in the juice of grapes, and is deposited from wines on the sides of the casks. Ure. Ar�gol�ic (?), a. [L. Argolicus, Gr. ?.] Pertaining to Argolis, a district in the Peloponnesus. Ar�gon (?), n. [Gr. ? inactive.] (Chem.) A substance regarded as an element, contained in the atmosphere and remarkable for its chemical inertness. Rayleigh and Ramsay. Ar�go�naut (?), n. [L. Argonauta, Gr. ?; ? + ? sailor, ? ship. See Argo.] 1. Any one of the legendary Greek heroes who sailed with Jason, in the Argo, in quest of the Golden Fleece. 2.�(Zo�l.) A cephalopod of the genus Argonauta. � Ar�go�nau�ta (?), n. (Zo�l.) A genus of Cephalopoda. The shell is called paper nautilus or paper sailor. � The animal has much resemblance to an Octopus. It has eight arms, two of which are expanded at the end and clasp the shell, but are never elevated in the air for sails as was formerly supposed. The creature swims beneath the surface by means of a jet of water, like other cephalopods. The male has no shell, and is much smaller than the female. See He???ocotylus. Ar�go�naut�ic (?), a. [L. Argonauticus.] Of or pertaining to the Argonauts. Ar�go�sy (?), n.; pl. Argosies (?). [Earlier ragusy, fr. ragusa meaning orig. a vessel of Ragusa.] A large ship, esp. a merchant vessel of the largest size. Where your argosies with portly sail... Do overpeer the petty traffickers. Shak. � Ar�got� (?), n. [F. Of unknown origin.] A secret language or conventional slang peculiar to thieves, tramps, and vagabonds; flash. Ar�gu�a�ble (?), a. Capable of being argued; admitting of debate. Ar�gue (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Argued (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Arguing.] [OE. arguen, F. arguer, fr. L. argutare, freq. of arguere to make clear; from the same root as E. argent.] 1. To invent and offer reasons to support or overthrow a proposition, opinion, or measure; to use arguments; to reason. I argue not Against Heaven's hand or will. Milton. 2. To contend in argument; to dispute; to reason; � followed by with; as, you may argue with your friend without convincing him. Ar�gue, v. t. 1. To debate or discuss; to treat by reasoning; as, the counsel argued the cause before a full court; the cause was well argued. 2. To prove or evince; too manifest or exhibit by inference, deduction, or reasoning. So many laws argue so many sins. Milton. 3. To persuade by reasons; as, to argue a man into a different opinion. 4. To blame; to accuse; to charge with. [Obs.] Thoughts and expressions... which can be truly argued of obscenity, profaneness, or immorality. Dryden. Syn. - to reason; evince; discuss; debate; expostulate; remonstrate; controvert. � To Argue, Dispute, Debate. These words, as here compared, suppose a contest between two parties in respect to some point at issue. To argue is to adduce arguments or reasons in support of one's cause or position. To dispute is to call in question or deny the statements or arguments of the opposing party. To debate is to strive for or against in a somewhat formal manner by arguments. Men of many words sometimes argue for the sake of talking; men of ready tongues frequently dispute for the sake of victory; men in public life often debate for the sake of opposing the ruling party, or from any other motive than the love of truth. Crabb. Unskilled to argue, in dispute yet loud, Bold without caution, without honors proud. Falconer. Betwixt the dearest friends to raise debate. Dryden. Ar�gu�er (?), n. One who argues; a reasoner; a disputant. Ar�gu�fy (?), v. t. & i. [Argue + �fly.] 1. To argue pertinaciously. [Colloq.] Halliwell. 2. To signify. [Colloq.] � Ar�gu�lus (?), n. [NL., dim of Argus.] (Zo�l.) A genus of copepod Crustacea, parasitic of fishes; a fish louse. See Branchiura. Ar�gu�ment (?), n. [F. argument, L. argumentum, fr. arguere to argue.] 1. Proof; evidence. [Obs.] There is.. no more palpable and convincing argument of the existence of a Deity. Ray. Why, then, is it made a badge of wit and an argument of parts for a man to commence atheist, and to cast off all belief of providence, all awe and reverence for religion? South. 2. A reason or reasons offered in proof, to induce belief, or convince the mind; reasoning expressed in words; as, an argument about, concerning, or regarding a proposition, for or in favor of it, or against it. 3. A process of reasoning, or a controversy made up of rational proofs; argumentation; discussion; disputation. The argument is about things, but names. Locke. 4. The subject matter of a discourse, writing, or artistic representation; theme or topic; also, an abstract or summary, as of the contents of a book, chapter, poem. You and love are still my argument. Shak. The abstract or argument of the piece. Jeffrey. [Shields] with boastful argument portrayed. Milton. 5. Matter for question; business in hand. [Obs.] Sheathed their swords for lack of argument. Shak. 6. (Astron.) The quantity on which another quantity in a table depends; as, the altitude is the argument of the refraction. 7. (Math.) The independent variable upon whose value that of a function depends. Brande & C. <-- p. 81 --> <-- p. 81 --> Ar�gu�ment (?), v. i. [L. argumentari.] To make an argument; to argue. [Obs.] Gower. Ar�gu�men�ta�ble (?), a. [L. argumentabilis.] Admitting of argument. [R.] Chalmers. Ar�gu�men�tal (?), a. [L. argumentalis.] Of, pertaining to, or containing, argument; argumentative. Ar�gu�men�ta�tion (?), n. [L. argumentatio, from argumentari: cf. F. argumentation.] 1. The act of forming reasons, making inductions, drawing conclusions, and applying them to the case in discussion; the operation of inferring propositions, not known or admitted as true, from facts or principles known, admitted, or proved to be true. Which manner of argumentation, how false and naught it is,... every man that hath with perceiveth. Tyndale. 2. Debate; discussion. Syn. - Reasoning; discussion; controversy. See Reasoning. Ar�gu�men�ta�tive (?), a. 1. Consisting of, or characterized by, argument; containing a process of reasoning; as, an argumentative discourse. 2. Adductive as proof; indicative; as, the adaptation of things to their uses is argumentative of infinite wisdom in the Creator. [Obs.] 3. Given to argument; characterized by argument; disputatious; as, an argumentative writer. � Ar�gu�men�ta�tive�ly, adv. � Ar�gu�men�ta�tive�ness, n. Ar�gu�men�tize (?), v. i. To argue or discuss. [Obs.] Wood. � Ar�gus (?), n. [L. Argus, Gr. ?.] 1. (Myth.) A fabulous being of antiquity, said to have had a hundred eyes, who has placed by Juno to guard Io. His eyes were transplanted to the peacock's tail. 2. One very vigilant; a guardian always watchful. 3.�(Zo�l.) A genus of East Indian pheasants. The common species (A. giganteus) is remarkable for the great length and beauty of the wing and tail feathers of the male. The species A. Grayi inhabits Borneo. Ar�gus�eyed (?), a. Extremely observant; watchful; sharp�sighted. Ar�gus shell� (?) . (Zo�l.) A species of shell (Cypr�a argus), beutifully variegated with spots resembling those in a peacock's tail. Ar�gu�ta�tion (?), n. [L. argutatio. See Argue.] Caviling; subtle disputation. [Obs.] Ar�gute� (?), a. [L. argutus, p. p. of arguere. See Argue.] 1. Sharp; shrill. [Obs.] Johnson. 2. Sagacious; acute; subtle; shrewd. The active preacher... the argue schoolman. Milman. Ar�gute�ly, adv. In a subtle; shrewdly. Ar�gute�ness, n. Acuteness. Dryden. A�rhi�zal (?), A�rhi�zous (?), A�rhyth��mic (?), A�rhyth�mous (?), a. See Arrhizal, Arrhizous, Arrhythmic, Arrhythmous. � A�ri�a (?), n. [It., fr. L. a�r. See Air.] (Mus.) An air or song; a melody; a tune. � The Italian term is now mostly used for the more elaborate accompanied melodies sung by a single voice, in operas, oratorios, cantatas, anthems, etc., and not so much for simple airs or tunes. Ar�ian (?), a. & n. (Ethnol.) See Aryan. A�ri�an (?), a. [L. Arianus.] Pertaining to Arius, a presbyter of the church of Alexandria, in the fourth century, or to the doctrines of Arius, who held Christ to be inferior to God the Father in nature and dignity, though the first and noblest of all created beings. � n. One who adheres to or believes the doctrines of Arius. Mosheim. A�ri�an�ism (?), n. The doctrines of the Arians. A�ri�an�ize (?), v. i. To admit or accept the tenets of the Arians; to become an Arian. A�ri�an�ize, v. t. To convert to Arianism. Ar�i�cine (?), n. [From Arica, in Chile.] (Chem.) An alkaloid, first found in white cinchona bark. Ar�id (?), a. [L. aridus, fr. arere to be dry: cf. F. aride.] Exhausted of moisture; parched with heat; dry; barren. �An arid waste.� Thomson. A�rid�i�ty (?), n.; pl. Aridities (?). [L. ariditas, fr. aridus.] 1. The state or quality of being arid or without moisture; dryness. 2. Fig.: Want of interest of feeling; insensibility; dryness of style or feeling; spiritual drought. Norris. Ar�id�ness (?), n. Aridity; dryness. A�ri�el (?), n., or A�ri�el ga�zelle� (?). [Ar. aryil, ayyil, stag.] (Zo�l.) A) A variety of the gazelle (Antilope, or Gazella, dorcas), found in Arabia and adjacent countries. (b) A squirrel�like Australian marsupial, a species of Petaurus. (c) A beautiful Brazilian toucan Ramphastos ariel). � A�ri�es , n. [L.] 1. (Astron.) (a) The Ram; the first of the twelve signs in the zodiac, which the sun enters at the vernal equinox, about the 21st of March. (b) A constellation west of Taurus, drawn on the celestial globe in the figure of a ram. 2. (Rom. Antiq.) A battering�ram. Ar�i�tate (?), v. i. [L. arietatus, p. p. of arietare, fr. aries ram.] To butt, as a ram. [Obs.] Ar�i�e�ta�tion (?), n. [L. arietatio.] 1. The act of butting like a ram; act of using a battering�ram. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. Act of striking or conflicting. [R.] Glanvill. � A�ri�et�ta (?), Ar�i�ette� (?), } n. [It. arietta, dim. of aria; F. ariette.] (Mus.) A short aria, or air. �A military ariette.� Sir W. Scott. A�right� (?), adv. [Pref. a� + right.] Rightly; correctly; in a right way or form; without mistake or crime; as, to worship God aright. Ar�il (?), � A�ril�lus (?), n. [From LL. arilli dry grapes, perh. fr. L. aridus dry: cf. F,. arille.] (Bot.) A exterior covering, forming a false coat or appendage to a seed, as the loose, transparent bag inclosing the seed or the white water lily. The mace of the nutmeg is also an aril. Gray. Ar�il�late (?). Ar�l�la�ted (?), Ar�iled (?), a. [Cf. NL. arillatus, F. arill�.] Having an aril. A�ri�man (?), n. See Ahriman. Ar�i�o�la�tion (?), n. [L. ariolatio, hariolatio, fr. hariolari to prophesy, fr. hariolus soothsayer.] A soothsaying; a foretelling. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. Ar�i�ose (?), a. [It. arioso, fr. aria.] Characterized by melody, as distinguished from harmony. Mendelssohn wants the ariose beauty of Handel; vocal melody is not his forte; the interest of his airs harmonic. Foreign Quart. Rev. � A�ri�o�so (?), adv. & a. [It.] (Mus.) In the smooth and melodious style of an air; ariose. A�rise� (?), v. i. [ imp. Arose (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Arising; p. p. Arisen (?). [AS. �r�san; � (equiv. to Goth. us�, ur�, G. er�, orig. meaning out) + r�san to rise; cf. Goth. urreisan to arise. See Rise.] 1. To come up from a lower to a higher position; to come above the horizon; to come up from one's bed or place of repose; to mount; to ascend; to rise; as, to arise from a kneeling posture; a cloud arose; the sun ariseth; he arose early in the morning. 2. To spring up; to come into action, being, or notice; to become operative, sensible, or visible; to begin to act a part; to present itself; as, the waves of the sea arose; a persecution arose; the wrath of the king shall arise. There arose up a new king... which knew not Joseph. Ex. i. 8. The doubts that in his heart arose. Milton. 3. To proceed; to issue; to spring. Whence haply mention may arise Of something not unseasonable to ask. Milton. A�rise�, n. Rising. [Obs.] Drayton. A�rist� (?), 3d sing. pres. of Arise, for ariseth. [Obs.] Chaucer. � A�ris�ta (?), n. [L.] (Bot.) An awn. Gray. Ar�is�tarch (?), n. [From Aristarchus, a Greek grammarian and critic, of Alexandria, about 200 b. c.] A severe critic. Knowles. Ar�is�tar�chi�an (?), a. Severely critical. Ar�is�tar�chy (?), n. Severely criticism. Ar�is�tar�chy (?), n. Severe criticism. [Obs.] Sir J. Harrington. A�ris�tate (?), a. [L. aristatus, fr. arista. See Arista.] 1. (Bot.) Having a pointed, beardlike process, as the glumes of wheat; awned. Gray. 2. (Zo�l.)�Having a slender, sharp, or spinelike tip. Ar�is�toc�ra�cy (?), n.; pl. Aristocracies (?). [Gr. ?; ? best + ? to be strong, to rule, ? strength; ? is perh. from the same root as E. arm, and orig. meant fitting: cf. F. aristocratie. See Arm, and Create, which is related to Gr. ?.] 1. Government by the best citizens. 2. A ruling body composed of the best citizens. [Obs.] In the Senate Right not our quest in this, I will protest them To all the world, no aristocracy. B. Jonson. 3. A form a government, in which the supreme power is vested in the principal persons of a state, or in a privileged order; an oligarchy. The aristocracy of Venice hath admitted so many abuses, trough the degeneracy of the nobles, that the period of its duration seems approach. Swift. 4. The nobles or chief persons in a state; a privileged class or patrician order; (in a popular use) those who are regarded as superior to the rest of the community, as in rank, fortune, or intellect. A�ris�to�crat (?; 277), n. [F. aristocrate. See Aristocracy.] 1. One of the aristocracy or people of rank in a community; one of a ruling class; a noble. 2. One who is overbearing in his temper or habits; a proud or haughty person. A born aristocrat, bred radical. Mrs. Browning. 3. One who favors an aristocracy as a form of government, or believes the aristocracy should govern. His whole family are accused of being aristocrats. Romilly. Ar�is�to�crat�ic (?), Ar�is�to�crat�ic�al (?), } a. [Gr. ?: cf. F. aristocratique.] 1. Of or pertaining to an aristocracy; consisting in, or favoring, a government of nobles, or principal men; as, an aristocratic constitution. 2. Partaking of aristocracy; befitting aristocracy; characteristic of, or originating with, the aristocracy; as, an aristocratic measure; aristocratic pride or manners. � Ar�is�to�crat�ic�al�ly, adv. � Ar�is�to�crat�ic�al�ness, n. Ar�is�to�crat�ism (?), n. 1. The principles of aristocrats. Romilly. 2. Aristocrats, collectively. [R.] Ar�is�tol�o�gy (?), n. [Gr. ? dinner + �logy.] The science of dining. Quart. Rev. Ar�is�to�phan�ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to Aristophanes, the Athenian comic poet. Ar�is�to�te�li�an (?; 277), a. Of or pertaining to Aristotle, the famous Greek philosopher (384�322 b. c.). � n. A follower of Aristotle; a Peripatetic. See Peripatetic. Ar�is�to�te�li�an�ism (?). The philosophy of Aristotle, otherwise called the Peripatetic philosophy. Ar�is�to�tel�ic (?), a. Pertaining to Aristotle or to his philosophy. �Aristotelic usage.� Sir W. Hamilton. Ar�is�to�tle's lan�tern (?). (Zo�l.) The five united jaws and accessory ossicles of certain sea urchins. A�ris�tu�late (?; 135), a. [Dim. fr. arista.] (Bot.) Pertaining a short beard or awn. Gray. Ar�ith�man�cy (?), n. [Gr. ? number + �mancy.] Divination by means of numbers. A�rith�me�tic (?), n. [OE. arsmetike, OF. arismetique, L. arithmetica, fr. Gr. ? (sc. ?), fr. ? arithmetical, fr. ? to number, fr. ? number, prob. fr. same root as E. arm, the idea of counting coming from that of fitting, attaching. See Arm. The modern Eng. and French forms are accommodated to the Greek.] 1. The science of numbers; the art of computation by figures. 2. A book containing the principles of this science. � of sines, trigonometry. � Political ~, the application of the science of numbers to problems in civil government, political economy, and social science. � Universal ~, the name given by Sir Isaac Newton to algebra. Ar�ith�met�ic�al (?), a. Of or pertaining to arithmetic; according to the rules or method of arithmetic. � complement of a logarithm. See Logarithm. � � mean. See Mean. � � progression. See Progression. � � proportion. See Proportion. Ar�ith�met�ic�al�ly, adv. Conformably to the principles or methods of arithmetic. A�rith�me�ti�cian (?), n. [Cf. F. arithm�ticien.] One skilled in arithmetic. A�rith�mo�man�cy (?), n. Arithmancy. Ar�ith�mom�e�ter (?), n. [Gr. ? number + �meter: cf. F. arithmom�tre.] A calculating machine. Ark (?), n. [OE. ark, arke, arche, AS. arc, earc, earce, fr. L. arca, fr. arcere to inclose, keep off; akin to Gr. ? to keep off.] 1. A chest, or coffer. [Obs.] Bearing that precious relic in an ark. Spenser. 2. (Jewish Hist.) The oblong chest of acacia wood, overlaid with gold, which supported the mercy seat with its golden cherubs, and occupied the most sacred place in the sanctuary. In it Moses placed the two tables of stone containing the ten commandments. Called also the Ark of the Covenant. 3. The large, chestlike vessel in which Noah and h?? family were preserved during the Deluge. Gen. vi. Hence: Any place of refuge. 4. A large flatboat used on Western American rivers to transport produce to market. Ark�ite (?), a. Belonging to the ark. [R.] Faber. Ark� shell� (?). (Zo�l.) A marine bivalve shell belonging to the genus Arca and its allies. Arles (?), n. pl. [Cf. F. arrhes, Scot. airles. Cf. Earles penny.] An earnest; earnest money; money paid to bind a bargain. [Scot.] � penny, earnest money given to servants. Kersey. Arm (?), n. [AS. arm, earm; akin to OHG. aram, G., D., Dan., & Sw. arm, Icel. armr, Goth. arms, L. armus arm, shoulder, and prob. to Gr. ? joining, joint, shoulder, fr. the root ? to join, to fit together; cf. Slav. rame. ?. See Art, Article.] 1. The limb of the human body which extends from the shoulder to the hand; also, the corresponding limb of a monkey. 2. Anything resembling an arm; as, (a) The fore limb of an animal, as of a bear. (b) A limb, or locomotive or prehensile organ, of an invertebrate animal. (c) A branch of a tree. (d) A slender part of an instrument or machine, projecting from a trunk, axis, or fulcrum; as, the arm of a steelyard. (e) (Naut) The end of a yard; also, the part of an anchor which ends in the fluke. (f) An inlet of water from the sea. (g) A support for the elbow, at the side of a chair, the end of a sofa, etc. 3. Fig.: Power; might; strength; support; as, the secular arm; the arm of the law. To whom is the arm of the Lord revealed? Isa. lii. 1. Arm's end, the end of the ~; a good distance off. Dryden. � Arm's length, the length of the ~. � Arm's reach, reach of the ~; the distance the ~ can reach. � To go (or walk) ~ in ~, to go with the ~ or hand of one linked in the ~ of another. �When arm in armwe went along.� Tennyson. � To keep at arm's length, to keep at a distance (literally or figuratively); not to allow to come into close contact or familiar intercourse. � To work at arm's length, to work disadvantageously. Arm, n. [See Arms.] (Mil.) (a) A branch of the military service; as, the cavalry arm was made efficient. (b) A weapon of offense or defense; an instrument of warfare; � commonly in the pl. Arm, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Armed (?) p. pr. & vb. n. Arming.] [OE. armen, F. armer, fr. L. armare, fr. arma, pl., arms. See arms.] 1. To take by the arm; to take up in one's arms. [Obs.] And make him with our pikes and partisans A grave: come, arm him. Shak. Arm your prize; I know you will not lose him. Two N. Kins. 2. To furnish with arms or limbs. [R.] His shoulders broad and strong, Armed long and round. Beau. & Fl. 3. To furnish or equip with weapons of offense or defense; as, to arm soldiers; to arm the country. Abram... armed his trained servants. Gen. xiv. 14. 4. To cover or furnish with a plate, or with whatever will add strength, force, security, or efficiency; as, to arm the hit of a sword; to arm a hook in angling. 5. Fig.: To furnish with means of defense; to prepare for resistance; to fortify, in a moral sense. Arm yourselves... with the same mind. 1 Pet. iv. 1. To ~ a magnet, to fit it with an armature. Arm, v. i. To provide one's self with arms, weapons, or means of attack or resistance; to take arms. � 'Ti? time to arm.� Shak. <-- p. 82 --> Ar�ma�da (?), n. [Sp. armada, L. as if armata (sc. classic fleet), fr. armatus, p. p. of armare. See Arm, v. t. Army.] A fleet of armed ships; a squadron. Specifically, the Spanish fleet which was sent to assail England, a. d. 1558. Ar�ma�dil�lo (?), n.; pl. Armadillos (?). [Sp. armadillo, dim. of armado armed, p. p. of armar to arm. Do called from being armed with a bony shell.] (Zo�l.) (a) Any edentate animal if the family Dasypid�, peculiar to America. The body and head are incased in an armor composed of small bony plates. The armadillos burrow in the earth, seldom going abroad except at night. When attacked, they curl up into a ball, presenting the armor on all sides. Their flesh is good food. There are several species, one of which (the peba) ? found as far north as Texas. See Peba, Poyou, Tatouay. (b) A genus of small isopod Crustacea that can roll themselves into a ball. Ar�ma�do (?), n. Armada. [Obs.] Ar�ma�ment (?), n. [L. armamenta, pl., utensils, esp. the tackle of a ship, fr. armare to arm: cf. LL. armamentum, F. armement.] 1. A body of forces equipped for war; � used of a land or naval force. �The whole united armament of Greece.� Glover. 2. (Mil. & Nav.) All the cannon and small arms collectively, with their equipments, belonging to a ship or a fortification. 3. Any equipment for resistance. Ar�ma�men�ta�ry (?), n. [L. armamentarium, fr. armamentum: cf. F. armamentaire.] An armory; a magazine or arsenal. [R.] Ar�ma�ture (?), n. [L. armatura, fr. armare to arm: cf. F. armature. See Arm, v. t., Armor.] 1. Armor; whatever is worn or used for the protection and defense of the body, esp. the protective outfit of some animals and plants. 2. (Magnetism) A piece of soft iron used to connect the two poles of a magnet, or electro�magnet, in order to complete the circuit, or to receive and apply the magnetic force. In the ordinary horseshoe magnet, it serves to prevent the dissipation of the magnetic force. 3. (Arch.) Iron bars or framing employed for the consolidation of a building, as in sustaining slender columns, holding up canopies, etc. Oxf. Gloss. Arm�chair� (?), n. A chair with arms to support the elbows or forearms. Tennyson. Armed (?), a. 1. Furnished with weapons of offense or defense; furnished with the means of security or protection. �And armed host.� Dryden. 2. Furnished with whatever serves to add strength, force, or efficiency. A distemper eminently armed from heaven. De Foe. 3. (Her.) Having horns, beak, talons, etc; � said of beasts and birds of prey. � at all points (Blazoning), completely incased in armor, sometimes described as armed capЅ�pie. Cussans. � � en flute. (Naut.) See under Flute. � � magnet, a magnet provided with an armature. � � neutrality. See under Neutrality. Ar�me�ni�an (?), a. [Cf. F. Arm�nien, L. Armenias, fr. Armenia.] Of or pertaining to Armenia. � bole, a soft clayey earth of a bright red color found in Armenia, Tuscany, etc. � � stone. (a) The commercial name of lapis lazurit. (b) Emery. Ar�me�ni�an, n. 1. A native or one of the people of Armenia; also, the language of the Armenians. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) An adherent of the � Church, an organization similar in some doctrines and practices to the Greek Church, in others to the Roman Catholic. Arm�et (?), n. [F., dim. of arme arm, or corrupted for healmet helmet.] A kind of helmet worn in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries. Arm�ful (?), n.; pl. Armfulus (?). As much as the arm can hold. Arm�gaunt� (?), a. With gaunt or slender legs (?) �An armgaunt steed.� Shak. � This word is peculiar to Shakespeare. Its meaning has not yet been satisfactorily explained. Arm��gret� (?), a. Great as a man's arm. [Obs.] A wreath of gold, arm�gret. Chaucer. Arm�hole� (?), n. [Arm + hole.] 1. The cavity under the shoulder; the armpit. Bacon. 2. A hole for the arm in a garment. Ar�mif�er�ous (?), a. [L. armifer; arma arms + ferre to bear.] Bearing arms or weapons. [R.] Ar�mi�ger (?), n. [L. armiger armor bearer; arma arms + gerere to bear.] Formerly, an armor bearer, as of a knight, an esquire who bore his shield and rendered other services. In later use, one next in degree to a knight, and entitled to armorial bearings. The term is now superseded by esquire. Jacob. Ar�mig�er�ous (?), a. Bearing arms. [R.] They belonged to the armigerous part of the population, and were entitled to write themselves Esquire. De Quincey. Ar�mil (?), n. [L. armilla a bracelet, fr. armus arm: cf. OF. armille.] 1. A bracelet. [Obs.] 2. An ancient astronomical instrument. � When composed of one ring placed in the plane of the equator for determining the time of the equinoxes, it is called an equinoctial armil; when of two or more rings, one in the plane of the meridian, for observing the solstices, it is called a solstitial armil. Whewell. � Ar�mil�la (?), n.; pl. E. Armillas (?), L. Armill� (?). [L., a bracelet.] 1. An armil. 2. (Zo�l.) A ring of hair or feathers on the legs. Ar�mil�la�ry (?), a. [LL. armillarius, fr. L. armilla arm ring, bracelet, fr. armus arm: cf. F. armillaire. See Arm, n.] Pertaining to, or resembling, a bracelet or ring; consisting of rings or circles. � sphere, an ancient astronomical machine composed of an assemblage of rings, all circles of the same sphere, designed to represent the positions of the important circles of the celestial sphere. Nichol. Arm�ing (?), n. 1. The act of furnishing with, or taking, arms. The arming was now universal. Macaulay. 2. (Naut.) A piece of tallow placed in a cavity at the lower end of a sounding lead, to bring up the sand, shells, etc., of the sea bottom. Totten. 3. pl. (Naut.) Red dress cloths formerly hung fore and aft outside of a ship's upper works on holidays. � press (Bookbinding), a press for stamping titles and designs on the covers of books. Ar�min�i�an (?; 277), a. Of or pertaining to Arminius of his followers, or to their doctrines. See note under Arminian, n. Ar�min�i�an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One who holds the tenets of Arminius, a Dutch divine (b. 1560, d. 1609). The ~ doctrines are: 1. Conditional election and reprobation, in opposition to absolute predestination. 2. Universal redemption, or that the atonement was made by Christ for all mankind, though none but believers can be partakers of the benefit. 3. That man, in order to exercise true faith, must be regenerated and renewed by the operation of the Holy Spirit, which is the gift of God. 4. That man may resist divine grace. 5. That man may relapse from a state of grace. Ar�min�i�an�ism (?), n. The religious doctrines or tenets of the Arminians. Ar�mip�o�tence (?), n. [L. armipotentia, fr. armipotents.] Power in arms. [R.] Johnson. Ar�mip�o�tent (?), a. [L. armipotents; arma arms + potens powerful, p. pr. of posse to be able.] Powerful in arms; mighty in battle. The temple stood of Mars armipotent. Dryden. Ar�mis�o�nant (?), Ar�mis�o�nous (?), } a. [L. armisonus; arma arms + sonare (p. pr. sonans) to sound.] Rustling in arms; resounding with arms. [Obs.] Ar�mis�tice (?), n. [F. armistice, fr. (an assumed word) L. armistitium; arma arms + stare, statum (combining form, �stitum), to stand still.] A cessation of arms for a short time, by convention; a temporary suspension of hostilities by agreement; a truce. Arm�less (?), a. 1. Without any arm or branch. 2. Destitute of arms or weapons. Arm�let (?), n. [Arm + �let.] 1. A small arm; as, an armlet of the sea. Johnson. 2. An arm ring; a bracelet for the upper arm. 3. Armor for the arm. Ar�mo�ni�ac (?), a. Ammoniac. [Obs.] Ar�mor (?), n. [OE. armure, fr. F. armure, OF. armeure, fr. L. armatura. See Armature.] [Spelt also armour.] 1. Defensive arms for the body; any clothing or covering worn to protect one's person in battle. � In English statues, armor is used for the whole apparatus of war, including offensive as well as defensive arms. The statues of armor directed what arms every man should provide. 2. Steel or iron covering, whether of ships or forts, protecting them from the fire of artillery. Coat ~, the escutcheon of a person or family, with its several charges and other furniture, as mantling, crest, supporters, motto, etc. � Submarine , a water�tight dress or covering for a diver. See under Submarine. Ar�mor�bear�er (?), n. One who carries the armor or arms of another; an armiger. Judg. ix. 54. Ar�mored (?), a. Clad with armor. Ar�mor�er (?), n. [OE. armurer, armerer, fr. F. armurter, fr. armure armor.] 1. One who makes or repairs armor or arms. 2. Formerly, one who had care of the arms and armor of a knight, and who dressed him in armor. Shak. 3. One who has the care of arms and armor, cleans or repairs them, etc. Ar�mo�ri�al (?), a. [F. armorial, fr. armoiries arms, coats of arms, for armoieries, fr. OF. armoier to paint arms, coats of arms, fr. armes, fr. L. arma. See Arms, Armory.] Belonging to armor, or to the heraldic arms or escutcheon of a family. Figures with armorial signs of race and birth. Wordsworth. � bearings. See Arms, 4. Ar�mor�ic (?), Ar�mor�i�can (?), } a. [L. Armoricus, fr. Celtic ar on, at + mor sea.] Of or pertaining to the northwestern part of France (formerly called Armorica, now Bretagne or Brittany), or to its people. � n. The language of the Armoricans, a Celtic dialect which has remained to the present times. Ar�mor�i�can, n. A native of Armorica. Ar�mor�ist (?), n. [F. armoriste.] One skilled in coat armor or heraldry. Cussans. Ar�mor�plat�ed (?), a. Covered with defensive plates of metal, as a ship of war; steel�clad. This day will be launched... the first armor�plated steam frigate in the possession of Great Britain. Times (Dec. 29, 1860). Ar�mo�ry (?), n.; pl. Armories (?). [OF. armaire, armarie, F. armoire, fr. L. armarium place for keeping arms; but confused with F. armoiries. See Armorial, Ambry.] 1. A place where arms and instruments of war are deposited for safe keeping. 2. Armor: defensive and offensive arms. Celestial armory, shields, helms, and spears. Milton. 3. A manufactory of arms, as rifles, muskets, pistols, bayonets, swords. [U.S.] 4. Ensigns armorial; armorial bearings. Spenser. 5. That branch of heraldry which treats of coat armor. The science of heraldry, or, more justly speaking, armory, which is but one branch of heraldry, is, without doubt, of very ancient origin. Cussans. Ar�mo�zeen�, Ar�mo�zine� } (?), n. [F. armosin, armoisin.] A thick plain silk, generally black, and used for clerical. Simmonds. Arm�pit� (?), n. [Arm + pit.] The hollow beneath the junction of the arm and shoulder; the axilla. Arm�rack� (?), n. A frame, generally vertical, for holding small arms. Arms (?), n. pl. [OE. armes, F. arme, pl. armes, fr. L. arma, pl., arms, orig. fittings, akin to armus shoulder, and E. arm. See Arm, n.] 1. Instruments or weapons of offense or defense. He lays down his arms, but not his wiles. Milton. Three horses and three goodly suits of arms. Tennyson. 2. The deeds or exploits of war; military service or science. �Arms and the man I sing.� Dryden. 3. (Law) Anything which a man takes in his hand in anger, to strike or assault another with; an aggressive weapon. Cowell. Blackstone. 4. (Her.) The ensigns armorial of a family, consisting of figures and colors borne in shields, banners, etc., as marks of dignity and distinction, and descending from father to son. 5. (Falconry) The legs of a hawk from the thigh to the foot. Halliwell. Bred to ~, educated to the profession of a soldier. � In ~, armed for war; in a state of hostility. � Small ~, portable firearms known as muskets, rifles, carbines, pistols, etc. � A stand of ~, a complete set for one soldier, as a musket, bayonet, cartridge box and belt; frequently, the musket and bayonet alone. � To ~! a summons to war or battle. � Under ~, armed and equipped and in readiness for battle, or for a military parade. Arm's end, Arm's length, Arm's reach. See under Arm. Ar�mure (?), n. [F. See Armor.] 1. Armor. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. A variety of twilled fabric ribbed on the surface. Ar�my (?), n. [F. arm�e, fr. L. armata, fem. of armatus, p. p. of armare to arm. Cf. Armada.] 1. A collection or body of men armed for war, esp. one organized in companies, battalions, regiments, brigades, and divisions, under proper officers. 2. A body of persons organized for the advancement of a cause; as, the Blue Ribbon Army. 3. A great number; a vast multitude; a host. An army of good words. Shak. Standing ~, a permanent ~ of professional soldiers, as distinguished from militia or volunteers. Ar�my worm� (?). (Zo�l.) (a) A lepidopterous insect, which in the larval state often travels in great multitudes from field to field, destroying grass, grain, and other crops. The common army worm of the northern United States is Leucania unipuncta. The name is often applied to other related species, as the cotton worm. (b) The larva of a small two�winged fly (Sciara), which marches in large companies, in regular order. See Cotton worm, under Cotton. � Ar�na (?), � Ar�nee (?), } n. (Zo�l.) The wild buffalo of India (Bos, or Bubalus, arni), larger than the domestic buffalo and having enormous horns. Ar�nat�to (?), n. See Annotto. Ar�ni�ca (?), n. [Prob. a corruption of ptarmica.] (Bot.) A genus of plants; also, the most important species (Arnica montana), native of the mountains of Europe, used in medicine as a narcotic and stimulant. � The tincture of arnica is applied externally as a remedy for bruises, sprains, etc. Ar�ni�cin (?), n. [See Arnica.] (Chem.) An active principle of Arnica montana. It is a bitter resin. Ar�ni�cine (?), n. (Chem.) An alkaloid obtained from the arnica plant. Ar�not (?), Ar�nut (?), } n. [Cf. D. aardnoot, E. earthut.] The earthnut. [Obs.] Ar�not�to (?), n. Same as Annotto. A�roid (?), A�roid�e�ous (?), a. [Arum + �oid.] (Bot.) Belonging to, or resembling, the Arum family of plants. A�roint� (?), interj. [Cf. Prov. E. rynt, rynt thee, roynt, or runt, terms used by milkmaids to a cow that has been milked, in order to drive her away, to make room for others; AS. r?man to make room or way, fr. r?m room. The final t is perh. for ta, for thou. Cf. Room space.] Stand off, or begone. [Obs.] Aroint thee, witch, the rump�fed ronyon cries. Shak. A�roint�, v. t. To drive or scare off by some exclamation. [R.] �Whiskered cats arointed flee.� Mrs. Browning. A�ro�ma (?), n. [L. aroma, Gr. ?: cf. OE. aromaz, aromat, spice, F. aromate.] 1. The quality or principle of plants or other substances which constitutes their fragrance; agreeable odor; as, the aroma of coffee. 2. Fig.: The fine diffusive quality of intellectual power; flavor; as, the subtile aroma of genius. Ar�o�mat�ic (?), Ar�o�mat�ic�al (?), } a. [L. aromaticus, Gr. ?: cf. F. aromatique. See Aroma.] Pertaining to, or containing, aroma; fragrant; spicy; strong�scented; odoriferous; as, aromatic balsam. <-- p. 83 --> Aromatic compound (Chem.), one of a large class of organic substances, as the oils of bitter almonds, wintergreen, and turpentine, the balsams, camphors, etc., many of which have an aromatic odor. They include many of the most important of the carbon compounds and may all be derived from the benzene group, C6H6. The term is extended also to many of their derivatives. � Aromatic vinegar. See under Vinegar. Ar�o�mat�ic (?), n. A plant, drug, or medicine, characterized by a fragrant smell, and usually by a warm, pungent taste, as ginger, cinnamon spices. Ar�o�mat�i�za�tion (?), n. [Cf. F. aromatisation.] The act of impregnating or secting with aroma. A�ro�ma�tize (?; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aromatized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Aromatizing.] [ L. aromatizare, Gr. ?: cf. F. aromatiser.] To impregnate with aroma; to render aromatic; to give a spicy scent or taste to; to perfume. Bacon. A�ro�ma�ti�zer (?), n. One who, or that which, aromatizes or renders aromatic. Evelyn. A�ro�ma�tous (?), a. Aromatic. [Obs.] Caxton. Ar�oph (?), n. [A contraction of aroma philosophorum.] A barbarous word used by the old chemists to designate various medical remedies. [Obs.] A�rose� (?). The past or preterit tense of Arise. A�round� (?), adv. [Pref. a� + round.] 1. In a circle; circularly; on every side; round. 2. In a circuit; here and there within the surrounding space; all about; as, to travel around from town to town. 3. Near; in the neighborhood; as, this man was standing around when the fight took place. [Colloq. U. S.] � See Round, the shorter form, adv. & prep., which, in some of the meanings, is more commonly used. A�round�, prep. 1. On all sides of; encircling; encompassing; so as to make the circuit of; about. A lambent flame arose, which gently spread Around his brows. Dryden. 2. From one part to another of; at random through; about; on another side of; as, to travel around the country; a house standing around the corner. [Colloq. U. S.] A�rous�al (?), n. The act of arousing, or the state of being aroused. Whatever has associated itself with the arousal and activity of our better nature. Hare. A�rouse� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aroused (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Arousing.] [Pref. a� + rouse.] To excite to action from a state of rest; to stir, or put in motion or exertion; to rouse; to excite; as, to arouse one from sleep; to arouse the dormant faculties. Grasping his spear, forth issued to arouse His brother, mighty sovereign on the host. Cowper. No suspicion was aroused. Merivale. A�row� (?), adv. [Pref. a� + row.] In a row, line, or rank; successively; in order. Shak. And twenty, rank in rank, they rode arow. Dryden. A�roynt� (?), interj. See Aroint. � Ar�peg�gio (?), n. [It., fr. arpeggiare to play on the harp, fr. arpa harp.] (Mus.) The production of the tones of a chord in rapid succession, as in playing the harp, and not simultaneously; a strain thus played. Ar�pent (?), Ar�pen (?), } n. [F. arpent, fr. L. arepennis, arapennis. According to Columella, a Gallic word for a measure equiv. to half a Roman jugerum.] Formerly, a measure of land in France, varying in different parts of the country. The arpent of Paris was 46o88 sq. yards, or nearly five sixths of an English acre. The woodland arpent was about 1 acre, 1 rood, 1 perch, English. Ar�pen�ta�tor (?), n. [See Arpent.] The Anglicized form of the French arpenteur, a land surveyor. [R.] Ar�pine (?), n. An arpent. [Obs.] Webster (1623). Ar�qua�ted (?), a. Shaped like a bow; arcuate; curved. [R.] Ar�que�bus, Ar�que�buse } (?; 277), n. [F. arquebuse, OF. harquebuse, fr. D. haak�bus; cf. G. hakenb�chse a gun with a hook. See Hagbut.] A sort of hand gun or firearm a contrivance answering to a trigger, by which the burning match was applied. The musket was a later invention. [Written also harquebus.] Ar�que�bus�ade� (?), n. [F. arquebusade shot of an arquebus; eau d'arquebusade a vulnerary for gunshot wounds.] 1. The shot of an arquebus. Ash. 2. A distilled water from a variety of aromatic plants, as rosemary, millefoil, etc.; � originally used as a vulnerary in gunshot wounds. Parr. Ar�que�bus�ier (?), n. [F. arquebusier.] A soldier armed with an arquebus. Soldiers armed with guns, of whatsoever sort or denomination, appear to have been called arquebusiers. E. Lodge. Ar�qui�foux (?), n. Same as Alquifou. Ar�rach (?), n. See Orach. Ar�rack (?; 277), n. [Ar. araq sweat, juice, spirituous liquor, fr. araqa to sweat. Cf. Rack arrack.] A name in the East Indies and the Indian islands for all ardent spirits. Arrack is often distilled from a fermented mixture of rice, molasses, and palm wine of the cocoanut tree or the date palm, etc. Ar�rag�o�nite (?), n. See Aragonite. Ar�raign� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arraigned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Arraigning.] [OE. arainen, arenen, OF. aragnier, aranier, araisnier, F. arraisonner, fr. LL. arrationare to address to call before court; L. ad + ratio reason, reasoning, LL. cause, judgment. See Reason.] 1. (Law) To call or set as a prisoner at the bar of a court to answer to the matter charged in an indictment or complaint. Blackstone. 2. To call to account, or accuse, before the bar of reason, taste, or any other tribunal. They will not arraign you for want of knowledge. Dryden. It is not arrogance, but timidity, of which the Christian body should now be arraigned by the world. I. Taylor. Syn. - To accuse; impeach; charge; censure; criminate; indict; denounce. See Accuse. Ar�raign�, n. Arraignment; as, the clerk of the arraigns. Blackstone. Macaulay. Ar�raign� (?), v. t. [From OF. aramier, fr. LL. adhramire.] (Old Eng. Law) To appeal to; to demand; as, to arraign an assize of novel disseizin. Ar�raign�er (?), n. One who arraigns. Coleridge. Ar�raign�ment (?), n. [Cf. OF. arraynement, aresnement.] 1. (Law) The act of arraigning, or the state of being arraigned; the act of calling and setting a prisoner before a court to answer to an indictment or complaint. 2. A calling to an account to faults; accusation. In the sixth satire, which seems only an Arraignment of the whole sex, there is a latent admonition. Dryden. Ar�rai�ment, Ar�ray�ment (?), n. [From Array, v. t.] Clothes; raiment. [Obs.] Ar�range� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arranged ; p. pr. & vb. n. Arranging (?).] [OE. arayngen, OF. arengier, F. arranger, fr. a (L. ad) + OF. rengier, rangier, F. ranger. See Range, v. t.] 1. To put in proper order; to dispose (persons, or parts) in the manner intended, or best suited for the purpose; as, troops arranged for battle. So [they] came to the market place, and there he arranged his men in the streets. Berners. [They] were beginning to arrange their hampers. Boswell. A mechanism previously arranged. Paley. 2. To adjust or settle; to prepare; to determine; as, to arrange the preliminaries of an undertaking. Syn. - Adjust; adapt; range; dispose; classify. Ar�range�ment (?), n. [Cf. F. arrangement.] 1. The act of arranging or putting in an orderly condition; the state of being arranged or put in order; disposition in suitable form. 2. The manner or result of arranging; system of parts disposed in due order; regular and systematic classification; as, arrangement of one's dress; the Linn�an arrangement of plants. 3. Preparatory proceeding or measure; preparation; as, we have made arrangement for receiving company. 4. Settlement; adjustment by agreement; as, the parties have made an arrangement between themselves concerning their disputes; a satisfactory arrangement. 5. (Mus.) (a) The adaptation of a composition to voices or instruments for which it was not originally written. (b) A piece so adapted; a transcription; as, a pianoforte arrangement of Beethoven's symphonies; an orchestral arrangement of a song, an opera, or the like. Ar�ran�ger (?), n. One who arranges. Burke. Ar�rant (?), a. [OE. erraunt, errant, errand, equiv. to E. errant wandering, which was first applied to vagabonds, as an errant rogue, an errant thief, and hence passed gradually into its present and worse sense. See Errant.] Notoriously or pre�minently bad; thorough or downright, in a bad sense; shameless; unmitigated; as, an arrant rogue or coward. I discover an arrant laziness in my soul. Fuller. 2. Thorough or downright, in a good sense. [Obs.] An arrant honest woman. Burton. Ar�rant�ly, adv. Notoriously, in an ill sense; infamously; impudently; shamefully. L'Estrange. Ar�ras (?), n. [From Arras the capital of Artois, in the French Netherlands.] Tapestry; a rich figured fabric; especially, a screen or hangings of heavy cloth with interwoven figures. Stateliest couches, with rich arras spread. Cowper. Behind the arras I'll convey myself. Shak. Ar�ras, v. t. To furnish with an ~. Chapman. Ar�ras�ene� (?), n. [From Arras.] A material of wool or silk used for working the figures in embroidery. � Ar�ras�tre (?), n. [Sp.] A rude apparatus for pulverizing ores, esp. those containing free gold. Ar�ras�wise� (?), Ar�ras�ways� , adv. [Prob. a corruption of arriswise. See Arris.] Placed in such a position as to exhibit the top and two sides, the corner being in front; � said of a rectangular form. Encyc. Brit. Cussans. Ar�raught� (?). [The past tense of an old v. areach or arreach. Cf. Reach, obs. pret. raught.] Obtained; seized. Spenser. Ar�ray� (?), n. [OE. arai, arrai, OF. arrai, arrei, arroi, order, arrangement, dress, F. arroi; a (L. ad) + OF. rai, rei, roi, order, arrangement, fr. G. or Scand.; cf. Goth. raidjan, garaidjan, to arrange, MHG. gereiten, Icel. rei?i rigging, harness; akin to E. ready. Cf. Ready, Greith, Curry.] 1. Order; a regular and imposing arrangement; disposition in regular lines; hence, order of battle; as, drawn up in battle array. Wedged together in the closest array. Gibbon. 2. The whole body of persons thus placed in order; an orderly collection; hence, a body of soldiers. A gallant array of nobles and cavaliers. Prescott. 3. An imposing series of things. Their long array of sapphire and of gold. Byron. 4. Dress; garments disposed in order upon the person; rich or beautiful apparel. Dryden. 5. (Law) (a) A ranking or setting forth in order, by the proper officer, of a jury as impaneled in a cause. (b) The panel itself. (c) The whole body of jurors summoned to attend the court. To challenge the ~ (Law), to except to the whole panel. Cowell. Tomlins. Blount. � Commission of ~ (Eng. Hist.), a commission given by the prince to officers in every county, to muster and array the inhabitants, or see them in a condition for war. Blackstone. Ar�ray�, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arrayed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Arraying.] [OE. araien, arraien, fr. OE. arraier, arreier, arreer, arroier, fr. arrai. See Array, n.] 1. To place or dispose in order, as troops for battle; to marshal. By torch and trumpet fast arrayed, Each horseman drew his battle blade. Campbell. These doubts will be arrayed before their minds. Farrar. 2. To deck or dress; to adorn with dress; to cloth to envelop; � applied esp. to dress of a splendid kind. Pharaoh... arrayed him in vestures of fine linen. Gen. xli. ?. In gelid caves with horrid glo?m arrayed. Trumb?ll. 3. (Law) To set in order, as a jury, for the trial of a cause; that is, to call them man by man. Blackstone. To ~ a panel, to set forth in order the m?n that are impaneled. Cowell. Tomlins. Syn. - To draw up; arrange; dispose; set in order. Ar�ray�er , n. One who arrays. In some early English statutes, applied to an officer who had care of the soldiers' armor, and who saw them duly accoutered. Ar�rear� (?), adv. [OE. arere, OF. arere, ariere, F. arri�re, fr. L. ad + retro backward. See Rear.] To or in the rear; behind; backwards. [Obs.] Spenser. Ar�rear�, n. That which is behind in payment, or which remains unpaid, though due; esp. a remainder, or balance which remains due when some part has been paid; arrearage; � commonly used in the plural, as, arrears of rent, wages, or taxes. Locke. For much I dread due payment by the Greeks Of yesterday's arrear. Cowper. I have a large arrear of letters to write. J. D. Forbes. In ~ or In arrears, behind; backward; behindhand; in debt. Ar�rear�age (?), n. [F. arr�rage, fr. arri�re, OF. arere. See Arrear.] That which remains unpaid and overdue, after payment of a part; arrears. The old arrearages... being defrayed. Howell. Ar�rect� (?), Ar�rect�ed, } a. [L. arrectus, p. p. of arrigere to raise, erect; ad + regere to lead straight, to direct.] 1. Lifted up; raised; erect. 2. Attentive, as a person listening. [Obs.] God speaks not the idle and unconcerned hearer, but to the vigilant and arrect. Smalridge. Ar�rect�, v. t. 1. To direct. [Obs.] My supplication to you I arrect. Skelton. 2. [See Aret.] To impute. [Obs.] Sir T. More. Ar�rect�a�ry (?), n. [L. arrectarius, fr. arrigere o set up.] An upright beam. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. Ar�re�not�o�kous (?), a. [Gr. ? bearing males; ? a male + ? a bringing forth.] (Zo�l.) Producing males from unfertilized eggs, as certain wasps and bees. Ar�ren�ta�tion (?)(?). [Cf. F. arrenter to give or take as rent. See Arendator.] (O. Eng. Law) A letting or renting, esp. a license to inclose land in a forest with a low hedge and a ditch, under a yearly rent. Ar�rep�tion (?), n. [L. arripere, arreptum, to seize, snatch; ad + rapere to snatch. See Rapacious.] The act of taking away. [Obs.] �This arreption was sudden.� Bp. Hall. Ar�rep�ti�tious (?), a. [L. arreptitius.] Snatched away; seized or possessed, as a demoniac; raving; mad; crack�brained. [Obs.] Odd, arreptitious, frantic extravagances. Howell. Ar�rest� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arrested; p. pr. & vb. n. Arresting.] [OE. aresten, OF. arester, F. arr�ter, fr. LL. arrestare; L. ad + restare to remain, stop; re + stare to stand. See Rest remainder.] 1. To stop; to check or hinder the motion or action of; as, to arrest the current of a river; to arrest the senses. Nor could her virtues the relentless hand Of Death arrest. Philips. 2. (Law) To take, seize, or apprehend by authority of law; as, to arrest one for debt, or for a crime. � After his word Shakespeare uses of (�I arrest thee of high treason�) or on; the modern usage is for. 3. To seize on and fix; to hold; to catch; as, to arrest the eyes or attention. Buckminster. 4. To rest or fasten; to fix; to concentrate. [Obs.] We may arrest our thoughts upon the divine mercies. Jer. Taylor. Syn. - To obstruct; delay; detain; check; hinder; stop; apprehend; seize; lay hold of. Ar�rest�, v. i. To tarry; to rest. [Obs.] Spenser. Ar�rest�, n. [OE. arest, arrest, OF. arest, F. arr�t, fr. arester. See Arrest, v. t., Arr?t.] 1. The act of stopping, or restraining from further motion, etc.; stoppage; hindrance; restraint; as, an arrest of development. As the arrest of the air showeth. Bacon. 2. (Law) The taking or apprehending of a person by authority of law; legal restraint; custody. Also, a decree, mandate, or warrant. William... ordered him to be put under arrest. Macaulay. [Our brother Norway] sends out arrests On Fortinbras; which he, in brief, obeys. Shak. � An ~ may be made by seizing or touching the body; but it is sufficient in the party be within the power of the officer and submit to the ~. In Admiralty law, and in old English practice, the term is applied to the seizure of property. 3. Any seizure by power, physical or moral. The sad stories of fire from heaven, the burning of his sheep, etc.,.. were sad arrests to his troubled spirit. Jer. Taylor. 4. (Far.) A scurfiness of the back part of the hind leg of a horse; � also named rat�tails. White. � of judgment (Law), the staying or stopping of a judgment, after verdict, for legal cause. The motion for this purpose is called a motion in arrest of judgment. Ar�res�ta�tion (?), n. [F. arrestation, LL. arrestatio.] Arrest. [R.] The arrestation of the English resident in France was decreed by the National Convention. H. M. Williams. Ar�res�tee� (?), n. [See Arrest, v.] (Scots Law) The person in whose hands is the property attached by arrestment. Ar�rest�er (?), n. 1. One who arrests. 2. (Scots Law) The person at whose suit an arrestment is made. [Also written arrestor.] <-- p. 84 --> Ar�rest�ing (?), a. Striking; attracting attention; impressive. This most solemn and arresting occurrence. J. H. Newman. Ar�rest�ive (?), a. Tending to arrest. McCosh. Ar�rest�ment , n. [OF. arrestement.] 1. (Scots Law) The arrest of a person, or the seizure of his effects; esp., a process by which money or movables in the possession of a third party are attached. 2. A stoppage or check. Darwin. � Ar�r�t (?), n. [F. See Arrest, n.] (F. Law) (a) A judgment, decision, or decree of a court or high tribunal; also, a decree of a sovereign. (b) An arrest; a legal seizure. Ar�ret� (?), v. t. Same as Aret. [Obs.] Spenser. Ar�rha�phos�tic (?), a. [Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? to sew together.] Seamless. [R.] Ar�rhi�zal (?), Ar�rhi�zous (?), } a. [Gr. ? not rooted; ? priv. + ? a root.] (Bot.) Destitute of a true root, as a parasitical plant. Ar�rhyth�mic (?), Ar�rhyth�mous (?), } a. [Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? rhythm.] (Med.) Being without rhythm or regularity, as the pulse. Ar�rhyt�my (?), n. [Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? rhythm.] Want of rhythm. [R.] Ar�ride� (?), v. t. [L. arridere; ad + ridere to laugh.] To please; to gratify. [Archaic] B. Jonson. Above all thy rarities, old Oxenford, what do most arride and solace me are thy repositories of moldering learning. Lamb. Ar�riere� (?), n. [F. arri�re. See Arrear.] �That which is behind�; the rear; � chiefly used as an adjective in the sense of behind, rear, subordinate. � fee, � fief, a fee or fief dependent on a superior fee, or a fee held of a feudatory. � � vassal, the vassal of a vassal. Ar�riere��ban� (?), n. [F., fr. OE. arban, heriban, fr. OHG. hariban, heriban, G. heerbann, the calling together of an army; OHG. heri an army + ban a public call or order. The French have misunderstood their old word, and have changed it into arri�re�ban, though arri�re has no connection with its proper meaning. See Ban, Abandon.] A proclamation, as of the French kings, calling not only their immediate feudatories, but the vassals of these feudatories, to take the field for war; also, the body of vassals called or liable to be called to arms, as in ancient France. Ar�ris (?), n. [OF. areste, F. ar�te, fr. L. arista the top or beard of an ear of grain, the bone of a fish.] (Arch.) The sharp edge or salient angle formed by two surfaces meeting each other, whether plane or curved; � applied particularly to the edges in moldings, and to the raised edges which separate the flutings in a Doric column. P. Cyc. � fillet, a triangular piece of wood used to raise the slates of a roof against a chimney or wall, to throw off the rain. Gwilt. � � gutter, a gutter of a V form fixed to the eaves of a building. Gwilt. Ar�rish (?), n. [See Eddish.] The stubble of wheat or grass; a stubble field; eddish. [Eng.] [Written also arish, ersh, etc.] The moment we entered the stubble or arrish. Blackw. Mag. Ar�ris�wise� (?), adv. Diagonally laid, as ??es; ridgewise. Ar�riv�al (?), n. [From Arrive.] 1. The act of arriving, or coming; the act of reaching a place from a distance, whether by water (as in its original sense) or by land. Our watchmen from the towers, with longing eyes, Expect his swift arrival. Dryden. 2. The attainment or reaching of any object, by effort, or in natural course; as, our arrival at this conclusion was wholly unexpected. 3. The person or thing arriving or which has arrived; as, news brought by the last arrival. Another arrival still more important was speedily announced. Macaulay. 4. An approach. [Obs.] The house has a corner arrival. H. Walpole. Ar�riv�ance (?), n. Arrival. [Obs.] Shak. Ar�rive� (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Arrived (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Arriving.] [OE. ariven to arrive, land, OF. ariver, F. arriver, fr. LL. arripare, adripare, to come to shore; L. ad + ripa the shore or sloping bank of a river. Cf. Riparian.] 1. To come to the shore or bank. In present usage: To come in progress by water, or by traveling on land; to reach by water or by land; � followed by at (formerly sometimes by to), also by in and from. �Arrived in Padua.� Shak. [�neas] sailing with a fleet from Sicily, arrived... and landed in the country of Laurentum. Holland. There was no outbreak till the regiment arrived at Ipswich. Macaulay. 2. To reach a point by progressive motion; to gain or compass an object by effort, practice, study, inquiry, reasoning, or experiment. To ~ at, or attain to. When he arrived at manhood. Rogers. We arrive at knowledge of a law of nature by the generalization of facts. McCosh. If at great things thou wouldst arrive. Milton. 3. To come; said of time; as, the time arrived. 4. To happen or occur. [Archaic] Happy! to whom this glorious death arrives. Waller. Ar�rive�, v. t. 1. To bring to shore. [Obs.] And made the sea�trod ship arrive them. Chapman. 2. To reach; to come to. [Archaic] Ere he arrive the happy isle. Milton. Ere we could arrive the point proposed. Shak. Arrive at last the blessed goal. Tennyson. Ar�rive�, n. Arrival. [Obs.] Chaucer. How should I joy of thy arrive to hear! Drayton. Ar�riv�er (?), n. One who arrives. � Ar�ro�ba (?), n. [Sp. and Pg., from Ar. arrub, ar�rubu, a fourth part.] 1. A Spanish weight used in Mexico and South America ? 25736 lbs. avoir.; also, an old Portuguese weight, used in Brazil ? 32738 lbs. avoir. 2. A Spanish liquid measure for wine ? 3754 imp. gallons, and for oil ? 2.78 imp. gallons. Ar�ro�gance (?), n. [F., fr. L. arrogantia, fr. arrogans. See Arrogant.] The act or habit of arrogating, or making undue claims in an overbearing manner; that species of pride which consists in exorbitant claims of rank, dignity, estimation, or power, or which exalts the worth or importance of the person to an undue degree; proud contempt of others; lordliness; haughtiness; self�assumption; presumption. i hate not you for her proud arrogance. Shak. Syn. - Haughtiness; hauteur; assumption; lordliness; presumption; pride; disdain; insolence; conceit; conceitedness. See Haughtiness. Ar�ro�gan�cy (?), n. Arrogance. Shak. Ar�ro�gant (?), a. [F. arrogant, L. arrogans, p. pr. of arrogare. See Arrogate.] 1. Making, or having the disposition to make, exorbitant claims of rank or estimation; giving one's self an undue degree of importance; assuming; haughty; � applied to persons. Arrogant Winchester, that haughty prelate. Shak. 2. Containing arrogance; marked with arrogance; proceeding from undue claims or self�importance; � applied to things; as, arrogant pretensions or behavior. Syn. - Magisterial; lordly; proud; assuming; overbearing; presumptuous; haughty. See Magisterial. Ar�ro�gant�ly, adv. In an arrogant manner; with undue pride or self�importance. Ar�ro�gant�ness, n. Arrogance. [R.] Ar�ro�gate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arrogated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Arrogating (?).] [L. arrogatus, p. p. of adrogare, arrogare, to ask, appropriate to one's self; ad + rogare to ask. See Rogation.] To assume, or claim as one's own, unduly, proudly, or presumptuously; to make undue claims to, from vanity or baseless pretensions to right or merit; as, the pope arrogated dominion over kings. He arrogated to himself the right of deciding dogmatically what was orthodox doctrine. Macaulay. Ar�ro�ga�tion (?), n. [L. arrogatio, fr. arrogare. Cf. Adrogation.] 1. The act of arrogating, or making exorbitant claims; the act of taking more than one is justly entitled to. Hall. 2. (Civ. Law) Adoption of a person of full age. Ar�ro�ga�tive (?), a. Making undue claims and pretension; prone to arrogance. [R.] Dr. H. More. � Ar�ron�disse�ment� (?), n. [F., fr. arrondir to make round; ad + rond round, L. rotundus.] A subdivision of a department. [France] � The territory of France, since the revolution, has been divided into departments, those into arrondissements, those into cantons, and the latter into communes. Ar�rose� (?), v. t. [F. arroser.] To drench; to besprinkle; to moisten. [Obs.] The blissful dew of heaven does arrose you. Two N. Kins. Ar�ro�sion (?), n. [L. arrodere, arrosum, to gnaw: cf. F. arrosion.] A gnawing. [Obs.] Bailey. Ar�row (?), n. [OE. arewe, AS. arewe, earh; akin to Icel. �r, �rvar, Goth. arhwazna, and perh. L. arcus bow. Cf. Arc.] A missile weapon of offense, slender, pointed, and usually feathered and barbed, to be shot from a bow. Broad ~. (a) An ~ with a broad head. (b) A mark placed upon British ordnance and government stores, which bears a rude resemblance to a broad arrowhead. Ar�row grass� (?), n. (Bot.) An herbaceous grasslike plant (Triglochin palustre, and other species) with pods opening so as to suggest barbed arrowheads. Ar�row�head� (?), n. 1. The head of an arrow. 2. (Bot.) An aquatic plant of the genus Sagittaria, esp. S. sagittifolia, � named from the shape of the leaves. Ar�row�head�ed, a. Shaped like the head of an arow; cuneiform. � characters, characters the elements of which consist of strokes resembling arrowheads, nailheads, or wedges; � hence called also nail�headed, wedge�formed, cuneiform, or cuneatic characters; the oldest written characters used in the country about the Tigris and Euphrates, and subsequently in Persia, and abounding among the ruins of Persepolis, Nineveh, and Babylon. See Cuneiform. Ar�row�root� (?), n. 1. (Bot.) A west Indian plant of the genus Maranta, esp. M. arundinacea, now cultivated in many hot countries. It said that the Indians used the roots to neutralize the venom in wounds made by poisoned arrows. 2. A nutritive starch obtained from the rootstocks of Maranta arundinacea, and used as food, esp. for children an invalids; also, a similar starch obtained from other plants, as various species of Maranta and Curcuma. Ar�row�wood� (?), n. A shrub (Viburnum dentatum) growing in damp woods and thickets; � so called from the long, straight, slender shoots. Ar�row�worm� , n. (Zo�l.) A peculiar transparent worm of the genus Sagitta, living at the surface of the sea. See Sagitta. Ar�row�y (?), a. 1. Consisting of arrows. How quick they wheeled, and flying, behind them shot Sharp sleet of arrowy showers. Milton. 2. Formed or moving like, or in any respect resembling, an arrow; swift; darting; piercing. �His arrowy tongue.� Cowper. By the blue rushing of the arrowy Rhone. Byron. With arrowy vitalities, vivacities, and ingenuities. Carlyle. � Ar�roy�o (?), n.; pl Arroyos (?). [Sp., fr. LL. arrogium; cf. Gr. ? river, stream, fr. ? to flow.] 1. A water course; a rivulet. 2. The dry bed of a small stream. [Western U. S.] � Ar�schin (?), n. See Arshine. Arse , n. [AS. ears; �rs; akin to OHG. ars. G. arsch, D. aars, Sw. ars, Dan. arts, Gr. ? (cf. ? tail).] The buttocks, or hind part of an animal; the posteriors; the fundament; the bottom. Ar�se�nal , n. [Sp. & F. arsenal arsenal, dockyard, or It. arzanale, arsenale (cf. It. & darsena dock); all fr. Ar. d�r?in�'a house of industry or fabrication; d�r house + ?in� art, industry.] A public establishment for the storage, or for the manufacture and storage, of arms and all military equipments, whether for land or naval service. Ar�se�nate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of arsenic acid. Ar�se�ni�ate , n. See Arsenate. [R.] Ar�se�nic (?; 277), n. [L. arsenicum, Gr. ?, ?, yellow orpiment, perh. fr. ? or better Attic ? masculine, ? male, on account of its strength, or fr. Per. zern�kh: cf. F. arsenic.] 1. (Chem.) One of the elements, a solid substance resembling a metal in its physical properties, but in its chemical relations ranking with the nonmetals. It is of a steel�gray color and brilliant luster, though usually dull from tarnish. It is very brittle, and sublimes at 3560 Fahrenheit. It is sometimes found native, but usually combined with silver, cobalt, nickel, iron, antimony, or sulphur. Orpiment and realgar are two of its sulphur compounds, the first of which is the true arsenticum of the ancients. The element and its compounds are active poisons. Specific gravity from 5.7 to 5.9. Atomic weight. Symbol As. 2. (Com.) Arsenious oxide or arsenious anhydride; � called also arsenious acid, white arsenic, and ratsbane. Ar�sen�ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, ~; � said of those compounds of ~ in which this element hat its highest equivalence; as, arsenic acid. Ar�sen�ic�al , a. Of or pertaining to, or containing, arsenic; as, arsenical vapor; arsenical wall papers. ~ silver, an ore of silver containing arsenic. Ar�sen�i�cate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arsenicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Arsenicating.] To combine with arsenic; to treat or impregnate with arsenic. Ar�sen�i�cism , n. (Med.) A diseased condition produced by slow poisoning with arsenic. Ar�sen�ide (?), n. (Chem.) A compound of arsenic with a metal, or positive element or radical; � formerly called arseniuret. Ar�sen�if�er�ous (?), a. [Arsenic + �ferous.] Containing or producing arsenic. Ar�se�ni�ous (?), a. [Cf. F. ars�nieux.] 1. Pertaining to, consisting of, or containing, arsenic; as, arsenious powder or glass. 2. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, arsenic, when having an equivalence next lower than the highest; as, arsenious acid. Ar�sen�ite (?), n. [Cf. F. ars�nite.] (Chem.) A salt formed by the union of arsenious acid with a base. Ar�se�ni�u�ret (?), n. (Chem.) See Arsenide. Ar�se�ni�u�ret�ed, a.�(Chem.) Combined with arsenic; � said some elementary substances or radicals; as, arseniureted hydrogen. [Also spelt arseniuretted.] Ar�sen�o�pyr�ite (?), n. [Arsenic + pyrite.] (Min.) A mineral of a tin�white color and metallic luster, containing arsenic, sulphur, and iron; � also called arsenical pyrites and mispickel. Arse�smart (?), n. Smartweed; water pepper. Dr. Prior. � Ar�shine (?), n. [Russ. arshin, of Turkish�Tartar origin; Turk. arshin, arsh?n, ell, yard.] A Russian measure of length = 2 ft. 4.246 inches. Ar�sine (?), n. [From Arsenic.] (Chem.) A compound of arsenic and hydrogen, AsH3, a colorless and exceedingly poisonous gas, having and odor like garlic; arseniureted hydrogen. � Ar�sis (?), n. [L. arsis, Gr. ? a raising or lifting, an elevation of the voice, fr. ? to raise or apprehension; originally and properly it denotes the lifting of the hand in beating time, and hence the unaccented part of the rhythm.] 1. (Pros.) (a) That part of a foot where the ictus is put, or which is distinguished from the rest (known as the thesis) of the foot by a greater stress of voice. Hermann. (b) That elevation of voice now called metrical accentuation, or the rhythmic accent. � It is uncertain whether the arsis originally consisted in a higher musical tone, greater volume, or longer duration of sound, or in all combined. 2. (Mus.) The elevation of the hand, or that part of the bar at which it is raised, in beating time; the weak or unaccented part of the bar; � opposed to thesis. Moore. Ars�met�rike (?), n. [An erroneous form of arithmetic, as if from L. ars metrica the measuring art.] Arithmetic. [Obs.] Chaucer. Ar�son (?; 277), n. [OF. arson, arsun, fr. L. ardere, arsum, to burn.] (Law) The malicious burning of a dwelling house or outhouse of another man, which by the common law is felony; the malicious and voluntary firing of a building or ship. Wharton. � The definition of this crime is varied by statues in different countries and states. The English law of ~ has been considerably modified in the United States; in some of the States it has been materially enlarged, while in others, various degrees of ~ have been established, with corresponding punishment. Burrill. Art (?). The second person singular, indicative mode, present tense, of the substantive verb Be; but formed after the analogy of the plural are, with the ending �t, as in thou shalt, witt, orig. an ending of the second person sing. pret. Cf. Be. Now used only in solemn or poetical style. <-- p. 85 --> Art (?), n. [F. art, L. ars, artis, orig., skill in joining or fitting; prob. akin to E. arm, aristocrat, article.] 1. The employment of means to accomplish some desired end; the adaptation of things in the natural world to the uses of life; the application of knowledge or power to practical purposes. Blest with each grace of nature and of art. Pope. 2. A system of rules serving to facilitate the performance of certain actions; a system of principles and rules for attaining a desired end; method of doing well some special work; � often contradistinguished from science or speculative principles; as, the art of building or engraving; the art of war; the art of navigation. Science is systematized knowledge... Art is knowledge made efficient skill. J. F. Genung. 3. The systematic application of knowledge or skill in effecting a desired result. Also, an occupation or business requiring such knowledge or skill. The fishermen can't employ their art with so much success in so troubled a sea. Addison. 4. The application of skill to the production of the beautiful by imitation or design, or an occupation in which skill is so employed, as in painting and sculpture; one of the fine arts; as, he prefers art to literature. 5. pl. Those branches of learning which are taught in the academical course of colleges; as, master of arts. In fearless youth we tempt the heights of arts. Pope. Four years spent in the arts (as they are called in colleges) is, perhaps, laying too laborious a foundation. Goldsmith. 6. Learning; study; applied knowledge, science, or letters. [Archaic] So vast is art, so narrow human wit. Pope. 7. Skill, dexterity, or the power of performing certain actions, asquired by experience, study, or observation; knack; a, a man has the art of managing his business to advantage. 8. Skillful plan; device. They employed every art to soothe... the discontented warriors. Macaulay. 9. Cunning; artifice; craft. Madam, I swear I use no art at all. Shak. Animals practice art when opposed to their superiors in strength. Crabb. 10 To black art; magic. [Obs.] Shak. � and part (Scots Law), share or concern by aiding and abetting a criminal in the perpetration of a crime, whether by advice or by assistance in the execution; complicity. � The arts are divided into various classes. The useful, mechanical, or industrial arts are those in which the hands and body are concerned than the mind; as in making clothes and utensils. These are called trades. The fine arts are those which have primarily to do with imagination taste, and are applied to the production of what is beautiful. They include poetry, music, painting, engraving, sculpture, and architecture; but the term is often confined to painting, sculpture, and architecture. The liberal arts (artes liberales, the higher arts, which, among the Romans, only freemen were permitted to pursue) were, in the Middle Ages, these seven branches of learning, � grammar, logic, rhetoric, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. In modern times the liberal arts include the sciences, philosophy, history, etc., which compose the course of academical or collegiate education. Hence, degrees in the arts; master and bachelor of arts. In America, literature and the elegant arts must grow up side by side with the coarser plants of daily necessity. Irving. Syn. - Science; literature; aptitude; readiness; skill; dexterity; adroitness; contrivance; profession; business; trade; calling; cunning; artifice; duplicity. See Science. � Ar�te�mi�a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ?, a Greek goddess.] (Zo�l.) A genus of phyllopod Crustacea found in salt lakes and brines; the brine shrimp. See Brine shrimp. Ar�te�mi�si�a (?), n. [L. Artemisia, Gr. ?.] (Bot.) A genus of plants including the plants called mugwort, southernwood, and wormwood. Of these A. absinthium, or common wormwood, is well known, and A. tridentata is the sage brush of the Rocky Mountain region. Ar�te�ri�ac (?), a. [L. arteriacus, Gr. ?. See Artery.] Of or pertaining to the windpipe. Ar�te�ri�al (?), a. [Cf. F. art�riel.] 1. Of or pertaining to an artery, or the arteries; as, arterial action; the arterial system. 2. Of or pertaining to a main channel (resembling an artery), as a river, canal, or railroad. � blood, blood which has been changed and vitalized (arterialized) during passage through the lungs. Ar�te�ri�al�i�za�tion (?), n. (Physiol.) The process of converting venous blood into arterial blood during its passage through the lungs, oxygen being absorbed and carbonic acid evolved; � called also a�ration and hematosis. Ar�te�ri�al�ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arterialized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Arterializing.] To transform, as the venous blood, into arterial blood by exposure to oxygen in the lungs; to make arterial. Ar�te�ri�og�ra�phy , n. [Gr. ? + �graphy.] A systematic description of the arteries. Ar�te�ri�ole (?), n. [NL. arteriola, dim. of L. arteria: cf. F. art�riole.] A small artery. Ar�te�ri�ol�o�gy (?), n. [Gr. ? + �logy.] That part of anatomy which treats of arteries. Ar�te�ri�ot�o�my (?), n. [L. arteriotomia, Gr. ?; ? + ? a cutting.] 1. (Med.) The opening of an artery, esp. for bloodletting. 2. That part of anatomy which treats of the dissection of the arteries. � Ar�te�ri�tis (?), n. [Artery + �etis.] Inflammation of an artery or arteries. Dunglison. Ar�ter�y (?), n.; pl. Arteries (?). [L. arteria windpipe, artery, Gr. ?.] 1. The trachea or windpipe. [Obs.] �Under the artery, or windpipe, is the mouth of the stomach.� Holland. 2. (Anat.) One of the vessels or tubes which carry either venous or arterial blood from the heart. They have tricker and more muscular walls than veins, and are connected with them by capillaries. � In man and other mammals, the arteries which contain arterialized blood receive it from the left ventricle of the heart through the aorta. See Aorta. The pulmonary artery conveys the venous blood from the right ventricle to the lungs, whence the arterialized blood is returned through the pulmonary veins. 3. Hence: Any continuous or ramified channel of communication; as, arteries of trade or commerce. Ar�te�sian (?), a. [F. art�sien, fr. Artois in France, where many such wells have been made since the middle of the last century.] Of or pertaining to Artois (anciently called Artesium), in France. � wells, wells made by boring into the earth till the instrument reaches water, which, from internal pressure, flows spontaneously like a fountain. They are usually of small diameter and often of great depth. Art�ful (?), a. [From Art.] 1. Performed with, or characterized by, art or skill. [Archaic] �Artful strains.� �Artful terms.� Milton. 2. Artificial; imitative. Addison. 3. Using or exhibiting much art, skill, or contrivance; dexterous; skillful. He [was] too artful a writer to set down events in exact historical order. Dryden. 4. Cunning; disposed to cunning indirectness of dealing; crafty; as, an artful boy. [The usual sense.] Artful in speech, in action, and in mind. Pope. The artful revenge of various animals. Darwin. Syn. - Cunning; skillful; adroit; dexterous; crafty; tricky; deceitful; designing. See Cunning. Art�ful�ly, adv. In an artful manner; with art or cunning; skillfully; dexterously; craftily. Art�ful�ness, n. The quality of being artful; art; cunning; craft. Ar�then (?), a. Same as Earthen. [Obs.] �An arthen pot.� Holland. Ar�thrit�ic (?), Ar�thrit�ic�al (?), } a. [L. arthriticus, Gr. ?. See Arthritis.] 1. Pertaining to the joints. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 2. Of or pertaining to arthritis; gouty. Cowper. � Ar�thri�tis (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. ? (as if fem. of ? belonging to the joints, sc. ? disease) gout, fr. ? a joint.] (Med.) Any inflammation of the joints, particularly the gout. Ar�thro�derm (?), n. [Gr. ? joint + 'derm.] (Zo�l.) The external covering of an Arthropod. � Ar�thro�di�a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ?, fr. ? well articulated; ? a joint + ? shape.] (Anat.) A form of diarthrodial articulation in which the articular surfaces are nearly flat, so that they form only an imperfect ball and socket. Ar�thro�di�al (?), Ar�throd�ic (?), } a. Of or pertaining to arthrodia. � Ar�thro�dyn�i�a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ? joint + ?? pain.] (Med.) An affection characterized by pain in or about a joint, not dependent upon structural disease. Ar�thro�dyn�ic , a. Pertaining to arthrodynia, or pain in the joints; rheumatic. � Ar�thro�gas�tra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? joint + ? stomach.] (Zo�l.) A division of the Arachnida, having the abdomen annulated, including the scorpions, harvestmen, etc.; pedipalpi. Ar�throg�ra�phy (?), n. [Gr. ? joint + �graphy.] The description of joints. Ar�throl�o�gy , n. [Gr. ? joint + �logy.] That part of anatomy which treats of joints. Ar�thro�mere (?), n. [Gr. ? joint + �mere.] (Zo�l.) One of the body segments of Arthropods. See Arthrostraca. Packard. � Ar�thro�pleu�ra (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ? joint + ? the side.] (Zo�l.) The side or limb�bearing portion of an arthromere. Ar�thro�pod (?), n (Zo�l.) One of the Arthropoda. � Ar�throp�o�da (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? joint + �poda.] (Zo�l.) A large division of Articulata, embracing all those that have jointed legs. It includes Insects, Arachnida, Pychnogonida, and Crustacea. � Ar�throp�o�dal (?), a. � Ar�thro�pom�a�ta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? joint + ? lid.] (Zo�l.) One of the orders of Branchiopoda. See Branchiopoda. � Ar�thro�sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ?, fr. ? joint.] (Anat.) Articulation. � Ar�thros�tra�ca , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? joint + ? a shell.] (Zo�l.) One of the larger divisions of Crustacea, so called because the thorax and abdomen are both segmented; Tetradecapoda. It includes the Amphipoda and Isopoda. Ar�thro�zo�ic (?), a. [Gr. ? joint + ? animal, fr. ? an animal.] (Zo�l.) Of or pertaining to the Articulata; articulate. Ar�ti�ad (?), a. [Gr. ? even, fr. ? exactly.] (Chem.) Even; not odd; � said of elementary substances and of radicals the valence of which is divisible by two without a remainder. Ar�ti�choke (?), n. [It. articioc?o, perh. corrupted fr. the same word as carciofo; cf. older spellings archiciocco, archicioffo, carciocco, and Sp. alcachofa, Pg. alcachofra; prob. fr. Ar. al�harshaf, al�kharsh?f.] (Bot.) 1. The Cynara scolymus, a plant somewhat resembling a thistle, with a dilated, imbricated, and prickly involucre. The head (to which the name is also applied) is composed of numerous oval scales, inclosing the florets, sitting on a broad receptacle, which, with the fleshy base of the scales, is much esteemed as an article of food. 2. See Jerusalem artichoke. Ar�ti�cle (?), n. [F., fr. L. articulus, dim. of artus joint, akin to Gr. ?, fr. a root ar to join, fit. See Art, n.] 1. A distinct portion of an instrument, discourse, literary work, or any other writing, consisting of two or more particulars, or treating of various topics; as, an article in the Constitution. Hence: A clause in a contract, system of regulations, treaty, or the like; a term, condition, or stipulation in a contract; a concise statement; as, articles of agreement. 2. A literary composition, forming an independent portion of a magazine, newspaper, or cyclopedia. 3. Subject; matter; concern; distinct. [Obs.] A very great revolution that happened in this article of good breeding. Addison. This last article will hardly be believed. De Foe. 4. A distinct part. �Upon each article of human duty.� Paley. �Each article of time.� Habington. The articles which compose the blood. E. Darwin. 5. A particular one of various things; as, an article of merchandise; salt is a necessary article. They would fight not for articles of faith, but for articles of food. Landor. 6. Precise point of time; moment. [Obs. or Archaic] This fatal news coming to Hick's Hall upon the article of my Lord Russell's trial, was said to have had no little influence on the jury and all the bench to his prejudice. Evelyn. 7. (Gram.) One of the three words, a, an, the, used before nouns to limit or define their application. A (or an) is called the indefinite article, the the definite article. 8. (Zo�l.) One of the segments of an articulated appendage. Articles of Confederation, the compact which was first made by the original thirteen States of the United States. They were adopted March 1, 1781, and remained the supreme law until March, 1789. � Articles of impeachment, an instrument which, in cases of impeachment, performs the same office which an indictment does in a common criminal case. � Articles of war, rules and regulations, fixed by law, for the better government of the army. � In the ~ of death [L. in articulo mortis], at the moment of death; in the dying struggle. � Lords of the articles (Scot. Hist.), a standing committee of the Scottish Parliament to whom was intrusted the drafting and preparation of the acts, or bills for laws. � The Thirty�nine Articles, statements (thirty�nine in number) of the tenets held by the Church of England. Ar�ti�cle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Articled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Articling (?).] [Cf. F. articuler, fr. L. articulare. See Article, n., Articulate.] 1. To formulate in articles; to set forth in distinct particulars. If all his errors and follies were articled against him, the man would seem vicious and miserable. Jer. Taylor. 2. To accuse or charge by an exhibition of articles. He shall be articled against in the high court of admiralty. Stat. 33 Geo. III. 3. To bind by articles of covenant or stipulation; as, to article an apprentice to a mechanic. Ar�ti�cle, v. i. To agree by articles; to stipulate; to bargain; to covenant. [R.] Then he articled with her that he should go away when he pleased. Selden. Ar�ti�cled (?), a. Bound by articles; apprenticed; as, an articled clerk. Ar�tic�u�lar (?), a. [L. articularis: cf. F. articulaire. See Article, n.] Of or pertaining to the joints; as, an articular disease; an articular process. Ar�tic�u�lar (?), Ar�tic�u�la�ry (?), } n. (Anat.) A bone in the base of the lower jaw of many birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes. <-- p. 86 --> Ar�tic�u�lar�ly , adv. In an articular or an articulate manner. � Ar�tic�u�la�ta (?), n. pl. [Neut. pl. from L. articulatus furnished with joints, distinct, p. p. of articulare. See Article, v.] (Zo�l.) 1. One of the four subkingdoms in the classification of Cuvier. It has been much modified by later writers. � It includes those Invertebrata having the body composed of ringlike segments (arthromeres). By some writers, the unsegmented worms (helminths) have also been included; by others it is restricted to the Arthropoda. It corresponds nearly with the Annulosa of some authors. The chief subdivisions are Arthropoda (Insects, Myriapoda, Arachnida, Pycnogonida, Crustacea); and Anarthropoda, including the Annelida and allied forms. 2. One of the subdivisions of the Brachiopoda, including those that have the shells united by a hinge. 3. A subdivision of the Crinoidea. Ar�tic�u�late (?), a. [L. articulatus. See Articulata.] 1. Expressed in articles or in separate items or particulars. [Archaic] Bacon. 2. Jointed; formed with joints; consisting of segments united by joints; as, articulate animals or plants. 3. Distinctly uttered; spoken so as to be intelligible; characterized by division into words and syllables; as, articulate speech, sounds, words. Total changes of party and articulate opinion. Carlyle. Ar�tic�u�late, n. (Zo�l.) An animal of the subkingdom Articulata. Ar�tic�u�late (?)(?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Articulated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Articulating (?). 1. To utter ~ sounds; to utter the elementary sounds of a language; to enunciate; to speak distinctly. 2. To treat or make terms. [Obs.] Shak. 3. To join or be connected by articulation. Ar�tic�u�late, v. t. 1. To joint; to unite by means of a joint; to put together with joints or at the joints. 2. To draw up or write in separate articles; to particularize; to specify. [Obs.] 3. To form, as the elementary sounds; to utter in distinct syllables or words; to enunciate; as, to articulate letters or language. �To articulate a word.� Ray. 4. To express distinctly; to give utterance to. Luther articulated himself upon a process that hand already begun in the Christian church. Bibliotheca Sacra. To... articulate the dumb, deep want of the people. Carlyle. Ar�tic�u�la�ted (?), a. 1. United by, or provided with, articulations; jointed; as, an articulated skeleton. 2. Produced, as a letter, syllable, or word, by the organs of speech; pronounced. Ar�tic�u�late�ly (?), adv. 1. After the manner, or in the form, of a joint. 2. Article by article; in distinct particulars; in detail; definitely. Paley. I had articulately set down in writing our points. Fuller. 3. With distinct utterance of the separate sounds. Ar�tic�u�late�ness, n. Quality of being articulate. Ar�tic�u�la�tion (?), n. [Cf. F. articulation, fr. L. articulatio.] 1. (Anat.) A joint or juncture between bones in the skeleton. � Articulations may be immovable, when the bones are directly united (synarthrosis), or slightly movable, when they are united intervening substance (amphiarthrosis), or they may be more or less freely movable, when the articular surfaces are covered with synovial membranes, as in complete joints (diarthrosis). The last (diarthrosis) includes hinge joints, admitting motion in one plane only (ginglymus), ball and socket joints (enarthrosis), pivot and rotation joints, etc. 2. (Bot.) (a) The connection of the parts of a plant by joints, as in pods. (b) One of the nodes or joints, as in cane and maize. (c) One of the parts intercepted between the joints; also, a subdivision into parts at regular or irregular intervals as a result of serial intermission in growth, as in the cane, grasses, etc. Lindley. 3. The act of putting together with a joint or joints; any meeting of parts in a joint. 4. The state of being jointed; connection of parts. [R.] That definiteness and articulation of imagery. Coleridge. 5. The utterance of the elementary sounds of a language by the appropriate movements of the organs, as in pronunciation; as, a distinct articulation. 6. A sound made by the vocal organs; an articulate utterance or an elementary sound, esp. a consonant. Ar�tic�u�la�tive (?), a. Of or pertaining to articulation. Bush. Ar�tic�u�la�tor (?), n. One who, or that which, articulates; as: (a) One who enunciates distinctly. (b) One who prepares and mounts skeletons. (c) An instrument to cure stammering. � Ar�tic�u�lus (?)(?) n.; pl. Articuli (?). [L. See Article.] (Zo�l.) A joint of the cirri of the Crinoidea; a joint or segment of an arthropod appendage. Ar�ti�fice (?), n. [L. artificium, fr. artifex artificer; ars, artis, art + facere to make: cf. F. artifice.] 1. A handicraft; a trade; art of making. [Obs.] 2. Workmanship; a skillfully contrived work. The material universe.. in the artifice of God, the artifice of the best Mechanist. Cudworth. 3. Artful or skillful contrivance. His [Congreve's] plots were constructed without much artifice. Craik. 4. Crafty device; an artful, ingenious, or elaborate trick. [Now the usual meaning.] Those who were conscious of guilt employed numerous artifices for the purpose of averting inquiry. Macaulay. Ar�tif�i�cer (?), n. [Cf. F. artificier, fr. LL. artificiarius.] 1. An artistic worker; a mechanic or manufacturer; one whose occupation requires skill or knowledge of a particular kind, as a silversmith. 2. One who makes or contrives; a deviser, inventor, or framer. �Artificer of fraud.� Milton. The great Artificer of all that moves. Cowper. 3. A cunning or artful fellow. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 4. (Mil.) A military mechanic, as a blacksmith, carpenter, etc.; also, one who prepares the shells, fuses, grenades, etc., in a military laboratory. Syn. - Artisan; artist. See Artisan. Ar�ti�fi�cial (?), a. [L. artificialis, fr. artificium: cf. F. artificiel. See Artifice.] 1. Made or contrived by art; produced or modified by human skill and labor, in opposition to natural; as, artificial heat or light, gems, salts, minerals, fountains, flowers. Artificial strife Lives in these touches, livelier than life. Shak. 2. Feigned; fictitious; assumed; affected; not genuine. �Artificial tears.� Shak. 3. Artful; cunning; crafty. [Obs.] Shak. 4. Cultivated; not indigenous; not of spontaneous growth; as, artificial grasses. Gibbon. � arguments (Rhet.), arguments invented by the speaker, in distinction from laws, authorities, and the like, which are called inartificial arguments or proofs. Johnson. � � classification (science), an arrangement based on superficial characters, and not expressing the true natural relations species; as, �the artificial system� in botany, which is the same as the Linn�an system. � � horizon. See under Horizon. � light, any light other than that which proceeds from the heavenly bodies. � � lines, lines on a sector or scale, so contrived as to represent the logarithmic sines and tangents, which, by the help of the line of numbers, solve, with tolerable exactness, questions in trigonometry, navigation, etc. � � numbers, logarithms. � � person (Law). See under Person. � � sines, tangents, etc., the same as logarithms of the natural, tangents, etc. Hutton. Ar�ti�fi�ci�al�i�ty (?), n. The quality or appearance of being artificial; that which is artificial. Ar�ti�fi�cial�ize (?), v. t. To render artificial. Ar�ti�fi�cial�ly, adv. 1. In an artificial manner; by art, or skill and contrivance, not by nature. 2. Ingeniously; skillfully. [Obs.] The spider's web, finely and artificially wrought. Tillotson. 3. Craftily; artfully. [Obs.] Sharp dissembled so artificially. Bp. Burnet. Ar�ti�fi�cial�ness, n. The quality of being artificial. Ar�ti�fi�cious (?), a. [L. artificiosus.] Artificial. [Obs.] Johnson. Art�i�lize (?), v. t. To make resemble. [Obs.] If I was a philosopher, says Montaigne, I would naturalize art instead of artilizing nature. Bolingbroke. Ar�til�ler�ist (?), n. A person skilled in artillery or gunnery; a gunner; an artilleryman. Ar�til�ler�y (?), n. [OE. artilrie, OF. artillerie, arteillerie, fr. LL. artillaria, artilleria, machines and apparatus of all kinds used in war, vans laden with arms of any kind which follow camps; F. artillerie great guns, ordnance; OF. artillier to work artifice, to fortify, to arm, prob. from L. ars, artis, skill in joining something, art. See Art.] 1. Munitions of war; implements for warfare, as slings, bows, and arrows. [Obs.] And Jonathan gave his artillery unto his lad. 1 Sam. xx. 40. 2. Cannon; great guns; ordnance, including guns, mortars, howitzers, etc., with their equipment of carriages, balls, bombs, and shot of all kinds. � The word is sometimes used in a more extended sense, including the powder, cartridges, matches, utensils, machines of all kinds, and horses, that belong to a train of ~. 3. The men and officers of that branch of the army to which the care and management of ~ are confided. 4. The science of ~ or gunnery. Campbell. � park, or Park of ~. (a) A collective body of siege or field ~, including the guns, and the carriages, ammunition, appurtenances, equipments, and persons necessary for working them. (b) The place where the ~ is encamped or collected. � � train, or Train of ~, a number of pieces of ordnance mounted on carriages, with all their furniture, ready for marching. Ar�til�ler�y�man (?), n. A man who manages, or assists in managing, a large gun in firing. � Ar�ti�o�dac�ty�la (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? even + ? finger or toe.] (Zo�l.) One of the divisions of the ungulate animals. The functional toes of the hind foot are even in number, and the third digit of each foot (corresponding to the middle finger in man) is asymmetrical and paired with the fourth digit, as in the hog, the sheep, and the ox; � opposed to Perissodactyla. Ar�ti�o�dac�tyle (?), n. (Zo�l.) One of the Artiodactyla. Ar�ti�o�dac�ty�lous (?), a. (Zo�l.) Even�toed. Ar�ti�san (?; 277), n. [F. artisan, fr. L. artitus skilled in arts, fr. ars, artis, art: cf. It. artigiano. See Art, n.] 1. One who professes and practices some liberal art; an artist. [Obs.] 2. One trained to manual dexterity in some mechanic art or trade; and handicraftsman; a mechanic. This is willingly submitted to by the artisan, who can... compensate his additional toil and fatigue. Hume. Syn. - Artificer; artist. � Artisan, Artist, Artificer. An artist is one who is skilled in some one of the fine arts; an artisan is one who exercises any mechanical employment. A portrait painter is an artist; a sign painter is an artisan, although he may have the taste and skill of an artist. The occupation of the former requires a fine taste and delicate manipulation; that of the latter demands only an ordinary degree of contrivance and imitative power. An artificer is one who requires power of contrivance and adaptation in the exercise of his profession. The word suggest neither the idea of mechanical conformity to rule which attaches to the term artisan, nor the ideas of refinement and of peculiar skill which belong to the term artist. Art�ist (?), n. [F. artiste, LL. artista, fr. L. ars. See Art, n., and cf. Artiste.] 1. One who practices some mechanic art or craft; an artisan. [Obs.] How to build ships, and dreadful ordnance cast, Instruct the articles and reward their. Waller. 2. One who professes and practices an art in which science and taste preside over the manual execution. � The term is particularly applied to painters, sculptors, musicians, engravers, and architects. Elmes. 3. One who shows trained skill or rare taste in any manual art or occupation. Pope. 4. An artful person; a schemer. [Obs.] Syn. - Artisan. See Artisan. � Ar�tiste� (?), n. [F. See Artist.] One peculiarly dexterous and tasteful in almost any employment, as an opera dancer, a hairdresser, a cook. � This term should not be confounded with the English word artist. Ar�tis�tic , Ar�tis�tic�al (?), } a. [Cf. F. artistique, fr. artiste.] Of or pertaining to art or to artists; made in the manner of an artist; conformable to art; characterized by art; showing taste or skill. � Ar�tis�tic�al�ly, adv. Art�ist�ry (?), n. 1. Works of art collectively. 2. Artistic effect or quality. Southey. 3. Artistic pursuits; artistic ability. The Academy. Art�less (?), a. 1. Wanting art, knowledge, or skill; ignorant; unskillful. Artless of stars and of the moving sand. Dryden. 2. Contrived without skill or art; inartistic. [R.] Artless and massy pillars. T. Warton. 3. Free from guile, art, craft, or stratagem; characterized by simplicity and sincerity; sincere; guileless; ingenuous; honest; as, an artless mind; an artless tale. They were plain, artless men, without the least appearance of enthusiasm or credulity about them. Porteus. O, how unlike the complex works of man, Heaven's easy, artless, unencumbered plan! Cowper. Syn. - Simple; unaffected; sincere; undesigning; guileless; unsophisticated; open; frank; candid. Art�less�ly, adv. In an artless manner; without art, skill, or guile; unaffectedly. Pope. Art�less�ness, n. The quality of being artless, or void of art or guile; simplicity; sincerity. Art�ly, adv. With art or skill. [Obs.] Ar�to�car�pe�ous (?), Ar�to�car�pous (?), } a. [Gr. ? bread + ? fruit.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to the breadfruit, or to the genus Artocarpus. Ar�to�type (?), n. [Art + type.] A kind of autotype. Ar�to�ty�rite (?), n. [LL. Artotyritae, pl., fr. Gr. ? bread + ? cheese.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect in the primitive church, who celebrated the Lord's Supper with bread and cheese, alleging that the first oblations of men not only of the fruit of the earth, but of their flocks. [Gen. iv. 3, 4.] Ar�tow (?). A contraction of art thou. [Obs.] Chaucer. Arts�man (?), n. A man skilled in an art or in arts. [Obs.] Bacon. Art� un�ion (?). An association for promoting art (esp. the arts of design), and giving encouragement to artists. � A�rum , n. [L. arum, aros, Gr. ?.] A genus of plants found in central Europe and about the Mediterranean, having flowers on a spadix inclosed in a spathe. The cuckoopint of the English is an example. Our common arums the lords and ladies of village children. Lubbock. � The American �Jack in the pulpit� is now separated from the genus Arum. Ar�un�del�ian (?), a. Pertaining to an Earl of Arundel; as, Arundel or Arundelian marbles, marbles from ancient Greece, bought by the Earl of Arundel in 1624. Ar�un�dif�er�ous , a. [L. arundifer; arundo reed + ferre to bear.] Producing reeds or canes. A�run�di�na�ceous (?), a. [L. arundinaceus, fr. arundo reed.] Of or pertaining to a reed; resembling the reed or cane. Ar�un�din�e�ous (?), a. [L. arundineus, fr. arundo reed.] Abounding with reeds; reedy. � A�rus�pex (?), n.; pl. Aruspices (?). [L. aruspex or haruspex.] One of the class of diviners among the Etruscans and Romans, who foretold events by the inspection of the entrails of victims offered on the altars of the gods. A�rus�pice (?), n. [L. aruspex: cf. F. aruspice. Cf. Aruspex, Haruspice.] A soothsayer of ancient Rome. Same as Aruspex. [Written also haruspice.] A�rus�pi�cy (?), n. [L. aruspicium, haruspicium.] Prognostication by inspection of the entrails of victims slain sacrifice. Ar�val (?), n. [W. arwyl funeral; ar over + wylo to weep, or cf. arf�l; Icel. arfr inheritance + Sw. �l ale. Cf. Bridal.] A funeral feast. [North of Eng.] Grose. Ar�vi�cole (?), n. [L. arvum field + colere to inhabit.] (Zo�l.) A mouse of the genus Arvicola; the meadow mouse. There are many species. Ar�yan (?), n. [Skr. �rya excellent, honorable; akin to the name of the country Iran, and perh. to Erin, Ireland, and the early name of this people, at least in Asia.] 1. One of a primitive people supposed to have lived in prehistoric times, in Central Asia, east of the Caspian Sea, and north of the Hindoo ???? and Paropamisan Mountains, and to have been the stock from which sprang the Hindoo, Persian, Greek, Latin, Celtic, Teutonic, Slavonic, and other races; one of that ethnological division of mankind called also Indo�European or Indo�Germanic. <-- p. 87 --> 2. The language of the original Aryans. [Written also Arian.] Ar�yan (?), a. Of or pertaining to the people called Aryans; Indo�European; Indo�Germanic; as, the Aryan stock, the Aryan languages. Ar�yan�ize , v. t. To make Aryan (a language, or in language). K. Johnston. A�ryt�e�noid (?), a. [Gr. ? shaped like a ladle; ? a ladle + ? form.] (Anat.) Ladle�shaped; � applied to two small cartilages of the larynx, and also to the glands, muscles, etc., connected with them. The cartilages are attached to the cricoid cartilage and connected with the vocal cords. As (?), adv. & conj. [OE. as, als, alse, also, al swa, AS. eal sw�, lit. all so; hence, quite so, quite as: cf. G. als as, than, also so, then. See Also.] 1. Denoting equality or likeness in kind, degree, or manner; like; similar to; in the same manner with or in which; in accordance with; in proportion to; to the extent or degree in which or to which; equally; no less than; as, ye shall be as gods, knowing good and evil; you will reap as you sow; do as you are bidden. His spiritual attendants adjured him, as he loved his soul, to emancipate his brethren. Macaulay. � As is often preceded by one of the antecedent or correlative words such, same, so, or as, in expressing an equality or comparison; as, give us such things as you please, and so long as you please, or as long as you please; he is not so brave as Cato; she is as amiable as she is handsome; come as quickly as possible. �Bees appear fortunately to prefer the same colors as we do.� Lubbock. As, in a preceding part of a sentence, has such or so to answer correlatively to it; as with the people, so with the priest. 2. In the idea, character, or condition of, � limiting the view to certain attributes or relations; as, virtue considered as virtue; this actor will appear as Hamlet. The beggar is greater as a man, than is the man merely as a king. Dewey. 3. While; during or at the same time that; when; as, he trembled as he spoke. As I return I will fetch off these justices. Shak. 4. Because; since; it being the case that. As the population of Scotland had been generally trained to arms... they were not indifferently prepared. Sir W. Scott. [See Synonym under Because.] 5. Expressing concession. (Often approaching though in meaning). We wish, however, to avail ourselves of the interest, transient as it may be, which this work has excited. Macaulay. 6. That, introducing or expressing a result or consequence, after the correlatives so and such.�[Obs.] I can place thee in such abject state, as help shall never find thee. Rowe. So ~, so that. [Obs.] The relations are so uncertain as they require a great deal of examination. Bacon. 7. As if; as though. [Obs. or Poetic] He lies, as he his bliss did know. Waller. 8. For instance; by way of example; thus; � used to introduce illustrative phrases, sentences, or citations. 9. Than. [Obs. & R.] The king was not more forward to bestow favors on them as they free to deal affronts to others their superiors. Fuller. 10 Expressing a wish. [Obs.] �As have,� i. e., may he have. Chaucer. As... as. See So... as, under So. � As far as, to the extent or degree. �As far as can be ascertained.� Macaulay. � As far forth as, as far as. [Obs.] Chaucer. � As for, or As to, in regard to; with respect to. � As good as, not less than; not falling short of. � As good as one's word, faithful to a promise. � As if, or As though, of the same kind, or in the same condition or manner, that it would be if. � As it were (as it were), a qualifying phrase used to apologize for or to relieve some expression which might be regarded as inappropriate or incongruous; in a manner. � As now, just now. [Obs.] Chaucer. � As swythe, as quickly as possible. [Obs.] Chaucer. � As well, also; too; besides. Addison. � As well as, equally with, no less than. �I have understanding as well as you.� Job xii. 3. � As yet, until now; up to or at the present time; still; now. As (?), n. [See Ace.] An ace. [Obs.] Chaucer. Ambes�as, double aces. � As (?), n.; pl. Asses (?). [L. as. See Ace.] 1. A Roman weight, answering to the libra or pound, equal to nearly eleven ounces Troy weight. It was divided into twelve ounces. 2. A Roman copper coin, originally of a pound weight (12 oz.); but reduced, after the first Punic war, to two ounces; in the second Punic war, to one ounce; and afterwards to half an ounce. � As�a (?), n. [NL. asa, of oriental origin; cf. Per. az� mastic, Ar. as� healing, is� remedy.] An ancient name of a gum. As�a�fet�i�da, As�a�f?t�i�da } (?), n. [Asa + L. foetidus fetid.] The fetid gum resin or inspissated juice of a large umbelliferous plant (Ferula asaf?tida) of Persia and the East India. It is used in medicine as an antispasmodic. [Written also assaf?tida.] � As�a�phus (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ? indistinct, uncertain.] (Paleon.) A genus of trilobites found in the Lower Silurian formation. See Illust. in Append. � As�a�ra�bac�ca (?), n. [L. asarum + bacca a berry. See Asarone.] (Bot.) An acrid herbaceous plant (Asarum Europ�um), the leaves and roots of which are emetic and cathartic. It is principally used in cephalic snuffs. As�a�rone (?), n. [L. asarum hazelwort, wild spikenard, Gr. ?] (Chem.) A crystallized substance, resembling camphor, obtained from the Asarum Europ�um; � called also camphor of asarum. As�bes�tic (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling asbestus; inconsumable; asbestine. As�bes�ti�form (?), a. [L. asbestus + �form.] Having the form or structure of asbestus. As�bes�tine (?), a. Of or pertaining to asbestus, or partaking of its nature; incombustible; asbestic. As�bes�tous (?), a. Asbestic. As�bes�tus (?), As�bes�tos (?; 277), } n. [L. asbestos (NL. asbestus) a kind of mineral unaffected by fire, Gr. ? (prop. an adj.) inextinguishable; ? priv. + ? to extinguish.] (Min.) A variety of amphibole or of pyroxene, occurring in long and delicate fibers, or in fibrous masses or seams, usually of a white, gray, or green�gray color. The name is also given to a similar variety of serpentine. � The finer varieties have wrought into gloves and cloth which are incombustible. The cloth was formerly used as a shroud for dead bodies, and has been recommended for firemen's clothes. Asbestus in also employed in the manufacture of iron sa?es, for fireproof roofing, and for lampwicks. Some varieties are called amianthus. Dana. Ab�so�lin (?), n. [Gr. ? soot.] (Chem.) A peculiar acrid and bitter oil, obtained from wood soot. As�ca�rid (?), n.; pl. Ascarides (?) or Ascarids. [NL. ascaris, fr. Gr. ?.] (Zo�l.) A parasitic nematoid worm, espec. the roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, often occurring in the human intestine and allied species found in domestic animals; also commonly applied to the pinworm (Oxyuris), often troublesome to children and aged persons. As�cend� (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ascended; p. pr. & vb. n. Ascending.] [L. ascendere; ad + scandere to climb, mount. See Scan.] 1. To move upward; to mount; to go up; to rise; � opposed to descend. Higher yet that star ascends. Bowring. I ascend unto my father and your father. John xx. 17. Formerly used with up. The smoke of it ascended up to heaven. Addison. 2. To rise, in a figurative sense; to proceed from an inferior to a superior degree, from mean to noble objects, from particulars to generals, from modern to ancient times, from one note to another more acute, etc.; as, our inquiries ascend to the remotest antiquity; to ascend to our first progenitor. Syn. - To rise; mount; climb; scale; soar; tower. As�cend�, v. t. To go or move upward upon or along; to climb; to mount; to go up the top of; as, to ascend a hill, a ladder, a tree, a river, a throne. As�cend�a�ble (?), a. Capable of being ascended. As�cend�an�cy (?), As�cend�ance (?), } n. Same as Ascendency. As�cend�ant (?), n. [F. ascendant, L. ascendens; p. pr. of ascendere.] 1. Ascent; height; elevation. [R.] Sciences that were then in their highest ascendant. Temple. 2. (Astrol.) The horoscope, or that degree of the ecliptic which roses above the horizon at the moment of one's birth; supposed to have a commanding influence on a person's life and fortune. � Hence the phrases To be in the ~, to have commanding power or influence, and Lord of the ~, one who has possession of such power or influence; as, to rule, for a while, lord of the ascendant. Burke. 3. Superiority, or commanding influence; ascendency; as, one man has the ascendant over another. Chievres had acquired over the mind of the young monarch the ascendant not only of a tutor, but of a parent. Robertson. 4. An ancestor, or one who precedes in genealogy or degrees of kindred; a relative in the ascending line; a progenitor; � opposed to descendant. Ayliffe. As�cend�ant (?), As�cend�ent (?), } a. 1. Rising toward the zenith; above the horizon. The constellation... about that time ascendant. Browne. 2. Rising; ascending. Ruskin. 3. Superior; surpassing; ruling. An ascendant spirit over him. South. The ascendant community obtained a surplus of wealth. J. S. Mill. Without some power of persuading or confuting, of defending himself against accusations, ... no man could possibly hold an ascendent position. Grote. As�cend�en�cy (?), n. Governing or controlling influence; domination; power. An undisputed ascendency. Macaulay. Custom has an ascendency over the understanding. Watts. Syn. - Control; authority; influence; sway' dominion; prevalence; domination. As�cend�i�ble (?), a. [L. ascendibilis.] Capable of being ascended; climbable. As�cend�ing, a. Rising; moving upward; as, an ascending kite. � As�cend�ing�ly, adv. � latitude (Astron.), the increasing latitude of a planet. Ferguson. � � line (Geneal.), the line of relationship traced backward or through one's ancestors. One's father and mother, grandfather and grandmother, etc., are in the line direct ascending. � � node�having, that node of the moon or a planet wherein it passes the ecliptic to proceed northward. It is also called the northern node. Herschel. � � series. (Math.) (a) A series arranged according to the ~ powers of a quantity. (b) A series in which each term is greater than the preceding. � � signs, signs east of the meridian. As�cen�sion , n. [F. ascension, L. ascensio, fr. ascendere. See Ascend.] 1. The act of ascending; a rising; ascent. 2. Specifically: The visible ascent of our Savior on the fortieth day after his resurrection. (Acts i. 9.) Also, Ascension Day. 3. An ascending or arising, as in distillation; also that which arises, as from distillation. Vaporous ascensions from the stomach. Sir T. Browne. � Day, the Thursday but one before Whitsuntide, the day on which commemorated our Savior's ~ into heaven after his resurrection; � called also Holy Thursday. � Right ~ (Astron.), that degree of the equinoctial, counted from the beginning of Aries, which rises with a star, or other celestial body, in a right sphere; or the arc of the equator intercepted between the first point of Aries and that point of the equator that comes to the meridian with the star; � expressed either in degrees or in time. � Oblique ~ (Astron.), an arc of the equator, intercepted between the first point of Aries and that point of the equator which rises together with a star, in an oblique sphere; or the arc of the equator intercepted between the first point of Aries and that point of the equator that comes to the horizon with a star. It is little used in modern astronomy. As�cen�sion�al (?), a. Relating to ascension; connected with ascent; ascensive; tending upward; as, the ascensional power of a balloon. � difference (Astron.), the difference between oblique and right ascension; � used chiefly as expressing the difference between the time of the rising or setting of a body and six o'clock, or six hours from its meridian passage. As�cen�sive (?), a. [See Ascend.] 1. Rising; tending to rise, or causing to rise. Owen. 2. (Gram.) Augmentative; intensive. Ellicott. As�cent� (?). [Formed like descent, as if from a F. ascente, fr. a verb ascendre, fr. L. ascendere. See Ascend, Descent.] 1. The act of rising; motion upward; rise; a mounting upward; as, he made a tedious ascent; the ascent of vapors from the earth. To him with swift ascent he up returned. Milton. 2. The way or means by which one ascends. 3. An eminence, hill, or high place. Addison. 4. The degree of elevation of an object, or the angle it makes with a horizontal line; inclination; rising grade; as, a road has an ascent of five degrees. As�cer�tain� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ascertained (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ascertaining.] [OF. acertener; a (L. ad) + certain. See Certain.] 1. To render (a person) certain; to cause to feel certain; to make confident; to assure; to apprise. [Obs.] When the blessed Virgin was so ascertained. Jer. Taylor. Muncer assured them that the design was approved of by Heaven, and that the Almighty had in a dream ascertained him of its effects. Robertson. 2. To make (a thing) certain to the mind; to free from obscurity, doubt, or change; to make sure of; to fix; to determine. [Archaic] The divine law... ascertaineth the truth. Hooker. The very deferring [of his execution] shall increase and ascertain the condemnation. Jer. Taylor. The ministry, in order to ascertain a majority... persuaded the queen to create twelve new peers. Smollett. The mildness and precision of their laws ascertained the rule and measure of taxation. Gibbon. 3. To find out or learn for a certainty, by trial, examination, or experiment; to get to know; as, to ascertain the weight of a commodity, or the purity of a metal. He was there only for the purpose of ascertaining whether a descent on England was practicable. Macaulay. As�cer�tain�a�ble (?), a. That may be ascertained. � As�cer�tain�a�ble�ness, n. � As�cer�tain�a�bly, adv. As�cer�tain�er (?), n. One who ascertains. As�cer�tain�ment (?), n. The act of ascertaining; a reducing to certainty; a finding out by investigation; discovery. The positive ascertainment of its limits. Burke. As�ces�san�cy (?), n. As�ces�sant (?), a. See Acescency, Acescent. [Obs.] As�cet�ic (?) a. [Gr. ?, fr. ? to exercise, to practice gymnastics.] Extremely rigid in self�denial and devotions; austere; severe. The stern ascetic rigor of the Temple discipline. Sir W. Scott. As�cet�ic, n. In the early church, one who devoted himself to a solitary and contemplative life, characterized by devotion, extreme self�denial, and self�mortification; a hermit; a recluse; hence, one who practices extreme rigor and self�denial in religious things. I am far from commending those ascetics that take up their quarters in deserts. Norris. � theology, the science which treats of the practice of the theological and moral virtues, and the counsels of perfection. Am. Cyc. As�cet�i�cism (?), n. The condition, practice, or mode of life, of ascetics. As�cham (?), n. [From Roger Ascham, who was a great lover of archery.] A sort of cupboard, or case, to contain bows and other implements of archery. � As�ci , n. pl. See Ascus. As�cian , n. One of the Ascii. As�cid�i�an (?), n. [Gr. ? bladder, pouch.] (Zo�l.) One of the Ascidioidea, or in a more general sense, one of the Tunicata. Also as an Adj. � As�cid�i�a�ri�um (?), n. [NL. See Ascidium.] (Zo�l.) The structure which unites together the ascidiozooids in a compound ascidian. As�cid�i�form , a. [Gr. ? a pouch + �form.] (Zo�l.) Shaped like an ascidian. � As�cid�i�oid�e�a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. ascidium + �oid. See Ascidium.] (Zo�l.) A group of Tunicata, often shaped like a two�necked bottle. The group includes, social, and compound species. The gill is a netlike structure within the oral aperture. The integument is usually leathery in texture. See Illustration in Appendix. <-- p. 88 --> As�cid�i�o�zo�oid (?), n. [Ascidium + zooid.] (Zo�l.) One of the individual members of a compound ascidian. See Ascidioidea. � As�cid�i�um (?), n.; pl. Ascidia (?). [NL., fr. ascus. See Ascus.] 1. (Bot.) A pitcher�shaped, or flask�shaped, organ or appendage of a plant, as the leaves of the pitcher plant, or the little bladderlike traps of the bladderwort (Utricularia). 2. pl. (Zo�l.) A genus of simple ascidians, which formerly included most of the known species. It is sometimes used as a name for the Ascidioidea, or for all the Tunicata. As�cig�er�ous (?), a. [Ascus + �gerous.] (Bot.) Having asci. Loudon. � As�ci�i (?), As�cians (?), } n. pl. [L. ascii, pl. of ascius, Gr. ? without shadow; ? priv. + ? shadow.] Persons who, at certain times of the year, have no shadow at noon; � applied to the inhabitants of the torrid zone, who have, twice a year, a vertical sun. � As�ci�tes (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. ? (sc. ? disease), fr. ? bladder, belly.] (Med.) A collection of serous fluid in the cavity of the abdomen; dropsy of the peritoneum. Dunglison. As�cit�ic (?), As�cit�ic�al (?), } a. Of, pertaining to, or affected by, ascites; dropsical. As�ci�ti�tious (?), a. [See Adscititious.] Supplemental; not inherent or original; adscititious; additional; assumed. Homer has been reckoned an ascititious name. Pope. As�cle�pi�ad (?), n. (Gr. & L. Pros.) A choriambic verse, first used by the Greek poet Asclepias, consisting of four feet, viz., a spondee, two choriambi, and an iambus. As�cle�pi�a�da�ceous , a. [See Asclepias.] (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, plants of the Milkweed family. � As�cle�pi�as , n. [L., fr. Gr. ?, named from Asclepios or Aesculapius.] (Bot.) A genus of plants including the milkweed, swallowwort, and some other species having medicinal properties. � butterfly (Zo�l.), a large, handsome, red and black butterfly (Danais Archippus), found in both hemispheres. It feeds on plants of the genus Asclepias. � As�co�coc�cus (?), n.; pl. Ascococci (?). [NL., fr. Gr. ? bladder, bag + ? kernel.] (Biol.) A form of micrococcus, found in putrid meat infusions, occurring in peculiar masses, each of which is inclosed in a hyaline capsule and contains a large number of spherical micrococci. As�co�spore (?), n. [Ascus + spore.] (Bot.) One of the spores contained in the asci of lichens and fungi. [See Illust. of Ascus.] As�crib�a�ble (?), a. Capable of being ascribed; attributable. As�cribe� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ascribed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ascribing.] [L. ascribere, adscribere, to ascribe; ad + scribere to write: cf. OF. ascrire. See Scribe.] 1. To attribute, impute, or refer, as to a cause; as, his death was ascribed to a poison; to ascribe an effect to the right cause; to ascribe such a book to such an author. The finest [speech] that is ascribed to Satan in the whole poem. Addison. 2. To attribute, as a quality, or an appurtenance; to consider or allege to belong. Syn. - To Ascribe, Attribute, Impute. Attribute denotes, 1. To refer some quality or attribute to a being; as, to attribute power to God. 2. To refer something to its cause or source; as, to attribute a backward spring to icebergs off the coast. Ascribe is used equally in both these senses, but involves a different image. To impute usually denotes to ~ something doubtful or wrong, and hence, in general literature, has commonly a bad sense; as, to impute unworthy motives. The theological sense of impute is not here taken into view. More than good�will to me attribute naught. Spenser. Ascribes his gettings to his parts and merit. Pope. And fairly quit him of the imputed blame. Spenser. As�cript (?), a. See Adscript. [Obs.] As�crip�tion (?), n. [L. ascriptio, fr. ascribere. See Ascribe.] The act of ascribing, imputing, or affirming to belong; also, that which is ascribed. As�crip�ti�tious (?), a. [L. ascriptitius, fr. ascribere.] 1. Ascribed. 2. Added; additional. [Obs.] An ascriptitious and supernumerary God. Farindon. As�cus (?), n.; pl Asci (?). [NL., fr. Gr. ? a bladder.] (Bot.) A small membranous bladder or tube in which are inclosed the seedlike reproductive particles or sporules of lichens and certain fungi. A�sea , adv. [Pref. a� + sea.] On the sea; at sea; toward the sea. A�sep�tic (?), a. [Pref. a� not + septic.] Not liable to putrefaction; nonputrescent. � n. An ~ substance. A�sex�u�al (?; 135), a. [Pref. a� not + sexual.] (Biol.) Having no distinct; without sexual action; as, asexual reproduction. See Fission and Gemmation. A�sex�u�al�ly (?), adv. In an asexual manner; without sexual agency. Ash (?), n. [OE. asch, esh, AS. �sc; akin to OHG. asc, Sw. & Dan. ask, Icel. askr, D. esch, G. esche.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of trees of the Olive family, having opposite pinnate leaves, many of the species furnishing valuable timber, as the European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and the white ash (F. Americana). Prickly ~ (Zanthoxylum Americanum) and Poison ~ (R??s venerala) are shrubs of different families, somewhat resembling the true ashes in their foliage. � Mountain ~. See Roman tree, and under Mountain. 2. The tough, elastic wood of the ~ tree. Ash is used adjectively, or as the first part of a compound term; as, ash bud, ash wood, ash tree, etc. Ash, n., sing. of Ashes. � Ash is rarely used in the singular except in connection with chemical or geological products; as, soda ash, coal which yields a red ash, etc., or as a qualifying or combining word; as, ash bin, ash heap, ash hole, ash pan, ash pit, ash�grey, ash�grey, ash�colored, pearlash, potash. Bone ~, burnt powered; bone earth. � Volcanic ~. See under Ashes. Ash, v. t. To strew or sprinkle with ashes. Howell. A�shame (?), v. t. [Pref. a� + shame: cf. AS. �scamian to shame (where �� is the same as Goth. us�, G. er�, and orig. meant out), gescamian, gesceamian, to shame.] To shame. [R.] Barrow. A�shamed� (?), a. [Orig. a p. p. of ashame, v. t.] Affected by shame; abashed or confused by guilt, or a conviction or consciousness of some wrong action or impropriety. �I am ashamed to beg.� Wyclif. All that forsake thee shall be ashamed. Jer. xvii. 13. I began to be ashamed of sitting idle. Johnson. Enough to make us ashamed of our species. Macaulay. An ashamed person can hardly endure to meet the gaze of those present. Darwin. � Ashamed seldom precedes the noun or pronoun it qualifies. By a Hebraism, it is sometimes used in the Bible to mean disappointed, or defeated. A�sham�ed�ly (?), adv. Bashfully. [R.] Ash�an�tee� (?), n.; pl. Ashantees (?). A native or an inhabitant of Ashantee in Western Africa. Ash�an�tee�, a. Of or pertaining to Ashantee. Ash��col�ored (?), a. Of the color of ashes; a whitish gray or brownish gray. Ash�en (?), a. [See Ash, the tree.] Of or pertaining to the ash tree. �Ashen poles.� Dryden. Ash�en, a. Consisting of, or resembling, ashes; of a color between brown and gray, or white and gray. The ashen hue of age. Sir W. Scott. Ash�en (?), n., obs. pl. for Ashes. Chaucer. Ash�er�y (?), n. 1. A depository for ashes. 2. A place where potash is made. Ash�es (?), n. pl. [OE. asche, aske, AS. asce, �sce, axe; akin to OHG. asca, G. asche, D. asch, Icel. & Sw. aska, Dan. aske, Goth. azgo.] 1. The earthy or mineral particles of combustible substances remaining after combustion, as of wood or coal. 2. Specifically: The remains of the human body when burnt, or when �returned to dust� by natural decay. Their martyred blood and ashes sow. Milton. The coffins were broken open. The ashes were scattered to the winds. Macaulay. 3. The color of ashes; deathlike paleness. The lip of ashes, and the cheek of flame. Byron. In dust and ~, In sackcloth and ~, with humble expression of grief or repentance; � from the method of mourning in Eastern lands. � Volcanic ~, or Volcanic ash, the loose, earthy matter, or small fragments of stone or lava, ejected by volcanoes. Ash��fire , n. A low fire used in chemical operations. Ash��fur�nace (?), Ash��ov�en (?), n. A furnace or oven for fritting materials for glass making. A�schine� (?), a. Shining; radiant. Ash�lar, Ash�ler } (?), n. [OE. ascheler, achiler, OF. aiseler, fr. aiselle, dim. of ais plank, fr. L. axis, assis, plank, axle. See Axle.] 1. (Masonry) (a) Hewn or squared stone; also, masonry made of squared or hewn stone. Rough ashlar, a block of freestone as brought from the quarry. When hammer�dressed it is known as common ashlar. Knight. (b) In the United States especially, a thin facing of squared and dressed stone upon a wall of rubble or brick. 2. (Carp.) One of the short upright pieces or studs between the floor beams and the rafters of a garret. Ashlar pieces cut off the sharp angles between the floor and ceiling. Knight. Ash�lar�ing, Ash�ler�ing, } n. 1. The act of bedding ashlar in mortar. 2. Ashlar when in thin slabs and made to serve merely as a case to the body of the wall. Brande & C. 3. (Carp.) The short upright pieces between the floor beams and rafters in garrets. See Ashlar, 2. A�shore� (?), adv. [Pref. a� + shore.] On shore or on land; on the land adjacent to water; to the shore; to the land; aground (when applied to a ship); � sometimes opposed to aboard or afloat. Here shall I die ashore. Shak. I must fetch his necessaries ashore. Shak. Ash�to�reth (?), n.; pl. Ashtaroth (?). The principal female divinity of the Ph?nicians, as Baal was the principal male divinity. W. Smith. Ash� Wednes�day (?). The first day of Lent; � so called from a custom in the Roman Catholic church of putting ashes, on that day, upon the foreheads of penitents. Ash�weed� (?), n. (Bot.) [A corruption of ache�weed; F. ache. So named from the likeness of its leaves to those of ache (celery).] Goutweed. Ash�y (?), a. 1. Pertaining to, or composed of, ?shes; filled, or strewed with, ashes. 2. Ash�colored; whitish gray; deadly pale. Shak. � pale, pale as ~. Shak. A�sian (?), a. [L. Asianus, Gr. ?, fr. ?, L. Asia.] Of or pertaining to Asia; Asiatic. �Asian princes.� Jer. Taylor. � n. An Asiatic. A�si�arch (?), n. [L. Asiarcha, Gr. ?; ? + ? ruler.] One of the chiefs or pontiffs of the Roman province of Asia, who had the superintendence of the public games and religious rites. Milner. A�si�at�ic (?), a. [L. Asiaticus, Gr. ?.] Of or pertaining to Asia or to its inhabitants. � n. A native, or one of the people, of Asia. A�si�at�i�cism (?), n. Something peculiar to Asia or the Asiatics. A�side� (?), adv. [Pref. a� + side.] 1. On, or to, one side; out of a straight line, course, or direction; at a little distance from the rest; out of the way; apart. Thou shalt set aside that which is full. 2 Kings iv. 4. But soft! but soft! aside: here comes the king. Shak. The flames were blown aside. Dryden. 2. Out of one's thoughts; off; away; as, to put aside gloomy thoughts. �Lay aside every weight.� Heb. xii. 1. 3. So as to be heard by others; privately. Then lords and ladies spake aside. Sir W. Scott. To set ~ (Law), to annul or defeat the effect or operation of, by a subsequent decision of the same or of a superior tribunal; to declare of no authority; as, to set aside a verdict or a judgment. A�side�, n. Something spoken ~; as, a remark made by a stageplayer which the other players are not supposed to hear. � A�si�lus (?), n. [L., a gadfly.] (Zo�l.) A genus of large and voracious two�winged flies, including the bee killer and robber fly. As��ne�go, As�si�ne�go (?), n. [Sp. asnico, dim. of asno an ass.] A stupid fellow. [Obs.] Shak. As�i�nine (?), a. [L. asininus, fr. asinus ass. See Ass.] Of or belonging to, or having the qualities of, the ass, as stupidity and obstinacy. �Asinine nature.� B. Jonson. �Asinine feast.� Milton. As�i�nin�i�ty (?), n. The quality of being asinine; stupidity combined with obstinacy. A�si�phon�ate (?), a. (Zo�l.) Destitute of a siphon or breathing tube; � said of many bivalve shells. � n. An ~ mollusk. � As�i�pho�ne�a (?), � A�si�pho�na�ta (?), � As�i�phon�i�da (?), } n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? priv. + ? a tube.] (Zo�l.) A group of bivalve mollusks destitute of siphons, as the oyster; the asiphonate mollusks. � A�si�ti�a (?), n. [Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? food.] (Med.) Want of appetite; loathing of food. Ask (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Asked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Asking.] [OE. asken, ashen, axien, AS. �scian, �csian; akin to OS. ?sc?n, OHG. eisc?n, Sw. �ska, Dan. �ske, D. eischen, G. heischen, Lith. j�sk�ti, OSlav. iskati to seek, Skr. ish to desire. ?.] 1. To request; to seek to obtain by words; to petition; to solicit; � often with of, in the sense of from, before the person addressed. Ask counsel, we pray thee, of God. Judg. xviii. 5. If ye abide in me, and my words abide in you, ye shall ask what ye will, and it shall be done unto you. John xv. 7. 2. To require, demand, claim, or expect, whether by way of remuneration or return, or as a matter of necessity; as, what price do you ask? Ask me never so much dowry. Gen. xxxiv. 12. To whom men have committed much, of him they will ask the more. Luke xii. 48. An exigence of state asks a much longer time to conduct a design to maturity. Addison. 3. To interrogate or inquire of or concerning; to put a question to or about; to question. He is of age; ask him: he shall speak for himself. John ix. 21. He asked the way to Chester. Shak. 4. To invite; as, to ask one to an entertainment. 5. To publish in church for marriage; � said of both the banns and the persons. Fuller. Syn. - To beg; request; seek; petition; solicit; entreat; beseech; implore; crave; require; demand; claim; exhibit; inquire; interrogate. See Beg. Ask, v. i. 1. To request or petition; � usually folllowed by for; as, to ask for bread. Ask, and it shall be given you. Matt. vii. 7. 2. To make inquiry, or seek by request; � sometimes followed by after. Wherefore... dost ask after my name? Gen. xxxii. 29. Ask (?), n. [See 2d Asker.] (Zo�l.) A water newt. [Scot. & North of Eng.] A�skance� (?), A�skant� (?), } adv. [Cf. D. schuin, schuins, sideways, schuiven to shove, schuinte slope. Cf. Asquint.] Sideways; obliquely; with a side glance; with disdain, envy, or suspicion. They dart away; they wheel askance. Beattie. My palfrey eyed them askance. Landor. Both... were viewed askance by authority. Gladstone. A�skance� , v. t. To turn aside. [Poet.] O, how are they wrapped in with infamies That from their own misdeeds askance their eyes! Shak. Ask�er , n. One who asks; a petitioner; an inquirer. Shak. Ask�er, n. [A corruption of AS. a?exe lizard, newt.] (Zo�l.) An ask; a water newt. [Local Eng.] A�skew� , adv. & a. [Pref. a� + skew.] Awry; askance; asquint; oblique or obliquely; � sometimes indicating scorn, or contempt, or entry. Spenser. Ask�ing , n. 1. The act of inquiring or requesting; a petition; solicitation. Longfellow. 2. The publishing of banns. <-- p. 89 --> A�slake� (?), v. t. & i. [AS. �slacian, slacian, to slacken. Cf. Slake.] To mitigate; to moderate; to appease; to abate; to diminish. [Archaic] Chaucer. A�slant� (?), adv. & a. [Pref. a� + slant.] Toward one side; in a slanting direction; obliquely. [The shaft] drove through his neck aslant. Dryden. A�slant�, prep. In a slanting direction over; athwart. There is a willow grows aslant a brook. Shak. A�sleep� , a. & adv. [Pref. a� + sleep.] 1. In a state of sleep; in sleep; dormant. Fast asleep the giant lay supine. Dryden. By whispering winds soon lulled asleep. Milton. 2. In the sleep of the grave; dead. Concerning them which are asleep... sorrow not, even as others which have no hope. 1 Thess. iv. 13. 3. Numbed, and, usually, tingling. Udall. Leaning long upon any part maketh it numb, and, as we call it, asleep. Bacon. A�slope� (?), adv. & a. [Pref. a� + slope.] Slopingly; aslant; declining from an upright direction; sloping. �Set them not upright, but aslope.� Bacon. A�slug� (?), adv. [Pref. a� + slug to move slowly.] Sluggishly. [Obs.] Fotherby. A�smear� (?), a. [Pref. a� + smear.] Smeared over. Dickens. As�mo�ne�an (?), a. Of or pertaining to the patriotic Jewish family to which the Maccabees belonged; Maccabean; as, the Asmonean dynasty. [Written also Asmon�an.] As�mo�ne�an, n. One of the � family. The Asmoneans were leaders and rulers of the Jews from 168 to 35 b. c. A�soak� (?), a. [Pref. a� + soak.] Soaking. A�so�ma�tous (?), a. [L. asomatus, Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? body.] Without a material body; incorporeal. Todd. As�o�nant (?), a. [Pref. a� not + sonant.] Not sounding or sounded. [R.] C. C. Felton. Asp (?), n. (Bot.) Same as Aspen. �Trembling poplar or asp.� Martyn. Asp (?), n. [L. aspis, fr. Gr. ?: cf. OF. aspe, F. aspic.] (Zo�l.) A small, hooded, poisonous serpent of Egypt and adjacent countries, whose bite is often fatal. It is the Naja haje. The name is also applied to other poisonous serpents, esp. to Vipera aspis of southern Europe. See Haje. � As�pal�a�thus (?), n. [L. aspalathus, Gr. ?.] (Bot.) (a) A thorny shrub yielding a fragrant oil. Ecclus. xxiv. 15. (b) A genus of plants of the natural order Leguminos�. The species are chiefly natives of the Cape of Good Hope. As�par�a�gine (?), n. [Cf. F. asparagine.] (Chem.) A white, nitrogenous, crystallizable substance, C4H8N2O3+H2O, found in many plants, and first obtained from asparagus It is believed to aid in the disposition of nitrogenous matter throughout the plant; � called also altheine. As�pa�rag�i�nous (?), a. Pertaining or allied to, or resembling, asparagus; having shoots which are eaten like asparagus; as, asparaginous vegetables. As�par�a�gus (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. ?, ?; cf. ? to swell with sap or juice, and Zend ?paregha prong, sprout, Pers. asparag, Lith. spurgas sprout, Skr. sphurj to swell. Perh. the Greek borrowed from the Persian. Cf. Sparrowgrass.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of perennial plants belonging to the natural order Liliace�, and having erect much branched stems, and very slender branchlets which are sometimes mistaken for leaves. Asparagus racemosus is a shrubby climbing plant with fragrant flowers. Specifically: The Asparagus officinalis, a species cultivated in gardens. 2. The young and tender shoots of A. officinalis, which form a valuable and well�known article of food. � This word was formerly pronounced sparrowgrass; but this pronunciation is now confined exclusively to uneducated people. � beetle (Zo�l.), a small beetle (Crioceris asparagi) injurious to ~. As�par�tic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived, asparagine; as, aspartic acid. As�pect (?), n. [L. aspectus, fr. aspicere, aspectum, to look at; ad + spicere, specere, to look, akin to E. spy.] 1. The act of looking; vision; gaze; glance. [R.] �The basilisk killeth by aspect.� Bacon. His aspect was bent on the ground. Sir W. Scott. 2. Look, or particular appearance of the face; countenance; mien; air. �Serious in aspect.� Dryden. [Craggs] with aspect open shall erect his head. Pope. 3. Appearance to the eye or the mind; look; view. �The aspect of affairs.� Macaulay. The true aspect of a world lying in its rubbish. T. Burnet. 4. Position or situation with regard to seeing; that position which enables one to look in a particular direction; position in relation to the points of the compass; as, a house has a southern aspect, that is, a position which faces the south. 5. Prospect; outlook. [Obs.] This town affords a good aspect toward the hill from whence we descended. Evelyn. 6. (Astrol.) The situation of planets or stars with respect to one another, or the angle formed by the rays of light proceeding from them and meeting at the eye; the joint look of planets or stars upon each other or upon the earth. Milton. � The aspects which two planets can assume are five; sextile, ?, when the planets are 600 apart; quartile, or quadrate, ?, when their distance is 900 or the quarter of a circle; trine, ?, when the distance is 1200; opposition, ?, when the distance is 1800, or half a circle; and conjunction, ?, when they are in the same degree. Astrology taught that the aspects of the planets exerted an influence on human affairs, in some situations for good and in others for evil. 7. (Astrol.) The influence of the stars for good or evil; as, an ill aspect. Shak. The astrologers call the evil influences of the stars evil aspects. Bacon. � of a plane (Geom.), the direction of the plane. As�pect� (?), v. t. [L. aspectare, v. intens. of aspicere. See Aspect, n.] To behold; to look at. [Obs.] As�pect�a�ble (?), a. [L. aspectabilis.] Capable of being; visible. �The aspectable world.� Ray. �Aspectable stars.� Mr. Browning. As�pect�ant (?), a. (Her.) Facing each other. As�pect�ed, a. Having an aspect. [Obs.] B. Jonson. As�pec�tion (?), n. [L. aspectio, fr. aspicere to look at.] The act of viewing; a look. [Obs.] Asp�en (?), Asp (?), } n. [AS. �sp, �ps; akin to OHG. aspa, Icel. �sp, Dan. �sp, Sw. asp, D. esp, G. espe, �spe, aspe; cf. Lettish apsa, Lith. apuszis.] (Bot.) One of several species of poplar bearing this name, especially the Populus tremula, so called from the trembling of its leaves, which move with the slightest impulse of the air. Asp�en (?), a. Of or pertaining to the ~, or resembling it; made of ~ wood. Nor aspen leaves confess the gentlest breeze. Gay. As�per (?), a. [OE. aspre, OF. aspre, F. �pre, fr. L. asper rough.] Rough; rugged; harsh; bitter; stern; fierce. [Archaic] �An asper sound.� Bacon. � As�per (?), n. [L. spiritus asper rough breathing.] (Greek Gram.) The rough breathing; a mark (?) placed over an initial vowel sound or over ? to show that it is aspirated, that is, pronounced with h before it; thus ?, pronounced h?s, ?, pronounced hr��t?r. � As�per, n. [F. aspre or It. aspro, fr. MGr. ?, ?, white (prob. from the whiteness of new silver coins).] A Turkish money of account (formerly a coin), of little value; the 120th part of a piaster. As�per�ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Asperated; p. pr. & vb. n. Asperating.] [L. asperatus, p. p. of asperare, fr. asper rough.] To make rough or uneven. The asperated part of its surface. Boyle. As�per�a�tion (?), n. The act of asperating; a making or becoming rough. Bailey. � As�per�ges (?), n. [L., Thou shalt sprinkle.] (R. C. Ch.) (a) The service or ceremony of sprinkling with holy water. (b) The brush or instrument used in sprinkling holy water; an aspergill. As�per�gill (?), � As�per�gil�lum (?), } n. [LL. aspergillum, fr. L. aspergere. See Asperse, v. t. 1. The brush used in the Roman Catholic church for sprinkling holy water on the people. [Also written aspergillus.] 2. (Zo�l.) See Wateringpot shell. As�per�gil�li�form (?), a. [Aspergillum + �form.] (Bot.) Resembling the aspergillum in form; as, an aspergilliform stigma. Gray. As�per�i�fo�li�ate (?), As�per�i�fo�li�ous (?), } a. [L. asper rough + folium leaf.] (Bot.) Having rough leaves. � By some applied to the natural order now called Boraginace� or borageworts. As�per�i�ty (?), n.; pl. Asperities (?). [L. asperitas, fr. asper rough: cf. F. asp�rit�.] 1. Roughness of surface; unevenness; � opposed to smoothness. �The asperities of dry bodies.� Boyle. 2. Roughness or harshness of sound; that quality which grates upon the ear; raucity. 3. Roughness to the taste; sourness; tartness. 4. Moral roughness; roughness of manner; severity; crabbedness; harshness; � opposed to mildness. �Asperity of character.� Landor. It is no very cynical asperity not to confess obligations where no benefit has been received. Johnson. 5. Sharpness; disagreeableness; difficulty. The acclivities and asperities of duty. Barrow. Syn. - Acrimony; moroseness; crabbedness; harshness; sourness; tartness. See Acrimony. A�sper�ma�tous (?), a. [Gr. ? priv. + ?, ?, seed.] (Bot.) Aspermous. A�sper�mous , a. [Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? seed.] (Bot.) Destitute of seeds; aspermatous. A�sperne� (?), v. t. [L. aspernari; a (ab) + spernari.] To spurn; to despise. [Obs.] Sir T. More. As�per�ous (?), a. [See Asper, a.] Rough; uneven. Boyle. As�perse� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aspersed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Aspersing.] [L. aspersus, p. p. of aspergere to scatter, sprinkle; ad + spargere to strew. See Sparse.] 1. To sprinkle, as water or dust, upon anybody or anything, or to besprinkle any one with a liquid or with dust. Heywood. 2. To bespatter with foul reports or false and injurious charges; to tarnish in point of reputation or good name; to slander or calumniate; as, to asperse a poet or his writings; to asperse a man's character. With blackest crimes aspersed. Cowper. Syn. - To slander; defame; detract from; calumniate; vilify. � To Asperse, Defame, Slander, Calumniate. These words have in common the idea of falsely assailing the character of another. To asperse is figuratively to cast upon a character hitherto unsullied the imputation of blemishes or faults which render it offensive or loathsome. To defame is to detract from a man's honor and reputation by charges calculated to load him with infamy. Slander (etymologically the same as scandal) and calumniate, from the Latin, have in common the sense of circulating reports to a man's injury from unworthy or malicious motives. Men asperse their neighbors by malignant insinuations; they defame by advancing charges to blacken or sully their fair fame; they slander or calumniate by spreading injurious reports which are false, or by magnifying slight faults into serious errors or crimes. As�persed� (?), a. 1. (Her.) Having an indefinite number of small charges scattered or strewed over the surface. Cussans. 2. Bespattered; slandered; calumniated. Motley. As�pers�er (?), n. One who asperses; especially, one who vilifies another. As�per�sion (?), n. [L. aspersio, fr. aspergere: cf. F. aspersion.] 1. A sprinkling, as with water or dust, in a literal sense. Behold an immersion, not and aspersion. Jer. Taylor. 2. The spreading of calumniations reports or charges which tarnish reputation, like the bespattering of a body with foul water; calumny. Every candid critic would be ashamed to cast wholesale aspersions on the entire body of professional teachers. Grote. Who would by base aspersions blot thy virtue. Dryden. As�pers�ive (?), a. Tending to asperse; defamatory; slanderous. � As�pers�ive�ly, adv. � As�per�soir� (?), n. [F.] An aspergill. � As�per�so�ri�um (?), n.; pl. Aspersoria (?). [LL. See Asperse.] 1. The stoup, basin, or other vessel for holy water in Roman Catholic churches. 2. A brush for sprinkling holy water; an aspergill. As�phalt (?), As�phal�tum (?), } n. [Gr. ?, of eastern origin: cf. F. asphalte.] 1. Mineral pitch, Jews' pitch, or compact native bitumen. It is brittle, of a black or brown color and high luster on a surface of fracture; it melts and burns when heated, leaving no residue. It occurs on the surface and shores of the Dead Sea, which is therefore called Asphaltites, or the Asphaltic Lake. It is found also in many parts of Asia, Europe, and America. See Bitumen. 2. A composition of bitumen, pitch, lime, and gravel, used for forming pavements, and as a water�proof cement for bridges, roofs, etc.; asphaltic cement. Artificial asphalt is prepared from coal tar, lime, sand, etc. Asphalt stone, Asphalt rock, a limestone found impregnated with asphalt. As�phalt, v. t. To cover with ~; as, to asphalt a roof; asphalted streets. � As�phalte� (?), n. [F. See Asphalt.] Asphaltic mastic or cement. See Asphalt, 2. As�phal�tic (?), a. Pertaining to, of the nature of, or containing, asphalt; bituminous. �Asphaltic pool.� �Asphaltic slime.� Milton. As�phal�tite (?), a. Asphaltic. As�phal�tite (?), a. Asphaltic. Bryant. � As�phal�tus , n. See Asphalt. As�pho�del (?), n. [L. asphodelus, Gr. ?. See Daffodil.] (Bot.) A general name for a plant of the genus Asphodelus. The asphodels are hardy perennial plants, several species of which are cultivated for the beauty of their flowers. � The name is also popularly given to species of other genera. The asphodel of the early English and French poets was the daffodil. The asphodel of the Greek poets is supposed to be the Narcissus poeticus. Dr. Prior. Pansies, and violets, and asphodel. Milton. As�phyc�tic (?), a. Pertaining to asphyxia. � As�phyx�i�a (?), As�phyx�y (?), } n. [NL. asphyxia, fr. Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? to throb, beat.] (Med.) Apparent death, or suspended animation; the condition which results from interruption of respiration, as in suffocation or drowning, or the inhalation of irrespirable gases. As�phyx�i�al (?), a. Of or relating to asphyxia; as, asphyxial phenomena. As�phyx�i�ate (?), v. t. To bring to a state of asphyxia; to suffocate. [Used commonly in the past pple.] As�phyx�i�a�ted (?), As�phyx�ied (?), p. p. In a state of asphyxia; suffocated. As�phyx�i�a�tion (?), n. The act of causing asphyxia; a state of asphyxia. As�pic (?), n. [F. See Asp.] 1. The venomous asp. [Chiefly poetic] Shak. Tennyson. 2. A piece of ordnance carrying a 12 pound shot. [Obs.] As�pic, n. [F., a corrupt. of spic (OF. espi, F. �pi), L. spica (spicum, spicus), ear, spike. See Spike.] A European species of lavender (Lavandula spica), which produces a volatile oil. See Spike. As�pic, n. [F., prob. fr. aspic an asp.] A savory meat jelly containing portions of fowl, game, fish, hard boiled eggs, etc. Thackeray. � As�pi�do�bran�chi�a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ?, ?, shield + ? gills.] (Zo�l.) A group of Gastropoda, with limpetlike shells, including the abalone shells and keyhole limpets. As�pir�ant (?; 277), a. [Cf. F. aspirant, p. pr. of aspirer. See Aspire.] Aspiring. As�pir�ant, n. [Cf. F. aspirant.] One who aspires; one who eagerly seeks some high position or object of attainment. In consequence of the resignations... the way to greatness was left clear to a new set of aspirants. Macaulay. As�pi�rate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aspirated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Aspirating (?).] [L. aspiratus, p. p. of aspirare to breathe toward or upon, to add the breathing h; ad + spirare to breathe, blow. Cf. Aspire.] To [pronounce with a breathing, an ~, or an h sound; as, we aspirate the words horse and house; to aspirate a vowel or a liquid consonant. As�pi�rate (?), n. 1. A sound consisting of, or characterized by, a breath like the sound of h; the breathing h or a character representing such a sound; an aspirated sound. <-- p. 90 --> 2. A mark of aspiration (?) used in Greek; the asper, or rough breathing. Bentley. 3. An elementary sound produced by the breath alone; a surd, or nonvocal consonant; as, f, th in thin, etc. As�pi�rate (?), As�pi�ra�ted (?), } a. [L. aspiratus, p. p.] Pronounced with the h sound or with audible breath. But yet they are not aspirate, i. e., with such an aspiration as h. Holder. As�pi�ra�tion (?), n. [L. aspiratio, fr. aspirare: cf. F. aspiration.] 1. The act of aspirating; the pronunciation of a letter with a full or strong emission of breath; an aspirated sound. If aspiration be defined to be an impetus of breathing. Wilkins. 2. The act of breathing; a breath; an inspiration. 3. The act of aspiring of a ardently desiring; strong wish; high desire. �Aspirations after virtue.� Johnson. Vague aspiration after military renown. Prescott. As�pi�ra�tor (?), n. 1. (Chem.) An apparatus for passing air or gases through or over certain liquids or solids, or for exhausting a closed vessel, by means of suction. 2. (Med.) An instrument for the evacuation of the fluid contents of tumors or collections of blood. As�pir�a�to�ry (?), a. Of or pertaining to breathing; suited to the inhaling of air As�pire� (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Aspired (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Aspiring.] [F. aspirer, L. aspirare. See Aspirate, v. t.] 1. To desire with eagerness; to seek to attain something high or great; to pant; to long; � followed by to or after, and rarely by at; as, to aspire to a crown; to aspire after immorality. Aspiring to be gods, if angels fell; Aspiring to be angels, men rebel. Pope. 2. To rise; to ascend; to tower; to soar. My own breath still foments the fire, Which flames as high as fancy can aspire. Waller. As�pire�, v. t. To ~ to; to long for; to try to reach; to mount to. [Obs.] That gallant spirit hath aspired the clouds. Shak. As�pire�, n. Aspiration. [Obs.] Chapman. As�pire�ment (?), n. Aspiration. [Obs.] As�pir�er (?), n. One who aspires. As�pir�ing, a. That aspires; as, an Aspiring mind. � As�pir�ing�ly, adv. � As�pir�ing�ness, n. Asp�ish (?), a. Pertaining to, or like, an asp. As�por�ta�tion (?), n. [L. asportatio, fr. asportare to carry away; abs = ab + portare to bear, carry.] (Law) The felonious removal of goods from the place where they were deposited. � It is adjudged to be larceny, though the goods are not carried from the house or apartment. Blackstone. A�sprawl� (?), adv. & a. Sprawling. A�squat� (?), adv. & a. Squatting. A�squint� (?), adv. [Cf. Askant, Squint.] With the eye directed to one side; not in the straight line of vision; obliquely; awry, so as to see distortedly; as, to look asquint. Ass (?), n. [OE. asse, AS. assa; akin to Icel. asni, W. asen, asyn, L. asinus, dim. aselus, Gr. ?; also to AS. esol, OHG. esil, G. esel, Goth. asilus, Dan. �sel, Lith. asilas, Bohem. osel, Pol. osiel. The word is prob. of Semitic origin; cf. Heb. ath?n she ~. Cf. Ease.] 1. (Zo�l.) A quadruped of the genus Equus (E. asinus), smaller than the horse, and having a peculiarly harsh bray and long ears. The tame or domestic ~ is patient, slow, and sure�footed, and has become the type of obstinacy and stupidity. There are several species of wild asses which are swift�footed. 2. A dull, heavy, stupid fellow; a dolt. Shak. Asses' Bridge. [L. pons asinorum.] The fifth proposition of the first book of Euclid, �The angles at the base of an isosceles triangle are equal to one another.� [Sportive] �A schoolboy, stammering out his Asses' Bridge.� F. Harrison. � To make an ~ of one's self, to do or say something very foolish or absurd. As�sa�f?t�i�da (?), n. Same as Asafetida. As�sa�gai (?), As�se�gai (?), n. [Pg. azagaia, Sp. azagaya, fr. a Berber word. Cf. Lancegay.] A spear used by tribes in South Africa as a missile and for stabbing, a kind of light javelin. � As�sa�i (?). [It., fr. L. ad + satis enough. See Assets.] (Mus.) A direction equiv?lent to very; as, adagio assai, very slow. As�sail� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assailed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Assailing.] [OE. assailen, asailen, OF. asaillir, assailler, F. assaillir; ? (L. ad) + saillir to burst out, project, fr. L. salire to leap, spring; cf. L. assilire to leap or spring upon. See Sally.] 1. To attack with violence, or in a vehement and hostile manner; to assault; to molest; as, to assail ? man with blows; to assail a city with artillery. No rude noise mine ears assailing. Cowper. No storm can now assail The charm he wears within. Keble. 2. To encounter or meet purposely with the v??? of ??stering, as an obstacle, difficulty, or the like. The thorny wilds the woodmen fierce assail. Pope. 3. To attack morally, or with a view to produce ?anges in the feelings, character, conduct, existing usages, institutions; to attack by words, hostile influence, etc.; as, to assail one with appeals, arguments, abuse, ridicule, and the like. The papal authority... assailed. Hallam. They assailed him with keen invective; they assailed him with still keener irony. Macaulay. Syn. - To attack; assault; invade; encounter; fall upon. See Attack. As�sail�a�ble (?), a. Capable of being assailed. As�sail�ant (?), a. [F. assaillant, p. pr. of assaillir.] Assailing; attacking. Milton. As�sail�ant, n. [F. assaillant.] One who, or that which, assails, attacks, or assaults; an assailer. An assailant of the church. Macaulay. As�sail�er (?), n. One who assails. As�sail�ment (?), n. The act or power of assailing; attack; assault. [R.] His most frequent assailment was the headache. Johnson. As�sa�mar (?), n. [L. assare to roast + amarus, bitter.] (Chem.) The peculiar bitter substance, soft or liquid, and of a yellow color, produced when meat, bread, gum, sugar, starch, and the like, are roasted till they turn brown. As�sam�ese� (?), a. Of or pertaining to Assam, a province of British India, or to its inhabitants. � n. sing. & pl. A native or natives of Assam. � As�sa�pan� (?), � As�sa�pan�ic (?), n. [Prob. Indian name.] (Zo�l.) The American flying squirrel (Pteromys volucella). As�sart� , n. [OF. essart the grubbing up of trees, fr. essarter to grub up or clear ground of bushes, shrubs, trees, etc., fr. LL. exartum, exartare, for exsaritare; L. ex + sarire, sarrire, saritum, to hoe, weed.] 1. (Old Law) The act or offense of grubbing up trees and bushes, and thus destroying the tickets or coverts of a forest. Spelman. Cowell. 2. A piece of land cleared of trees and bushes, and fitted for cultivation; a clearing. Ash. � land, forest land cleared of woods and brush. As�sart�, v. t. To grub up, as trees; to commit an ~ upon; as, to assart land or trees. Ashmole. As�sas�sin (?), n. [F. (cf. It. assassino), fr. Ar. ?hashishin one who has drunk of the hashish. Under its influence the Assassins of the East, followers of the Shaikh al�Jabal (Old Man of the Mountain), were said to commit the murders required by their chief.] One who kills, or attempts to kill, by surprise or secret assault; one who treacherously murders any one unprepared for defense. As�sas�sin, v. t. To assassinate. [Obs.] Stillingfleet. As�sas�sin�ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assassinated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Assassinating (?).] [LL. assassinatus, p. p. of assassinare.] 1. To kill by surprise or secret assault; to murder by treacherous violence. Help, neighbors, my house is broken open by force, and I am ravished, and like to be assassinated. Dryden. 2. To assail with murderous intent; hence, by extended meaning, to maltreat exceedingly. [Archaic] Your rhymes assassinate our fame. Dryden. Such usage as your honorable lords Afford me, assassinated and betrayed. Milton. Syn. - To kill; murder; slay. See Kill. As�sas�sin�ate (?), n. [F. assassinat.] 1. An assassination, murder, or murderous assault. [Obs.] If i had made an assassinate upon your father. B. Jonson. 2. An assassin. [Obs.] Dryden. As�sas�si�na�tion (?), n. The act of assassinating; a killing by treacherous violence. As�sas�si�na�tor (?), n. An assassin. As�sas�sin�ous (?), a. Murderous. Milton. As�sas�tion (?), n. [F., fr. LL. assatio, fr. L. assare to roast.] Roasting. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. As�sault� (?), n. [OE. asaut, assaut, OF. assaut, asalt, F. assaut, LL. assaltus; L. ad + saltus a leaping, a springing, salire to leap. See Assail.] 1. A violent onset or attack with physical means, as blows, weapons, etc.; an onslaught; the rush or charge of an attacking force; onset; as, to make assault upon a man, a house, or a town. The Spanish general prepared to renew the assault. Prescott. Unshaken bears the assault Of their most dreaded foe, the strong southwest. Wordsworth. 2. A violent onset or attack with moral weapons, as words, arguments, appeals, and the like; as, to make an assault on the prerogatives of a prince, or on the constitution of a government. Clarendon. 3. (Law) An apparently violent attempt, or ? offer with force or violence, to do hurt to another; an attempt or offer to beat another, accompanied by a degree of violence, but without touching his person, as by lifting the fist, or a cane, in a threatening manner, or by striking at him, and missing him. If the blow aimed takes effect, it is a battery. Blackstone. Wharton. Practically, however, the word assault is used to include the battery. Mozley & W. Syn. - Attack; invasion; incursion; descent; onset; onslaught; charge; storm. As�sault�, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assaulted; p. pr. & vb. n. Assaulting.] From Assault, n.: cf. OF. assaulter, LL. assaltare.] 1. To make an ~ upon, as by a sudden rush of armed men; to attack with unlawful or insulting physical violence or menaces. Insnared, assaulted, overcome, led bound. Milton. 2. To attack with moral means, or with a view of producing moral effects; to attack by words, arguments, or unfriendly measures; to assail; as, to assault a reputation or an administration. Before the gates, the cries of babes newborn,... Assault his ears. Dryden. � In the latter sense, assail is more common. Syn. - To attack; assail; invade; encounter; storm; charge. See Attack. As�saut�a�ble (?), a. Capable of being assaulted. As�sault�er (?), n. One who assaults, or violently attacks; an assailant. E. Hall. As�say� (?), n. [OF. asai, essai, trial, F. essa. See Essay, n.] 1. Trial; attempt; essay. [Obs.] Chaucer. I am withal persuaded that it may prove much more easy in the assay than it now seems at distance. Milton. 2. Examination and determination; test; as, an assay of bread or wine. [Obs.] This can not be, by no assay of reason. Shak. 3. Trial by danger or by affliction; adventure; risk; hardship; state of being tried. [Obs.] Through many hard assays which did betide. Spenser. 4. Tested purity or value. [Obs.] With gold and pearl of rich assay. Spenser. 5. (Metallurgy) The act or process of ascertaining the proportion of a particular metal in an ore or alloy; especially, the determination of the proportion of gold or silver in bullion or coin. 6. The alloy or metal to be assayed. Ure. [Assay and essay are radically the same word; but modern usage has appropriated assay chiefly to experiments in metallurgy, and essay to intellectual and bodily efforts. See Essay.] � Assay is used adjectively or as the first part of a compound; as, assay balance, assay furnace. � master, an officer who assays or tests gold or silver coin or bullion. � � ton, a weight of 29.166% grams. As�say�, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assayed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Assaying.] [OF. asaier, essaier, F. essayer, fr. essai. See Assay, n., Essay, v.] 1. To try; to attempt; to apply. [Obs. or Archaic] To�night let us assay our plot. Shak. Soft words to his fierce passion she assayed. Milton. 2. To affect. [Obs.] When the heart is ill assayed. Spenser. 3. To try tasting, as food or drink. [Obs.] 4. To subject, as an ore, alloy, or other metallic compound, to chemical or metallurgical examination, in order to determine the amount of a particular metal contained in it, or to ascertain its composition. As�say�, v. i. To attempt, try, or endeavor. [Archaic. In this sense essay is now commonly used.] She thrice assayed to speak. Dryden. As�say�a�ble (?), a. That may be assayed. As�say�er , n. One who assays. Specifically: One who examines metallic ores or compounds, for the purpose of determining the amount of any particular metal in the same, especially of gold or silver. As�say�ing, n. The act or process of testing, esp. of analyzing or examining metals and ores, to determine the proportion of pure metal. � Asse (?), n. (Zo�l.) A small foxlike animal (Vulpes cama) of South Africa, valued for its fur. As�se�cu�ra�tion (?), n. [LL. assecuratio, fr. assecurare.] Assurance; certainty. [Obs.] As�se�cure� (?), v. t. [LL. assecurare.] To make sure or safe; to assure. [Obs.] Hooker. As�se�cu�tion (?), n. [F. ass�cution, fr. L. assequi to obtain; ad + sequi to follow.] An obtaining or acquiring. [Obs.] Ayliffe. As�se�gai (?), n. Same as Assagai. As�sem�blage , n. [Cf. F. assemblage. See Assemble.] 1. The act of assembling, or the state o? being; association. In sweet assemblage every blooming grace. Fen???. 2. A collection of individuals, or of individuals, or of particular things; as, a political assemblage; an assemblage of ideas. Syn. - Company; group; collection; concourse; gathering; meeting; convention. Assemblage, Assembly. An assembly consists only of persons; an assemblage may be composed of things as well as persons, as, an assemblage of incoherent objects. Nor is every assemblage of persons an assembly; since the latter term denotes a body who have met, and are acting, in concert for some common end, such as to hear, to deliberate, to unite in music, dancing, etc. An assemblage of skaters on a lake, or of horse jockeys at a race course, is not an assembly, but might be turned into one by collecting into a body with a view to discuss and decide as to some object of common interest. As�sem�blance , n. [Cf. OF. assemblance.] 1. Resemblance; likeness; appearance. [Obs.] Care I for the... stature, bulk, and big assemblance of a man ? Give me the spirit. Shak. 2. An assembling; assemblage. [Obs.] To weete [know] the cause of their assemblance. Spenser. As�sem�ble (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assembled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Assembling (?).] [F. assembler, fr. LL. assimulare to bring together to collect; L. ad + simul together; akin to similis like, Gr. ? at the same time, and E. same. Cf. Assimilate, Same.] To collect into one place or body; to bring or call together; to convene; to congregate. Thither he assembled all his train. Milton. All the men of Israel assembled themselves. 1 Kings viii. 2. As�sem�ble, v. i. To meet or come together, as a number of individuals; to convene; to congregate. Dryden. The Parliament assembled in November. W. Massey. As�sem�ble, v. i. To liken; to compare. [Obs.] Bribes may be assembled to pitch. Latimer. As�sem�bler (?), n. One who assembles a number of individuals; also, one of a number assembled. As�sem�bly (?), n.; pl. Assemblies (?). [F. assembl�e, fr. assembler. See Assemble.] 1. A company of persons collected together in one place, and usually for some common purpose, esp. for deliberation and legislation, for worship, or for social entertainment. 2. A collection of inanimate objects. [Obs.] Howell. 3. (Mil.) A beat of the drum or sound of the bugle as a signal to troops to assemble. � In some of the United States, the legislature, or the popular branch of it, is called the Assembly, or the General Assembly. In the Presbyterian Church, the General Assembly is the highest ecclesiastical tribunal, composed of ministers and ruling elders delegated from each presbytery; as, the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States, or of Scotland. <-- p. 91 --> Assembly room, a room in which persons assemble, especially for dancing. � Unlawful assembly (Law), a meeting of three or more persons on a common plan, in such a way as to cause a reasonable apprehension that they will disturb the peace tumultuously. � Westminster Assembly, a convocation, consisting chiefly of divines, which, by act of Parliament, assembled July 1, 1643, and remained in session some years. It framed the �Confession of Faith,� the �Larger Catechism,� and the �Shorter Catechism,� which are still received as authority by Presbyterians, and are substantially accepted by Congregationalists. Syn. - See Assemblage. As�sem�bly�man (?), n.; pl. Assemblymen (?). A member of an assembly, especially of the lower branch of a state legislature. As�sent�, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assented; p. pr. & vb. n. Assenting.] [ F. assentir, L. assentire, assentiri; ad + sentire to feel, think. See Sense.] To admit a thing as true; to express one's agreement, acquiescence, concurrence, or concession. Who informed the governor... And the Jews also assented, saying that these things were so. Acts xxiv. 9. The princess assented to all that was suggested. Macaulay. Syn. - To yield; agree; acquiesce; concede; concur. As�sent� (?), n. [OE. assent, fr. assentir. See Assent, v.] The act of assenting; the act of the mind in admitting or agreeing to anything; concurrence with approval; consent; agreement; acquiescence. Faith is the assent to any proposition, on the credit of the proposer. Locke. The assent, if not the approbation, of the prince. Prescott. Too many people read this ribaldry with assent and admiration. Macaulay. Royal ~, in England, the ~ of the sovereign to a bill which has passed both houses of Parliament, after which it becomes law. Syn. - Concurrence; acquiescence; approval; accord. � Assent, Consent. Assent is an act of the understanding, consent of the will or feelings. We assent to the views of others when our minds come to the same conclusion with theirs as to what is true, right, or admissible. We consent when there is such a concurrence of our will with their desires and wishes that we decide to comply with their requests. The king of England gives his assent, not his consent, to acts of Parliament, because, in theory at least, he is not governed by personal feelings or choice, but by a deliberate, judgment as to the common good. We also use assent in cases where a proposal is made which involves but little interest or feeling. A lady may assent to a gentleman's opening the window; but if he offers himself in marriage, he must wait for her consent. As�sen�ta�tion (?), n. [L. assentatio. See Assent, v.] Insincere, flattering, or obsequious assent; hypocritical or pretended concurrence. Abject flattery and indiscriminate assentation degrade as much as indiscriminate contradiction and noisy debate disgust. Ld. Chesterfield. As�sen�ta�tor , n. [L., fr. assentari to assent constantly.] An obsequious; a flatterer. [R.] As�sent�a�to�ry (?), a. Flattering; obsequious. [Obs.] � As�sent�a�to�ri�ly, adv. [Obs.] As�sent�er (?), n. One who assents. As�sen�tient , a. Assenting. As�sent�ing (?), a. Giving or implying assent. � As�sent�ing�ly, adv. As�sent�ive (?), a. Giving assent; of the nature of assent; complying. � As�sent�ive�ness, n. As�sent�ment , n. Assent; agreement. [Obs.] As�sert� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Asserted; p. pr. & vb. n. Asserting.] [L. assertus, p. p. of asserere to join or fasten to one's self, claim, maintain; ad + serere to join or bind together. See Series.] 1. To affirm; to declare with assurance, or plainly and strongly; to state positively; to aver; to asseverate. Nothing is more shameful... than to assert anything to be done without a cause. Ray. 2. To maintain; to defend. [Obs. or Archaic] That... I may assert Eternal Providence, And justify the ways of God to men. Milton. I will assert it from the scandal. Jer. Taylor. 3. To maintain or defend, as a cause or a claim, by words or measures; to vindicate a claim or title to; as, to assert our rights and liberties. To ~ one's self, to claim or vindicate one's rights or position; to demand recognition. Syn. - To affirm; aver; asseverate; maintain; protest; pronounce; declare; vindicate. � To Assert, Affirm, Maintain, Vindicate. To assert is to fasten to one's self, and hence to claim. It is, therefore, adversative in its nature. We assert our rights and privileges, or the cause of tree institutions, as against opposition or denial. To affirm is to declare as true. We assert boldly; we affirm positively. To maintain is to uphold, and insist upon with earnestness, whatever we have once asserted; as, to maintain one's cause, to maintain an argument, to maintain the ground we have taken. To vindicate is to use language and measures of the strongest kind, in defense of ourselves and those for whom we act. We maintain our assertions by adducing proofs, facts, or arguments; we are ready to vindicate our rights or interests by the utmost exertion of our powers. As�sert�er (?), n. One who asserts; one who avers pr maintains; an assertor. The inflexible asserter of the rights of the church. Milman. As�ser�tion (?), n. [L. assertio, fr. asserere.] 1. The act of asserting, or that which is asserted; positive declaration or averment; affirmation; statement asserted; position advanced. There is a difference between assertion and demonstration. Macaulay. 2. Maintenance; vindication; as, the assertion of one's rights or prerogatives. As�sert�ive (?), a. Positive; affirming confidently; affirmative; peremptory. In a confident and assertive form. Glanvill. � As�sert�ive�ly, adv. � As�sert�ive�ness, n. As�sert�or (?), n. [L., fr. asserere.] One who asserts or avers; one who maintains or vindicates a claim or a right; an affirmer, supporter, or vindicator; a defender; an asserter. The assertors of liberty said not a word. Macaulay. Faithful assertor of thy country's cause. Prior. As�ser�to�ri�al (?), a. Asserting that a thing is; � opposed to problematical and apodeictical. As�sert�o�ry (?), a. [L. assertorius, fr. asserere.] Affirming; maintaining. Arguments... assertory, not probatory. Jer. Taylor. An assertory, not a promissory, declaration. Bentham. A proposition is assertory, when it enounces what is known as actual. Sir W. Hamilton. As�sess� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assessed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Assessing.] [OF. assesser to regulate, settle, LL. assessare to value for taxation, fr. L. assidere, supine as if assessum, to sit by, esp. of judges in a court, in LL. to assess, tax. Cf. Assize, v., Cess.] 1. To value; to make a valuation or official estimate of for the purpose of taxation. 2. To apportion a sum to be paid by (a person, a community, or an estate), in the nature of a tax, fine, etc.; to impose a tax upon (a person, an estate, or an income) according to a rate or apportionment. 3. To determine and impose a tax or fine upon (a person, community, estate, or income); to tax; as, the club assessed each member twenty�five cents. 4. To fix or determine the rate or amount of. This sum is assessed and raised upon individuals by commissioners in the act. Blackstone. As�sess�a�ble (?), a. Liable to be assessed or taxed; as, assessable property. As�sess�ee� (?), n. One who is assessed. As�ses�sion (?), n. [L. assessio, fr. assid?re to sit by or near; ad + sed?re to sit. See Sit.] A sitting beside or near. As�sess�ment (?), n. [LL. assessamentum.] 1. The act of assessing; the act of determining an amount to be paid; as, an assessment of damages, or of taxes; an assessment of the members of a club. 2. A valuation of property or profits of business, for the purpose of taxation; such valuation and an adjudging of the proper sum to be levied on the property; as, an assessment of property or an assessment on property. � An assessment is a valuation made by authorized persons according to their discretion, as opposed to a sum certain or determined by law. It is a valuation of the property of those who are to pay the tax, for the purpose of fixing the proportion which each man shall pay. Blackstone. Burrill. 3. The specific sum levied or assessed. 4. An apportionment of a subscription for stock into successive installments; also, one of these installments (in England termed a �call�). [U. S.] As�sess�or , n. [L., one who sits beside, the assistant of a judge, fr. assid?re. See Assession. LL., one who arranges of determines the taxes, fr. assid?re. See Assess, v., and cf. Cessor.] 1. One appointed or elected to assist a judge or magistrate with his special knowledge of the subject to be decided; as legal assessors, nautical assessors. Mozley & W. 2. One who sits by another, as next in dignity, or as an assistant and adviser; an associate in office. Whence to his Son, The assessor of his throne, he thus began. Milton. With his ignorance, his inclinations, and his fancy, as his assessors in judgment. I. Taylor. 3. One appointed to assess persons or property for the purpose of taxation. Bouvier. As�ses�so�ri�al (?), a. [Cf. F. assessorial, fr. L. assessor.] Of or pertaining to an assessor, or to a court of assessors. Coxe. As�sess�or�ship (?), n. The office or function of an assessor. As�set (?), n. Any article or separable part of one's assets. As�sets (?), n. pl. [OF. asez enough, F. assez, fr. L. ad + satis, akin to Gr. ? enough, Goth. saps full. Cf. Assai, Satisfy.] 1. (Law) (a) Property of a deceased person, subject by law to the payment of his debts and legacies; � called assets because sufficient to render the executor or administrator liable to the creditors and legatees, so far as such goods or estate may extend. Story. Blackstone. (b) Effects of an insolvent debtor or bankrupt, applicable to the payment of debts. 2. The entire property of all sorts, belonging to a person, a corporation, or an estate; as, the assets of a merchant or a trading association; � opposed to liabilities. � In balancing accounts the assets are put on the Cr. side and the debts on the Dr. side. As�sev�er (?), v. t. [Cf. OF. asseverer, fr. L. asseverare.] See Asseverate. [Archaic] As�sev�er�ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Asseverated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Asseverating (?).] [L. asseveratus, p. p. of asseverare to assert seriously or earnestly; ad + severus. See Severe.] To affirm or aver positively, or with solemnity. Syn. - To affirm; aver; protest; declare. See Affirm. As�sev�er�a�tion (?), n. [L. asseveratio.] The act of asseverating, or that which is asseverated; positive affirmation or assertion; solemn declaration. Another abuse of the tongue I might add, � vehement asseverations upon slight and trivial occasions. Ray. As�sev�er�a�tive , a. Characterized by asseveration; asserting positively. As�sev�er�a�to�ry , a. Asseverative. As�sib�i�late , v. t. [L. assibilatus, p. p. of assibilare to hiss out; ad + sibilare to hiss.] To make sibilant; to change to a sibilant. J. Peile. As�sib�i�la�tion , n. Change of a non�sibilant letter to a sibilant, as of �tion to �shun, duke to ditch. As�si�de�an , n. [Heb. kh�sad to be pious.] One of a body of devoted Jews who opposed the Hellenistic Jews, and supported the Asmoneans. As�si�dent (?), a. [L. assidens, p. pr. of assid?re to sit by: cf. F. assident. See Assession.] (Med.) Usually attending a disease, but not always; as, assident signs, or symptoms. As�sid�u�ate (?), a. [L. assiduatus, p. p. of assiduare to use assiduously.] Unremitting; assiduous. [Obs.] �Assiduate labor.� Fabyan. As�si�du�i�ty (?), n.; pl. Assiduities (?). [L. assiduitas: cf. F. assiduite. See Assiduous.] 1. Constant or close application or attention, particularly to some business or enterprise; diligence. I have, with much pains and assiduity, qualified myself for a nomenclator. Addison. 2. Studied and persevering attention to a person; � usually in the plural. As�sid�u�ous (?), a. [L. assiduus, fr. assid?re to sit near or close; ad + sed?re to sit. See Sit.] 1. Constant in application or attention; devoted; attentive; unremitting. She grows more assiduous in her attendance. Addison. 2. Performed with constant diligence or attention; unremitting; persistent; as, assiduous labor. To weary him with my assiduous cries. Milton. Syn. - Diligent; attentive; sedulous; unwearied; unintermitted; persevering; laborious; indefatigable. � As�sid�u�ous�ly, adv. � As�sid�u�ous�ness, n. As�siege� (?), v. t. [OE. asegen, OF. asegier, F. assi�ger, fr. LL. assediare, assidiare, to besiege. See Siege.] [Obs.] �Assieged castles.� Spenser. As�siege�, n. A siege. [Obs.] Chaucer. As�si�en�tist , n. [Cf. F. assientiste, Sp. asentista.] A shareholder of the Assiento company; one of the parties to the Assiento contract. Bancroft. � As�si�en�to (?), n. [Sp. asiento seat, contract or agreement, fr. asentar to place on a chair, to adjust, to make an agreement; a (L. ad) + sentar, a participial verb; as if there were a L. sedentare to cause to sit, fr. sedens, sedentis, p. pr. of sed?re to sit.] A contract or convention between Spain and other powers for furnishing negro slaves for the Spanish dominions in America, esp. the contract made with Great Britain in 1713. As�sign� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assigned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Assigning.] [OE. assignen, asignen, F. assigner, fr. L. assignare; ad + signare to mark, mark out, designate, signum mark, sign. See Sign.] 1. To appoint; to allot; to apportion; to make over. In the order I assign to them. Loudon. The man who could feel thus was worthy of a better station than that in which his lot had been assigned. Southey. He assigned to his men their several posts. Prescott. 2. To fix, specify, select, or designate; to point out authoritatively or exactly; as, to assign a limit; to assign counsel for a prisoner; to assign a day for trial. All as the dwarf the way to her assigned. Spenser. It is not easy to assign a period more eventful. De Quincey. 3. (Law) To transfer, or make over to another, esp. to transfer to, and vest in, certain persons, called assignees, for the benefit of creditors. To ~ dower, to set out by metes and bounds the widow's share or portion in an estate. Kent. As�sign�, n. [From Assign, v.] A thing pertaining or belonging to something else; an appurtenance. [Obs.] Six French rapiers and poniards, with their assigns, as girdles, hangers, and so. Shak. As�sign�, n. [See Assignee.] (Law) A person to whom property or an interest is transferred; as, a deed to a man and his heirs and assigns. As�sign�a�bil�i�ty (?), n. The quality of being assignable. As�sign�a�ble (?), a. Capable of being assigned, allotted, specified, or designated; as, an assignable note or bill; an assignable reason; an assignable quantity. � As�si�gnat� (?; 277), n. [F. assignat, fr. L. assignatus, p. p. of assignare.] One of the notes, bills, or bonds, issued as currency by the revolutionary government of France (1790�1796), and based on the security of the lands of the church and of nobles which had been appropriated by the state. As�sig�na�tion (?), n. [L. assignatio, fr. assignare: cf. F. assignation.] 1. The act of assigning or allotting; apportionment. This order being taken in the senate, as touching the appointment and assignation of those provinces. Holland. 2. An appointment of time and place for meeting or interview; � used chiefly of love interviews, and now commonly in a bad sense. While nymphs take treats, or assignations give. Pope. 3. A making over by transfer of title; assignment. House of ~, a house in which appointments for sexual intercourse are fulfilled. As�sign�ee� , n. [F. assign�, p. p. of assigner. See Assign, v., and cf. Assign an ~.] (Law) (a) A person to whom an assignment is made; a person appointed or deputed by another to do some act, perform some business, or enjoy some right, privilege, or property; as, an assignee of a bankrupt. See Assignment (c). An ~ may be by special appointment or deed, or be created by jaw; as an executor. Cowell. Blount. (b) pl. In England, the persons appointed, under a commission of bankruptcy, to manage the estate of a bankrupt for the benefit of his creditors. <-- p. 92 --> As�sign�er (?), n. One who assigns, appoints, allots, or apportions. As�sign�ment (?), n. [LL. assignamentum: cf. OF. assenement.] 1. An allotting or an appointment to a particular person or use; or for a particular time, as of a cause or causes in court. 2. (Law) (a) A transfer of title or interest by writing, as of lease, bond, note, or bill of exchange; a transfer of the whole of some particular estate or interest in lands. (b) The writing by which an interest is transferred. (c) The transfer of the property of a bankrupt to certain persons called assignees, in whom it is vested for the benefit of creditors. � of dower, the setting out by metes and bounds of the widow's thirds or portion in the deceased husband's estate, and allotting it to her. � Assignment is also used in law as convertible with specification; assignment of error in proceedings for review being specification of error; and assignment of perjury or fraud in indictment being specifications of perjury or fraud. As�sign�or� (?), n. [L. assignator. Cf. Assigner.] (Law) An assigner; a person who assigns or transfers an interest; as, the assignor of a debt or other chose in action. As�sim�i�la�bil�i�ty (?), n. The quality of being assimilable. [R.] Coleridge. As�sim�i�la�ble (?), a. That may be assimilated; that may be likened, or appropriated and incorporated. As�sim�i�late (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assimilated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Assimilating (?).] [L. assimilatus, p. p. of assimilare; ad + similare to make like, similis like. See Similar, Assemble, Assimilate.] 1. To bring to a likeness or to conformity; to cause a resemblance between. Sir M. Hale. To assimilate our law to the law of Scotland. John Bright. Fast falls a fleecy; the downy flakes Assimilate all objects. Cowper. 2. To liken; to compa?e. [R.] 3. To appropriate and transform or incorporate into the substance of the assimilating body; to absorb or appropriate, as nourishment; as, food is assimilated and converted into organic tissue. Hence also animals and vegetables may assimilate their nourishment. Sir I. Newton. His mind had no power to assimilate the lessons. Merivale. As�sim�i�late, v. i. 1. To become similar or like something else. [R.] 2. To change and appropriate nourishment so as to make it a part of the substance of the assimilating body. Aliment easily assimilated or turned into blood. Arbuthnot. 3. To be converted into the substance of the assimilating body; to become incorporated; as, some kinds of food assimilate more readily than others. I am a foreign material, and cannot assimilate with the church of England. J. H. Newman. As�sim�i�la�tion (?), n. [L. assimilatio: cf. F. assimilation.] 1. The act or process of assimilating or bringing to a resemblance, likeness, or identity; also, the state of being so assimilated; as, the assimilation of one sound to another. To aspire to an assimilation with God. Dr. H. More. The assimilation of gases and vapors. Sir J. Herschel. 2. (Physiol.) The conversion of nutriment into the fluid or solid substance of the body, by the processes of digestion and absorption, whether in plants or animals. Not conversing the body, not repairing it by assimilation, but preserving it by ventilation. Sir T. Browne. � The term assimilation has been limited by some to the final process by which the nutritive matter of the blood is converted into the substance of the tissues and organs. As�sim�i�la�tive (?), a. [Cf. LL. assimilativus, F. assimilatif.] Tending to, or characterized by, assimilation; that assimilates or causes assimilation; as, an assimilative process or substance. As�sim�i�la�to�ry (?), a. Tending to assimilate, or produce assimilation; as, assimilatory organs. As�sim�u�late (?), v. t. [L. assimulatus, p. p. of assimulare, equiv. to assimilare. See Assimilate, v. t.] 1. To feign; to counterfeit; to simulate; to resemble. [Obs.] Blount. 2. To assimilate. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale. As�sim�u�la�tion (?), n. [L. assimulatio, equiv. to assimilatio.] Assimilation. [Obs.] Bacon. As�si�ne�go (?), n. See Asinego. Ass�ish (?), a. Resembling an ass; asinine; stupid or obstinate. Such... appear to be of the assich kind... Udall. As�sist� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Assisting.] [L. assistere; ad + sistere to cause to stand, to stand, from stare to stand: cf. F. assister. See Stand.] To give support to in some undertaking or effort, or in time of distress; to help; to aid; to succor. Assist me, knight. I am undone! Shak. Syn. - To help; aid; second; back; support; relieve; succor; befriend; sustain; favor. See Help. As�sist�, v. i. 1. To lend aid; to help. With God not parted from him, as was feared, But favoring and assisting to the end. Milton. 2. To be present as a spectator; as, to assist at a public meeting. [A Gallicism] Gibbon. Prescott. As�sist�ance (?), n. [Cf. F. assistance.] 1. The act of assisting; help; aid; furtherance; succor; support. Without the assistance of a mortal hand. Shak. 2. An assistant or helper; a body of helpers. [Obs.] Wat Tyler [was] killed by valiant Walworth, the lord mayor of London, and his assistance,... John Cavendish. Fuller. 3. Persons present. [ Obs. or a Gallicism] As�sist�ant (?), a. [Cf. F. assistant, p. pr. of assister.] 1. Helping; lending aid or support; auxiliary. Genius and learning... are mutually and greatly assistant to each other. Beattie. 2. (Mil.) Of the second grade in the staff of the army; as, an assistant surgeon. [U.S.] � In the English army it designates the third grade in any particular branch of the staff. Farrow. As�sist�ant (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, assists; a helper; an auxiliary; a means of help. Four assistants who his labor share. Pope. Rhymes merely as assistants to memory. Mrs. Chapone. 2. An attendant; one who is present. Dryden. As�sist�ant�ly, adv. In a manner to give aid. [R.] As�sist�er , n. An assistant; a helper. As�sist�ful (?), a. Helpful. As�sist�ive (?), a. Lending aid, helping. As�sist�less, a. Without aid or help. [R.] Pope. As�sist�or (?), n. (Law) A assister. As�sith�ment (?), n. See Assythment. [Obs.] As�size� (?), n. [OE. assise, asise, OF. assise, F. assises, assembly of judges, the decree pronounced by them, tax, impost, fr. assis, assise, p. p. of asseoir, fr. L. assid?re to sit by; ad + sed?re to sit. See Sit, Size, and cf. Excise, Assess.] 1. An assembly of knights and other substantial men, with a bailiff or justice, in a certain place and at a certain time, for public business. [Obs.] 2. (Law) (a) A special kind of jury or inquest. (b) A kind of writ or real action. (c) A verdict or finding of a jury upon such writ. (d) A statute or ordinance in general. Specifically: (1) A statute regulating the weight, measure, and proportions of ingredients and the price of articles sold in the market; as, the assize of bread and other provisions; (2) A statute fixing the standard of weights and measures. (e) Anything fixed or reduced to a certainty in point of time, number, quantity, quality, weight, measure, etc.; as, rent of assize. Glanvill. Spelman. Cowell. Blackstone. Tomlins. Burrill. [This term is not now used in England in the sense of a writ or real action, and seldom of a jury of any kind, but in Scotch practice it is still technically applied to the jury in criminal cases. Stephen. Burrill. Erskine.] (f) A court, the sitting or session of a court, for the trial of processes, whether civil or criminal, by a judge and jury. Blackstone. Wharton. Encyc. Brit. (g) The periodical sessions of the judges of the superior courts in every county of England for the purpose of administering justice in the trial and determination of civil and criminal cases; � usually in the plural. Brande. Wharton. Craig. Burrill. (h) The time or place of holding the court of ~; � generally in the plural, assizes. 3. Measure; dimension; size. [In this sense now corrupted into size.] An hundred cubits high by just assize. Spenser. [Formerly written, as in French, assise.] As�size�, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Assizing.] [From Assize, n.: cf. LL. assisare to decree in ~. Cf. Asses, v.] 1. To assess; to value; to rate. [Obs.] Gower. 2. To fix the weight, measure, or price of, by an ordinance or regulation of authority. [Obs.] As�siz�er (?), n. An officer who has the care or inspection of weights and measures, etc. As�siz�or (?), n. (Scots Law) A juror. As�so�ber (?), v. t. [Pref. ad� + sober. Cf. Ensober.] To make or keep sober. [Obs.] Gower. As�so�cia�bil�i�ty (?), n. The quality of being associable, or capable of association; associableness. �The associability of feelings.� H. Spencer. As�so�cia�ble (?), a. [See Associate.] 1.�Capable of being associated or joined. We know feelings to be associable only by the proved ability of one to revive another. H. Spencer. 2. Sociable; companionable. [Obs.] 3. (Med.) Liable to be affected by sympathy with other parts; � said of organs, nerves, muscles, etc. The stomach, the most associable of all the organs of the animal body. Med. Rep. As�so�cia�ble�ness, n. Associability. As�so�ci�ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Associated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Associating (?).] [L. associatus, p. p. of associare; ad + sociare to join or unite, socius companion. See Social.] 1. To join with one, as a friend, companion, partner, or confederate; as, to associate others with ?s in business, or in an enterprise. 2. To join or connect; to combine in acting; as, particles of gold associated with other substances. 3. To connect or place together in thought. He succeeded in associating his name inseparably with some names which will last an long as our language. Macaulay. 4. To accompany; to keep company with. [Obs.] Friends should associate friends in grief and woe. Shak. As�so�ci�ate, v. i. 1. To unite in company; to keep company, implying intimacy; as, congenial minds are disposed to associate. 2. To unite in action, or to be affected by the action of a different part of the body. E. Darwin. As�so�ci�ate (?), a. [L. associatus, p. p.] 1. Closely connected or joined with some other, as in interest, purpose, employment, or office; sharing responsibility or authority; as, an associate judge. While I descend... to my associate powers. Milton. 2. Admitted to some, but not to all, rights and privileges; as, an associate member. 3. (Physiol.) Connected by habit or sympathy; as, associate motions, such as occur sympathetically, in consequence of preceding motions. E. Darwin. As�so�ci�ate, n. 1. A companion; one frequently in company with another, implying intimacy or equality; a mate; a fellow. 2. A partner in interest, as in business; or a confederate in a league. 3. One connected with an association or institution without the full rights or privileges of a regular member; as, an associate of the Royal Academy. 4. Anything closely or usually connected with another; an concomitant. The one [idea] no sooner comes into the understanding, than its associate appears with it. Locke. Syn. - Companion; mate; fellow; friend; ally; partner; coadjutor; comrade; accomplice. As�so�ci�a�ted (?), a. Joined as a companion; brought into association; accompanying; combined. � movements (Physiol.), consensual movements which accompany voluntary efforts without our consciousness. Dunglison. As�so�ci�ate�ship (?), n. The state of an associate, as in Academy or an office. As�so�ci�a�tion (?; 277), n. [Cf. F. association, LL. associatio, fr. L. associare.] 1. The act of associating, or state of being associated; union; connection, whether of persons of things. �Some... bond of association.� Hooker. Self�denial is a kind of holy association with God. Boyle. 2. Mental connection, or that which is mentally linked or associated with a thing. Words... must owe their powers association. Johnson. Why should... the holiest words, with all their venerable associations, be profaned? Coleridge. 3. Union of persons in a company or society for some particular purpose; as, the American Association for the Advancement of Science; a benevolent association. Specifically, as among the Congregationalists, a society, consisting of a number of ministers, generally the pastors of neighboring churches, united for promoting the interests of religion and the harmony of the churches. � of ideas (Physiol.), the combination or connection of states of mind or their objects with one another, as the result of which one is said to be revived or represented by means of the other. The relations according to which they are thus connected or revived are called the law of association. Prominent among them are reckoned the relations of time and place, and of cause and effect. Porter. As�so�ci�a�tion�al (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to association, or to an association. 2. Pertaining to the theory held by the associationists. As�so�ci�a�tion�ism (?), n. (Philos.) The doctrine or theory held by associationists. As�so�ci�a�tion�ist, n. (Philos.) One who explains the higher functions and relations of the soul by the association of ideas; e. g., Hartley, J. C. Mill. As�so�ci�a�tive (?), a.�Having the quality of associating; tending or leading to association; as, the associative faculty. Hugh Miller. As�so�ci�a�tor (?), n. An associate; a confederate or partner in any scheme. How Pennsylvania's air agrees with Quakers, And Carolina's with associators. Dryden. As�soil� (?), v. t. [OF. assoiler, absoiler, assoldre, F. absoudre, L. absolvere. See Absolve.] 1. To set free; to release. [Archaic] Till from her hands the spright assoiled is. Spenser. 2. To solve; to clear up. [Obs.] Any child might soon be able to assoil this riddle. Bp. Jewel. 3. To set free from guilt; to absolve. [Archaic] Acquitted and assoiled from the guilt. Dr. H. More. Many persons think themselves fairly assoiled, because they are... not of scandalous lives. Jer. Taylor. 4. To expiate; to atone for. [Archaic] Spenser. Let each act assoil a fault. E. Arnold. 5. To remove; to put off. [Obs.] She soundly slept, and careful thoughts did quite assoil. Spenser. As�soil�, v. t. [Pref. ad� + soil.] To soil; to stain. [Obs. or Poet.] Beau. & Fl. Ne'er assoil my cobwebbed shield. Wordsworth. As�soil�ment (?), n. Act of assoiling, or state of being assoiled; absolution; acquittal. As�soil�ment, n. A soiling; defilement. As�soil�zie (?), As�soil�yie, v. t. [Old form assoi?e. See Assoil.] (scots Law) To absolve; to acquit by sentence of court. God assoilzie him for the sin of bloodshed. Sir W. Scott. As�so�nance (?), n. [Cf. F. assonance. See Assonant.] 1. Resemblance of sound. �The disagreeable assonance of ?sheath' and ?sheated.'� Steevens. 2. (Pros.) A peculiar species of rhyme, in which the last accented vowel and those which follow it in one word correspond in sound with the vowels of another word, while the consonants of the two words are unlike in sound; as, calamo and platano, baby and chary. The assonance is peculiar to the Spaniard. Hallam. 3. Incomplete correspondence. Assonance between facts seemingly remote. Lowell. As�so�nant (?), a. [L. assonans, p. pr. of assonare to sound to, to correspond to in sound; ad + sonare to sound, sonus sound: cf. F. assonant. See Sound.] 1.�Having a resemblance of sounds. 2. (Pros.) Pertaining to the peculiar species of rhyme called assonance; not consonant. As�so�nan�tal (?), a. Assonant. As�so�nate (?), v. i. [L. assonare, assonatum, to respond to.] To correspond in sound. As�sort� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Assorting.] [F. assortir; ? (L. ad) + sortir to cast or draw lots, to obtain by lot, L. sortiri, fr. sors, sortis, lot. See Sort.] 1. To separate and distribute into classes, as things of a like kind, nature, or quality, or which are suited to a like purpose; to classify; as, to assort goods. [Rarely applied to persons.] They appear... no ways assorted to those with whom they must associate. Burke. 2. To furnish with, or make up of, various sorts or a variety of goods; as, to assort a cargo. As�sort�, v. i. To agree; to be in accordance; to be adapted; to suit; to fall into a class or place. Mitford. <-- p. 93 --> As�sort�ed (?), a. Selected; culled. As�sort�ment (?), n. [Cf. F. assortiment.] 1. Act of assorting, or distributing into sorts, kinds, or classes. 2. A collection or quantity of things distributed into kinds or sorts; a number of things assorted. 3. A collection containing a variety of sorts or kinds adapted to various wants, demands, or purposes; as, an assortment of goods. As�sot� (?), v. t. [OF. asoter, F. assoter; ? (L. ad) + sot stupid. See Sot.] To besot; to befool; to beguile; to infatuate. [Obs.] Some ecstasy assotted had his sense. Spenser. As�sot�, a. Dazed; foolish; infatuated. [Obs.] Willie, I ween thou be assot. Spenser. As�suage� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assuaged ; p. pr. & vb. n. Assuaging (?).] [OE. asuagen, aswagen, OF. asoagier, asuagier, fr. assouagier, fr. L. ad + suavis sweet. See Sweet.] To soften, in a figurative sense; to allay, mitigate, ease, or lessen, as heat, pain, or grief; to appease or pacify, as passion or tumult; to satisfy, as appetite or desire. Refreshing winds the summer's heat assuage. Addison. To assuage the sorrows of a desolate old man Burke. The fount at which the panting mind assuages Her thirst of knowledge. Byron. Syn. - To alleviate; mitigate; appease; soothe; calm; tranquilize; relieve. See Alleviate. As�suage�, v. i. To abate or subside. [Archaic] �The waters assuaged.� Gen. vii. 1. The plague being come to a crisis, its fury began to assuage. De Foe. As�suage�ment (?), n. [OF. assouagement, asuagement.] Mitigation; abatement. As�sua�ger (?), n. One who, or that which, assuages. As�sua�sive (?), a. [From assuage, as if this were fr. a supposed L. assuadere to persuade to; or from E. pref. ad + �suasive as in persuasive.] Mitigating; tranquilizing; soothing. [R.] Music her soft assuasive voice applies. Pope. As�sub�ju�gate (?), v. t. [Pref. ad� + subjugate.] To bring into subjection. [Obs.] Shak. As�sue�fac�tion (?), n. [L. assuefacere to accustom to; assuetus (p. p. of assuescere to accustom to) + facere to make; cf. OF. assuefaction.] The act of accustoming, or the state of being accustomed; habituation. [Obs.] Custom and studies efform the soul like wax, and by assuefaction introduce a nature. Jer. Taylor. As�sue�tude (?), n. [L. assuetudo, fr. assuetus accustomed.] Accustomedness; habit; habitual use. Assuetude of things hurtful doth make them lose their force to hurt. Bacon. As�sum�a�ble (?), a. That may be assumed. As�sum�a�bly, adv. By way of assumption. As�sume� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assumed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Assuming.] [L. assumere; ad + sumere to take; sub + emere to take, buy: cf. F. assumer. See Redeem.] 1. To take to or upon one's self; to take formally and demonstratively; sometimes, to appropriate or take unjustly. Trembling they stand while Jove assumes the throne. Pope. The god assumed his native form again. Pope. 2. To take for granted, or without proof; to suppose as a fact; to suppose or take arbitrarily or tentatively. The consequences of assumed principles. Whewell. 3. To pretend to possess; to take in appearance. Ambition assuming the mask of religion. Porteus. Assume a virtue, if you have it not. Shak. 4. To receive or adopt. The sixth was a young knight of lesser renown and lower rank, assumed into that honorable company. Sir W. Scott. Syn. - To arrogate; usurp; appropriate. As�sume�, v. i. 1. To be arrogant or pretentious; to claim more than is due. Bp. Burnet. 2. (Law) To undertake, as by a promise. Burrill. As�sumed� (?), a. 1. Supposed. 2. Pretended; hypocritical; make�believe; as, an assumed character. As�sum�ed�ly (?), adv. By assumption. As�sum�ent (?), n. [L. assumentum, fr. ad + suere to sew.] A patch; an addition; a piece put on. [Obs.] John Lewis (1731). As�sum�er (?), n. One who assumes, arrogates, pretends, or supposes. W. D. Whitney. As�sum�ing, a. Pretentious; taking much upon one's self; presumptuous. Burke. � As�sump�sit (?; 215), n. [L., he undertook, pret. of L. assumere. See Assume.] (Law) (a) A promise or undertaking, founded on a consideration. This promise may be oral or in writing not under seal. It may be express or implied. (b) An action to recover damages for a breach or nonperformance of a contract or promise, express or implied, oral or in writing not under seal. Common or indebitatus assumpsit is brought for the most part on an implied promise. Special assumpsit is founded on an express promise or undertaking. Wharton. As�sumpt� (?; 215), v. t. [L. assumptus, p. p. of assumere. See Assume.] To take up; to elevate; to assume. [Obs.] Sheldon. As�sumpt�, n. [L. assumptum, p. p. neut. of assumere.] That which is assumed; an assumption. [Obs.] The sun of all your assumpts is this. Chillingworth. As�sump�tion (?; 215), n. [OE. assumpcioun a taking up into heaven, L. assumptio a taking, fr. assumere: cf. F. assomption. See Assume.] 1. The act of assuming, or taking to or upon one's self; the act of taking up or adopting. The assumption of authority. Whewell. 2. The act of taking for granted, or supposing a thing without proof; supposition; unwarrantable claim. This gives no sanction to the unwarrantable assumption that the soul sleeps from the period of death to the resurrection of the body. Thodey. That calm assumption of the virtues. W. Black. 3. The thing supposed; a postulate, or proposition assumed; a supposition. Hold! says the Stoic; your assumption's wrong. Dryden. 4. (Logic) The minor or second proposition in a categorical syllogism. 5. The taking of a person up into heaven. Hence: (Rom. Cath. & Greek Churches) A festival in honor of the ascent of the Virgin Mary into heaven. As�sump�tive (?), a. [L. assumptivus, fr. assumptus, fr. assumere.] Assumed, or capable of being assumed; characterized by assumption; making unwarranted claims. � As�sump�tive�ly, adv. � arms (Her.), originally, arms which a person had a right to assume, in consequence of an exploit; now, those assumed without sanction of the Heralds' College. Percy Smith. As�sur�ance (?), n. [OE. assuraunce, F. assurance, fr. assurer. See Assure.] 1. The act of assuring; a declaration tending to inspire full confidence; that which is designed to give confidence. Whereof he hath given assurance unto all men, in that he hath raised him from the dead. Acts xvii. 31. Assurances of support came pouring in daily. Macaulay. 2. The state of being assured; firm persuasion; full confidence or trust; freedom from doubt; certainty. Let us draw with a true heart in full assurance of faith, having our hearts sprinkled from an evil conscience. Heb. x. 22. 3. Firmness of mind; undoubting, steadiness; intrepidity; courage; confidence; self�reliance. Brave men meet danger with assurance. Knolles. Conversation with the world will give them knowledge and assurance. Locke. 4. Excess of boldness; impudence; audacity; as, his assurance is intolerable. 5. Betrothal; affiance. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney. 6. Insurance; a contract for the payment of a sum on occasion of a certain event, as loss or death. � Recently, assurance has been used, in England, in relation to life contingencies, and insurance in relation to other contingencies. It is called temporary assurance, in the time within which the contingent event must happen is limited. See Insurance. 7. (Law) Any written or other legal evidence of the conveyance of property; a conveyance; a deed. � In England, the legal evidences of the conveyance of property are called the common assurances of the kingdom. Blackstone. As�sure (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Assuring.] [OF. ase�rer, F. assurer, LL. assecurare; L. ad + securus secure, sure, certain. See Secure, Sure, and cf. Insure.] 1. To make sure or certain; to render confident by a promise, declaration, or other evidence. His promise that thy seed shall bruise our foe... Assures me that the bitterness of death Is past, and we shall live. Milton. 2. To declare to, solemnly; to assert to (any one) with the design of inspiring belief or confidence. I dare assure thee that no enemy Shall ever take alive the noble Brutus. Shak. 3. To confirm; to make certain or secure. And it shall be assured to him. Lev. xxvii. 19. And hereby we know that we are of the truth, and shall assure our hearts before him. 1 John iii. 19. 4. To affiance; to betroth. [Obs.] Shak. 5. (Law) To insure; to covenant to indemnify for loss, or to pay a specified sum at death. See Insure. Syn. - To declare; aver; avouch; vouch; assert; asseverate; protest; persuade; convince. As�sured� (?), a. Made sure; safe; insured; certain; indubitable; not doubting; bold to excess. As�sured�, n. One whose life or property is insured. As�sur�ed�ly (?), adv. Certainly; indubitably. �The siege assuredly I'll raise.� Shak. As�sur�ed�ness, n. The state of being assured; certainty; full confidence. As�sur�er (?), n. 1. One who assures. Specifically: One who insures against loss; an insurer or underwriter. 2. One who takes out a life assurance policy. As�sur�gen�cy (?), n. Act of rising. The... assurgency of the spirit through the body. Coleridge. As�sur�gent (?), a. [L. assurgens, p. pr. of assurgere; ad + surgere to rise.] Ascending; (Bot.) rising obliquely; curving upward. Gray. As�sur�ing (?), a. That assures; tending to assure; giving confidence. � As�sur�ing�ly, adv. As�swage� , v. See Assuage. As�syr�i�an (?), a. [L. Assyrius.] Of or pertaining to Assyria, or to its inhabitants. � n. A native or an inhabitant of Assyria; the language of Assyria. As�syr�i�o�log�ic�al (?), a. Of or pertaining to Assyriology; as, Assyriological studies. As�syr�i�ol�o�gist (?), n. One versed in Assyriology; a student of Assyrian arch�ology. As�syr�i�ol�o�gy (?), n. [Assyria + �logy.] The science or study of the antiquities, language, etc., of ancient Assyria. As�syth�ment (?), n. [From OF. aset, asez, orig. meaning enough. See Assets.] Indemnification for injury; satisfaction. [Chiefly in Scots law] � As�ta�cus (?), n. [L. astacus a crab, Gr. ?.] (Zo�l.) A genus of crustaceans, containing the crawfish of fresh�water lobster of Europe, and allied species of western North America. See Crawfish. A�star�board (?), adv. (Naut.) Over to the starboard side; � said of the tiller. A�start� (?), v. t. & i. Same as Astert. [Obs.] � As�tar�te (?), n. [Gr. ? a Ph?nician goddess.] (Zo�l.) A genus of bivalve mollusks, common on the coasts of America and Europe. A�state� (?), n. Estate; state. [Obs.] Chaucer. A�stat�ic (?), a. [Pref. a� not + static.] (Magnetism) Having little or no tendency to take a fixed or definite position or direction: thus, a suspended magnetic needle, when rendered astatic, loses its polarity, or tendency to point in a given direction. � pair (Magnetism), a pair of magnetic needles so mounted as to be nearly or quite ~, as in some galvanometers. A�stat�ic�al�ly (?), adv. In an astatic manner. A�stat�i�cism (?), n. The state of being astatic. A�stay� (?), adv. (Naut.) An anchor is said to be astay, in heaving it, an acute angle is formed between the cable and the surface of the water. As�te�ism (?), n. [Gr. ? refined and witty talk, fr. ? of the town, polite, witty, fr. ? city: cf. F. ast�isme.] (Rhet.) Genteel irony; a polite and ingenious manner of deriding another. As�tel (?), n. [OE. astelle piece of wood, OF. astele splinter, shaving, F. attelle, astelle: cf. L. astula, dim. of assis board.] (Mining) An arch, or ceiling, of boards, placed over the men's heads in a mine. As�ter (?), n. [L. aster aster, star, Gr. ? star. See Star.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of herbs with compound white or bluish flowers; starwort; Michaelmas daisy. 2. (Floriculture) A plant of the genus Callistephus. Many varieties (called China asters, German asters, etc.) are cultivated for their handsome compound flowers. � As�te�ri�as (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ? starred, fr. ? star.] (Zo�l.) A genus of echinoderms. � Formerly the group of this name included nearly all starfishes and ophiurans. Now it is restricted to a genus including the commonest shore starfishes. As�te�ri�a�ted (?), a. [See Asterias.] Radiated, with diverging rays; as, asteriated sapphire. As�ter�id�i�an (?), a. (Zo�l.) Of or pertaining to the Asterioidea. � n. A starfish; one of the Asterioidea. � As�te�ri�oid�e�a (?), � As�ter�id�e�a (?), } n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? + �oid. See Asterias.] (Zo�l.) A class of Echinodermata including the true starfishes. The rays vary in number and always have ambulacral grooves below. The body is starshaped or pentagonal. � As�te�ri�on (?), n. [Gr. ? starry.] (Anat.) The point on the side of the skull where the lambdoid, parieto�mastoid and occipito�mastoid sutures. � As�ter�is�cus (?), n. [L., an asterisk. See Asterisk.] (Anat.) The smaller of the two otoliths found in the inner ear of many fishes. As�ter�isk (?), n. [L. asteriscus, Gr. ?, dim. of ? star. See Aster.] The figure of a star, thus, ?, used in printing and writing as a reference to a passage or note in the margin, to supply the omission of letters or words, or to mark a word or phrase as having a special character. As�ter�ism (?), n. [Gr. ?, fr. ? star; cf. F. ast�risme.] 1. (Astron.) (a) A constellation. [Obs.] (b) A small cluster of stars. 2. (Printing) (a) An asterisk, or mark of reference. [R.] (b) Three asterisks placed in this manner, ???, to direct attention to a particular passage. 3. (Crystallog.) An optical property of some crystals which exhibit a star�shaped by reflected light, as star sapphire, or by transmitted light, as some mica. A�stern� (?), adv. [Pref. a� + stern.] (Naut.) 1. In or at the hinder part of a ship; toward the hinder part, or stern; backward; as, to go astern. 2. Behind a ship; in the rear. �A gale of wind right astern.� De Foe. �Left this strait astern.� Drake. To bake ~, to go stern foremost. � To be ~ of the reckoning, to be behind the position given by the reckoning. � To drop ~, to fall or be left behind. � To go ~, to go backward, as from the action of currents or winds. A�ster�nal (?), a. [Pref. a� not + sternal.] (Anat.) Not sternal; � said of ribs which do not join the sternum. As�ter�oid (?), n. [Gr. ? starlike, starry; ? star + ? form: cf. F. ast�ro�de. See Aster.] A starlike body; esp. one of the numerous small planets whose orbits lie between those of Mars and Jupiter; � called also planetoids and minor planets. As�ter�oid�al (?), a. Of or pertaining to an asteroid, or to the asteroids. � As�te�rol�e�pis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ? star + ? scale.] (Paleon.) A genus of fishes, some of which were eighteen or twenty feet long, found in a fossil state in the Old Red Sandstone. Hugh Miller. <-- p. 94 --> As�ter�oph�yl�lite (?), n. [Gr. ? star + ? leaf.] (Paleon.) A fossil plant from the coal formations of Europe and America, now regarded as the branchlets and foliage of calamites. A�stert (?), v. t. [Pref. a� + start; OE. asterten, asturten.] To start up; to befall; to escape; to shun. [Obs.] Spenser. A�stert�, v. i. To escape. [Obs.] Chaucer. � As�the�ni�a (?), As�the�ny (?), } n. [NL. asthenia, Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? strength.] (Med.) Want or loss of strength; debility; diminution of the vital forces. As�then�ic (?), a. [Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? strength.] (Med.) Characterized by, or pertaining to, debility; weak; debilitating. � As�the�no�pi�a (?), n. [Gr. ? priv. + ? strength + ? eye.] Weakness of sight. Quain. � As�the�nop�ic (?), a. Asth�ma (?; 277), n. [Gr. ? short�drawn breath, fr. ? to blow, for ?: cf. Skr. v�, Goth. waian, to blow, E. wind.] (Med.) A disease, characterized by difficulty of breathing (due to a spasmodic contraction of the bronchi), recurring at intervals, accompanied with a wheezing sound, a sense of constriction in the chest, a cough, and expectoration. Asth�mat�ic (?), Asth�mat�ic�al (?), } a. [L. asthmaticus, Gr. ?.] Of or pertaining to asthma; as, an asthmatic cough; liable to, or suffering from, asthma; as, an asthmatic patient. � Asth�mat�ic�al�ly, adv. Asth�mat�ic, n. A person affected with asthma. As�tig�mat�ic (?), a. (Med. & Opt.) Affected with, or pertaining to, astigmatism; as, astigmatic eyes; also, remedying astigmatism; as, astigmatic lenses. A�stig�ma�tism (?), n. [Gr. ? priv. + ?, ?, a prick of a pointed instrument, a spot, fr. ? to prick: cf. F. astigmatisme.] (Med. & Opt.) A defect of the eye or of a lens, in consequence of which the rays derived from one point are not brought to a single focal point, thus causing imperfect images or indistictness of vision. � The term is applied especially to the defect causing images of lines having a certain direction to be indistinct, or imperfectly seen, while those of lines transverse to the former are distinct, or clearly seen. As�tip�u�late (?), v. i. [L. astipulari; ad + stipulari to stipulate.] To assent. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. As�tip�u�la�tion (?), n. [L. astipulatio.] Stipulation; agreement. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. A�stir� (?), adv. & a. [Pref. a� + stir.] Stirring; in a state of activity or motion; out of bed. A�stom�a�tous (?), As�to�mous (?), } a. [Gr. ? priv. + ?, ?, mouth.] Not possessing a mouth. As�ton� (?), As�tone� (?), } v. t. [imp. & p. p. Astoned, Astond, or Astound.] [See Astonish.] To stun; to astonish; to stupefy. [Obs.] Chaucer. As�ton�ied (?), p. p. Stunned; astonished. See Astony. [Archaic] And I astonied fell and could not pray. Mrs. Browning. As�ton�ish (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Astonished (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Astonishing.] [OE. astonien, astunian, astonen, OF. estoner, F. �tonner, fr. L. ex out + tonare to thunder, but perhaps influenced by E. stun. See Thunder, Astound, Astony.] 1. To stun; to render senseless, as by a blow. [Obs.] Enough, captain; you have astonished him. [Fluellen had struck Pistol.] Shak. The very cramp�fish [i. e., torpedo]... being herself not benumbed, is able to astonish others. Holland. 2. To strike with sudden fear, terror, or wonder; to amaze; to surprise greatly, as with something unaccountable; to confound with some sudden emotion or passion. Musidorus... had his wits astonished with sorrow. Sidney. I, Daniel... was astonished at the vision. Dan. viii. 27. Syn. - To amaze; astound; overwhelm; surprise. � Astonished, Surprised. We are surprised at what is unexpected. We are astonished at what is above or beyond our comprehension. We are taken by surprise. We are struck with astonishment. C. J. Smith. See Amaze. As�ton�ish�ed�ly (?), adv. In an astonished manner. [R.] Bp. Hall. As�ton�ish�ing, a. Very wonderful; of a nature to excite astonishment; as, an astonishing event. Syn. - Amazing; surprising; wonderful; marvelous. � As�ton�ish�ing�ly, adv. � As�ton�ish�ing�ness, n. As�ton�ish�ment (?), n. [Cf. OF. est?nnement, F. �tonnement.] 1. The condition of one who is stunned. Hence: Numbness; loss of sensation; stupor; loss of sense. [Obs.] A coldness and astonishment in his loins, as folk say. Holland. 2. Dismay; consternation. [Archaic] Spenser. 3. The overpowering emotion excited when something unaccountable, wonderful, or dreadful is presented to the mind; an intense degree of surprise; amazement. Lest the place And my quaint habits breed astonishment. Milton. 4. The object causing such an emotion. Thou shalt become an astonishment. Deut. xxviii. 37. Syn. - Amazement; wonder; surprise. As�to�y (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Astonied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Astonying. See Astone.] To stun; to bewilder; to astonish; to dismay. [Archaic] The captain of the Helots... strake Palladius upon the side of his head, that he reeled astonied. Sir P. Sidney. This sodeyn cas this man astonied so, That reed he wex, abayst, and al quaking. Chaucer. A�stoop� (?), adv. [Pref. a� + stoop.] In a stooping or inclined position. Gay. As�tound� (?), a. [OE. astouned, astound, astoned, p. p. of astone. See Astone.] Stunned; astounded; astonished. [Archaic] Spenser. Thus Ellen, dizzy and astound. As sudden ruin yawned around. Sir W. Scott. As�tound�, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Astounded, Obs. Astound; p. pr. & vb. n. Astounding.] [See Astound, a.] 1. To stun; to stupefy. No puissant stroke his senses once astound. Fairfax. 2. To astonish; to strike with amazement; to confound with wonder, surprise, or fear. These thoughts may startle well, but not astound The virtuous mind. Milton. As�tound�ing, a. Of a nature to astound; astonishing; amazing; as, an astounding force, statement, or fact. � As�found�ing�ly, adv. As�found�ment (?), n. Amazement. Coleridge. As�tra�chan� (?), a. & n. See Astrakhan. A�strad�dle (?), adv. [Pref. a� + straddle.] In a straddling position; astride; bestriding; as, to sit astraddle a horse. As�tr��an (?), a. [Gr. ? starry.] (Zo�l.) Pertaining to the genus Astr�a or the family Astr�id�. � n. A coral of the family Astr�id�; a star coral. As�tra�gal (?), n. [L. astragalus, Gr. ? the ankle bone, a molding in the capital of the Ionic column.] 1. (Arch.) A convex molding of rounded surface, generally from half to three quarters of a circle. 2. (Gun.) A round molding encircling a cannon near the mouth. As�trag�a�lar (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the astragalus. As�trag�a�loid (?), a. [Astragalus + �oid.] (Anat.) Resembling the astragalus in form. As�trag�a�lo�man�cy (?), n. [Gr. ? ankle bone, die + �mancy.] Divination by means of small bones or dice. � As�trag�a�lus (?), n. [L. See Astragal.] 1. (Anat.) The ankle bone, or hock bone; the bone of the tarsus which articulates with the tibia at the ankle. 2. (Bot.) A genus of papilionaceous plants, of the tribe Galege�, containing numerous species, two of which are called, in English, milk vetch and licorice vetch. Gum tragacanth is obtained from different oriental species, particularly the A. gummifer and A. verus. 3. (Arch.) See Astragal, 1. As�tra�khan� (?), a. Of or pertaining to � in Russia or its products; made of an � skin. � n. The skin of stillborn or young lambs of that region, the curled wool of which resembles fur. As�tral (?), a. [L. astralis, fr. astrum star, Gr. ?: cf. F. astral. See Star.] Pertaining to, coming from, or resembling, the stars; starry; starlike. Shines only with an astral luster. I. Taylor. Some astral forms I must invoke by prayer. Dryden. � lamp, an Argand lamp so constructed that no shadow is cast upon the table by the flattened ring�shaped reservoir in which the oil is contained. � � spirits, spirits formerly supposed to live in the heavenly bodies or the a�rial regions, and represented in the Middle Ages as fallen angels, spirits of the dead, or spirits originating in fire. A�strand� (?), adv. & a. [Pref. a� + strand.] Stranded. Sir W. Scott. A�stray� (?), adv. & a. [See Estray, Stray.] Out of the right, either in a literal or in a figurative sense; wandering; as, to lead one astray. Ye were as sheep going astray. 1 Pet. ii. 25. As�trict� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Astricted;�p. pr. & vb. n. Astricting.] [L. astrictus, p. p. of astringere. See Astringe.] 1. To bind up; to confine; to constrict; to contract. The solid parts were to be relaxed or astricted. Arbuthnot. 2. To bind; to constrain; to restrict; to limit. [R.] The mind is astricted to certain necessary modes or forms of thought. Sir W. Hamilton. 3. (Scots Law) To restrict the tenure of; as, to astrict lands. See Astriction, 4. Burrill. As�trict�, a. Concise; contracted. [Obs.] Weever. As�tric�tion (?), n. [L. astrictio.] 1. The act of binding; restriction; also, obligation. Milton. 2. (Med.) (a) A contraction of parts by applications; the action of an astringent substance on the animal economy. Dunglison. (b) Constipation. Arbuthnot. 3. Astringency. [Obs.] Bacon. 4. (Scots Law) An obligation to have the grain growing on certain lands ground at a certain mill, the owner paying a toll. Bell. � The lands were said to be astricted to the mill. As�tric�tive (?), a. Binding; astringent. � n. An astringent. � As�tric�tive�ly, adv. As�tric�to�ry (?), a. Astrictive. [R.] A�stride� (?), adv. [Pref. a� + stride.] With one leg on each side, as a man when on horseback; with the legs stretched wide apart; astraddle. Placed astride upon the bars of the palisade. Sir W. Scott. Glasses with horn bows sat astride on his nose. Longfellow. As�trif�er�ous (?), a. [L. astrifer; astrum star + ferre to bear.] Bearing stars. [R.] Blount. As�tringe� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Astringed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Astringing (?).] [L. astringere; ad + stringere to draw tight. Cf. Astrict, and see Strain, v. t.] 1. To bind fast; to constrict; to contract; to cause parts to draw together; to compress. Which contraction... astringeth the moistu?? ? br?? and thereby sendeth tears into the eyes. Bacon. 2. To bind by moral or legal obligation. Wolsey. As�trin�gen�cy (?), n. The quality of being astringent; the power of contracting the parts of the body; that quality in medicines or other substances which causes contraction of the organic textures; as, the astringency of tannin. As�trin�gent (?), a. [L. astringens, p. pr. of astringere: cf. F. astringent. See Astringe.] 1. Drawing together the tissues; binding; contracting; � opposed to laxative; as, astringent medicines; a butter and astringent taste; astringent fruit. 2. Stern; austere; as, an astringent type of virtue. As�trin�gent, n. A medicine or other substance that produces contraction in the soft organic textures, and checks discharges of blood, mucus, etc. External astringents are called styptics. Dunglison. As�trin�gent�ly, adv. In an astringent manner. As�trin�ger (?),n. [OE. ostreger, OF. ostrucier, F. autoursier, fr. OF. austour, ostor, hawk, F. autour; cf. L. acceptor, for accipiter, hawk.] A falconer who keeps a goschawk. [Obs.] Shak. Cowell. [Written also austringer.] As�tro� (?). The combining form of the Greek word ?, meaning star. As�tro�fel, As�tro�fell } (?), n. A bitter herb, probably the same as aster, or starwort. Spenser. As�trog�e�ny (?), n. [Astro� + Gr. ? birth.] The creation or evolution of the stars or the heavens. H. Spencer. As�trog�no�sy (?), n. [Astro� + Gr. ? knowledge.] The science or knowledge of the stars, esp. the fixed stars. Bouvier. As�trog�o�ny (?), n. Same as Astrogeny. � As��tro�gon�ic (?), a. As�trog�ra�phy (?), n. [Astro� + �graphy.] The art of describing or delineating the stars; a description or mapping of the heavens. As�tro�ite (?), n. [L. astroites: cf. F. astroite.] A radiated stone or fossil; star�stone. [Obs.] [Written also astrite and astrion.] As�tro�labe (?), n. [OE. astrolabie, astrilabe, OF. astrelabe, F. astrolabe, LL. astrolabium, fr. Gr. ?; ? star + ?, ?, to take.] 1. (Astron.) An instrument for observing or showing the positions of the stars. It is now disused. � Among the ancients, it was essentially the armillary sphere. A graduated circle with sights, for taking altitudes at sea, was called an astrolabe in the 18th century. It is now superseded by the quadrant and sextant. 2. A stereographic projection of the sphere on the plane of a great circle, as the equator, or a meridian; a planisphere. Whewell. As�trol�a�ter (?), n. A worshiper of the stars. Morley. As�trol�a�try (?), n. [Astro� + Gr. ? service, worship: cf. F. astrol�trie.] The worship of the stars. As�tro�li�thol�o�gy (?), n. [Astro� + lithology.] The science of a�rolites. As�trol�o�ger (?), n. [See Astrology.] 1. One who studies the stars; an astronomer. [Obs.] 2. One who practices astrology; one who professes to foretell events by the aspects and situation of the stars. As�tro�lo�gi�an (?), n. [OF. astrologien.] An astrologer. [Obs.] As�tro�log�ic (?), As�tro�log�ic�al (?), } a. [Gr. ?.] Of or pertaining to astrology; professing or practicing astrology. �Astrologi? learning.� Hudibras. �Astrological prognostication.� Cudworth. � As�tro�log�ic�al�ly, adv. As�trol�o�gize (?), v. t. & i. To apply astrology to; to study or practice astrology. As�trol�o�gy (?), n. [F. astrologie, L. astrologia, fr. Gr. ?, fr. ? astronomer, astrologer; ? star + ? discourse, ? to speak. See Star.] In its etymological signification, the science of the stars; among the ancients, synonymous with astronomy; subsequently, the art of judging of the influences of the stars upon human affairs, and of foretelling events by their position and aspects. � Astrology was much in vogue during the Middle Ages, and became the parent of modern astronomy, as alchemy did of chemistry. It was divided into two kinds: judicial astrology, which assumed to foretell the fate and acts of nations and individuals, and natural astrology, which undertook to predict events of inanimate nature, such as changes of the weather, etc. As�tro�man�tic (?), a. [Gr. ? astrology.] Of or pertaining to divination by means of the stars; astrologic. [R.] Dr. H. More. As�tro�me�te�or�ol�o�gy (?), n. [Astro� + meteorology.] The investigation of the relation between the sun, moon, and stars, and the weather. � As��tro�me�te�or�o�log�ic�al (?), a. � As�tro�me�te�or�ol�o�gist (?), n. As�trom�e�ter (?), n. [Astro� + �meter.] An instrument for comparing the relative amount of the light of stars. As�trom�e�try (?), n. [Astro� + �metry.] The art of making measurements among the stars, or of determining their relative magnitudes. As�tron�o�mer (?), n. [See Astronomy.] 1. An astrologer. [Obs.] Shak. 2. One who is versed in astronomy; one who has a knowledge of the laws of the heavenly orbs, or the principles by which their motions are regulated, with their various phenomena. An undevout astronomer is mad. Young. As�tro�no�mi�an (?), n. [OE. & OF. astronomien. See Astronomy.] An astrologer. [Obs.] As�tro�nom�ic (?), a. Astronomical. <-- p. 95 --> As�tro�nom�ic�al (?), a. [L. astronomicus, Gr. ?: cf. F. astronomique.] Of or pertaining to astronomy; in accordance with the methods or principles of astronomy. � As�tro�nom�ic�al�ly, adv. � clock. See under Clock. � � day. See under Clock. � � day. See under Day. � � fractions, � numbers. See under Sexagesimal. As�tron�o�mize , v. i. [Gr. ?.] To study or to talk astronomy. [R.] They astronomized in caves. Sir T. Browne. As�tron�o�my (?), n. [OE. astronomie, F. astronomie, L. astronomia, fr. Gr. ?, fr. ? astronomer; ? star + ? to distribute, regulate. See Star, and Nomad.] 1. Astrology. [Obs.] Not from the stars do I my judgment pluck; And yet methinks I have astronomy. Shak. 2. The science which treats of the celestial bodies, of their magnitudes, motions, distances, periods of revolution, eclipses, constitution, physical condition, and of the causes of their various phenomena. 3. A treatise on, or text�book of, the science. Physical ~. See under Physical. As�tro�phel (?), n. See Astrofel.�[Obs.] As�tro�pho�tog�ra�phy (?), n. [Astro� + photography.] The application of photography to the delineation of the sun, moon, and stars. As�tro�phys�ic�al (?), a. Pertaining to the physics of astronomical science. � As�troph�y�ton (?), n. [Astro� + Gr. ? a plant.] (Zo�l.) A genus of ophiurans having the arms much branched. As�tro�scope (?), n. [Astro� + scope.] An old astronomical instrument, formed of two cones, on whose surface the constellations were delineated. As�tros�co�py (?), n. Observation of the stars. [Obs.] As�tro�the�ol��o�gy (?), n. [Astro� + theology.] Theology founded on observation or knowledge of the celestial bodies. Derham. A�struc�tive (?), a. [L. astructus, p. p. of astruere to build up; ad + struere to build.] Building up; constructive; � opposed to destructive.�[Obs.] A�strut� (?), a. & adv. 1. Sticking out, or puffed out; swelling; in a swelling manner. [Archaic] Inflated and astrut with self�conceit. Cowper. 2. In a strutting manner; with a strutting gait. As�tu�cious (?), a. [F. astucieux. See Astute.] Subtle; cunning; astute. [R.] Sir W. Scott. � As�tu�cious�ly, adv. [R.] As�tu�ci�ty (?), n. [See Astucious.] Craftiness; astuteness. [R.] Carlyle. A�stun� (?), v. t. [See Astony, Stun.] To stun. [Obs.] �Breathless and astunned.� Somerville. As�tu�ri�an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Asturias in Spain. � n. A native of Asturias. As�tute� (?), a. [L. astutus, fr. astus craft, cunning; perh. cognate with E. acute.] Critically discerning; sagacious; shrewd; subtle; crafty. Syn. - Keen; eagle�eyed; penetrating; skilled; discriminating; cunning; sagacious; subtle; wily; crafty. � As�tute�ly, adv. � As�tute�ness, n. A�sty�lar (?), a. [Gr. ? priv. + ? pillar.] (arch.) Without columns pr pilasters. Weale. A�styl�len (?), n. (Mining) A small dam to prevent free passage of water in an adit or level. A�sun�der (?), adv. [Pref. a� + sunder.] Apart; separate from each other; into parts; in two; separately; into or in different pieces or places. I took my staff, even Beauty, and cut it asunder. Zech. xi. 10. As wide asunder as pole and pole. Froude. � A�su�ra (?), n. (Hind. Myth.) An enemy of the gods, esp. one of a race of demons and giants. � As�wail (?), n. [Native name.] (Zo�l.) The sloth bear (Melursus labiatus) of India. A�swewe� (?), v. t. [AS. aswebban; a + swebban. See Sweven.] To stupefy. [Obs.] Chaucer. A�swing� (?), adv. In a state of swinging. A�swoon� (?), adv. In a swoon. Chaucer. A�swooned� (?), adv. In a swoon. A�sy�lum (?), n.; pl. E. Asylums (?), L. Asyla (?). [L. asylum, Gr. ?, fr. ? exempt from spoliation, inviolable; ? priv. + ? right of seizure.] 1. A sanctuary or place of refuge and protection, where criminals and debtors found shelter, and from which they could not be forcibly taken without sacrilege. So sacred was the church to some, that it had the right of an asylum or sanctuary. Ayliffe. � The name was anciently given to temples, altars, statues of the gods, and the like. In later times Christian churches were regarded as asylums in the same sense. 2. Any place of retreat and security. Earth has no other asylum for them than its own cold bosom. Southey. 3. An institution for the protection or relief of some class of destitute, unfortunate, or afflicted persons; as, an asylum for the aged, for the blind, or for the insane; a lunatic asylum; an orphan asylum. A�sym�me�tral (?), a. Incommensurable; also, unsymmetrical. [Obs.] D. H. More. As�ym�met�ric (?), As�ym�met�ri�cal (?), } a. [See Asymmetrous.] 1. Incommensurable. [Obs.] 2. Not symmetrical; wanting proportion; esp., not bilaterally symmetrical. Huxley. A�sym�me�trous (?), a. [Gr. ?.] Asymmetrical. [Obs.] Barrow. A�sym�me�try (?), n. [Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? symmetry.] 1. Want of symmetry, or proportion between the parts of a thing, esp. want of bilateral symmetry. 2. (Math.) Incommensurability. [Obs.] Barrow. As�ymp�tote (?; 215), n. [Gr. ? not falling together; ? priv. + ? to fall together; ? with + ? to fall. Cf. Symptom.] (Math.) A line which approaches nearer to some curve than assignable distance, but, though infinitely extended, would never meet it. Asymptotes may be straight lines or curves. A rectilinear asymptote may be conceived as a tangent to the curve at an infinite distance. As�ymp�tot�ic (?), As�ymp�tot�ic�al (?), } a. Pertaining to, or partaking of the nature of, an asymptote; as, asymptotical lines, surfaces, or planes. � As�ymp�tot�ic�ly, adv. A�syn�ar�tete� (?), a. [Gr. ? not united, disconnected; ? priv. + ? with + ? to fasten to.] Disconnected; not fitted or adjusted. � A�syn�ar�tet�ic (?), a. � verse (Pros.), a verse of two members, having different rhythms; as when the first consists of iambuses and the second of trochees. As�yn�det�ic (?), a. [See Asyndeton.] Characterized by the use of asyndeton; not connected by conjunctions. � As�yn�det�ic�al�ly, adv. A�syn�de�ton (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. ?, fr. ? unconnected; ? priv. + ? bound together, fr. ?; ? with + ? to bind.] (Rhet.) A figure which omits the connective; as, I came, I saw, I conquered. It stands opposed to polysyndeton. A�sys�to�le (?)(?), n. [Pref. a� not + systole.] (Physiol.) A weakening or cessation of the contractile power of the heart. A�sys�to�lism (?), n. The state or symptoms characteristic of asystole. At (?), prep. [AS. �t; akin to OHG. az, Goth., OS., & Icel. at, Sw. �t, Dan. & L. ad.] Primarily, this word expresses the relations of presence, nearness in place or time, or direction toward; as, at the ninth hour; at the house; to aim at a mark. It is less definite than in or on; at the house may be in or near the house. From this original import are derived all the various uses of at. It expresses: � 1. A relation of proximity to, or of presence in or on, something; as, at the door; at your shop; at home; at school; at hand; at sea and on land. 2. The relation of some state or condition; as, at war; at peace; at ease; at your service; at fault; at liberty; at risk; at disadvantage. 3. The relation of some employment or action; occupied with; as, at engraving; at husbandry; at play; at work; at meat (eating); except at puns. 4. The relation of a point or position in a series, or of degree, rate, or value; as, with the thermometer at 800; goods sold at a cheap price; a country estimated at 10,000 square miles; life is short at the longest. 5. The relations of time, age, or order; as, at ten o'clock; at twenty�one; at once; at first. 6. The relations of source, occasion, reason, consequence, or effect; as, at the sight; at this news; merry at anything; at this declaration; at his command; to demand, require, receive, deserve, endure at your hands. 7. Relation of direction toward an object or end; as, look at it; to point at one; to aim at a mark; to throw, strike, shoot, wink, mock, laugh at any one. At all, At home, At large, At last, At length, At once, etc. See under All, Home, Large, Last (phrase and syn.), Length, Once, etc. � At it, busily or actively engaged. � At least. See Least and However. � At one. See At one, in the Vocabulary. Syn. - In, At. When reference to the interior of any place is made prominent in is used. It is used before the names of countries and cities (esp. large cities); as, we live in America, in New York, in the South. At is commonly employed before names of houses, institutions, villages, and small places; as, Milton was educated at Christ's College; money taken in at the Customhouse; I saw him at the jeweler's; we live at Beachville. At may be used before the name of a city when it is regarded as a mere point of locality. �An English king was crowned at Paris.� Macaulay. �Jean Jacques Rousseau was born at Geneva, June, 28, 1712.� J. Morley. In regard to time, we say at the hour, on the day, in the year; as, at 9 o'clock, on the morning of July 5th, in the year 1775. At�a�bal (?), n. [Sp. atabal, fr. Ar. at�tabl the drum, tabala to beat the drum. Cf. Tymbal.] A kettledrum; a kind of tabor, used by the Moors. Croly. A�tac�a�mite (?), n. [From the desert of Atacama, where found.] (Min.) An oxychloride of copper, usually in emerald�green prismatic crystals. At�aft�er (?), prep. After. [Obs.] Chaucer. At�a�ghan (?), n. See Yataghan. A�take� (?), v. t. To overtake. [Obs.] Chaucer. At�a�man (?), n. [Russ. ataman': cf. Pol. hetman, G. hauptmann headman, chieftain. Cf. Hetman.] A hetman, or chief of the Cossacks. � At�a�rax�i�a (?), At�a�rax�y (?), } n. [NL. ataraxia, Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? disturbed, ? to disturb.] Perfect peace of mind, or calmness. A�taunt� (?), A�taunt�o (?), } adv. [F. autant as much (as possible).] (Naut.) Fully rigged, as a vessel; with all sails set; set on end or set right. A�tav�ic (?), a. [Cf. F. atavique.] Pertaining to a remote ancestor, or to atavism. At�a�vism (?), n. [L. atavus an ancestor, fr. avus a grandfather.] (a) The recurrence, or a tendency to a recurrence, of the original type of a species in the progeny of its varieties; resemblance to remote rather than to near ancestors; reversion to the original form. (b) (Biol.) The recurrence of any peculiarity or disease of an ancestor in a subsequent generation, after an intermission for a generation or two. Now and then there occur cases of what physiologists call atavism, or reversion to an ancestral type of character. J. Fiske. � A�tax�i�a (?), At�ax�y (?), } n. [NL. ataxia, Gr. ?, fr. ? out of order; ? priv. + ? ordered, arranged, ? to put in order: cf. F. ataxie.] 1. Disorder; irregularity. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. 2. (Med.) (a) Irregularity in disease, or in the functions. (b) The state of disorder that characterizes nervous fevers and the nervous condition. Locomotor ataxia. See Locomotor. A�tax�ic (?), a. [Cf. F. ataxique. See Ataxia.] (Med.) Characterized by ataxy, that is, (a) by great irregularity of functions or symptoms, or (b) by a want of coordinating power in movements. � fever, malignant typhus fever. Pinel. At�a�zir� (?), n. [OF., fr. Ar. al�tas�r influence.] (Astron.) The influence of a star upon other stars or upon men. [Obs.] Chaucer. Ate (?; 277), the preterit of Eat. A�te (?), n. [Gr. ?.] (Greek. Myth.) The goddess of mischievous folly; also, in later poets, the goddess of vengeance. �ate (?). [From the L. suffix �atus, the past participle ending of verbs of the 1st conj.] 1. As an ending of participles or participial adjectives it is equivalent to �ed; as, situate or situated; animate or animated. 2. As the ending of a verb, it means to make, to cause, to act, etc.; as, to propitiate (to make propitious); to animate (to give life to). 3. As a noun suffix, it marks the agent; as, curate, delegate. It also sometimes marks the office or dignity; as, tribunate. 4. In chemistry it is used to denote the salts formed from those acids whose names end �ic (excepting binary or halogen acids); as, sulphate from sulphuric acid, nitrate from nitric acid, etc. It is also used in the case of certain basic salts. A�tech�nic (?), a. [Pref. a� not + technic.] Without technical or artistic knowledge. Difficult to convey to the atechnic reader. Etching & Engr. � At�e�les (?), n. [Gr. ? incomplete; ? priv. + ? completion.] (Zo�l.) A genus of American monkeys with prehensile tails, and having the thumb wanting or rudimentary. See Spider monkey, and Coaita. � A�te�lier� (?)(?) n. [F.] A workshop; a studio. A�tel�lan (?), a. [L. Atellanus, fr. Atella, an ancient town of the Osci, in Campania.] Of or pertaining to Atella, in ancient Italy; as, Atellan plays; farcical; ribald. � n. A farcical drama performed at Atella. A�thal�a�mous (?), a. [Gr. ? priv. + ? nuptial bed.] (Bot.) Not furnished with shields or beds for the spores, as the thallus of certain lichens. Ath�a�maunt (?), n. Adamant. [Obs.] Written in the table of athamaunt. Chaucer. Ath�a�na�sian (?; 277), a. Of or pertaining to Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria in the 4th century. � creed, a formulary, confession, or exposition of faith, formerly supposed to have been drawn up by Athanasius; but this opinion is now rejected, and the composition is ascribed by some to Hilary, bishop of Arles (5th century). It is a summary of what was called the orthodox faith. Ath�a�nor (?), n. [F., fr. Ar. at�tann?r, fr. Heb. tann?r an oven or furnace.] A digesting furnace, formerly used by alchemists. It was so constructed as to maintain uniform and durable heat. Chambers. � Ath�e�ca�ta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? priv. + ? chest, box.] (Zo�l.) A division of Hydroidea in which the zooids are naked, or not inclosed in a capsule. See Tubularian. At�the�ism (?), n. [Cf. F. ath�isme. See Atheist.] 1. The disbelief or denial of the existence of a God, or supreme intelligent Being. Atheism is a ferocious system, that leaves nothing above us to excite awe, nor around us to awaken tenderness. R. Hall. Atheism and pantheism are often wrongly confounded. Shipley. 2. Godlessness. A�the�ist, n. [Gr. ? without god; ? priv. + ? god: cf. F. ath�iste.] 1. One who disbelieves or denies the existence of a God, or supreme intelligent Being. 2. A godless person. [Obs.] Syn. - Infidel; unbeliever. See Infidel. A�the�is�tic (?), A�the�is�tic�al (?), } a. 1. Pertaining to, implying, or containing, atheism; � applied to things; as, atheistic doctrines, opinions, or books. Atheistical explications of natural effects. Barrow. 2. Disbelieving the existence of a God; impious; godless; � applied to persons; as, an atheistic writer. � A�the�is�tic�al�ly, adv. � A�the�is�tic�al�ness, n. A�the�ize (?), v. t. To render atheistic or godless. [R.] They endeavored to atheize one another. Berkeley. A�the�ize, v. i. To discourse, argue, or act as an atheist. [R.] � A�the�i�zer (?), n. Cudworth. <-- p. 96 --> Ath�el�ing (?), n. [AS. �?eling noble, fr. �?ele noble, akin to G. adel nobility, edel noble. The word �?el, E. ethel, is in many AS. proper names, as Ethelwolf, noble wolf; Ethelbald, noble bold; Ethelbert, noble bright.] An Anglo�Saxon prince or nobleman; esp., the heir apparent or a prince of the royal family. [Written also Adeling and �theling.] Ath�e�ne�um, Ath�e�n��um } (?), n. pl. E. Atheneums (?), L. Athen�a (?). [L. Athenaemum, Gr. ? a temple of Minerva at Athens, fr. ?, contr. fr. ?, ?, in Homer ?, ?, Athene (called Minerva by the Romans), the tutelary goddess of Athens.] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) A temple of Athene, at Athens, in which scholars and poets were accustomed to read their works and instruct students. 2. A school founded at Rome by Hadrian. 3. A literary or scientific association or club. 4. A building or an apartment where a library, periodicals, and newspaper? are kept for use. A�the�ni�an (?), a. [Cf. F. Ath�nien.] Of or pertaining to Athens, the metropolis of Greece. � n. A native or citizen of Athens. A�the�o�log�ic�al (?), a. Opposed to theology; atheistic. Bp. Montagu. A�the�ol�o�gy (?), n. [Pref. a� not + theology.] Antagonism to theology. Swift. A�the�ous (?), a. [Gr. ? without God. See Atheist.] 1. Atheistic; impious. [Obs.] Milton. 2. Without God, neither accepting nor denying him. I should say science was atheous, and therefore could not be atheistic. Bp. of Carlisle. Ath�er�ine (?), n. [NL. atherina, fr. Gr. ? a kind of smelt.] (Zo�l.) A small marine fish of the family Atherinid�,�having a silvery stripe along the sides. The European species (Atherina presbyter) is used as food. The American species (Menidia notata) is called silversides and sand smelt. See Silversides. A�ther�man�cy (?), n. [See Athermanous.] Inability to transmit radiant; impermeability to heat. Tyndall. A�ther�ma�nous (?), a. [Gr. ? priv. + ? to heat, ? heat: cf. F. athermane.] (Chem.) Not transmitting heat; � opposed to diathermanous. A�ther�mous (?), a. (Chem.) Athermanous. Ath�er�oid (?), a. [Gr. ?, ?, a beard, or an ear, of grain + �oid.] Shaped like an ear of grain. � Ath�e�ro�ma (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. ?, ?, fr. ? gr?ats, meal.] (Med.) (a) An encysted tumor containing curdy matter. (b) A disease characterized by thickening and fatty degeneration of the inner coat of the arteries. Ath�e�rom�a�tous (?), a. (Med.) Of, pertaining to, or having the nature of, atheroma. Wiseman. � Ath�e�to�sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ? not fixed; ? priv. + ? to set.] (Med.) A variety of chorea, marked by peculiar tremors of the fingers and toes. A�think� (?), v. t. To repent; to displease; to disgust. [Obs.] Chaucer. A�thirst� (?), a. [OE. ofthurst, AS. ofpyrsted, p. p. of ofpyrstan; pref. of�, intensive + pyrstan to thirst. See Thirst.] 1. Wanting drink; thirsty. 2.�Having a keen appetite or desire; eager; longing. �Athirst for battle.� Cowper. Ath�lete (?), n. [L. athleta, Gr. ? prizefighter, fr. ? to contend for a prize, ?, Hom. ?, contest, ? prize; fr. the same root as E. wed: cf. F. athl�te.] 1. (Antiq.) One who contended for a prize in the public games of ancient Greece or Rome. 2. Any one trained to contend in exercises requiring great physical agility and strength; one who has great activity and strength; a champion. 3. One fitted for, or skilled in, intellectual contests; as, athletes of debate. Ath�let�ic (?), a. [L. athleticus, Gr. ?. See Athlete.] 1. Of or pertaining to athletes or to the exercises practiced by them; as, athletic games or sports. 2. Befitting an athlete; strong; muscular; robust; vigorous; as, athletic Celts. �Athletic soundness.� South. � Ath�let�ic�al�ly (?), adv. Ath�let�i�cism (?), n. The practice of engaging in athletic games; athletism. Ath�let�ics (?), n. The art of training by athletic exercises; the games and sports of athletes. Ath�le�tism (?), n. The state or practice of an athlete; the characteristics of an athlete. A�thwart� (?), prep. [Pref. a� + thwart.] 1. Across; from side to side of. Athwart the thicket lone. Tennyson. 2. (Naut.) Across the direction or course of; as, a fleet standing athwart our course. � hawse, across the stem of another vessel, whether in contact or at a small distance. � � ships, across the ship from side to side, or in that direction; � opposed to fore and aft. A�thwart�, adv. 1. Across, especially in an oblique direction; sidewise; obliquely. Sometimes athwart, sometimes he strook him straight. Spenser. 2. Across the course; so as to thwart; perversely. All athwart there came A post from Wales loaden with heavy news. Shak. A�tilt� (?), adv. [Pref. a� + tilt.] 1. In the manner of a tilter; in the position, or with the action, of one making a thrust. �To run atilt at men.� Hudibras. 2. In the position of a cask tilted, or with one end raised. [In this sense sometimes used as an adjective.] Abroach, atilt, and run Even to the lees of honor. Beau. & Fl. At�i�my (?), n. [Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? honor.] (Gr. Antiq.) Public disgrace or stigma; infamy; loss of civil rights. Mitford. �a�tion (?). [L. �ationem. See �tion.] A suffix forming nouns of action, and often equivalent to the verbal substantive in �ing. It sometimes has the further meanings of state, and that which results from the action. Many of these nouns have verbs in �ate; as, alliterate �ation, narrate �ation; many are derived through the French; as, alteration, visitation; and many are formed on verbs ending in the Greek formative �ize (Fr. �ise); as, civilization, demoralization. A�tip�toe (?), adv. One tiptoe; eagerly expecting. We all feel a�tiptoe with hope and confidence. F. Harrison. � At�lan�ta (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ?.] (Zo�l.) A genus of small glassy heteropod mollusks found swimming at the surface in mid ocean. See Heteropod. At�lan�tal (?), a. (Anat.) (a) Relating to the atlas. (b) Anterior; cephalic. Barclay. At�lan�te�an (?), a. [L. Atlant?us.] 1. Of or pertaining to the isle Atlantis, which the ancients allege was sunk, and overwhelmed by the ocean. 2. Pertaining to, or resembling, Atlas; strong. With Atlantean shoulders, fit to bear The weight of mightiest monarchies. Milton. � At�lan�tes (?), n. pl. [L., fr. Gr. ?, pl. of ?. See Atlas.] (Arch.) Figures or half figures of men, used as columns to support an entablature; � called also telamones. See Caryatides. Oxf. Gloss. At�lan�tic (?), a. [L. Atlanticus, fr. Atlas. See Atlas and Atlantes.] 1. Of or pertaining to Mt. Atlas in Libya, and hence applied to the ocean which lies between Europe and Africa on the east and America on the west; as, the Atlantic Ocean (called also the Atlantic); the Atlantic basin; the Atlantic telegraph. 2. Of or pertaining to the isle of Atlantis. 3. Descended from Atlas. The seven Atlantic sisters. Milton. � At�lan�ti�des (?), n. pl. [L. See Atlantes.] The Pleiades or seven stars, fabled to have been the daughters of Atlas. At�las (?), n.; pl. Atlases (?). [L. Atlas, �antis, Gr. ?, ?, one of the older family of gods, who bears up the pillars of heaven; also Mt. Atlas, in W. Africa, regarded as the pillar of heaven. It is from the root of ? to bear. See Tolerate.] 1. One who sustains a great burden. 2.�(Anat.) The first vertebra of the neck, articulating immediately with the skull, thus sustaining the globe of the head, whence the name. 3. A collection of maps in a volume; � supposed to be so called from a picture of � supporting the world, prefixed to some collections. This name is said to have been first used by Mercator, the celebrated geographer, in the 16th century. 4. A volume of plates illustrating any subject. 5. A work in which subjects are exhibited in a tabular from or arrangement; as, an historical atlas. 6. A large, square folio, resembling a volume of maps; � called also atlas folio. 7. A drawing paper of large size. See under Paper, n. � powder, a nitroglycerin blasting compound of pasty consistency and great explosive power. At�las, n. [Ar., smooth.] A rich kind of satin manufactured in India. Brande & C. At�mi�dom�e�ter (?), n. [Gr. ?, ?, smoke, vapor + �meter; cf. F. atmidom�tre.] An instrument for measuring the evaporation from water, ice, or snow. Brande & C. At�mo (?), n. [Contr. fr. atmosphere.] (Physics) The standard atmospheric pressure used in certain physical measurements calculations; conventionally, that pressure under which the barometer stands at 760 millimeters, at a temperature of 00 Centigrade, at the level of the sea, and in the latitude of Paris. Sir W. Thomson. At�mo�log�ic (?), At�mo�log�ic�al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to atmology. �Atmological laws of heat.� Whewell. At�mol�o�gist (?), n. One who is versed in atmology. At�mol�o�gy (?), n. [Gr. ? vapor + �logy.] (Physics) That branch of science which treats of the laws and phenomena of aqueous vapor. Whewell. At�mol�y�sis (?), n. [Gr. ? vapor + ? a loosing, ? to loose.] (Chem.) The act or process of separating mingled gases of unequal diffusibility by transmission through porous substances. At�mol�y�za�tion , n. (Chem.) Separation by atmolysis. At�mo�lyze (?), v. t. (Chem.) To subject to atmolysis; to separate by atmolysis. At�mo�ly�zer (?), n. (Chem.) An apparatus for effecting atmolysis. At�mom�e�ter (?), n. [Gr. ? smoke, vapor + �meter: cf. F. atmom�tre.] An instrument for measuring the rate of evaporation from a moist surface; an evaporometer. Huxley. At�mos�phere (?), n. [Gr. ? vapor (akin to Skr. �tman breath, soul, G. athem breath) + ? sphere: cf. F. atmosph�re. See Sphere.] 1. (Physics) (a) The whole mass of a�riform fluid surrounding the earth; � applied also to the gaseous envelope of any celestial orb, or other body; as, the atmosphere of Mars. (b) Any gaseous envelope or medium. An atmosphere of cold oxygen. Miller. 2. A supposed medium around various bodies; as, electrical atmosphere, a medium formerly supposed to surround electrical bodies. Franklin. 3. The pressure or weight of the air at the sea level, on a unit of surface, or about 14.7 Ibs. to the sq. inch. Hydrogen was liquefied under a pressure of 650 atmospheres. Lubbock. 4. Any surrounding or pervading influence or condition. The chillest of social atmospheres. Hawthorne. 5. The portion of air in any locality, or affected by a special physical or sanitary condition; as, the atmosphere of the room; a moist or noxious atmosphere. At�mos�pher�ic (?), At�mos�pher�ic�al (?), } a. [Cf. F. atmosph�rique.] 1. Of or pertaining to the atmosphere; of the nature of, or resembling, the atmosphere; as, atmospheric air; the atmospheric envelope of the earth. 2. Existing in the atmosphere. The lower atmospheric current. Darwin. 3. Caused, or operated on, by the atmosphere; as, an atmospheric effect; an atmospheric engine. 4. Dependent on the atmosphere. [R.] In am so atmospherical a creature. Pope. Atmospheric engine, a steam engine whose piston descends by the pressure of the atmosphere, when the steam which raised it is condensed within the cylinder. Tomlinson. � Atmospheric line (Steam Engin.), the equilibrium line of an indicator card. Steam is expanded �down to the atmosphere� when its pressure is equal to that of the atmosphere. (See Indicator card.) � Atmospheric pressure, the pressure exerted by the atmosphere, not merely downwards, but in every direction. In amounts to about 14.7 Ibs. on each square inch. � Atmospheric railway, one in which pneumatic power, obtained from compressed air or the creation of a vacuum, is the propelling force. � Atmospheric tides. See under Tide. At�mos�pher�ic�al�ly (?), adv. In relation to the atmosphere. At�mos�phe�rol�o�gy (?), n. [Atmosphere + �logy.] The science or a treatise on the atmosphere. At�o�kous (?), a. [Gr. ? barren; ? priv. + ? offspring.] (Zo�l.) Producing only asexual individuals, as the eggs of certain annelids. A�toll� (?), n. [The native name in the Indian Ocean.] A coral island or islands, consisting of a belt of coral reef, partly submerged, surrounding a central lagoon or depression; a lagoon island. At�om (?), n. [L. atomus, Gr. ?, uncut, indivisible; ? priv. + ?, verbal adj. of ? to cut: cf. F. atome. See Tome.] 1. (Physics) (a) An ultimate indivisible particle of matter. (b) An ultimate particle of matter not necessarily indivisible; a molecule. (c) A constituent particle of matter, or a molecule supposed to be made up of subordinate particles. � These three definitions correspond to different views of the nature of the ultimate particles of matter. In the case of the last two, the particles are more correctly called molecules. Dana. 2.�(Chem.) The smallest particle of matter that can enter into combination; one of the elementary constituents of a molecule. 3. Anything extremely small; a particle; a whit. There was not an atom of water. Sir J. Ross. At�om, v. t. To reduce to atoms. [Obs.] Feltham. A�tom�ic (?), A�tom�ic�al (?), } a. [Cf. F. atomique.] 1. Of or pertaining to atoms. 2. Extremely minute; tiny. Atomic philosophy, or Doctrine of atoms, a system which assuming that atoms are endued with gravity and motion accounted thus for the origin and formation of all things. This philosophy was first broached by Leucippus, was developed by Democritus, and afterward improved by Epicurus, and hence is sometimes denominated the Epicurean philosophy. � Atomic theory, or the Doctrine of definite proportions (Chem.), teaches that chemical combinations take place between the supposed ultimate particles or atoms of bodies, in some simple ratio, as of one to one, two to three, or some other, always expressible in whole numbers. � Atomic weight (Chem.), the weight of the atom of an element as compared with the weight of the atom of hydrogen, taken as a standard. A�tom�ic�al�ly, adv. In an atomic manner; in accordance with the atomic philosophy. At�o�mi�cian (?), n. An atomist. [R.] A�tom�i�cism (?), n. Atomism. [Obs.] At�o�mic�i�ty (?), n. [Cf. F. atomicit�.] (Chem.) Degree of atomic attraction; equivalence; valence; also (a later use) the number of atoms in an elementary molecule. See Valence. At�om�ism (?), n. [Cf. F. atomisme.] The doctrine of atoms. See Atomic philosophy, under Atomic. At�om�ist, n. [Cf. F. atomiste.] One who holds to the atomic philosophy or theory. Locke. At�om�is�tic (?), a. Of or pertaining to atoms; relating to atomism. [R.] It is the object of the mechanical atomistic philosophy to confound synthesis with synartesis. Coleridge. At�om�i�za�tion , n. 1. The act of reducing to atoms, or very minute particles; or the state of being so reduced. 2. (Med.) The reduction of fluids into fine spray. At�om�ize , v. t. To reduce to atoms, or to fine spray. The liquids in the form of spray are said to be pulverized, nebulized, or atomized. Dunglison. <-- p. 97 --> At�om�i�zer , n. One who, or that which, atomizes; esp., an instrument for reducing a liquid to spray for disinfecting, cooling, or perfuming. At�om�ol�o�gy (?), n. [Atom + �logy.] The doctrine of atoms. Cudworth. At�om�y (?), n. An atom; a mite; a pigmy. At�o�my (?), n. [For anatomy, taken as an atomy.] A skeleton. [Ludicrous] Shak. A�ton�a�ble (?), a. Admitting an atonement; capable of being atoned for; expiable. At one� (?). [OE. at on, atone, atoon, attone.] 1. In concord or friendship; in agreement (with each other); as, to be, bring, make, or set, at one, i. e., to be or bring in or to a state of agreement or reconciliation. If gentil men, or othere of hir contree Were wrothe, she wolde bringen hem atoon. Chaucer. 2. Of the same opinion; agreed; as, on these points we are at one. 3. Together. [Obs.] Spenser. A�tone� (?), v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Atoned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Atoning.] [From at one, i. e., to be, or cause to be, at one. See At one.] 1. To agree; to be in accordance; to accord. [Obs.] He and Aufidius can no more atone Than violentest contrariety. Shak. 2. To stand as an equivalent; to make reparation, compensation, or amends, for an offense or a crime. The murderer fell, and blood atoned for blood. Pope. The ministry not atoning for their former conduct by any wise or popular measure. Junius. A�tone�, v. t. 1. To set at one; to reduce to concord; to reconcile, as parties at variance; to appease. [Obs.] I would do much To atone them, for the love I bear to Cassio. Shak. 2. To unite in making. [Obs. & R.] The four elements... have atoned A noble league. Ford. 3. To make satisfaction for; to expiate. Or each atone his guilty love with life. Pope. A�tone�ment (?), n. 1. (Literally, a setting at one.) Reconciliation; restoration of friendly relations; agreement; concord. [Archaic] By whom we have now received the atonement. Rom. v. 11. He desires to make atonement Betwixt the Duke of Gloucester and your brothers. Shak. 2. Satisfaction or reparation made by giving an equivalent for an injury, or by doing of suffering that which will be received in satisfaction for an offense or injury; expiation; amends; � with for. Specifically, in theology: The expiation of sin made by the obedience, personal suffering, and death of Christ. When a man has been guilty of any vice, the best atonement be can make for it is, to warn others. Spectator. The Phocians behaved with, so much gallantry, that they were thought to have made a sufficient atonement for their former offense. Potter. A�ton�er (?), n. One who makes atonement. At�ones (?), adv. [See At one.] [Obs.] Down he fell atones as a stone. Chaucer. A�ton�ic (?), a. [Cf. F. atonique. See Atony.] 1. (Med.) Characterized by atony, or want of vital energy; as, an atonic disease. 2. (Gram.) Unaccented; as, an atonic syllable. 3. Destitute of tone vocality; surd. Rush. A�ton�ic, n. 1. (Gram.) A word that has no accent. 2. An element of speech entirely destitute of vocality, or produced by the breath alone' a nonvocal or surd consonant; a breathing. Rush. 3. (Med.) A remedy capable of allaying organic excitement or irritation. Dunglison. At�o�ny (?), n. [Gr. ? slackness; ? priv. + ? tone, strength, ? to stretch: cf. F. atonie.] (Med.) Want of tone; weakness of the system, or of any organ, especially of such as are contractile. A�top� (?), adv. On or at the top. Milton. At�ra�bi�la�ri�an (?), At�ra�bi�la�ri�ous (?), } a. [LL. atrabilarius, fr. L. atra bilis black bile: cf. F. atrabilaire, fr. atrabile.] Affected with melancholy; atrabilious. Arbuthnot. At�ra�bi�la�ri�an, n. A person much given to melancholy; a hypochondriac. I. Disraeli. At�ra�bil�iar (?), a. Melancholy; atrabilious. At�ra�bil�ia�ry (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to atra bilis or black bile, a fluid formerly supposed to be produced by the kidneys. 2. Melancholic or hypohondriac; atrabilious; � from the supposed predominance of black bile, to the influence of which the ancients attributed hypochondria, melancholy, and mania. � arteries, capsules, and veins (Anat.), those pertaining to the kidney; � called also renal arteries, capsules, and veins. At�ra�bil�ious (?), a. Melancholic or hypochondriac; atrabiliary. Dunglision. A hard�faced, atrabilious, earnest�eyed race. Lowell. He was constitutionally atrabilious and scornful. Froude. At�ra�men�ta�ceous (?), a. [L. atramentum ink, fr. ater black.] Black, like ink; inky; atramental. [Obs.] Derham. At�ra�men�tal (?), At�ra�men�tous (?), } a. Of or pertaining to ink; inky; black, like ink; as, atramental galls; atramentous spots. At�ra�men�ta�ri�ous (?), a. [Cf. F. atramentaire. See Atramentaceous.] Like ink; suitable for making ink. Sulphate of iron (copperas, green vitriol) is called atramentarious, as being used in making ink. At�rede (?), v. t. [OE. at (AS. �t) out + rede.] To surpass in council. [Obs.] Men may the olde atrenne, but hat atrede. Chaucer. At�renne� (?), v. t. [OE. at + renne to run.] To outrun. [Obs.] Chaucer. � A�tre�si�a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ? not perforated.] (Med.) Absence or closure of a natural passage or channel of the body; imperforation. A�tri�al , a. Of or pertaining to an atrium. A�trip� (?), adv. [Pref. a� + trip.] (Naut.) (a) Just hove clear of the ground; �said of the anchor. (b) Sheeted home, hoisted taut up and ready for trimming; � said of sails. (c) Hoisted up and ready to be swayed across; � said of yards. � A�tri�um (?), n.; pl. Atria (?). [L., the fore court of a Roman house.] 1. (Arch.) (a) A square hall lighted from above, into which rooms open at one or more levels. (b) An open court with a porch or gallery around three or more sides; especially at the entrance of a basilica or other church. The name was extended in the Middle Ages to the open churchyard or cemetery. 2.�(Anat.) The main part of either auricle of the heart as distinct from the auricular appendix. Also, the whole articular portion of the heart. 3.�(Zo�l.) A cavity in ascidians into which the intestine and generative ducts open, and which also receives the water from the gills. See Ascidioidea. � At�ro�cha (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ? priv. + ? a circle.] (Zo�l.) A kind of ch�topod larva in which no circles of cilia are developed. A�tro�cious (?), a. [L. atrox, atrocis, cruel, fierce: cf. F. atroce.] 1. Extremely heinous; full of enormous wickedness; as, atrocious quilt or deeds. 2. Characterized by, or expressing, great atrocity, great atrocity. Revelations... so atrocious that nothing in history approaches them. De Quincey. 3. Very grievous or violent; terrible; as, atrocious distempers. [Obs.] Cheyne. Syn. - Atrocious, Flagitious, Flagrant. Flagitious points to an act as grossly wicked and vile; as, a flagitious proposal. Flagrant marks the vivid impression made upon the mind by something strikingly wrong or erroneous; as, a flagrant misrepresentation; a flagrant violation of duty. Atrocious represents the act as springing from a violent and savage spirit. If Lord Chatham, instead of saying �the atrocious crime of being a young man,� had used either of the other two words, his irony would have lost all its point, in his celebrated reply to Sir Robert Walpole, as reported by Dr. Johnson. � A�tro�cious�ly, adv. � A�tro�cious�ness, n. A�troc�i�ty (?), n.; pl. Atrocities (?). [F. atrocit�, L. atrocitas, fr. atrox, atrocis, cruel.] 1. Enormous wickedness; extreme heinousness or cruelty. 2. An atrocious or extremely cruel deed. The atrocities which attend a victory. Macaulay. A�troph�ic , a. Relating to atrophy. At�ro�phied (?), p. a. Affected with atrophy, as a tissue or organ; arrested in development at a very early stage; rudimentary. At�ro�phy (?), n. [L. atrophia, Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? to nourish: cf. F. atrophie.] A wasting away from of nourishment; diminution in bull or slow emaciation of the body or of any part. Milton. At�ro�phy, v. t. [p. p. Atrophied (?).] To cause to waste away or become abortive; to starve or weaken. At�ro�phy, v. i. To waste away; to dwindle. A�tro�pi�a (?), n. Same as Atropine. At�ro�pine (?), n. [Gr. ? inflexible; hence ? ?, one of the three Parc�; ? priv. + ? to turn.] (Chem.) A poisonous, white, crystallizable alkaloid, extracted from the Atropa belladonna, or deadly nightshade, and the Datura Stramonium, or thorn apple. It is remarkable for its power in dilating the pupil of the eye. Called also daturine. At�ro�pism (?), n. (Med.) A condition of the system produced by long use of belladonna. At�ro�pous (?), a. [Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? to turn.] (Bot.) Not inverted; orthotropous. A�trous (?), a. [L. ater.] Coal�black; very black. � A�try�pa (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ? priv. + ? a hole.] (Paleon.) A extinct genus of Branchiopoda, very common in Silurian limestones. At�ta�bal (?), n. See Atabal. � At�tac�ca (?). [It., fr. attaccare to tie, bind. See Attach.] (Mus.) Attack at once; � a direction at the end of a movement to show that the next is to follow immediately, without any pause. At�tach� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attached (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Attaching.] [OF. atachier, F. attacher, to tie or fasten: cf. Celt. tac, tach, nail, E. tack a small nail, tack to fasten. Cf. Attack, and see Tack.] 1. To bind, fasten, tie, or connect; to make fast or join; as, to attach one thing to another by a string, by glue, or the like. The shoulder blade is... attached only to the muscles. Paley. A huge stone to which the cable was attached. Macaulay. 2. To connect; to place so as to belong; to assign by authority; to appoint; as, an officer is attached to a certain regiment, company, or ship. 3. To win the heart of; to connect by ties of love or self�interest; to attract; to fasten or bind by moral influence; � with to; as, attached to a friend; attaching others to us by wealth or flattery. Incapable of attaching a sensible man. Miss Austen. God... by various ties attaches man to man. Cowper. 4. To connect, in a figurative sense; to ascribe or attribute; to affix; � with to; as, to attach great importance to a particular circumstance. Top this treasure a curse is attached. Bayard Taylor. 5. To take, seize, or lay hold of. [Obs.] Shak. 6. To take by legal authority: (a) To arrest by writ, and bring before a court, as to answer for a debt, or a contempt; � applied to a taking of the person by a civil process; being now rarely used for the arrest of a criminal. (b) To seize or take (goods or real estate) by virtue of a writ or precept to hold the same to satisfy a judgment which may be rendered in the suit. See Attachment, 4. The earl marshal attached Gloucester for high treason. Miss Yonge. Attached column (Arch.), a column engaged in a wall, so that only a part of its circumference projects from it. Syn. - To affix; bind; tie; fasten; connect; conjoin; subjoin; annex; append; win; gain over; conciliate. At�tach� (?), v. i. 1. To adhere; to be attached. The great interest which attaches to the mere knowledge of these facts cannot be doubted. Brougham. 2. To come into legal operation in connection with anything; to vest; as, dower will attach. Cooley. At�tach�, n. An attachment. [Obs.] Pope. At�tach�a�ble (?), a. Capable of being attached; esp., liable to be taken by writ or precept. � At�ta�ch�� (?), n. [F., p. p. of attacher. See Attach, v. t.] One attached to another person or thing, as a part of a suite or staff. Specifically: One attached to an embassy. At�tach�ment (?), n. [F. attachment.] 1. The act attaching, or state of being attached; close adherence or affection; fidelity; regard; an? passion of affection that binds a person; as, an attachment to a friend, or to a party. 2. That by which one thing is attached to another; connection; as, to cut the attachments of a muscle. The human mind... has exhausted its forces in the endeavor to rend the supernatural from its attachment to this history. I. Taylor. 3 Something attached; some adjunct attached to an instrument, machine, or other object; as, a sewing machine attachment (i. e., a device attached to a sewing machine to enable it to do special work, as tucking, etc.). 4. (Giv. Law) (a) A seizure or taking into custody by virtue of a legal process. (b) The writ or percept commanding such seizure or taking. � The term is applied to a seizure or taking either of persons or property. In the serving of process in a civil suit, it is most generally applied to the taking of property, whether at common law, as a species of distress, to compel defendant's appearance, or under local statutes, to satisfy the judgment the plaintiff may recover in the action. The terms attachment and arrest are both applied to the taking or apprehension of a defendant to compel an appearance in a civil action. Attachment are issued at common law and is chancery, against persons for contempt of court. In England, attachment is employed in some cases where capias is with us, as against a witness who fails to appear on summons. In some of the New England States a writ of attachment is a species of mesne process upon which the property of a defendant may be saized at the commencement of a suit and before summons to him, and may be held to satisfy the judgment the plaintiff may recover. In other States this writ can issue only against absconding debtors and those who conceal themselves. See Foreign, Garnishment, Truster process. Bouvier. Burrill. Blackstone. Syn. - Attachment, Affection. The leading idea of affection is that of warmth and tenderness; the leading idea of attachment is that of being bound to some object by strong and lasting ties. There is more of sentiment (and sometimes of romance) in affection, and more of principle in preserving attachment. We speak of the ardor of the one, and the fidelity of the other. There is another distinction in the use and application of these words. The term attachment is applied to a wider range of objects than affection. A man may have a strong attachment to his country, to his profession, to his principles, and even to favorite places; in respect to none of these could we use the word affection. At�tack� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attacked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Attacking.] [F. attaquer, orig. another form of attacher to ~: cf. It. attacare to fasten, ~. See Attach, Tack a small nail.] 1. To fall upon with force; to assail, as with force and arms; to assault. �Attack their lines.� Dryden. 2. To assail with unfriendly speech or writing; to begin a controversy with; to attempt to overthrow or bring into disrepute, by criticism or satire; to censure; as, to attack a man, or his opinions, in a pamphlet. 3. To set to work upon, as upon a task or problem, or some object of labor or investigation. 4. To begin to affect; to begin to act upon, injuriously or destructively; to begin to decompose or waste. On the fourth of March he was attacked by fever. Macaulay. Hydrofluoric acid... attacks the glass. B. Stewart. Syn. - To Attack, Assail, Assault, Invade. These words all denote a violent onset; attack being the generic term, and the others specific forms of attack. To attack is to commence the onset; to assail is to make a sudden and violent ~, or to make repeated attacks; to assault (literally, to leap upon) is to ~ physically by a had�to�hand approach or by unlawful and insulting violence; to invade is to enter by force on what belongs to another. Thus, a person may attack by offering violence of any kind; he may assail by means of missile weapons; he may assault by direct personal violence; a king may invade by marching an army into a country. Figuratively, we may say, men attack with argument or satire; they assail with abuse or reproaches; they may be assaulted by severe temptations; the rights of the people may be invaded by the encroachments of the crown. At�tack�, v. i. To make an onset or ~. At�tack�, n. [Cf. F. attaque.] 1. The act of attacking, or falling on with force or violence; an onset; an assault; � opposed to defense. 2. An assault upon one's feelings or reputation with unfriendly or bitter words. 3. A setting to work upon some task, etc. 4. An access of disease; a fit of sickness. 5. The beginning of corrosive, decomposing, or destructive action, by a chemical agent. At�tack�a�ble (?), a. Capable of being attacked. At�tack�er (?), n. One who attacks. At�ta�gas (?), At�ta�gen (?), } n. [L. attagen a kind of bird, Gr. ?, ?.] (Zo�l.) A species of sand grouse (Syrrghaptes Pallasii) found in Asia and rarely in southern Europe. <-- p. 98 --> At�ta�ghan (?), n. See Yataghan. At�tain� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attained (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Attaining.] [Of. atteinen, atteignen, ?tainen, OF. ateindre, ataindre, F. atteindre, fr. L. attingere; ad + tangere to touch, reach. See Tangent, and cf. Attinge, Attaint.] 1. To achieve or accomplish, that is, to reach by efforts; to gain; to compass; as, to attain rest. Is he wise who hopes to attain the end without the means? Abp. Tillotson. 2. To gain or obtain possession of; to acquire. [Obs. with a material object.] Chaucer. 3. To get at the knowledge of; to ascertain. [Obs.] Not well attaining his meaning. Fuller. 4. To reach or come to, by progression or motion; to arrive at. �Canaan he now attains.� Milton. 5. To overtake. [Obs.] Bacon. 6. To reach in excellence or degree; to equal. Syn. - To Attain, Obtain, Procure. Attain always implies an effort toward an object. Hence it is not synonymous with obtain and procure, which do not necessarily imply such effort or motion. We procure or obtain a thing by purchase or loan, and we obtain by inheritance, but we do not attain it by such means. At�tain�, v. i. 1. To come or arrive, by motion, growth, bodily exertion, or efforts toward a place, object, state, etc.; to reach. If by any means they might attain to Phenice. Acts xxvii. 12. Nor nearer might the dogs attain. Sir W. Scott. To see your trees attain to the dignity of timber. Cowper. Few boroughs had as yet attained to power such as this. J. R. Green. 2. To come or arrive, by an effort of mind. Such knowledge is too wonderful for me; it is high, I can not attain unto it. Ps. cxxxix. 6. At�tain�, n. Attainment. [Obs.] At�tain�a�bil�i�ty (?), n. The quality of being attainable; attainbleness. At�tain�a�ble (?), a. 1. Capable of being attained or reached by efforts of the mind or body; capable of being compassed or accomplished by efforts directed to the object. The highest pitch of perfection attainable in this life. Addison. 2. Obtainable. [Obs.] General Howe would not permit the purchase of those articles [clothes and blankets] in Philadelphia, and they were not attainable in the country. Marshall. At�tain�a�ble�ness, n. The quality of being attainable; attainability. At�tain�der (?), n. [OF. ataindre, ateindre, to accuse, convict. Attainder is often erroneously referred to F. teindre tie stain. See Attaint, Attain.] 1. The act of attainting, or the state of being attainted; the extinction of the civil rights and capacities of a person, consequent upon sentence of death or outlawry; as, an act of attainder. Abbott. � Formerly attainder was the inseparable consequence of a judicial or legislative sentence for treason or felony, and involved the forfeiture of all the real and personal property of the condemned person, and such �corruption of blood� that he could neither receive nor transmit by inheritance, nor could he sue or testify in any court, or claim any legal protection or rights. In England attainders are now abolished, and in the United States the Constitution provides that no bill of attainder shall be passed; and no attainder of treason (in consequence of a judicial sentence) shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted. 2. A stain or staining; state of being in dishonor or condemnation. [Obs.] He lived from all attainder of suspect. Shak. Bill of ~, a bill brought into, or passed by, a legislative body, condemning a person to death or outlawry, and ~, without judicial sentence. At�tain�ment (?), n. 1. The act of attaining; the act of arriving at or reaching; hence, the act of obtaining by efforts. The attainment of every desired object. Sir W. Jones. 2. That which is attained to, or obtained by exertion; acquirement; acquisition; (pl.), mental acquirements; knowledge; as, literary and scientific attainments. At�taint� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attainted; p. pr. & vb. n. Attainting.] [OE. atteynten to convict, fr. atteynt, OF. ateint, p. p. of ateindre, ataindre. The meanings 3, 4, 5, and 6 were influenced by a supposed connection with taint. See Attain, Attainder.] 1. To attain; to get act; to hit. [Obs.] 2. (Old Law) To find guilty; to convict; � said esp. of a jury on trial for giving a false verdict. [Obs.] Upon sufficient proof attainted of some open act by men of his own condition. Blackstone. 3. (Law) To subject (a person) to the legal condition formerly resulting from a sentence of death or outlawry, pronounced in respect of treason or felony; to affect by attainder. No person shall be attainted of high treason where corruption of blood is incurred, but by the oath of two witnesses. Stat. 7 & 8 Wm. III. 4. To accuse; to charge with a crime or a dishonorable act. [Archaic] 5. To affect or infect, as with physical or mental disease or with moral contagion; to taint or corrupt. My tender youth was never yet attaint With any passion of inflaming love. Shak. 6. To stain; to obscure; to sully; to disgrace; to cloud with infamy. For so exceeding shone his glistring ray, That Ph?bus' golden face it did attaint. Spenser. Lest she with blame her honor should attaint. Spenser. At�taint�, p. p. Attainted; corrupted. [Obs.] Shak. At�taint�, n. [OF. attainte. See Attaint, v.] 1. A touch or hit. Sir W. Scott. 2. (Far.) A blow or wound on the leg of a horse, made by overreaching. White. 3. (Law) A writ which lies after judgment, to inquire whether a jury has given a false verdict in any court of record; also, the convicting of the jury so tried. Bouvier. 4. A stain or taint; disgrace. See Taint. Shak. 5. An infecting influence. [R.] Shak. At�tain�ment (?), n. Attainder; attainture; conviction. At�tain�ture (?), n. Attainder; disgrace. At�tal (?), n. Same as Attle. At�tame� (?), v. t. [OF. atamer, from Latin. See Attaminate.] 1. To pierce; to attack. [Obs.] 2. To broach; to begin. And right anon his tale he hath attamed. Chaucer. At�tam�i�nate (?), v. t. [L. attaminare; ad + root of tangere. See Contaminate.] To corrupt; to defile; to contaminate. [Obs.] Blount. At�tar (?), n. [Per. 'atar perfume, essence, Ar. 'itr, fr. 'atara to smell sweet. Cf. Otto.] A fragrant essential oil; esp., a volatile and highly fragrant essential oil obtained from the petals of roses. [Also written otto and ottar.] At�task� (?), v. t. [Pref. a� + task.] To take to task; to blame. Shak. At�taste (?), v. t. [Pref. a� + taste.] To taste or cause to taste. [Obs.] Chaucer. At�te (?). At the. [Obs.] Chaucer. At�tem�per (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attempered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Attempering.] [OF. atemprer, fr. L. attemperare; ad + temperare to soften, temper. See Temper, and cf. Attemperate.] 1. To reduce, modify, or moderate, by mixture; to temper; to regulate, as temperature. If sweet with bitter... were not attempered still. Trench. 2. To soften, mollify, or moderate; to soothe; to temper; as, to attemper rigid justice with clemency. 3. To mix in just proportion; to regulate; as, a mind well attempered with kindness and justice. 4. To accommodate; to make suitable; to adapt. Arts... attempered to the lyre. Pope. � This word is now not much used, the verb temper taking its place. At�tem�per�a�ment (?), n. [OF. attemprement.] A tempering, or mixing in due proportion. At�tem�per�ance (?), n. [Cf. OF. atemprance.] Temperance; attemperament. [Obs.] Chaucer. At�tem�per�ate (?), a. [L. attemperatus, p. p. of attemperare. See Attemper.] Tempered; proportioned; properly adapted. Hope must be... attemperate to the promise. Hammond. At�tem�per�ate (?), v. t. To attemper. [Archaic] At�tem�per�a�tion (?), n. The act of attempering or regulating. [Archaic] Bacon. At�tem�per�ly, adv. Temperately. [Obs.] Chaucer. At�tem�per�ment (?), n. Attemperament. At�tempt� (?; 215), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attempted; p. pr. & vb. n. Attempting.] [OF. atenter, also spelt atempter, F. attenter, fr. L. attentare to ~; ad + tentare, temptare, to touch, try, v. intens. of tendere to stretch. See Tempt, and cf. Attend.] 1. To make trial or experiment of; to try; to endeavor to do or perform (some action); to assay; as, to attempt to sing; to attempt a bold flight. Something attempted, something done, Has earned a night's repose. Longfellow. 2. To try to move, by entreaty, by afflictions, or by temptations; to tempt. [Obs. or Archaic]] It made the laughter of an afternoon That Vivien should attempt the blameless king. Thackeray. 3. To try to win, subdue, or overcome; as, one who attempts the virtue of a woman. Dear sir, of force I must attempt you further: Take some remembrance of us, as a tribute. Shak. 4. To attack; to make an effort or attack upon; to try to take by force; as, to attempt the enemy's camp. Without attempting his adversary's life. Motley. Syn. - See Try. At�tempt�, v. i. To make an ~; � with upon. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. At�tempt�, n. A essay, trial, or endeavor; an undertaking; an attack, or an effort to gain a point; esp. an unsuccessful, as contrasted with a successful, effort. By his blindness maimed for high attempts. Milton. Attempt to commit a crime (Law), such an intentional preparatory act as will apparently result, if not extrinsically hindered, in a crime which it was designed to effect. Wharton. Syn. - Attempt, Endeavor, Effort, Exertion, Trial. These words agree in the idea of calling forth our powers into action. Trial is the generic term; it denotes a putting forth of one's powers with a view to determine what they can accomplish; as, to make trial of one's strength. An attempt is always directed to some definite and specific object; as, �The attempt, and not the deed, confounds us.� Shak. Am endeavor is a continued ~; as, �His high endeavor and his glad success.� Cowper. Effort is a specific putting forth of strength in order to carry out an ~. Exertion is the putting forth or active exercise of any faculty or power. �It admits of all degrees of effort and even natural action without effort.� C. J. Smith. See Try. At�temp�a�ble (?), a.�Capable of being attempted, tried, or attacked. Shak. At�temp�er (?; 215), n. 1. One who attempts; one who essays anything. 2. An assailant; also, a temper. [Obs.] At�tempt�ive (?), a. Disposed to attempt; adventurous. [Obs.] Daniel. At�tend� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attended; p. pr. & vb. n. Attending.] [OE. atenden, OF. atendre, F. attendre, to expect, to wait, fr. L. attendre to stretch, (sc. animum), to apply the mind to; ad + tendere to stretch. See Tend.] 1. To direct the attention to; to fix the mind upon; to give heed to; to regard. [Obs.] The diligent pilot in a dangerous tempest doth not attend the unskillful words of the passenger. Sir P. Sidney. 2. To care for; to look after; to take charge of; to watch over. 3. To go or stay with, as a companion, nurse, or servant; to visit professionally, as a physician; to accompany or follow in order to do service; to escort; to wait on; to serve. The fifth had charge sick persons to attend. Spenser. Attends the emperor in his royal court. Shak. With a sore heart and a gloomy brow, he prepared to attend William thither. Macaulay. 4. To be present with; to accompany; to be united or consequent to; as, a measure attended with ill effects. What cares must then attend the toiling swain. Dryden. 5. To be present at; as, to attend church, school, a concert, a business meeting. 6. To wait for; to await; to remain, abide, or be in store for. [Obs.] The state that attends all men after this. Locke. Three days I promised to attend my doom. Dryden. Syn. - To Attend, Mind, Regard, Heed, Notice. Attend is generic, the rest are specific terms. To mind is to ~ so that it may not be forgotten; to regard is to look on a thing as of importance; to heed is to ~ to a thing from a principle of caution; to notice is to think on that which strikes the senses. Crabb. See Accompany. At�tend� (?), v. i. 1. To apply the mind, or pay attention, with a view to perceive, understand, or comply; to pay regard; to heed; to listen; � usually followed by to. Attend to the voice of my supplications. Ps. lxxxvi. 6. Man can not at the same time attend to two objects. Jer. Taylor. 2. To accompany or be present or near at hand, in pursuance of duty; to be ready for service; to wait or be in waiting; � often followed by on or upon. He was required to attend upon the committee. Clarendon. 3. (with to) To take charge of; to look after; as, to attend to a matter of business. 4. To wait; to stay; to delay. [Obs.] For this perfection she must yet attend, Till to her Maker she espoused be. Sir J. Davies. Syn. - To Attend, Listen, Hearken. We attend with a view to hear and learn; we listen with fixed attention, in order to hear correctly, or to consider what has been said; we hearken when we listen with a willing mind, and in reference to obeying. At�tend�ance (?), n. [OE. attendance, OF. atendance, fr. atendre, F. attendre. See Attend, v. t.] 1. Attention; regard; careful application. [Obs.] Till I come, give attendance to reading. 1 Tim. iv. 13. 2. The act of attending; state of being in waiting; service; ministry; the fact of being present; presence. Constant attendance at church three times a day. Fielding. 3. Waiting for; expectation. [Obs.] Languishing attendance and expectation of death. Hooker. 4. The persons attending; a retinue; attendants. If your stray attendance by yet lodged. Milton. At�tend�an�cy (?), n. The quality of attending or accompanying; attendance; an attendant. [Obs.] At�tend�ant (?), a. [F. attendant, p. pr. of attendre. See Attend, v. t.] 1. Being present, or in the train; accompanying; in waiting. From the attendant flotilla rang notes triumph. Sir W. Scott. Cherub and Seraph... attendant on their Lord. Milton. 2. Accompanying, connected with, or immediately following, as consequential; consequent; as, intemperance with all its attendant evils. The natural melancholy attendant upon his situation added to the gloom of the owner of the mansion. Sir W. Scott. 3. (Law) Depending on, or owing duty or service to; as, the widow attendant to the heir. Cowell. Attendant keys (Mus.), the keys or scales most nearly related to, or having most in common with, the principal key; those, namely, of its fifth above, or dominant, its fifth below (fourth above), or subdominant, and its relative minor or major. At�tend�ant, n. 1. One who attends or accompanies in any character whatever, as a friend, companion, servant, agent, or suitor. �A train of attendants.� Hallam. 2. One who is present and takes part in the proceedings; as, an attendant at a meeting. 3. That which accompanies; a concomitant. [A] sense of fame, the attendant of noble spirits. Pope. 4. (Law) One who owes duty or service to, or depends on, another. Cowell. At�tend�e�ment (?), n. Intent. [Obs.] Spenser. At�tend�er (?), n. One who, or that which, attends. At�tend�ment (?), n. [Cf. OF. atendement.] An attendant circumstance. [Obs.] The uncomfortable attendments of hell. Sir T. Browne. At�tent� (?), a. [L. attentus, p. p. of attendere. See Attend, v. t.] Attentive; heedful. [Archaic] Let thine ears be attent unto the prayer. 2 Chron. vi. 40. At�tent�, n. Attention; heed. [Obs.] Spenser. At�ten�tate (?), At�ten�tat (?), } n. [L. attentatum, pl. attentata, fr. attentare to attempt: cf. F. attentat criminal attempt. See Attempt.] 1. An attempt; an assault. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. (Law) (a) A proceeding in a court of judicature, after an inhibition is decreed. (b) Any step wrongly innovated or attempted in a suit by an inferior judge. At�ten�tion (?), n. [L. attentio: cf. F. attention.] 1. The act or state of attending or heeding; the application of the mind to any object of sense, representation, or thought; notice; exclusive or special consideration; earnest consideration, thought, or regard; obedient or affectionate heed; the supposed power or faculty of attending. <-- p. 99 --> They say the tongues of dying men Enforce attention like deep harmony. Shak. � Attention is consciousness and something more. It is consciousness voluntarily applied, under its law of limitations, to some determinate object; it is consciousness concentrated. Sir W. Hamilton. 2. An act of civility or courtesy; care for the comfort and pleasure of others; as, attentions paid to a stranger. To pay attention to, To pay one's attentions to, or courteous or attentive to; to wait upon as a lover; to court. Syn. - Care; heed; study; consideration; application; advertence; respect; regard. At�ten�tive (?), a. [Cf. F. attentif.] 1. Heedful; intent; observant; regarding with care or attention. � Attentive is applied to the senses of hearing and seeing, as, an attentive ear or eye; to the application of the mind, as in contemplation; or to the application of the mind, in every possible sense, as when a person is attentive to the words, and to the manner and matter, of a speaker at the same time. 2. Heedful of the comfort of others; courteous. Syn. - Heedful; intent; observant; mindful; regardful; circumspect; watchful. � At�ten�tive�ly, adv. � At�ten�tive�ness, n. At�tent�ly, adv. Attentively. [Obs.] Barrow. At�ten�u�ant (?), a. [L. attenuans, p. pr. of attenuare: cf. F. att�nuant. See Attenuate.] Making thin, as fluids; diluting; rendering less dense and viscid; diluent. � n. (Med.) A medicine that thins or dilutes the fluids; a diluent. At�ten�u�ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attenuated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Attenuating (?).] [L. attenuatus, p. p. of attenuare; ad + tenuare to make thin, tenuis thin. See Thin.] 1. To make thin or slender, as by mechanical or chemical action upon inanimate objects, or by the effects of starvation, disease, etc., upon living bodies. 2. To make thin or less consistent; to render less viscid or dense; to rarefy. Specifically: To subtilize, as the humors of the body, or to break them into finer parts. 3. To lessen the amount, force, or value of; to make less complex; to weaken. To undersell our rivals... has led the manufacturer to... attenuate his processes, in the allotment of tasks, to an extreme point. I. Taylor. We may reject and reject till we attenuate history into sapless meagerness. Sir F. Palgrave. At�ten�u�ate, v. i. To become thin, slender, or fine; to grow less; to lessen. The attention attenuates as its sphere contracts. Coleridge. At�ten�u�ate (?), At�ten�u�a�ted (?), } a. [L. attenuatus, p. p.] 1. Made thin or slender. 2. Made thin or less viscid; rarefied. Bacon. At�ten�u�a�tion (?), n. [L. attenuatio: cf. F. att�nuation.] 1. The act or process of making slender, or the state of being slender; emaciation. 2. The act of attenuating; the act of making thin or less dense, or of rarefying, as fluids or gases. 3. The process of weakening in intensity; diminution of virulence; as, the attenuation of virus. At�ter (?), n. [AS. ?tter.] Poison; venom; corrupt matter from a sore. [Obs.] Holland. At�ter�cop (?), n. [AS. attercoppa a spider; ?tter poison + coppa head, cup.] 1. A spider. [Obs.] 2. A peevish, ill�natured person. [North of Eng.] At�ter�rate (?), v. t. [It. atterrare (cf. LL. atterrare to cast to earth); L. ad + terra earth, land.] To fill up with alluvial earth. [Obs.] Ray. At�ter�ra�tion (?), n. The act of filling up with earth, or of forming land with alluvial earth. [Obs.] At�test� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attested; p. pr. & vb. n. Attesting.] [L. attestari; ad + testari to bear witness: cf. F. attester.] 1. To bear witness to; to certify; to affirm to be true or genuine; as, to attest the truth of a writing, a copy of record. Facts... attested by particular pagan authors. Addison. 2. To give proof of; to manifest; as, the ruins of Palmyra attest its ancient magnificence. 3. To call to witness; to invoke. [Archaic] The sacred streams which Heaven's imperial state Attests in oaths, and fears to violate. Dryden. At�test�, n. Witness; testimony; attestation. [R.] The attest of eyes and ears. Shak. At�tes�ta�tion (?), n. [L. attestatio: cf. F. attestation.] The act of attesting; testimony; witness; a solemn or official declaration, verbal or written, in support of a fact; evidence. The truth appears from the attestation of witnesses, or of the proper officer. The subscription of a name to a writing as a witness, is an attestation. At�test�a�tive (?), a. Of the nature of attestation. At�test�er (?), At�test�or (?), } n. One who attests. At�test�ive (?), a. Attesting; furnishing evidence. At�tic (?), a. [L. Atticus, Gr. ?.] Of or pertaining to Attica, in Greece, or to Athens, its principal city; marked by such qualities as were characteristic of the Athenians; classical; refined. � base 9Arch.), a peculiar form of molded base for a column or pilaster, described by Vitruvius, applied under the Roman Empire to the Ionic and Corinthian and �Roman Doric� orders, and imitated by the architects of the Renaissance. � Attic faith, inviolable faith. � Attic purity, special purity of language. � Attic salt, Attic wit, a poignant, delicate wit, peculiar to the Athenians. � Attic story. See Attic, n. � Attic style, a style pure and elegant. At�tic, n. [In sense (a) from F. attique, orig. meaning Attic. See Attic, a.] 1. (Arch.) (a) A low story above the main order or orders of a facade, in the classical styles; � a term introduced in the 17th century. Hence: (b) A room or rooms behind that part of the exterior; all the rooms immediately below the roof. 2. An Athenian; am Athenian author. At�tic�al (?), a. Attic. [Obs.] Hammond. At�ti�cism (?), n. [Gr. ?.] 1. A favoring of, or attachment to, the Athenians. 2. The style and idiom of the Greek language, used by the Athenians; a concise and elegant expression. At�ti�cize (?), v. t. [Gr. ?.] To conform or make conformable to the language, customs, etc., of Attica. At�ti�cize, v. i. 1. To side with the Athenians. 2. To use the Attic idiom or style; to conform to the customs or modes of thought of the Athenians. At�tig�u�ous (?), a. [L. attiguus, fr. attingere to touch. See Attain.] Touching; bordering; contiguous. [Obs.] � At�tig�u�ous�ness, n.�[Obs.] At�tinge� (?), v. t. [L. attingere to touch. See Attain.] To touch lightly. [Obs.] Coles. At�tire� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attired (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Attiring.] [OE. atiren to array, dispose, arrange, OF. atirier; � (L. ad) + F. tire rank, order, row; of Ger. origin: cf. As. tier row, OHG. ziar�, G. zier, ornament, zieren to adorn. Cf. Tire a headdress.] To dress; to array; to adorn; esp., to clothe with elegant or splendid garments. Finely attired in a robe of white. Shak. With the linen miter shall he be attired. Lev. xvi. 4. At�tire�, n. 1. Dress; clothes; headdress; anything which dresses or adorns; esp., ornamental clothing. Earth in her rich attire. Milton. I 'll put myself in poor and mean attire. Shak. Can a maid forget her ornament, or a bride her attire? Jer. ii. 32. 2. The antlers, or antlers and scalp, of a stag or buck. 3. (Bot.) The internal parts of a flower, included within the calyx and the corolla. [Obs.] Johnson. At�tired� (?), p. p. (Her.) Provided with antlers, as a stag. At�tire�ment (?), n. Attire; adornment. At�tir�er (?), n. One who attires. At�ti�tude (?), n. [It. attitudine, LL. aptitudo, fr. L. aptus suited, fitted: cf. F. attitude. Cf. Aptitude.] 1. (Paint. & Sculp.) The posture, action, or disposition of a figure or a statue. 2. The posture or position of a person or an animal, or the manner in which the parts of his body are disposed; position assumed or studied to serve a purpose; as, a threatening attitude; an attitude of entreaty. 3. Fig.: Position as indicating action, feeling, or mood; as, in times of trouble let a nation preserve a firm attitude; one's mental attitude in respect to religion. The attitude of the country was rapidly changing. J. R. Green. To strike an attitude, to take an ~ for mere effect. Syn. - Attitude, Posture. Both of these words describe the visible disposition of the limbs. Posture relates to their position merely; attitude refers to their fitness for some specific object. The object of an attitude is to set forth exhibit some internal feeling; as, attitude of wonder, of admiration, of grief, etc. It is, therefore, essentially and designedly expressive. Its object is the same with that of gesture; viz., to hold forth and represent. Posture has no such design. If we speak of posture in prayer, or the posture of devotion, it is only the natural disposition of the limbs, without any intention to show forth or exhibit. 'T is business of a painter in his choice of attitudes (positur�) to foresee the effect and harmony of the lights and shadows. Dryden. Never to keep the body in the same posture half and hour at a time. Bacon. At�ti�tu�di�nal (?), a. Relating to attitude. At�ti�tu�di�na�ri�an (?), n. One who attitudinizes; a posture maker. At�ti�tu�di�na�ri�an�ism (?), n. A practicing of attitudes; posture making. At�ti�tu�di�nize (?), v. i. To assume affected attitudes; to strike an attitude; to pose. Maria, who is the most picturesque figure, was put to attitudinize at the harp. Hannah More. At�ti�tu�di�ni�zer (?), n One who practices attitudes. At�tle (?), n. [Cf. Addle mire.] (Mining) Rubbish or refuse consisting of broken rock containing little or no ore. Weale. At�tol�lent (?), a. [L. attollens, p. pr. of attollere; ad + tollere to lift.] Lifting up; raising; as, an attollent muscle. Derham. At�tonce� (?), adv. [At + once.] At once; together. [Obs.] Spenser. At�tone� (?), adv. See At one. [Obs.] At�torn� (?), v. i. [OF. atorner, aturner, atourner, to direct, prepare, dispose, attorn (cf. OE. atornen to return, adorn); ? (L. ad) + torner to turn; cf. LL. attornare to commit business to another, to attorn; ad + tornare to turn, L. tornare to turn in a lathe, to round off. See Turn, v. t.] 1. (Feudal Law) To turn, or transfer homage and service, from one lord to another. This is the act of feudatories, vassals, or tenants, upon the alienation of the state. Blackstone. 2. (Modern Law) To agree to become tenant to one to whom reversion has been granted. At�tor�ney (?), n. pl. Attorneys (?). [OE. aturneye, OF. atorn�, p. p. of atorner: cf. LL. atturnatus, attornatus, fr. attornare. See Attorn.] 1. A substitute; a proxy; an agent. [Obs.] And will have no attorney but myself. Shak. 2. (Law) (a) One who is legally appointed by another to transact any business for him; an attorney in fact. (b) A legal agent qualified to act for suitors and defendants in legal proceedings; an attorney at law. � An ~ is either public or private. A private attorney, or an attorney in fact, is a person appointed by another, by a letter or power of ~, to transact any business for him out of court; but in a more extended sense, this class includes any agent employed in any business, or to do any act in pais, for another. A public attorney, or attorney at law, is a practitioner in a court of law, legally qualified to prosecute and defend actions in such court, on the retainer of clients. Bouvier. � The attorney at law to the procurator of the civilians, to the solicitor in chancery, and to the proctor in the ecclesiastical and admiralty courts, and all of these are comprehended under the more general term lawyer. In Great Britain and in some states of the United States, attorneys are distinguished from counselors in that the business of the former is to carry on the practical and formal parts of the suit. In many states of the United States however, no such distinction exists. In England, since 1873, attorneys at law are by statute called solicitors. A power, or warrant, of ~, a written authority from one person empowering another transact business for him. At�tor�ney (?), v. t. To perform by proxy; to employ as a proxy. [Obs.] Shak. At�tor�ney�gen�er�al (?), n.; pl. Attorney�generals (?) or Attorneys�general. (Law) The chief law officer of the state, empowered to act in all litigation in which the law�executing power is a party, and to advise this supreme executive whenever required. Wharton. At�tor�ney�ism (?), n. The practice or peculiar cleverness of attorneys. At�tor�ney�ship, n. The office or profession of an attorney; agency for another. Shak. At�torn�ment (?), n. [OF. attornement, LL. attornamentum. See Attorn.] (Law) The act of a feudatory, vassal, or tenant, by which he consents, upon the alienation of an estate, to receive a new lord or superior, ad transfers to him his homage and service; the agreement of a tenant to acknowledge the purchaser of the estate as his landlord. Burrill. Blackstone. At�tract� (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Attracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Attracting.] [L. attractus, p. p. of attrahere; ad + trahere to draw. See Trace, v. t.] 1. To draw to, or cause to tend to; esp. to cause to approach, adhere, or combine; or to cause to resist divulsion, separation, or decomposition. All bodies and all parts of bodies mutually attract themselves and one another. Derham. 2. To draw by influence of a moral or emotional kind; to engage or fix, as the mind, attention, etc.; to invite or allure; as, to attract admirers. Attracted by thy beauty still to gaze. Milton. Syn. - To draw; allure; invite; entice; influence. At�tract�, n. Attraction. [Obs.] Hudibras. At�tract�a�bil�i�ty (?), n. The quality or fact of being attractable. Sir W. Jones. At�tract�a�ble (?), a. Capable of being attracted; subject to attraction. � At�tract�a�ble�ness, n. At�tract�er (?), n. One who, or that which, attracts. At�tract�ile (?), a. Having power to attract. At�tract�ing, a. That attracts. � At�tract�ing�ly, adv. At�trac�tion (?), n. [L. attractio: cf. F. attraction.] 1. (Physics) An invisible power in a body by which it drawn anything to itself; the power in nature acting mutually between bodies or ultimate particles, tending to draw them together, or to produce their cohesion or combination, and conversely resisting separation. � Attraction is exerted at both sensible and insensible�distances, and is variously denominated according to its qualities or phenomena. Under ~ at sensible distances, there are, � (1.) � of gravitation, which acts at all distances throughout the universe, with a force proportional directly to the product of the masses of the bodies and inversely to the square of their distances apart. (2.) Magnetic, diamagnetic, and electrical attraction, each of which is limited in its sensible range and is polar in its action, a property dependent on the quality or condition of matter, and not on its quantity. Under ~ at insensible distances, there are. � (1.) Adhesive attraction, ~ between surfaces of sensible extent, or by the medium of an intervening substance. (2.) Cohesive attraction, ~ between ultimate particles, whether like or unlike, and causing simply an aggregation or a union of those particles, as in the absorption of gases by charcoal, or of oxygen by spongy platinum, or the process of solidification or crystallization. The power in adhesive ~ is strictly the same as that of cohesion. (3.) Capillary attraction, ~ causing a liquid to rise, in capillary tubes or interstices, above its level outside, as in very small glass tubes, or a sponge, or any porous substance, when one end is inserted in the liquid. It is a special case of cohesive ~. (4.) Chemical attraction, or affinity, that peculiar force which causes elementary atoms, or groups of atoms, to unite to form molecules. 2. The act or property of attracting; the effect of the power or operation of ~. Newton. 3. The power or act of alluring, drawing to, inviting, or engaging; an attractive quality; as, the attraction of beauty or eloquence. 4. That which attracts; an attractive object or feature. Syn. - Allurement; enticement; charm. At�tract�ive (?), a. [Cf. F. attractif.] 1.�Having the power or quality of attracting or drawing; as, the attractive force of bodies. Sir I. Newton. 2. Attracting or drawing by moral influence or pleasurable emotion; alluring; inviting; pleasing. �Attractive graces.� Milton. �Attractive eyes.� Thackeray. Flowers of a livid yellow, or fleshy color, are most attractive to flies. Lubbock. � At�tract�ive�ly, adv. � At�tract�ive�ness, n. At�tract�ive, n. That which attracts or draws; an attraction; an allurement. Speaks nothing but attractives and invitation. South. <-- p. 100 -->  .